saltTo do List

to do list  时间:2021-01-28  阅读:()

INTRO CONCEPTS

Have you read chapters 1&2?

Do you know:

-what an SI unit is?

- the difference between fundamental and derived units? -examples of each?

- the difference between intensive and extens ive properties? -examples of each?

- the difference between chemical,physical,and nuclear changes? -examp les of each?- the difference between chemical and physical properties? -examples of each?

- how a period is different from a group or family in the periodic table?

-where are the halogens, transition metals, lanthanides,actinides,alkali metals,alkaline earthmeta ls,no b le gas e s,c halc o gens,meta llo id s,metals,and no nmeta ls?

-which elements are diatomic?

-which elements are liquids,which are solids,and which are gases at room temperature?-why some elements have symbols using letters different than the first two letter of the nameof the element?

-which elements are radioactive?

- how kinetic energy is different from potential energy?

- how heat is different from temp erature?

- how to distinguish between an element,a compound,a true solution,a colloid,and asusp ens ion?

-what are the basic structural units a for the above substances (elements,compounds,etc.)-why three different temperature scales exist&what the s ignificance is of each?

-what a calorie and what a joule is?

- how specific heat differs from heat content?

-what the three common states (phases)of matter are?

- how plasma fits in with the other states?

-what is the definition of matter?

- how mass differs from weight?

-what are the various types of energy?

-what the Law of Conservation of Mass states?

-what the Law of Definite Composition states?

-what equation relates mas s to energy?

-what the characteristics are of an exothermic reaction vs.an endothermic reaction?-what the d ifferenc e is b etween homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures?

-where alloys fit in the classification scheme of matter?

-what luster,ductility,malleability, tens ile strength,density,heat conductiv ity,and electricalconductivity have to do with metals?

- how metals differ from nonmetals?

DO YOU KNOW ALL OF THE TERMS ON ALL OF THE HANDOUTS ON THISTOPIC???

Definitions of Physcial,Chemical,&Nuclear Changes

I.Physical Changes:

A. sublimation-conversion o f a solid directly into the gaseous state(no liquid formed)

B.vaporization -conversion of a liquid into the gaseous state

C.condensation -conversion of a gas into the liquid state

D. fusion -combination of two solids; soldering metal would be an example.

E.molecular dispersion -diffusion of gaseous particles; spreading particles from an area of highconcentration to one of low concentration

F. solidification -conversion of a liquid into the solid state

G.dissolution-dissolving;dispersion of a solute through a solvent to form a solution

H. temperature change - transfer of heat;kinetic energy change

I.deposition -opposite o f sublimation;conversion o f a gas directly into the solid state

J.pulverization - reducing solid size;grinding

K. liquefaction -melting;conversion o f a solid to the liquid state

II.C he mical C ha nge s:

A.po lymerization - formation o f a po lymer(chain)fro m mono mers or dimers

B.oxidation reduction(redox reaction) - transfer of electrons from one substance to another

-oxidation- loss of electrons; - reduction-gain of electrons

C.decomposition -chemical breakdown of a more complex substance into simpler forms

D.neutralization - special type of metathesis or double replacement reaction in which an acid and a baseare combined to form water,as a well as a salt by-product

E.photosynthesis - synthesis reaction in which carbon dioxide and water,using radiant energy, formsimple sugars, like glucose.Oxygen gas is released as a by-product.

F.digestion -breakdown of food substances into simpler form by chemical&mechanical means.

G.bacterial action -usually anaerob ic-breakdown o f organic matter

H.combustion - reaction of a substance with oxygen; highly exothermic in nature

I. respiration -appears to be the opposite process of photosynthesis in terms of the overal equation form

-aerobic breakdown o f simp le sugars,yielding CO 2 and H2O

J.electrolysis -decomposition of compounds using direct current (D.C. -not A.C.)

K.fermentation -anaerob ic decomposition o f carbohydrates

L.metathesis -also known as double replacement or double displacement -exchange of cations andanions when two compounds are mixed

M.vulcanization-addition o f sulfur to natural rubber- strengthens the rubber&adds resilienceIII.Nucle ar C ha nge s:

A. fission- splitting of a target nuclide using a bombarding particle;usually produces two or more nearly-equal smaller nuclides as well as some radioactive subatomic particles (radiation).

B. fusion-jo ining o f two lighter nuclides to form a larger,heavier nuclide.

-common example:reactions of the stars,producing light and heat.

