itemlockdown

LOCKDOWNFATIGUEAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSDURINGTHECOVID-19PANDEMIC:PREDICTIVEROLEOFPERSONALRESILIENCE,COPINGBEHAVIOURS,ANDHEALTHAuthorsLeodoroJ.
Labrague,RN,DM,PhD,CHSECollegeofNursing,SultanQaboosUniversity,OmanCherryAnnBallad,RN,MSNCollegeofNursing,SultanQaboosUniversity,OmanCorrespondingAuthor:LEODOROJ.
LABRAGUESultanQaboosUniversityEmailAddress:Leo7_ci@yahoo.
com.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintNOTE:Thispreprintreportsnewresearchthathasnotbeencertifiedbypeerreviewandshouldnotbeusedtoguideclinicalpractice.
LOCKDOWNFATIGUEAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSDURINGTHECOVID-19PANDEMIC:PREDICTIVEROLEOFPERSONALRESILIENCE,COPINGBEHAVIOURS,ANDHEALTHAbstractBackground:ThelockdownmeasuresimposedbymanycountriessincetheonsetoftheCOVID-19pandemichavebeenusefulinslowingthetransmissionofthedisease;however,thereisgrowingconcernregardingtheiradverseconsequencesonoverallhealthandwell-being,particularlyamongyoungpeople.
Todate,moststudieshavefocusedonthementalhealthconsequencesofthelockdownmeasures,whilestudiesassessinghowthisdiseasecontrolmeasureinfluencestheoccurrenceoffatiguearelargelyabsent.
Aim:Theaimsofthisstudyaretwo-fold:(a)toexaminethelevelsoflockdownfatigue,and(2)todeterminetheroleofcopingbehaviours,personalresilience,psychologicalwell-beingandperceivedhealthinfatigueassociatedtothelockdownmeasure.
Methods:Thisisanonlinecross-sectionalstudyinvolving243collegestudentsintheCentralPhilippinesduringthesixthmonthofthelockdownmeasureimplementedduetotheCOVID-19pandemic.
Fivestandardisedscaleswereusedtocollectthedata.
Results:Overall,collegestudentsreportedmoderatelevelsoflockdownfatigue,withameanscoreof31.
54(outof50).
Physicalexhaustionortiredness,headachesandbodypain,decreasedmotivationandincreasedworrywerethemostpronouncedmanifestationsoffatiguereported.
Genderandcollegeyearwereidentifiedasimportantpredictorsoffatigue.
Increasedpersonalresilienceandcopingskillswereassociatedwithlowerlevelsoflockdownfatigue.
Conclusion:Collegestudentsexperiencemoderatelevelsoffatigueduringthemandatorylockdownorhomeconfinementperiod.
Resilientstudentsandthosewhoperceivehighersocial.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintsupportexperiencelowerlevelsoffatigueduringthelockdownperiodcomparedtostudentswithlowresilienceandsocialsupport.
Lockdownfatiguemaybeaddressedbyformulatingandimplementinginterventionstoenhancepersonalresilienceandsocialsupportamongcollegestudents.
Keywords:COVID-19,lockdown,pandemic,resilience,coping,health,studentsIntroductionTheCOVID-19pandemicisaglobalhealthissuethathassignificanthealthandeconomicimplications.
SinceitsemergenceinChinainNovember2019,thediseasehasinfectedover34.
8millionpeopleworldwide,claimedatleast1millionlives,andbeenreportedin215countriesorterritories(WorldHealthOrganization[WHO],2020).
Amongthenationsaroundtheworld,theUnitedStatesofAmerica,Brazil,India,andRussiaremainthemostaffected,togethercomprisingapproximately30%oftheoverallconfirmedcasesofcoronavirus.
IntheWesternPacificRegion,thePhilippinesrecordedthehighestnumberofconfirmedcasesanddeaths,withmorethan50%ofthecumulativecasesand40%ofthecumulativedeaths(WHO,2020).
Inanefforttomitigatethetransmissionofthecoronavirus,manycountriesaroundtheworldhaveadoptedvariousdiseasecontrolmeasures,includingstrictsocialdistancingandmandatorylockdownorstay-at-homeorders(Ren,2020;Singhetal.
