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SEISMICRISKASSESSMENTANDRETROFITTINGGEOTECHNICAL,GEOLOGICALANDEARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGVolume10SeriesEditorAtillaAnsal,KandilliObservatoryandEarthquakeResearchInstitute,BogaziiUniversity,Istanbul,TurkeyEditorialAdvisoryBoardJulianBommer,ImperialCollegeLondon,U.
K.
JonathanD.
Bray,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,U.
S.
A.
KyriazisPitilakis,AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,GreeceSusumuYasuda,TokyoDenkiUniversity,JapanForfurthertitlespublishedinthisseries,goto:http://www.
springer.
com/series/6011SeismicRiskAssessmentandRetrottingWithSpecialEmphasisonExistingLow-RiseStructureseditedbyALPERILKIIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,TurkeyFARUKKARADOGANIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,TurkeySUMRUPALAIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,TurkeyandERCANYUKSELIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,Turkey123EditorsAlperIlkiIstanbulTechnicalUniversityMaslakCampusFacultyCivilEngineering34469IstanbulTurkeyailki@itu.
edu.
trSumruPalaIstanbulTechnicalUniversityMaslakCampusFacultyCivilEngineering34469IstanbulTurkeypala@itu.
edu.
trFarukKaradoganIstanbulTechnicalUniversityMaslakCampusFacultyCivilEngineering34469IstanbulTurkeykaradogan@itu.
edu.
trErcanYukselIstanbulTechnicalUniversityMaslakCampusFacultyCivilEngineering34469IstanbulTurkeyyukselerc@itu.
edu.
tr"Everyefforthasbeenmadetocontactthecopyrightholdersoftheguresandtableswhichhavebeenreproducedfromothersources.
Anyonewhohasnotbeenproperlycreditedisrequestedtocontactthepublishers,sothatdueacknowledgementmaybemadeinsubsequenteditions.
"ISSN1573-6059ISBN978-90-481-2680-4e-ISBN978-90-481-2681-1DOI10.
1007/978-90-481-2681-1SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYorkLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009927328SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.
V.
2009AllrightsreservedforChapter1.
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microlming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecicallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.
Printedonacid-freepaperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.
springer.
com)ForewordThisvolumeprovidesinsightintomanyimportantaspectsofearthquakeriskassess-mentandmitigation,withafocusontheconditionsexistinginIstanbulandwithanemphasisonpreventionofcollapseofexistinglow-risebuildings.
Thelargecol-lapsepotentialofIstanbul'slow-andmid-risebuildingsincaseofearthquakeiswelldocumentedandisacknowledgedtobeamajorthreattothewell-beingofthisgreatmetropolis.
Theneedexiststoidentifythemostvulnerablebuildingsandtodevelopsimplemeansandprescriptiverulesforseismicupgradingofthevulnerablebuildingstock.
Manyofthevulnerablebuildingshaverelativelypoorlyconstructedconcreteframing,whichinpartorfullyisinlledwithhollowclayorsolidbricks.
Congu-rationsareoftenirregular,andthequalityofconstructionisveryvariable.
Inmanycasesitisnotclearhowinertiaforcesndtheirwaytoreinforcedconcreteframingandhowtheforcesandmomentsaretransferredintothesoil.
Theseproblemsarecommontomanyurbanareas,worldwide,andhavebecomethesubjectofresearchinmanycountries.
Theinternationalworkshop,whichresultedinthepublicationsofthisvolume,providedanexcellentopportunitytobringtogetherleadingexpertstoassessandcommunicatethestateofknowledgeinriskassessmentandmitigation,andequallyimportant,todeliverastrongmessagetothosewhoareempoweredtomakedecisionsthataffectimplementationofriskmitigationmeasures.
Fromthewriter'sperspective,herearethemajormessagesdeliveredthroughtheworkshopdiscussions.
PreventionofcollapseofbuildingsandotherstructuresinamajorearthquakeisacriticalissueforthefutureofIstanbul.
