HowtoCombinetheBestofWeb2.
0andaSemanticWeb:ExamplesfromRevyu.
comTomHeathandEnricoMottaKnowledgeMediaInstitute,TheOpenUniversity,UKt.
heath@open.
ac.
uk,e.
motta@open.
ac.
ukItisnotuncommontoviewWeb2.
0andtheSemanticWebasmutuallyexclusive,competingpathstotheWebofthefuture,eachadvocatedbyadistinctcommunity.
Wearguethatthetwoapproachesareinfactcomplementary,andthatbothfacechallengestheothercansolve,suchashowtointegrateWeb2.
0dataonaWebscale,andhowtoenableuserstocreatesemanticallyrichannotations.
HerewewilluseexamplesfromRevyu.
comtodemonstratehowfeaturesofWeb2.
0andtheSemanticWebcanbecombinedinasingleservicethatovercomesthesechallenges.
Revyu1isaWebsitewherepeoplecanreviewandrateanythingtheychoose.
ThesiteisbuiltonSemanticWebtechnologies,butalsousescommonfeaturesofWeb2.
0,suchaskeywordtagging.
Web2.
0providesanumbrellalabelformyriadapplicationsthatelicitandreuseuser-generatedcontent,supportsocialandcollaborativeinteractionontheWeb,andprovideengaginguserinteractionsbasedonAJAX.
TheSemanticWebvisionisoneofdatapublishedinmachine-readableformats,givenformalsemanticsthroughtheuseofsharedontologies,andinterlinkedonaWebscale.
BymakingWebdatamoreopentoprocessingbymachines,theSemanticWebfundamentallyaimstobringtangiblebenefitstousers.
Despitebothapproaches'revolutionarypotential,barriersexisttothisbeingfullyrealised.
Web2.
0applicationshaveelicitedvastamountsofuser-generatedcontent,suchaswikientries,taggedphotos,andlinksjoiningpeopleinsocialnetworks.
However,atpresent,mostsuchapplicationsrepresentwalleddatagardensfromwhichinformationcannotbeeasilysetfreeandcombinedwithothersources.
Thiscanleadtotheun-Web-likesituationwheremyfriendinOrkutisastrangeronMySpace.
Overcomingthisrequiresservicestopublishdatainformatseasilyprocessedbythirdparties.
TheSemanticWeboffersaplatformonwhichtodojustthis.
PublishingdatainRDFlowersthebarrierstoitsreusebyothers.
Twoapplicationsmaychoosetodescribetheirdatausingthesameschema,ortheymaynot.
Thisisimmaterial,providedmappingscanbedefinedbetweenthetwodatamodels.
However,usingelementsfromexistingontologiesdoessignificantlystreamlinethedataintegrationprocess.
KeytothepowerofRDFistheabilitywithinonedocumenttomixstatementsthatuseelementsfromanynumberofontologies,withoutthedocumentitselfneedingtovalidateagainstafixedschema.
Forexample,inadditiontoXHTML,RevyuexposesreviewsinRDFusingelementsfromtheReviewvocabulary2andtheFOAFontology3(fordescribingpeople).
AdoptingthesepopularontologiesmakeRevyu1http://revyu.
com2http://purl.
org/stuff/rev#3http://xmlns.
com/foaf/0.
1/datainstantlyinteroperablewiththatfromothersources.
CreatingaRevyu-specificontologythatwasthenmappedtootherswouldhavebeenanequallyvalid,albeitmorecomplexprocess.
Acknowledgingthatanysemanticsarebetterthannone,RevyualsoexposesreviewsusingthehReviewmicroformat4embeddedinXHTMLpages.
ServicesthatofferdataAPIs,suchasAmazonorFlickr,goalongwaytodismantlingthewallsofthedatagarden.
However,barrierstothereuseofthisdatastillexist.
Datastructuresmaybetrulynovel,requiringnewmappingsbetweeneveryadditionaldatasourcethatisintegrated.
Evenmorecritically,wherevanillaXMLisused,integratingdatafromdifferentsourcesmayinvolverewritingexistingschemasifnewinformationistobeincorporatedandrepublishedinthesamedocument.
RDFdoesnotsufferthesamelimitation,allowingstatementstobearbitrarilycombinedinonedocument,madeindifferentlocationsbutreferencingthesameidentifier,ormadeindifferentlocationsusingdifferentidentifiersbutstatingthatbothidentifiersrefertothesamething.
ThislastscenarioisnicelyillustratedbyRevyu'sRDFdescriptionsofreviewers.
NewURIsaremintedforeachreviewer,whomayalreadyhaveseveralothers.
WhereareviewermaintainstheirownRDFdescriptioninanotherlocation,thisisprocessedtoretrievetheiradditionalURIs.
StatementsarethenaddedtotheirRevyuRDF,statingthatallURIsidentifythesameperson.
Humanusersalsobenefit,asadditionalinformationaboutthereviewer(e.
g.
photosorhomepagelinks)canberetrievedfromexternalRDFfilesandusedtoenhancetheirprofilepage(asillustratedbelow),withoutitbeingduplicatedinRevyu.