,2020).
InthePhilippines,thegovernmentimposedanationwidemandatorylockdown,alsoreferredtoas'communityquarantine',startinginMarch2020,forcingpeopletostayhomeandrestrictingallformsofphysicalandsocialactivitiesoutsidethehome,withexceptionsmadeforfrontlineandessential.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintworkers.
Inaddition,schoolswerephysicallyclosedinmid-March2020andremainclosedasofthiswriting,withremoteteachingandlearningenvironmentsbeingimplementedasatemporarysolution.
Thesemeasures,alongwithotherdiseasecontrolstrategies,werefoundtoeffectivelyreducethenumberofconfirmedcasesanddeathsassociatedwithCOVID-19inthecountry(DepartmentofHealth,2020),aswellasinothercountries(Fowleretal.
,2020;Chenetal.
,2020).
Thoughthelockdownpolicieseffectivelymitigatedorslowedthetransmissionofthecoronavirusdisease,theyhaveadverselyaffectedpeople'swayoflife,withseriousconsequencesformentalandpsychologicalhealthandwell-being,particularlyamongyoungpeople(Volkan&Volkan,2020;Marroquínetal.
,2020).
AccordingtotheAustralianPsychologicalSociety(2020),prolongedlockdownmaycausefatigueorexhaustioninanindividualasaresultoftheoverwhelmingdisruptionsontheirroutinesandactivities,socialisolation,lackofsecurity,imminentthreattohealthandunpredictabilityofwhatisahead,andmaymanifestasamixofphysical,mentaland/oremotionalsigns.
Thoughfatigueissubjective,itisgenerallyanundesirableexperienceinwhichanindividualisengulfedwithanoverpoweringsenseoftirednessthatisnotrelievedbyrestorfoodintake,intenseyearningtorest,lackofphysicalandmentalenergyanddecreasedmotivationandsenseofenjoyment(Trendall,2001).
Itdiminishesanindividual'sabilitytofunctionnormallyonadailybasisandmayconsequentlyleadtoadecreasedqualityoflife(Ream&Richardson,1996).
Previousresearchhasprovidedcompellingevidenceoflockdown-relatedfatigueamongAustraliancitizensafterafewmonthsofthenationwidelockdownmandate(Nitschkeetal.
,2020)whichappearstoworsenastimepasses(Meoetal.
,2020).
Manifestationsoflockdown-relatedfatigueincludedsadness,physicalexhaustion,reducedinterestinpreviouslyenjoyedactivities,emotionaloutburstsandanxietyand.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintfear(AustralianPsychologicalSociety,2020).
Othersignsindicatingincreasingfatigueduringthelockdownperiodincludedtiredness(Jiaoetal.
,2020),sleepdisturbance(Majumdaretal.
,2020),uncertainty,loneliness(Singhetal.
,2020),irritability(Jiaoetal.
,2020),fearandincreasedworry(Dangietal.
,2020),lackofmotivation(Kapasiaetal.
,2020)andlossofinterestinpreviouslyenjoyedactivities(Margaritisetal.
,2020).
Youngpeoplesuchascollegestudentsareparticularlyvulnerabletotheadversementalandpsychologicalhealthconsequencesofthestay-at-homeordersorlockdownmeasures,astheyposeapotentialthreattotheirphysical,mentalandemotionalhealthaswellastheireducationalanddevelopmentalprogress(Singhetal.
,2020).
Evidencehasshownsignificantincreasesintheprevalenceofmentalissuessuchasanxiety,depression,andpsychologicaldistress(Huskyetal.
,2020;AlOmarietal.
,2020)andsymptomsofphysicalexhaustion,includingtiredness,headaches,insomnia,fatigueandmusclepain(Branquinhoetal.
,2020;Majumdaretal.
,2020),inyoungpeopleduringthemandatorylockdownperiod.
Hence,measuresshouldbeimplementedtobettersupportyoungpeopleduringthepandemicinordertoreducetheilleffectsofthelockdownontheirmental,psychologicalandphysiologicalwell-being.
Positivecopingskillsandpersonalresiliencearekeyfactorsthatmayprotectanindividualfromlockdown-inducedfatigueandothermentalandpsychologicalhealthconsequencesofthepandemicandthemeasuresimplementedtocontrolthedisease.