ThequestionisnotifbutwhenwillamajorearthquakehitIstanbulwithfullforce.
Manyofbuildings(andotherstructures)inIstanbulareofinadequateresistanceandwillcollapseinamajorearthquake–unlessactionsaretakentomitigatetheriskofcollapse.
Timeisacriticalfactorbecauseeverydaywithoutactionisadaylostintheefforttopreventcollapsesandsavelives.
Thetimefactor(andeconomicconsiderations)willmakeitnecessarytodevelopsimpleandprescriptiveretrotproceduresthatcanbeimplementedquicklyandvviForewordeffectivelyforalargeportionofthebuildingstockthatisbeingjudgedtoconsti-tuteaseverecollapsehazard.
Aninitialeffortisneededtoidentifybuildingsthatconstituteaseverecollapsehazard.
Simpleandprescriptiverulesareneededthatcanbeimplementedinashort(walk-through)inspectiontoassesstheneedforretrottingandtorecom-mendthetypeofretrotthatismosteffectivetoreducethecollapsehazard.
Forthemostcommontypeofbuildingstructures,whichhaspoorlyreinforcedconcreteframingastheprimaryshearresistingsystem,theadditionofwellcon-nedinllwalls(withvariousstrengtheningtechniquesasappropriate),andcon-nementofconcreteframingwithberreinforcedpolymerwrappingarejudgedtobeeffectiveretrottechniques.
Researchneedstobecontinuedinorderprovideacomprehensiveknowledgebaseonwhichtobasetheassessmentandretrotactionsneededtoaddresscol-lapseprevention.
ThisresearchrequiresinternationalcollaborationandfundinginviewofthefactthatmanymajorurbanareasfaceproblemssimilartothoseofIstanbul.
Anurgentneedexiststotranslateresearchinformationintopracticalrulesthatcanbeimplementedinaneffectivemanner.
Thisrequiresthoroughsynthesisofavailableinformationandanunderstandingoflocaldesignandconstructionprac-tices.
Thisneedcanbefullledbycreating,assoonaspossible,asmallgroupofleadingresearchersandpracticingengineerswhogetchargedwiththedevelop-mentoftheserulesandcanallocatesufcienttimetothiseffort.
Onlytimewilltellwhetherthisvolume,andtheworkshopfromwhichitresulted,willhaveanyeffectonseismicsafetyinIstanbul.
WeshouldbethankfultoProfessorFarukKaradoganwhoinitiatedandguidedtheinternationalworkshopandthepublicationofthisvolume,andtotheorganizingcommitteewhoveryablyorganizedallaspectsoftheworkshopandpublication.
Stanford,CAHelmutKrawinklerJohnA.
BlumeProfessorEmeritusofEngineeringPrefaceTheInternationalWorkshoponMeasuresforthePreventionofTotalCollapseofExistingLow-RiseStructuresofferedanopportunitytobringtogetherleadingauthoritiesintheeldofearthquakeengineeringfromalloverworldtodiscussnotonlythetechnicallyurgentworldwideimportantproblemsofbigcitiesfullofvulnerablebuildingsbutalsotoconvincetheadministratorsandincreasepublicawareness.
HelmutKrawinklerfromtheJohnBlumeEarthquakeEngineeringResearchCenter,Stanford,said:Timeisacriticalfactor;everydaywithoutactionisadaylostintheefforttopreventcollapsesandsavelives.
Therearealwaysurgentissuesintheagendasofdevelopingcountrieswhichpushbacktheretrottingproblemsofthousandsofexistingstructureswithinadequateresistanceagainstearthquakes.
Becauseofcompetingprioritiesandeconomiccon-straintsdisregardofthisdifcultproblembecomesanattractivealternativefordeci-sionmakersatalllevelsofresponsibility.
JimJirsafromUniversityofTexasatAustinthinksthat:Inacountrywheretherearesomanybuildingswithsimilardetails,in-situtestingoffersthepossibilityofmeetinganumberofobjectivesofthisworkshop.
