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GreenEquityToolkitStandardsandStrategiesforAdvancingRace,GenderandEconomicEquityintheGreenEconomyAuthorsYvonneYenLiuandTerryKeleherAppliedResearchCenterwww.
arc.
orgNovember2009appliedresearchcenterRacialJusticeThroughMedia,ResearchandActivism3AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009GreenEquityToolkitStandardsandStrategiesforAdvancingRace,GenderandEconomicEquityintheGreenEconomyAuthorsYvonneYenLiuandTerryKeleherExecutiveDirector|RinkuSenResearchDirector|DominiqueApollonResearchAssistants|ChristinaChenandJonathanC.
YeeCopyEditor|KathrynDugganArtandDesignDirector|HattyLeeCommunicationsManager|DebayaniKarNetworkCoordinator|ReginaAceboMultimediaProductionAssociate|ChanningKennedyAdvisoryCommittee:ElenaFoshay,ResearchAssociate,ApolloAllianceStacyHo,PolicyAssociate,GreenforAllRubénLizardo,AssociateDirector,PolicyLinkBillyParish,Co-Founder,EnergyActionCoalitionandFellowatAshokaRaquelPinderhughes,ProfessorofUrbanStudiesandPlanning,SanFranciscoStateUniversityChrisRabb,VisitingResearcher,theWoodrowWilsonSchoolofPublicandInternationalAffairs,PrincetonUniversityandFellowatDemosJeffRickert,Director,AFL-CIOGreenJobsCenterJuhuThukral,DirectorofLawandAdvocacy,TheOpportunityAgendaHashimYeomans-Benford,CommunityOrganizer,MiamiWorkersCenterCopyright2009.
AppliedResearchCenterwww.
arc.
org900AliceSt.
,Suite400Oakland,CA94607510.
653.
34154AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009Introduction:ThePromiseofEco-Equity5AboutthisGreenEquityToolkit8HowtoUsethisToolkit9EquityPrinciples10EquityGoals10EquityOutcomes11EquitySuccessIndicators13EquityStrategies16EquityHandles16EquityScenarios18Endnotes26AppendixA:GreeningOccupations28AppendixB:AdditionalInformationonEquityHandles29AppendixC:EquityDataCollection41acknowledgements44TableofContents5AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009Theemerginggreeneconomyholdsthepotentialtotransformourentireeconomyandenvironmenttowardmuch-neededstabilityandsustainability.
Anexpansivenotionofgreensectordevelopmentrecognizesthatnaturehasnoboundaries.
Itappliesnotonlytowhatisthoughtofasorganicbutalsotothebuiltenvironment,includingourfullcommunitiesandthepeoplelivinginthem.
Theconceptofgreeniseco-andpeople-friendly.
Itisholisticandhumane.
Anequitablenotionofgreensectordevelopmentandemploymentrecognizesthatecosystemsareinclusiveandinterconnected.
Itstrivestoevenlydistributeopportunities,benefitsandsafeguards.
Ifweleaveanypartbehind,itaffectsthewhole.
GreenforAll,anationalorganizationworkingtobuildaninclusivegreeneconomyoffersthedefinitionofgreen-collarjobsas"well-paid,careertrackjobsthatcontributedirectlytopreservingorenhancingenvironmentalquality.
Ifajobimprovestheenvironment,butdoesn'tprovideafamily-supportingwageoracareerladdertomovelow-incomeworkersintohigher-skilledoccupations,itisnotagreen-collarjob.
"1Inadditiontopreservingtheearth,thefollowingbenefitsalsoapply:Greenjobspayhigherwagesthanthewagespaidincomparableconventionalgrayjobs.
Greenjobsarehardertoexport.
Greenjobsaremorelikelytobeunionized.
23Inadditiontoprotectingandimprovingtheenvironment,greenjobscanbeaboontoeconomicrecoveryandstimulus.
Theyprovideapotentialsolutionformillionsofworkerswhofindthemselvesunemployedandunderemployedduetotheeconomicdownturn.
TheApolloAllianceconcludedthatuptofivemillionjobscouldbecreatedwithanationalinvestmentinenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyof$500billionover10years.
4AreportpreparedfortheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramconcludedthatevery$1billioninU.
S.
governmentspendingingreeninitiativeswouldleadtoapproximately30,000jobyearsinthiscountry,5whichisa20percentincreaseinjobcreationovertraditionaleconomicstimulusmeasures.
6Theemerginggreeneconomyischaracterizedbyenvironmentalprotectionandenergyefficiency,communityself-relianceandwell-being,andstabilityandsustainability.
Thiscontrastswiththetraditionalgrayeconomy,whichischaracterizedbyenvironmentaldegradation,wastefulness,fossilfueldependency,humanexploitationandeconomicinstability.
Greenjobsfallinto12occupationalsectors,8includingsomefamiliartothegrayeconomysuchastransportationandothersnewtothegreeneconomysuchasweatherization.
Thesectorsspantheeconomy,fromagricultureandforestrytogovernmentandregulatory(seeAppendixA).
AreportbytheNationalCenterforO*NETDevelopment,preparedfortheDepartmentofLabor(DOL)andotherworkforceagencies,furthercategorizestheseoccupationsbasedonwhethertheyare1)existinggrayjobswithincreaseddemandinthegreeneconomy,termedgreenincreaseddemandoccupations;2)jobsrequiringIntroduction:ThePromiseofEco-EquityEquityisaprinciplethatcallsforfairness,inclusionandjustice.
Itcanbedistinguishedfromtheprincipleofdiversity,whichisprimarilyaboutvariety.
Equitablepoliciesoftenrequireconcreteactionsandstepsbeyondsimplymakingeveryone"equalbeforethelaw,"andaccordinglyaredesignedtotakeappropriateaccountofhistoricalandcontemporaryinjusticesandunequaloutcomes.
WhatisequityWhatareequitablepolicies6AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009enhancedgreenskills,alsoknownasgreenenhancedskills;or3)entirelynewjobsorwhatO*Netnamedgreennewandemergingoccupations.
9Althoughtherearedramaticdifferencesbetweenthegrayandgreeneconomies,therearetoomanyinstanceswhereso-calledgreenjobsarelow-wageanddead-end,wherewomenandpeopleofcolorareexcluded,andwhereworkingconditionsareunsafeandworkers'rightsareignored.
Whenpolicymakersandgreenfirmsdon'tconsciouslyweaveequityintoastrategyfordevelopingthegreeneconomy,greenjobsarenotguaranteedtobeanymoreequitableorsustainablethanjobsinthegrayeconomy.
Yet,thefederalandlocalgovernmentsthatarefundinggreenjobinitiativesarenotbuildingequityconsiderationsexplicitlyintotheirplanninganddevelopmentprocess.
Tomaximizetheopportunitiesandbenefitsofthegreeneconomy,wemustthinkofgreendevelopmentexpansivelyandequitably.
Otherwise,wecouldeasilyendupreconstitutingthegrayeconomywithatintofgreen,insteadofreplacingthegraywithtruegreen.
Withoutequitystandards,thepotentialgreeneconomycontinuestobegrayinfiveareas:Greenpathways,butnotcareerpathways:Muchoftheliteratureon"green-collarjobs"focusesonlow-skill,entry-levelworkthatdoesnotrequirepreviousexperienceoreducation.
Manyofthesejobsareaccessibletomenandwomenwhohavebarrierstoemployment.
10Althoughthesejobsmayfunctionwellasentry-leveljobsintothegreeneconomy,continuedtraining,educationandcertificationmustbemadeavailabletopeoplewhohaveemploymentbarrierstoensurethattheyareabletoadvancewithintheirworkplaceortheirchosenprofession.
11Withoutexplicitmeasuresforadvancement,peopleofcolorandwomenwilllikelyremainatthebottomofthecareerladder.
Greenjobtrainingcharade:Historically,peopleofcolorandwomenhavetoooftenbeentrainedforentry-level,low-qualityjobs.
Sincethe1980s,muchofthefederalfundingforworkforcedevelopmenthassupportedtrainingoveractualjobcreation.