Personalresilienceisimportantforsuccessfulrecoveryfromdifficultorstressfulcircumstances(Hart,Brannan,&DeChesnay,2014),whilecopingskillsarehelpfultoresolveorhastentheresolutionofaproblem(Piergiovanni,&Depaula,2018).
Inthecontextofapandemic,adequatepersonalresilienceandcopingskillsarevitaltohelpanindividualcopewiththenegativeeffectsofthe.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintpandemicandsupporttheirmentalhealth(Labrague&DelosSantos,2020).
Studieshaveshownthatindividualswithpoorcopingskills(Liangetal.
,2020)andanegativemindsetcharacterisedbyexcessiveworrying,hopelessnessandpessimism(Mooreetal.
,2020)areathigherriskfordevelopingmentalandpsychologicalissuesrelatedtothepandemic,possiblyincludinglockdown-inducedfatigue.
Conversely,priorreportsassociatedadequatecopingskillsandpersonalresiliencewithimprovedmentalhealthandreductionsinpsychologicalissuessuchasloneliness,anxiety,depressionandstressacrosspopulationsduringtheheightofthecoronaviruspandemic(Yeetal.
,2020;Elmeretal.
,2020).
Strengtheningresilienceandenforcinghealthiercopingskillsmaythereforehelpanindividualcombatfatiguerelatedtothelockdownorhomeconfinementmeasuresandotherstressorsassociatedwiththeinevitablechangesbroughtaboutbythepandemic.
Despiteevidenceshowingtheincreasedtendencyofyoungpeopletodevelopfatiguerelatedtolockdownmeasures,nostudiesexamininghowindividualresilienceandcopingskillsreducefatigueincollegestudentshaveyetbeenconducted.
Therefore,thisstudywasconductedtoexaminethelevelsoflockdown-inducedfatigueanditsassociationwithpersonalresilienceandcopingskillsincollegestudents.
MethodsResearchDesignAcross-sectionalstudyutilisinganonlinedatacollectionapproachwasconductedduringthesixthmonthofthemandatorylockdownimplementedinthePhilippinesduetothecoronaviruspandemic.
.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintSamplesandSettingsThisstudyincludedcollegestudentsenrolledindifferentcollegesanduniversitiesinWesternSamar,Philippines.
UsingtheG*powerprogramsoftware,anestimationofrequiredsamplesizewasperformed.
Asamplesizeof222wasfoundtoberequiredforfivepredictorstoattainan80%power,withaneffectsizeof0.
05andalphasetat0.
05(Soper,2020).
Threehundredstudentswereinitiallyinvited;however,only243respondedtoouronlinesurvey.
Toqualifyforthestudy,studentshadto:a)becurrentlyenrolledinacollegeoruniversity,b)beafull-timestudent,c)beeithermaleorfemale,andd)consenttoparticipateinthestudy.
InstrumentationFivestandardizedscaleswereusedtogatherdataincludingtheLockdownFatigueScale(LFS),BriefResilienceScale(BRS;Smithetal.
,2008),CopingBehaviorsQuestionnaire(CBQ;Carveretal.
,1997),andasingle-itemmeasureofgeneralhealth.
LockdownFatigueScale.
Thisscalewasusedtoevaluatesignsofexhaustionassociatedwiththelockdownorhomeconfinementmeasurestoslowthespreadofcoronavirus.
TheLFSwasdesignedbytheresearcherbasedonanextensivereviewoftheliteratureandstructuredinterviewsof15individualswhowereaffectedbythemandatorylockdownduringthepandemic.
The10-itemscalewasansweredbytheparticipantsona5-pointLikert-typescalethatrangedfrom1(never)to5(always).
Thehighestpossiblescorewas50,andthescoreswerecategorisedasindicatinglow(1–12),mild,(13–25),moderate(25–37),andhighorsevere(38–50)fatigue.
Theinternalconsistencyvalueofthescaleinthepresentstudywas0.
84.
Thecontentvalidityofthescalewas0.
934andthetest–retestreliabilitywas0.
913.
.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintBriefResilienceScale.