C.radioactive decay- spontaneous breakdown of an unstable nuclide;usually produces a nuclide ofs lightly smaller ato mic number(Z number).Radioactive p artic le s are also emitted.

D. transmutation-artific ially creating new nuc lides by bombarding one nuc lide with another nuc lide(usually a small nuclide with a very small Z#).

Groups(families)of the Periodic Table to know:

I-A Alkali metals (from Arab ic“arising from ash”)

II-A Alkaline earth metals

V-A “pnictides”-from the Greek word meaning choking suffocation

VI-A Chalcogens -“arising from ore”

VII-A Halogens -“salt-formers”

Group B metals - trans ition metalsgroup along the stairsteps -metallo ids or semimetals (does not include B or Al)VIII-B Iron family

IB -c o inage me talsbottom two rows of iron family-#44,45,46&76,77,78known as the noble metals,due to lack of reactivity

Group VIII noble gases or inert gasesbottom rows -called the“inner transition metals

#57-71 -also known as the lanthanides or“rare earths”

#89- 103-also known as the actinides

Elements past#92- transuranium elements

Elements past#83 -are all radioactive

Elements of note:

I.Elements o f the universe

Most abundant element–H

Second most abundant–He

These two elements comprise most of the mass of the universe because most of the universe’s mass isconcentrated in the stars. These stars are undergoing fusion reactions.

II.Elements of the earth’s biosphere(crust,oceans,and atmosphere)oxygen-49.5%s ilico n-25.7%a luminum@7.5%

#4–Fe@4.7%; #5–Ca@3.4%;#6–Na@2.6; #7–K@2.4%;

#8–Mg@1.9%; #9–H@0.87%; #10–Ti@0.58%

These 10 elements account for 99.2%of the biosphere(by mass).

If only the earth was considered, iron&nickel would have much higher percentages because we believethe core to be made mainly of these two metals.

Four elements actually have ferromagnetic properties.

Obviously, there’s Fe,but Co,Ni,and Gd are also magnetic.

Since 75%of the earth’s surface is covered in water–H2O–a large part of that is oxygen. In addition,2/3 ofthe dry surface is desert–sand or SiO2–thus the reasonthat oxygen is#1.

(The desert composition is the reason that silicon is#2.)

The most abundant of the metals is aluminum, since a large portion of the earth’s crust contains bauxite–the mineral form ofAl2O3.

III. Elements in living organisms

Carbon–key element for living organisms

Hydro gen,O xygen,N itro gen

C,H,&O are found in carbohydrates as well as lipids (fats&oils)

In addition to these three,N is a key component ofproteins

Sulfur–important in membrane s&bonding in skin,hair,etc.

Phosphorus–needed for bones as well as for nucleic acids

Calcium–needed for bones

Nucleic acids–DNA and RNA

DNA–5-carbon sugar(deoxyribo se),phosphate group s,and nitrogen containing bases

(adenine,guanine, thymine,and c ytos ine)

RNA–same as DNA except that it uses ribose,and uracil is substituted for thymine

Catenation–property exhibited by carbon–can form long chains of carbon atoms bondedto each other

IV. Most malleable metal is gold–can be pounded to 4 millionth of an inch thick.

V. Electrical conductivity–best–Ag;#2–Cu;#3–Au; #4-Al

Classification of Matte r

Matter

Pure Substance Mixture

(Homo geneous) (Homo geneous or Hetero geneous)

True Element Compound Solution Colloid Suspension

[covalent molecules or ionic compounds]. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .

Phase:region with a similar set ofproperties

Interface: site where two phases meet

Solutions:make sure it is known that mixtures can occur for all states

Solvent/So lute/So lutio n

Solute- substance that is dissolved(usually the smaller amount)

Solvent- substance that does the dissolving

Collo ids:disp ersed&dispers ing mediums - s imilar to so lute&so lvent in so lutions

Tyndall effect: scattering of light in colloids by the dispersed medium

Notes on Nuclear Chemistry

Types of radioactive particles–symbols,degree ofpenetrability

Alpha()–similar to the nucleus of a helium atom

Beta()–similar to a high-speed e lectrongamma()–a high-energyphoton–has no charge or massne utro n,pro to npositron–piece of antimatter–similar to a positively-charged electrondeutero n, tr ito n

Atomic numb er(Z#)vs.Mass number(A#)

1. identificationofelement 2.percentabundance ofisotopes

3.difference between isotopes and nuclides 4.nucleons

Types of nuclear reactions

1.fission 2.fusion 3. spontaneous decay 4. transmutation

1. In a fission reaction,a bombarding particle splits a nuclide into two nearly equal nuclides.O ften,one or more expelled particles are also emitted.These reactions are highly exothermic.n+U-235Te-137 +Zr-97 + 2 nor n+U-235Ba-142 +Kr-91 + 3 n

For a fission reaction to be sustained, there must be a“critical mass”present–enough of theradioactive material present so that a chain reaction takes place.