Forexample,undertheJobTrainingPartnershipAct(JTPA),trainingisfundedbutactualjobsarenot.
Therefore,youngandadultworkersgraduatefromtrainingwithoutajobawaitingthem.
12Inaddition,trainingprogramsandprovidershaven'tbeenlinkedtounionapprenticeshipprograms.
13Asaresult,graduateshavebeenunabletosecurespecializedskilljobsorthepathwaystheyprovideintothemiddleclass.
Trainingprovidersforhigh-qualityjobsmustmakeworkforce-developmentaccessibletogroupswhoaremoststructurallydisadvantagedinoursociety.
Bad"greenjobs":Greenjobssufferfromthesameabusesthatpervadethegrayeconomy.
Insomecases,so-called"greenjobs"havepaidevenlowerwagesandofferedfeweropportunitiesforcollectiverepresentativethantheirgraycounterparts.
A2009GoodJobsFirstreportfoundthatTheconventionalgrayeconomy,oftencontrastedwiththeemerginggreeneconomy,ischaracterizedbyapost-IndustrialRevolutionmodelwhereprofitsareroutinelypermittedtobederivedfromthepollutionofair,waterandland;theexploitationandunder-compensationofworkers;thecreationofenvironmental-relatedillnesses;thedisproportionatedumpingoftoxinsinlow-incomecommunitiesofcolor;andthecreationofwealthstratificationanddeeppoverty.
GrayEconomy"Thegreeneconomyencompassestheeconomicactivityrelatedtoreducingtheuseoffossilfuels,decreasingpollutionandgreenhousegasemissions,increasingtheefficiencyofenergyusage,recyclingmaterials,anddevelopingandadoptingrenewablesourcesofenergy.
"7—NationalCenterforO*NETDevelopment,GreeningoftheWorldofWork7AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009existinggreenjobsarenotmorelikelytoberepresentedbyalaborunionorprovidesafeandhealthyworkingconditionsfortheiremployees.
Althoughgreenwagescanbehigherthanthosepaidforcomparablegrayjobs,14anhourlywagefora"greenjob"canbeaslowas$8.
25,whichiswhatoneLosAngelesrecyclingcenter,CommunityRecyclingandResourceRecovery(CRRR),paiditsmostlyundocumentedimmigrantworkforce.
15Afamilycomprisedofanadultandonechildwouldneedtomakemorethandoublethatperhour($19.
60)inordertosustainitselfinthatregion.
Exclusionaryemployment:Alookattheexistingraceandgenderdemographicscomprisingthegreeneconomyrevealsvastraceandgenderdisparities.
Whitemendominategreenoccupationsacrossallsectors,accordingto2008Censusdata.
16AnalysisbytheWomenofColorPolicyNetworkshowedthatBlackandLatinoscompriselessthan30percentofthoseemployedingreenindustriesandoccupations.
17Genderdisparitiesareevenstarker.
Blackwomenareemployedinonly1.
5percentofjobsintheenergysector,andit'sevenworseforLatinoandAsianwomen,whoareemployedat1.
0percentand0.
7percent,respectively.
18Whiteexecutivesingreenfirms:AppliedResearchCenter(ARC)analyzedracialdemographicsofemployeesinexecutiveandmanagementpositionsingreensectors.
19Twosectorsthatexpecthugegrowthinthegreeneconomy,constructionandenergy,exhibitvastracialdisparities.
Constructionisdominatedbywhiteexecutives,with90.
5percentofconstructioncompaniesledbywhites,butonly7.
1percentledbyLatinos,0.
9percentbyAsiansand0.
8percentbyBlacks.
Intheenergysector,90.
9percentofenergycompaniesareledbywhites,3.
8percentbyLatinos,3.
1percentbyBlacksand1.
8percentbyAsians.
Whencreatinggreenjobs,oureyesmustbeonqualityandequity.
Wemustconsciouslystrive,andconcretelyplan,toachieveracial,genderandeconomicequity.