Thisscaledeterminedstudents'abilitytobouncebackfromtraumaticorunpleasanteventsassociatedwiththepandemicandtheimposedlockdownmeasure.
Nursesansweredthescalebyrespondingtoa5-pointLikert-typescalerangingfrom0(doesnotdescribemeatall)to5(describesmeverywell).
Previousresearchfoundoptimalvalidityandreliabilityofthescale(Labrague&DelosSantos,2020;Smithetal.
,2008),andinthecurrentstudy,theinternalconsistencyvalueofscalewas0.
90.
CopingBehavioursQuestionnaire.
Thisscaleexaminedthewayscollegestudentscopedduringthemandatorylockdownperiod.
Thescalecomprised8itemsthatwerecategorisedintofourdimensions:seekinginformationandconsultation,useofhumour,mentaldisengagementandspirituality/sourcesofsupport.
Participantsansweredtheitemsusinga5-pointLikert-typescalethatrangedfrom1(stronglydisagree)to5(stronglyagree).
Previousresearch(Savitskyetal.
,2020)establishedoptimalcriterionvalidityandexcellentreliabilityofthescale,reportinganinternalconsistencyvalueof0.
85.
Theinternalconsistencyvalueforthisscaleobtainedinthepresentstudywas0.
89.
PerceivedGeneralHealth.
Thissingle-itemmeasureofgeneralhealthwasusedtoassesstheoverallpersonalhealthofthecollegestudents.
Participantswereaskedtoratetheiroverallhealthusinga5-pointLikert-typescale(1=poor,5=excellent).
Thetest–retestreliabilityvalueoftheiteminthepresentstudywas0.
91,whichwashigherthanthevaluepreviouslyreported(α=.
89;Labragueetal.
,2020).
DataCollectionandEthicalConsiderationsTheInstitutionalResearchEthicsCommitteeofSamarStateUniversity,Philippines(IRERCEI0123I)grantedtheethicalclearanceforthisstudy.
Sincetheschoolswereclosed.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintduringthedatacollectionperiod,anonlinesurveywascreatedusingGoogleFormsandsenttoemailaddressesofthestudentswithintheProvince.
Basicinformationaboutthestudy,alongwiththeletterseekingtheirconsent,werecontainedintheintroductorypageoftheonlineform.
Toensuretheanonymityoftheparticipants,nameswerenotrequestedduringsubmission.
TheonlinesurveywasconductedforaperiodofonemonthfromAugusttoSeptember2020,whichcorrespondstothesixthmonthofthemandatorylockdownmeasureinthePhilippines.
Follow-upemailsweresenttostudentsonaweeklybasistoremindthemtocompletethesurvey.
DataAnalysisDatacompletenesswascheckedbeforeenteringdataintoSPSSversion25.
Toquantifythedata,wecalculatedfrequencies,standarddeviations,andweightedmeans.
Bivariateanalysiswasfacilitatedusingtheindependentt-test,Pearson'scorrelationcoefficient(r)andanalysisofvariancetoexaminecorrelationsbetweenkeystudyvariables.
Bonferroni'stestwasusedforposthocanalysis.
Variablesthatyieldedsignificantcorrelationswiththeoutcomevariablewereenteredintothemultiplelinearregression.
Thelevelofstatisticalsignificancewassetasplockdown',and'Ihavebeennervousoranxious'obtainedthehighestmeanvalues.
Theitemsthatobtainedthelowestmeanvalueswere'Ihavebeenfeelingirritable','Ihavebeenexperiencingageneralsenseofemptiness',and'Ihavedifficultyfallingorstayingasleepoverthinkingaboutthispandemic'(Table2).
AspresentedinTable3,severalofthevariablescorrelatedsignificantlywiththelockdownfatigue.
Anindependentt-testshowedasignificantlyhighermeanscoreontheLFSinfemalecomparedtomalestudents.
Further,analysisofvarianceshowedasignificantdifferenceintheLFSmeanscoreinparticipantsgroupedaccordingtolevelofeducation,andposthocanalysisusingtheBonferronitestshowedsignificantlyhighermeanscoresintheLFSinfirst-yearandthird-yearstudentscomparedtofourth-yearstudents.