2. In a fusion reaction, light nuclides are thrown together at extreme ly high speeds–high enough tocause them to“fuse”together.

Without a doubt, the most common fusion reactors are the stars.

H + H-2  He-3

He-3 +He-3  He-4 + 2 H

He-3 + H  He-4 + +

3. Spontaneous decay occurs without an outside influence. Because the nuclide is not stable, it willemit a particle on its own(presumably to try to achieve a balance of nuetrons&protons)

4. The first transmutation reaction was performed by Rutherford in 1919.

He converted N-14 into O-17 by bombarding the nitrogen with an alpha particle,and a proton wasthe expelled particle.

Half-life

- define half-life

- ln(Ao/At)=k t

- when Ao=2A, then ln(Ao/At)=ln(2)=0.693 and t=t½so 0.693=k t1/2

*Mass defect problems–conversion of mass into energy–binding energy forces

*Nuclear reactors–pros&cons

*Radioactive dating

X. Types ofparticle accelerators

XI. Effects of radon exposure

Buyvm:VPS/块存储补货1Gbps不限流量/$2起/月

BuyVM测评,BuyVM怎么样?BuyVM好不好?BuyVM,2010年成立的国外老牌稳定商家,Frantech Solutions旗下,主要提供基于KVM的VPS服务器,数据中心有拉斯维加斯、纽约、卢森堡,付费可选强大的DDOS防护(月付3美金),特色是1Gbps不限流量,稳定商家,而且卢森堡不限版权。1G或以上内存可以安装Windows 2012 64bit,无需任何费用,所有型号包括免费的...

GreenCloudVPS$20/年,新加坡/美国/荷兰vps/1核/1GB/30GB,NVMe/1TB流量/10Gbps端口/KVM

greencloudvps怎么样?greencloudvps是一家国外主机商,VPS数据中心多,之前已经介绍过多次了。现在有几款10Gbps带宽的特价KVM VPS,Ryzen 3950x处理器,NVMe硬盘,性价比高。支持Paypal、支付宝、微信付款。GreenCloudVPS:新加坡/美国/荷兰vps,1核@Ryzen 3950x/1GB内存/30GB NVMe空间/1TB流量/10Gbps...

美得云(20元)香港特价将军澳CTG+CN2云服务器

美得云成立于2021年,是一家云产品管理服务商(cloud)专业提供云计算服务、DDOS防护、网络安全服务、国内海外数据中心托管租用等业务、20000+用户的选择,43800+小时稳定运行香港特价将军澳CTG+CN2云服务器、采用高端CPU 优质CN2路线 SDD硬盘。香港CTG+CN22核2G3M20G数据盘25元点击购买香港CTG+CN2​2核2G5M30G数据盘39元点击购买香港CTG+CN...

to do list为你推荐
秦殇内存修改器秦殇poq.exe文件怎么修改啊桌面背景图片大全谁能给我个 游戏桌面图标大全登陆qq空间首页qq空间登陆首页录屏软件哪个好有什么好用的录制屏幕的软件吗轿车和suv哪个好轿车和SUV 的驾驶视野,那个比较好!!少儿英语哪个好少儿英语,那个好一些?股票软件哪个好股票软件哪个好,手机股票软件哪个好用播放器哪个好安卓手机视频播放器哪个好点网络机顶盒哪个好什么牌子的网络机顶盒最好百度空间登录百度空间登陆
北京域名空间 ipage 骨干网 dns是什么 hawkhost 鲜果阅读 回程路由 免费博客空间 商务主机 亚马逊香港官网 如何注册阿里云邮箱 华为云盘 免费asp空间 空间服务器 godaddy空间 .htaccess accountsuspended sonya forwarder 中美互联网论坛 更多