Thecommunitiesmosttraditionallymarginalizedbyoursociety,andthosemostadverselyaffectedbytherecession—peopleofcolor,women,andlow-andmoderate-incomefamilies—deservepriorityattentionwhencreatingnewopportunities.
Thistoolkitprovidesaguideforincorporatingracial,genderandeconomicequityintothedesign,implementationandevaluationofinitiativesinvolvinggreenjobs.
Ifequityfactorsprominentlyintotheequation,anexpandedgreeneconomyhastremendouspotentialtopositivelytransformallourcommunities,sustainourwholeenvironmentandliftthequalityofallourlives.
Butthiswon'thappenbychance.
Wemustorganizetoensurethatequity—gender,racialandeconomicequity—iscentraltogreenprinciplesandpractice.
"Theworldwedreamofhasmorethanjustastable,healthyclimate.
Wedreamofasocietythatalsotakescareofitspeople,wherenooneisleftbehindandeveryonehasachancetosucceed.
Thatsocietyupholdsthreebasicprinciples:equalprotectionforall,equalopportunityforall,andreverenceforallcreation.
"20—VanJones,TheGreenCollarEconomyPhoto:JacobRuff8AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009Thistoolkitprovidesaframeworkforexplicitlyaddressingrace,genderandeconomicequityininitiativesinvolvinggreen-collarjobs.
Becauseinstitutionsatalllevelsroutinely(albeitoftenunintentionally)replicatesuchinequities,advancingequityrequirescommitment,consciousattentionandconcretesteps.
Thistoolkitprovidesguidancefordesigning,implementing,monitoringandevaluatinginitiativesthatestablishgreen-collarjobs.
Itcanbeappliedtothepublicand/orprivatesector,inbothfor-profitandnon–profitorganizations.
Eachjob'sprogramisunique,withitsownfundingstream,developmentandimplementationentities,andapplicablestateandfederallaws.
Accordingly,thefollowingsuggestedpracticeswillneedtobeadaptedtofiteachspecificinitiative.
Thistoolkitfocusesongreenjobsinitiatedinthepublicarena;thatis,jobscreatedbycitiesorcountiesorthosefundedbyfederalorstatemonieswonbygreencontractors.
Thereasonforthisfocusistwo-fold.
First,theAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct(ARRA),enactedinFebruary2009,willdisburse$787billioninstimulusfundsoverthenext10years,withmostofthemoneyallocatedin2009–2010.
Morethan$200billionwasearmarkedforprogramsthatwoulddirectlyorindirectlygenerategreenjobs,21includingalmost$100billionreservedfortransportationandinfrastructure,$48billionforworkforcedevelopmentandeducation,$41billionforprogramsrelatingtoenergy,and$20billiontowardstaxincentivesforsolar,windandotherformsofgreenenergy.
22Stimulusfundsrecipientsmustcomplywithallanti-discriminationstatutes,regulationsandexecutiveorders.
23Thesecondreasonforthetoolkit'sfocusongovernment-fundedgreenjobsisthattheirpublicnatureprovidesavenuestodemandaccountability,transparencyandequityinspending.
Usingvariouspublicaccountabilityprovisions,equityadvocatescanexertpressureonelectedofficialsandadministratorstoensurethatgreenprojectsarecreated,funded,administered,regulatedandmonitoredinwaysthatproduceequitableoutcomes.
Advocatescanalsoaskprivate-sectorbusinessesororganizationstovoluntarilycomplywithsuggestedequityprinciples,practicesanddesiredoutcomes.
Publicentitiescanalsobeaskedtorequirecompliancefromprivateentitiesthatarebeingpubliclyfundedorregulated.
AboutthisGreenEquityToolkit9AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009BuildCommunitySupportforEquity1.
Developabroadbaseofcommunityresidentsandadvocateswhoarewillingtoadvocateforrace,genderandeconomicequityinlocalgreen-jobsinitiatives.
AskalliestoadopttheEquityPrinciples.
Developacoalitiontoworkonbehalfofgreenequity.
2.
Developpublicityandpublicsupportforgender,raceandeconomicequityingreen-jobsinitiatives.