Pearson'scorrelationcoefficientshowedasignificantnegativerelationshipbetweenpersonalresilienceandlockdownfatigue.
Asimilarpatternwasobservedbetweencopingskillsandlockdownfatigue.
Variablesthatweresignificantlycorrelatedwiththeoutcomevariablewereenteredintothemultiplelinearregressionmodel(Table4).
Themodelexplained15.
7%inthevarianceoftheLFS,whichwasstatisticallysignificant(F=4.
130,plockdownfatigue,withfemalestudents(β=-0.
122,p=0.
047)andthoseinthelowerlevelsreportinganincreasedlockdownfatigue.
Further,increasedscoresonthepersonalresilience(β=-2.
295,p=0.
023)andcopingskills(β=-2.
045,.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintp=0.
042)measureswereassociatedwithasignificantdecreaseinscoresonthelockdownfatiguemeasure.
DiscussionThecurrentstudyexaminedtheextentoffatigueexperiencedbycollegestudentsduringthemandatoryCOVID-19lockdownperiodandtheinfluenceofstudents'demographicvariables,personalresilience,copingskills,psychologicalwell-beingandperceivedgeneralhealthinthedevelopmentoflockdownfatigue.
Themeanscalescoreofthelockdownfatiguemeasurewas31.
54(SD:6.
930)outofapossiblescoreof50,suggestingamoderateleveloflockdownfatigueinthesamplestudied.
Duetotheabsenceofasimilartooltomeasurefatigueduringthemandatorylockdownperiod,comparingandcontrastingourstudyfindingswithpreviousstudiesisnotpossible.
However,thisresultwasinlinewiththatofapreviousstudybyNitschkeetal.
,(2020),who,usingtheChalderFatigueQuestionnaireobservedasignificantleveloffatigueinAustraliancitizensafewmonthsafterthemandatorylockdownwasenacted.
UsingGoogleTrendstoexaminetheeffectsofthehomeconfinementmeasuresimplementedinEuropeandAmerica,Brodeuretal.
,(2020)foundcompellingevidenceofsubstantialincreasesinsadness,boredom,worry,lonelinessandfatigueinthegeneralpopulationfromtheinitialweeksuntilthefourthmonthsoftheimplementationofthemeasures.
ReportsfromIndia,theUSAandSaudiArabiaalsoshowedsubstantialevidencethatindividualsbecomeincreasinglytiredandfatiguedastimelapses,suggestingthateffortsshouldbemadetoeffectivelysupportthisgroupofindividualsandtopreventtheadverseconsequencesofprolongedlockdownorhomeconfinement(Meoetal.
,2020;Majumdaretal.
,2020).
Ashigherlevelsoffatiguemayadverselyaffectthephysical,.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintmental,behaviouralandcognitivefunctionsofanindividual(Trendall,2001),itiscriticallyimportanttodevelopstrategiestoaddressthisissuethroughevidence-basedapproaches.
Governmentplannersshouldperiodicallyreviewtheeffectivenessofthelockdownmeasuresbeingimplementedandconsiderwaystoeasethemeasurewithoutcompromisingthehealthofthepopulation.
Amongthedifferentmanifestationsoffatigue,theparticipantsinthisstudyreportedtirednessorphysicalexhaustion,lackofmotivation,worryorfearandanxietyasthemostpronouncedsymptoms.
ThereportedsymptomsoflockdownfatigueinthisstudyweresimilartothosepreviouslyidentifiedbytheAustralianPsychologicalSociety(2020),whichincludedsadness,physicalexhaustion,reducedinterestinpreviouslyenjoyedactivities,emotionaloutburstsandanxietyandfear.
ThisresultissimilartothatofastudybyMajumdaretal.
,(2020)inwhichIndianprofessionalsandstudentsexhibitedvariousindicatorsoffatigue,includingtiredness,higherstressandanxietylevelsandincreasedworryfortheirpersonalsecurityandthesafetyoftheirfamilies,afterafewmonthsofthehomeconfinementmeasure.
Regressionanalysisidentifiedgenderasanimportantpredictoroflockdownfatigue,withfemalestudentsexperiencinganincreasedleveloffatiguecomparedtomalestudents.