WebServicesthatpublishvanillaXMLpresentapplicationdeveloperswiththeadditionalchallengeofparsingXMLtreestoretrievethedesireddata.
Whilstmostprogramminglanguagesmakethistasktrivial,dataprocessingremainstiedtotheunderlyingsyntacticratherthansemanticstructureofthedata.
CreatingWeb2.
0mashupsconsequentlyrequiresthewritingofcustomhandlerstointeractwitheachAPI.
Nocommonlanguageisavailableforqueryingandintegratingsuchdatasources.
Thisissuemustbeovercomeifmashupsaretobecreatedonatrulyflexible,Webscale.
TheSPARQLquerylanguagefortheSemanticWebenablesstandardisedaccesstodistributeddatasources.
4http://microformats.
org/wiki/hreviewSQL-likequeriescanbeexecutedasHTTPGETrequestsagainstremote"endpoints",returningdatathatcanbeprocessedusingstandardcode,irrespectiveoftheendpointsunderlyingimplementation.
DevelopersmustsimplyknowthestructureoftheRDFgraphbehindtheendpointinordertowritetheappropriatequery.
Revyuexposesreview,people,andtaggingdataviaitsSPARQLendpoint.
Atpresent,additionalinformationaboutbooksreviewedonRevyuisretrievedviatheAmazonWebServicesAPIanddisplayedtousersofthesite,asshowninthefigurebelow.
However,creationoftheRDFBookMashup5meansAmazon-specificcodewillshortlybereplacedbyasingleSPARQLquery.
UnderpinningsuchdataintegrationandWeb-scalemashupexercisesistheneedforwidespreadmintingofURIsidentifyingnon-Webresources,toenablelinkingofdatafromdisparatelocations.
Asforreviewers,URIsareassignedtoeveryitemreviewedonRevyu,thereviewitself,andalltagsused.
Consequently,manythingsintheofflineworldnowhaveURIsagainstwhichfurtherRDFstatementscanbemade,onRevyuorelsewhere.
ThingssuchasrestaurantsorpubsareunlikelytominttheirownURIsinthenearfuture.
ConsequentlyRevyuprovidesvaluableinfrastructureonwhichtobuildnextgenerationmashups.
RevyuURIscanallbedereferenced,respondingwithHTTP303redirects,accordingtotheW3CTAG'sfindingonthehttpRange-14issue6.
HavingdiscussedhowSemanticWebapproachesmayaddresschallengesfacingWeb2.
0,wewillnowexaminetheinverserelationship.
WearguethattheSemanticWebvisionfaceschallengesofequalsignificanceifitistoreachwidespreadadoption.
Inourviewthesearefocusedontwoissues:availabilityofdataandinteractiondesign.
Initiativessuchasdbpedia7arebootstrappingtheSemanticWebbyRDF-isingexistingdatasets.
However,instarkcontrasttotheconventionalWebandWeb2.
0,fewmechanismscurrentlyexistallowingnon-specialistuserstocontributetotheSemanticWeb.
EarlygrowthoftheWebiswidelyattributedtoindividualscreatingpersonalsitesbycopying/pastingHTMLcodeorusingvisualeditors.
SuchapproachesmaynotbeappropriatetoaSemanticWeb.
However,therearemanyWeb2.
0applicationsenablingregularuserstocontributecontentwithoutspecialistskills.
Withfewexceptions,similartoolsenablinggrassrootspublishingontheSemanticWebarenotcurrentlyavailable.
Revyuisoneexception.
ByadheringtothewellestablishedinteractionpatternofcompletingformsinaWebbrowser,RevyuallowsuserstocreatecontentthatisimmediatelyusableontheSemanticWeb.
ThisoccurswithoutanyuserknowledgeofRDF,ontologies,oreventheprinciplesoftheSemanticWeb.
Inourview,specific,focusedapplicationsthatguide5http://sites.
wiwiss.
fu-berlin.
de/suhl/bizer/bookmashup/6http://www.
w3.
org/2001/tag/issues.
html#httpRange-147http://dbpedia.
org/userinputthroughtheuseofformsrepresentthemostpromisingwaytoelicitsemanticannotationsfromregularWebusers.
Inaddition,Revyuliftstheburdenofclassifyingrevieweditemsaccordingtocomplex,existing,orrelativelyfixedtaxonomies,throughtheuseofkeywordtagging.
Thiscreatesgreaterflexibilityinwhatcanbereviewed,andweargue,lowersthebarriertocontributionofreviews.
Alessdesirableconsequenceofthisfeatureisthatmachine-readablestatementsregardingthenatureofrevieweditemscannotbemadewithanyconfidence.
Furtherinvestigationisrequiredastohowthismaybeachieved.
Assumingthatsufficientdatacanbeproduced,theSemanticWebfacesafurtherchallenge:creatinginterfacesallowingnon-specialistuserstoexploitit.
Humanshavethousandsofyearsofexperiencecreatingandusingtextualdocuments,anddecadesofexperiencewithhypertextsystems.