Fieldtestscouldbeusedtostimulateinterestinengineeringcommunityandimprovepublicawarenessoftheproblemandofferopportunitiesforcollaborationamongresearchgroupsandacademicprogramswithothergroupsinseismicregionsaroundtheworld.
CraigComartinfromSanFrancisco,anexpertinretrottingtechniquesandconsultingengineersays:Unsafehousingisaworldwideproblem.
Weintheearthquakecommunityhavearespon-sibilitytoidentifytheseproblemsanddevelopeffectivemeansofreducingrisk.
Wewillincreaseourcredibilityandimpactifweworktogetherinaninternationaleffort.
Weshouldfocusonwhatweknowrightnowtotakeimmediateactionforcollapseprevention.
YoshiakiNakanofromTokyoUniversitygivescredittopublicawarenessandcontinuationofresearchanddevelopmentsays:Theeducationofmediathroughprovidingcorrectinformationandknowledgeonasci-enticandengineeringbasisissignicantlyessential.
ProvidingschoolchildrenwithviiviiiPrefaceopportunitiestoidentifyproblemsandtoseektheirsolutionswiththeirparentscouldhelpraisetheawareness.
PaoloNegrofromELSALaboratoriessays:Ingeneral,strengtheningofexistinginllwallsisaneffectiveandviablewaytoimprovetheseismicsafetyagainstcollapseofexistingdecientreinforcedconcreteframes,alsoconsideringtheneedtoreducedisturbanceordisruptionofoccupancy.
Simpleguidelinesforseismicupgradingofexistingbuildingshouldbedeveloped.
Theseshouldrepresentasafeandfeasibleoption;howevertheyshouldnotlimittheadoptionofdifferentormoresophisticatedapproaches.
TheproblemoftheseismicsafetyofIstanbulisnotdifferentfromthatofmanyothersouthEuropeancities.
Acommonsolutiontotheproblemshouldbesoughtandinternationalcooperationarounditshouldbecontinued.
TheotherexpertsandleadingresearchersintheirowneldsofinterestsuchasA.
Ansal,M.
Celebi,R.
Sofronie,E.
Mola,S.
Tezcan,Z.
Celep,G.
Toniolo,G.
Chavez-Lopez,S.
Pampanin,K.
Kusunoki,K.
Mosalam,P.
Labossiere,G.
Ozcebe,M.
Bas,H.
Toutanji,O.
Buyukozturk,U.
Ersoy,T.
Tankut,M.
Fardis,andH.
Daramaallhadexceptionalcontributionsforthesuccessofthisworkshoppresentingtheirarticlesandparticipatinginvaluablediscussions.
Allinall,thisbookintendstoputtogetherrecentexperimentalandtheoreti-calndingstocomeupwithacomplementarybodyofworkforthoseinterestedinthepreventionofthetotalcollapseofmillionsofvulnerablelow-cost,low-risebuildingsinearthquakeproneareas.
Thedangerofcollapseisespeciallyvisibleindevelopingcountrieswheresophisticatedbuildingcodesarenotfollowedbecauseofnon-scienticreasons.
Itisclearthatnewmannersshoulddenitelybedevelopedtomakethepeopleunderstandthisseriousproblem.
Localauthoritiesandadministratorsmustimple-mentthendings.
Otherwisethecommunitiessufferingfromearthquakeswillnevergetthechancetobenetfromthisresearch.
Themanuscriptsthatarepartinthispublicationarebasednotonlyonthetalksofparticipantsbutalsoonthediscussionsandonfeedbackfromthereviewers.
Par-tialexpansionofthepaperspresentedattheworkshophasbeenacceptedbytheeditorsforthesakeofcompleteness.
Thereforesomeoftherelativelyshortpresen-tationshavebecomechapters.
Selection,reviewandexpansionofthepresentationscontributedtothispublicationwhichcanbetterbeconsideredasabookratherthanapapercollection.
Takingthisopportunity,theeditorswouldliketoexpresstheirdeepestappreciationtotheexceptionalresearcherswhoassistedinthisprocess.