Thisresultshouldbeinterpretedwithcautionduetothedisparityintheproportionofmaleandfemaleparticipantsinthisstudy.
Nevertheless,thisresultmayindeedbeduetogenderdisparitywithregardstoexpressionoffeelingsandemotions,includingworry,fear,sadnessandanxiety,andevenintheirexpressionofpainandbodilydiscomfort.
Mountingevidencehasshownthatmentendtosuppresstheiremotionsandfeelings,whilewomenaremorevocalwhenexpressingtheiremotions(Chaplinetal.
,2008;Tolin&Foa,2008).
Thisresultisacorroborationofthelong-standinggenderstereotypewithinthePhilippinecultureinwhichtheexpressionofthoughts,.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintfeelingsandemotionsismoreacceptableforwomenthanformen.
Inadditiontofatigue,previousevidencehasalsoshownthatwomenhadahigherinclinationtodevelopothermentalandpsychologicalissuessuchasstressdisorders,majordepressionandanxietyandpanicdisordersthanmenduringtheheightoftheCOVID-19pandemic(Elmeretal.
,2020;Pouralizadehetal.
,2020).
Thisresultsuggeststhedireneedfortheimplementationofgender-tailoredstrategiestoeffectivelymanagetheadverseimpactofthelockdownmeasureandreducefatigue.
ResultsofthisstudydifferfromthoseofthestudybyNitschkeetal.
,(2020),inwhichgenderdidnotcontributetothedevelopmentoffatigueinAustraliancitizensduringthepandemic.
Anotherimportantfindingwasthedirectinfluenceofcollegestudents'yearlevelonthedevelopmentoflockdownfatigue.
Inparticular,graduatingstudentsreporteddecreasedlevelsoffatiguecomparedtostudentsinthelowerlevels.
Thisresultwasexpected,asduringthecourseoftheireducation,studentsacquireadaptivebehaviours,positivecopingabilitiesandhigherresilience(Benner,2004)thatarevitalwhenconfrontedwithstress-inducingsituationssuchasthecoronaviruspandemic.
Previousstudieshavedemonstratedasignificantdeclineinstresslevelsandmarkedimprovementincopingabilitiesincollegestudentsastheyprogresstothehigherlevelsofeducation(Kumar&Nancy,2011;FornésVivesetal.
,2016).
Thisfindingcallsforagreaterneedtosupportcollegestudents,particularlythoseearlierintheircollegecareers,throughrelevantinterventionstoimprovetheircopingskillsandpersonalresiliencesothattheycaneffectivelyhandlethemental,physicalandpsychologicalconsequencesassociatedwithhomeconfinementmeasuresorlockdown.
Regressionanalysisalsorevealedasignificantnegativeassociationbetweenpersonalresilienceandlockdownfatigue,suggestingtheprotectiveroleofindividualresilienceagainst.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprinttheconsequencesofthemandatoryhomeconfinementmeasure.
Inotherwords,resilientstudentsarelesslikelythannon-resilientstudentstoexperiencefatigueduringthelockdownperiod.
Toourknowledge,thisstudyisthefirsttoreportacausalrelationshipbetweenpersonalresilienceandfatigueassociatedwiththelockdownmeasure,henceaddingnewknowledgetonursingscience.
Increasingindividualresiliencehasbeenshowntobeanimportantstrategytohelpanindividualbouncebackfromadversitywhenfacedwithvariousstressorsandstress-inducingeventsandtraumaticsituations(Cooperetal.
,2020).
Ourresultisinaccordancewithearlierstudiesthatlinkedpersonalresiliencewithpositivepsychologicalandmentalhealthoutcomesacrosspopulationsduringtheheightofthecoronaviruspandemic(Ranetal.
,2020;Yeetal.
,2020;Labrague&DelosSantos,2020).
Thishighlightstherelevanceofinstitutinginterventionstofosterpersonalresilienceinstudentsinordertoreducetheoccurrenceoflockdown-relatedfatigueandothernegativementalandpsychologicalconsequencesassociatedwiththepandemic.
Inthecurrentstudy,studentswhoreportedhighercopingskillsreportedhavingsignificantlylowerlevelsoflockdownfatigue.