TheSemanticWebisnotconstrainedtothenotionofadocumentinthesamewayastheconventionalWebofHTMLpages.
Thequestionremainsofhowwedesigncompelling,coherent,andusableinteractionsbasedondatafrommultiplesources,insuchawaythatitssource,trustworthiness,andvaluecanbedetermined.
Map-basedWeb2.
0mashupsprovidesomecluesinthisdirection,bypresentingalternativevisualisationsforcomplexdatasets.
HowsuchapproachesmayscaleonaWebofinfinitelyinterlinkeddataisnotclearatpresent.
ThisremainsanopenandpressingresearchquestionfortheWebcommunity.
Conclusions:ThispaperhassoughttohighlightdistinctchallengesfacingtheWeb2.
0andSemanticWebcommunities,identifypotentialsolutionseachcommunitymayoffertheother,andillustratewithexamplesfromRevyuhowthesemayberealised.
Inconclusionwemakethefollowingrecommendationstoeachcommunity.
Firstly,thattheWeb2.
0community:givesseriousconsiderationtopublishingdatainformsthataremoreeasilyreusable,suchasRDF;investigatestheuseofSPARQLforremotedataaccessratherthancustomAPIs;andmintsURIsforofflineitemsthataredistinctfromtheURIsofdocumentsdescribingthem.
Secondly,wearguethattheSemanticWebcommunitymustgiveurgentattentiontocreatinginterfacesallowingregularWebuserstocontributetotheSemanticWeb.
ThisshouldnottaketheformofmoreusableeditorsforontologiesorRDFinstancedata(whilstthesewouldundoubtedlybeuseful),butseektoexploitfamiliarinteractionpatterns.
Revyu'sform-basedapproachisnodoubtjustoneofmanyoptions.
Intandem,significanteffortmustbegiventodevelopingcompellinginterfacesabletodisplaystructured,linkeddatafromacrosstheWeb.
Mashupshavesetthestandardforsuchinterfacesandinteractions.
ThenextgenerationmustdemonstratetheuniquebenefitsofaWebofinterlinkeddata.
Lastly,whilstacknowledgingthatwehavemadedistinctionsofthisnaturehere,wesuggestthatviewingWeb2.
0andSemanticWebapproachesasmutuallyexclusiveisdetrimentaltoallthoseinvolved,andtothedevelopmentoftheWebasawhole.
火数云怎么样?火数云主要提供数据中心基础服务、互联网业务解决方案,及专属服务器租用、云服务器、专属服务器托管、带宽租用等产品和服务。火数云提供洛阳、新乡、安徽、香港、美国等地骨干级机房优质资源,包括BGP国际多线网络,CN2点对点直连带宽以及国际顶尖品牌硬件。专注为个人开发者用户,中小型,大型企业用户提供一站式核心网络云端服务部署,促使用户云端部署化简为零,轻松快捷运用云计算!多年云计算领域服务经...
优林怎么样?优林好不好?优林 是一家国人VPS主机商,成立于2016年,主营国内外服务器产品。云服务器基于hyper-v和kvm虚拟架构,国内速度还不错。今天优林给我们带来促销的是国内西南地区高防云服务器!全部是独享带宽!续费同价!官方网站:https://www.idc857.com地区CPU内存硬盘流量带宽防御价格购买地址德阳高防4核4g50G无限流量10M100G70元/月点击购买德阳高防...
日本vps云服务器怎么选择?很多人都会遇到日本vps和日本云服务器怎么选择的问题,日本云服务器具有免备案的特点。小编今天就分析一下日本云服务器价格多少钱,以方便大家选购的时候有个更加合适的取舍。日本云服务器租用前比较选择,高性能、安全、高效、免备案日本云服务器是很关键的因素。那么,日本云服务器该怎么选择呢?日本作为我们的邻国,与其贸易、文化往来是比较多的。日本云服务器价格多少钱一年?一、日本·CN...
m.yushuwu.com为你推荐
今日油条天天吃油条,身体会怎么样www.983mm.comwww.47683.com7788k.comwww.k6320.com 大家给我看看这网站是真是假...杰景新特我准备在网上买杰普特711RBES长笛,10700元,这价格合理吗?还有,这是纯银的吗,是国内组装的吗?789se.comwuwu8.com这个站长是谁?www.baitu.com我看电影网www.5ken.com为什么百度就不上关键字呢baqizi.cc和空姐一起的日子电视剧在线观看 和空姐一起的日子全集在线观看dadi.tv电视机如何从iptv转换成tv?19ise.com欲火难耐看什么电影 19部性感至极的佳片www.884tt.com刚才找了个下电影的网站www.ttgame8.com,不过好多电影怎么都不能用QQ旋风或者是迅雷下在呢?
河南虚拟主机 子域名查询 in域名注册 东莞服务器租用 日本vps 免费顶级域名 budgetvm 罗马假日广场 512av godaddy域名转出 panel1 福建天翼加速 100x100头像 老左来了 如何用qq邮箱发邮件 免费dns解析 湖南idc 云服务器比较 杭州电信宽带优惠 中国联通宽带测速 更多