Istanbul,TurkeyFarukKaradoganOnBehalfoftheEditorsContents1SeismicMonitoringtoAssessPerformanceofStructuresinNear-RealTime:RecentProgress1Mehmetelebi2DanceforModernTimes:Insurance,EconomicStabilityandBuildingStrength25GabrielaChávez-López3ACriticalReviewofCurrentAssessmentProcedures39ElenaMolaandPaoloNegro4RiskManagementandaRapidScoringTechniqueforCollapseVulnerabilityofRCBuildings71SemihS.
Tezcan,IhsanEnginBal,andFatmaGultenGulay5TheImportanceofPlan-WiseIrregularity91PaoloNegroandElenaMola6AdvancedCompositeMaterialsandSteelRetrottingTechniquesforSeismicStrengtheningofLow-RiseStructures:Review111HoussamToutanji,HolleyBritton,andM.
Han7ANovelStructuralAssessmentTechniquetoPreventDamagedFRP-WrappedConcreteBridgePiersfromCollapse.
.
127OralBuyukozturkandTzu-YangYu8StrengtheningofLow-RiseConcreteBuildings:ApplicationsAfterDinar(1995)andAdana-Ceyhan(1998)Earthquakes143ZekaiCelep9RehabilitationofPrecastIndustrialBuildingsusingCablestoDevelopDiaphragmAction169RenjunWang,JamesO.
Jirsa,andSharonL.
WoodixxContents10VulnerabilityEvaluationandRetrottingofExistingBuildingHeritage:anItalianResearchProgramme189GiandomenicoToniolo11Soft-LandingBase-IsolationSystem211KoichiKusunokiandMasaomiTeshigawara12DevelopmentofaNewPrecastConcretePanelWallSystemIncorporatedwithEnergyDissipativeDowelConnectors237HuseyinDaramaandHitoshiShiohara13AlternativePerformance-BasedRetrotStrategiesandSolutionsforExistingRCBuildings267StefanoPampanin14FRPWrappingofRCStructuresSubmittedtoSeismicLoads.
.
.
297NathalieRoy,PierreLabossière,JeanProulx,ricSt-Georges,andPatrickPaultre15UpgradingofResistanceandCyclicDeformationCapacityofDecientConcreteColumns307DionysisBiskinisandMichaelN.
Fardis16SupplementalVerticalSupportasaMeansforSeismicRetrotofBuildings329CraigD.
Comartin17HowtoPredicttheProbabilityofCollapseofNon-DuctileBuildingStructures343HelmutKrawinklerandDimitriosG.
Lignos18StrengtheningofBrickInlledReinforcedConcrete(RC)FrameswithCarbonFiberReinforcedPolymers(CFRP)Sheets.
.
367EmreAkin,GuneyOzcebe,andUgurErsoy19ImprovedInllWallsandRehabilitationofExistingLow-RiseBuildings387FarukKaradogan,SumruPala,AlperIlki,ErcanYuksel,WaielMowrtage,PinarTeymur,GulserenErol,KivancTaskin,andRasitComlek20HowtoSimulateColumnCollapseandRemovalinAs-builtandRetrottedBuildingStructures427MohamedM.
TalaatandKhalidM.
MosalamColorPlates453Index481ContributorsEmreAkinDepartmentofCivilEng.
,SelcukUniversity,Konya,Turkey,eakin@metu.
edu.
trIhsanEnginBalUniversityofPavia,Pavia,Italy,ibal@roseschool.
itDionysisBiskinisDepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofPatras,Greece,dbisk@tee.
grHolleyBrittonUniversityofAlabamainHuntsville,Huntsville,AL,USA,Holley.
Britton@itt.
comOralBuyukozturkMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,USA,obuyuk@mit.
eduMehmetelebiUSGS(MS977),345MiddleeldRd.
,MenloPark,CA,USA94025,celebi@usgs.
govZekaiCelepIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,celep@itu.
edu.
trGabrielaChávez-LópezEQECAT/ABSConsulting,Paris,France,gchavezlopez@absconsulting.
comCraigD.