Adequatecopingskillshavebeenidentifiedintheliteratureasavitaldefenceforanindividual,offeringlong-termstressreductioneffectsduringstressfulortraumaticsituations(Labrague&McEnroe-Petitte,2018).
Previousstudiesinvolvingcollegestudentshavealsoidentifiedproblem-focusedcopingbehaviours,includingseekingsocialsupport,andproblem-solvingbehavioursasequallyvitaltoincreasetheiradaptabilityandhardinessagainststressfulevents(Labragueetal.
,2017;Farrell&Langrehr,2017).
Further,adequatecopingskillshavebeenfoundtominimisethementalandpsychologicalconsequencesofatraumaticevents,emergencyanddisastereventsanddiseaseoutbreaks(Labrague&DelosSantos,2020;Houetal.
,2020).
Higherlevelsofcopingskillswerefoundtocontributetoasignificantreductioninpsychologicalissues(e.
g.
stress,anxiety,depression)relatedtothe.
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org/10.
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10.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprintCOVID-19pandemicamongcollegestudentsinChina(Caoetal.
,2020),theUSA(Tulletal.
,2020)andSwitzerland(Elmeretal.
,2020).
Inarecentstudyinvolvingcollegestudents,highlevelsoffatigueduetosocialdistancingmeasureswereattributedtolowersocialconnectednesswithpeersandfriendsandlowercopingskills(Nitschkeetal.
,2020).
Itisthereforevitalthatmeasurestowardsreducinglockdownfatigueamongcollegestudentsbefocusedonstrengtheningtheircopingskills,thusimprovingtheirmentalandpsychologicalwell-beingandoverallhealth.
Increasingcommunicationandconnectionswithfriendsandfamilyisessentialtoreducethenegativeimpactofhomeconfinement,andthiscanbeaccomplishedwiththeaidoftechnologyorsocialmedia.
LimitationsofthestudyThisstudyhasseverallimitationsthatshouldbeconsideredwheninterpretingthefindings.
First,duetothedesignofthestudy,itisimpossibletoestablishcausalitybetweenstudents'variablesandlockdownfatigue.
Second,sincemostofthestudyvariablesaredynamic(e.
g.
fatigue,resilience,health)andmaythereforechangeovertime,itisimportanttouselongitudinalresearchdesignsinfuturestudies.
Third,toimprovethegeneralisabilityandrepresentativenessofthestudy,futurestudiesshouldincludemoresamplesfromotherareasofthecountry.
Finally,theuseofself-reportedscalesisapossiblelimitationofthestudy,asitmaycauseresponsebias.
ConclusionMandatorylockdownorhomeconfinementmeasurestoslowthetransmissionofCOVID-19maycauseconsiderablelevelsoffatigueincollegestudents.
Femalestudents,aswellasthoseinthelowerlevelsofeducation,werefoundtoexperiencemorefatiguethanmaleandgraduatingstudents.
Further,thisstudyprovidedempiricalevidencelinkinghigherpersonal.
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(whichwasnotcertifiedbypeerreview)ThecopyrightholderforthispreprintthisversionpostedOctober20,2020.
;https://doi.
org/10.
1101/2020.
10.
18.
20213942doi:medRxivpreprintresilienceandsocialsupportwithdecreasedlevelsoflockdown-inducedfatigueinstudents.
Strategiestomanageorreducelockdownfatigueamongcollegestudentsshouldconsiderthefactorsidentifiedinordertoeffectivelyaddressthisgrowingproblemamongthisgroupofthepopulationduringthecoronaviruspandemic.
Futurestudiestestingtheefficacyandeffectivenessofinterventionstoreducefatigueincollegestudentsshouldbeundertaken.
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0InternationallicenseItismadeavailableunderaistheauthor/funder,whohasgrantedmedRxivalicensetodisplaythepreprintinperpetuity.
(whichwasnotcertifiedbypeerreview)ThecopyrightholderforthispreprintthisversionpostedOctober20,2020.
;https://doi.
org/10.
1101/2020.
10.
18.
20213942doi:medRxivpreprintTable1.
Students'Characteristics(n=243)CharacteristicsCategoriesN%GenderMale4518.
5Female19881.
5YearLevel16225.
529137.
435924.
343112.
8TypeofSchoolPrivate7932.
5Public16467.
5LocationofSchoolUrban16768.
7Rural7631.
3MeanSDAge20.
772.
66PersonalResilience3.
9490.
722PsychologicalWellbeing5.
3770.
929GeneralHealth3.
8430.
843CopingSkills3.
8180.
372Table.
ResponsesontheLockdownFatigueScaleLockdownFatigueScaleItemsRankMinMaxMeanSD1.
Iworryalotaboutmypersonalandfamily'ssafetyduringthispandemic.
22.
005.
003.
5881.
0112.
Ihavefeltsadanddepressedasaresultofthelockdown.
51.
005.
003.
0441.
3433.
Ifrequentlyfeltweakortiredasaresultofthelockdown.
13.
005.
004.
5880.
6294.
Ihavedifficultyconcentratinganddistractedeasily.
61.
005.
002.
9121.
1685.
Ihavebeenfeelingirritable.
91.
005.
002.
7211.
1186.
Ihavedifficultyfallingorstayingasleepoverthinkingaboutthispandemic.
81.
005.
002.
8381.
3007.
IhavebeenlosingmyintereststodotheusualthingsIlove.
41.
005.
003.
1181.
2168.
Ihavebeenexperiencingageneralsenseofemptiness.
101.
005.
002.
6911.
2969.
Ihavebeenexperiencingheadachesandbodypains.
31.
005.
003.
3381.
25310.
Ihavethoughtsthatthispandemicwillneverendsoon.
71.
005.
002.
8821.
333LockdownFatigueScale(MeanScore)15.
0048.
0031.
5446.
930.
CC-BY-ND4.
0InternationallicenseItismadeavailableunderaistheauthor/funder,whohasgrantedmedRxivalicensetodisplaythepreprintinperpetuity.
(whichwasnotcertifiedbypeerreview)ThecopyrightholderforthispreprintthisversionpostedOctober20,2020.
;https://doi.
org/10.
1101/2020.
10.
18.
20213942doi:medRxivpreprintTable3.
Relationshipbetweenstudents'characteristicsandlockdownfatigueCharacteristicsCategoriesMeanSDTestStatisticspvalueGenderMale26.
0826.
271-2.
3570.
021Female28.
5527.
920Yearlevel§129.
6468.
5173.
7450.
012a227.
916.
981328.
6468.
262424.
2265.
433TypeofSchoolPrivate28.
2987.
8250.
3000.
764Public27.
9897.
642LocationofSchoolUrban28.
0287.
566-0.
1830.
855Rural28.
227.
992Age-0.
1150.
064PersonalResilience-0.
1800.
002PsychologicalWellbeing-0.
0400.
515GeneralHealth-0.
0350.
571CopingSkills-0.
1770.
004Pearsonrcorrelationt-testforindependentgroup§AnalysisofVariancea1>4(p4(pLockdownFatigueScaleLockdownFatigueScale(Labrague,2020)ThefollowingitemsrefertohowyoufeelduringthelockdownperiodduetotheCOVID-19pandemic.
Readeachstatementcarefullyandindicatehowyoufeelabouteachstatementusingthisscale.
5(always)1(never)Sincethelockdownperiod:LFSItems543211.
Iworryalotaboutmypersonalandfamily'ssafetyduringthispandemic.
2.
Ihavedifficultyconcentratinganddistractedeasily.
3.
Ifrequentlyfeltweakortiredasaresultofthislockdown.
4.
Ihavebeenfeelingirritable.
5.
Ihavedifficultyfallingorstayingasleepoverthinkingaboutthispandemic.
6.
Ihavefeltsadanddepressedasaresultofthislockdown.
7.
IhavebeenlosingmyintereststodotheusualthingsIlove.
8.
Ihavebeenexperiencingageneralsenseofemptiness.
9.
Ihavebeenexperiencingheadachesandbodypains.
10.
Ihavethoughtsthatthispandemicwillneverendsoon.
.
CC-BY-ND4.
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(whichwasnotcertifiedbypeerreview)ThecopyrightholderforthispreprintthisversionpostedOctober20,2020.
;https://doi.
org/10.
1101/2020.
10.
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20213942doi:medRxivpreprint