ComartinCDComartin,Inc.
,Stockton,CA,USA,ccomartin@comartin.
netRasitComlekBalkarEngineeringCompany,Istanbul,Turkey,rcomlek@balkar.
com.
trHuseyinDaramaArupNorthAmericaLtd.
,LosAngeles,USA,huseyin.
darama@arup.
comGulserenErolIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,guluse@yahoo.
comUgurErsoyDepartmentofCivilEngineering,BogaziciUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,ugur.
ersoy@boun.
edu.
trMichaelN.
FardisDepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofPatras,Greece,fardis@upatras.
grxixiiContributorsricSt-GeorgesUniversitédeSherbrooke,Sherbrooke,QC,Canada,ericstgeorges@gmail.
comFatmaGultenGulayIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,gulayg@itu.
edu.
trM.
HanUniversityofAlabamainHuntsville,Huntsville,USA,hanm@uah.
eduAlperIlkiIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,ailki@itu.
edu.
trJamesO.
JirsaUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX,USA,jirsa@uts.
cc.
utexas.
eduFarukKaradoganIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,karadogan@itu.
edu.
trHelmutKrawinklerDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA,krawinkler@stanford.
eduKoichiKusunokiYokohamaNationalUniversity,Yokohama,Kanagawa,Japan,kusunoki@ynu.
ac.
jpPierreLabossièreUniversitédeSherbrooke,Sherbrooke,QC,Canada,Pierre.
Labossiere@USherbrooke.
caDimitriosG.
LignosDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA,dlignos@stanford.
eduElenaMolaPolitecnicodiMilano,StructuralEngineeringDepartment,Milano,Italy,elemola@gmail.
com,emola@stru.
polimi.
itKhalidM.
MosalamDepartmentofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA,mosalam@ce.
berkeley.
eduWaielMowrtageBogaziciUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,waiel.
mowrtage@boun.
edu.
trPaoloNegroELSALaboratory,JointResearchCentre,ViaE.
Fermi,1,21020Ispra,VA,Italy,paolo.
negro@jrc.
itGuneyOzcebeDepartmentofCivilEng.
,MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,Ankara,Turkey,ozcebe@metu.
edu.
trSumruPalaIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,pala@itu.
edu.
trStefanoPampaninUniversityofCanterbury,Christchurch,NewZealand,stefano.
pampanin@canterbury.
ac.
nzPatrickPaultreUniversitédeSherbrooke,Sherbrooke,QC,Canada,Patrick.
Paultre@Usherbrooke.
caJeanProulxUniversitédeSherbrooke,Sherbrooke,QC,Canada,jproulx@qci.
usherb.
caContributorsxiiiNathalieRoyUniversitédeSherbrooke,Sherbrooke,QC,Canada,Nathalie.
Roy@USherbrooke.
caHitoshiShioharaTheUniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan,shiohara@arch.
t.
u-tokyo.
ac.
jpMohamedM.
TalaatSimpsonGumpertzandHeger,Inc.
SanFrancisco,CA,USA,mtalaat@sgh.
comKivancTaskinIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,taskinkiv@itu.
edu.
trMasaomiTeshigawaraNagoyaUniversity,Nagoya,Aichi,Japan,teshi@corot.
nuac.
nagoya-u.
ac.
jpPinarTeymurIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,teymurp@itu.
edu.
trSemihS.
TezcanBogaziciUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,tezokan@gmail.
comGiandomenicoTonioloPolitecnicodiMilano,Milano,MI,Italy,toniolo@stru.
polimi.
itHoussamToutanjiUniversityofAlabamainHuntsville,Huntsville,USA,toutanji@cee.
uah.
eduRenjunWangUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX,USASharonL.
WoodUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX,USA,swood@mail.
utexas.
eduTzu-YangYuMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,USA,youngyu@mit.
eduErcanYukselIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,yukselerc@itu.
edu.
tr