Highlightexistinginequitiestodemonstratetheneedfornewapproaches.
3.
Supportthedevelopmentandpromotionofequitablefundingproposals.
Publiclycritiqueproposalsthatignoreorfallshortonequityconsiderations.
4.
Activelymonitorprogramimplementationtoensurethatequityplansarebeingcarriedouteffectively.
Askforfullreportingonprogressandresults.
5.
Participateindevelopingandevaluatingprogramperformanceandadvocateforneededchanges.
EngagePublicOfficialsinEquity6.
Askpublicofficialsandentitiesresponsibleforgreen-jobsdecisionstocommittousingtheSuccessIndicators.
7.
Askpublicofficialsandinvolvedentitiestoadoptyourproposedpractices,desiredoutcomesandsuccessindicators.
Besureallplanshaveconcretegoals,milestonesandtimetablesforachievingequity,withamplefunding,enforcementandsupport.
8.
Askpublicofficialsandinvolvedentitiestoadoptaparticipatoryprocessformakingdecisionsaboutgreen-jobsproposals,withampleopportunitiesforpublicinputandreview,especiallyfromkeystakeholderssuchasmarginalizedcommunities.
9.
Askpublicofficialsandinvolvedentitiestocommittocomprehensivedatacollection—disaggregatedbygender,raceandsocioeconomicstatus—sothatprogramscanbeeffectivelymonitoredandevaluated.
SeeAppendixCforguidelinesonwhatdatacollectiontodemandfromthegovernmententity.
StayInformed10.
Continuetoconnectwithequityadvocatesindifferentcommunitiestostayabreastofinnovativeandbestpractices.
Inthefuture,ARCanditsallieswillbecreatingadditionalresourcestosupplementthistoolkit.
PeriodicallychecktheARCwebsite(www.
arc.
org/greenjobs)forfuturecontentsuchascasestudies,modelpolicies,researchreportsandadditionaladvocacytools.
HowtoUsethisToolkitPhotocourtesyofGreenForAll.
Photo:JacobRuff10AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009Thefollowingprinciplescanguideallaspectsofdecision-makingtohelpensureequitableresults:EqualOpportunityandFairTreatmentAllpeopleareaffordedfullandfairaccesstoallopportunitiesandbenefits,freeofbiasandbarriers,withallprogramsdesignedtobeinclusiveandrepresentativeofthedemographicsofthecommunitiesinwhichtheyarebased.
ExcellenceandEfficacyJobsarehigh-quality,andjobprogramsarehighlyeffectiveandspecificallytailoredtobuildingstrongskillsandcareerpathsformarginalizedcommunities,soastomaximizethesharedbenefitsandtransformativepotentialofthegreeneconomy.
HealthandWellnessThehealth,safetyandwell-beingofallindividualsandcommunitiesaremaximized,withactiveattentiontoeliminatingexistingdisparities.
HumanRightsandWorkers'RightsAllemployeesandcommunityresidentsareguaranteedbasicrightsandrespect,includingtherighttoorganizeandengageincollectiveadvocacy.
SustainabilityandSecurityHouseholdsandcommunitiesareprovidedthesupportandprotectionsneededforlong-termeconomicsecurityandenvironmentalsustenance.
Thisincludesaffordablehousing,accesstopublictransportationandproximitytoahigh-qualityeducationforchildren.
TransparencyandAccountabilityOpennessandfairnessaremaintainedinallphasesofplanning,decision-making,programdevelopment,implementation,documentationandevaluation,withpublicparticipationofcommunitystakeholders,particularlythosemostdisadvantaged.
EquityGoalsGreenjobsshouldbegoodjobsthatnotonlyimprovetheenvironmentalhealthofourcommunitiesandnation,butalsopaysustainablewagesandbenefitstotheworker,provideasafeandhealthyworkenvironment,andenabletheemployeetoadvocateforhisorherinterestscollectivelythroughparticipationinaunion.
Greenjobsarealsopathwaysintostablecareers,whereemployeescanstartatanentry-leveljobandworktheirwayupwithmoreexperienceandskills.
EconomicEquityIncreaseeconomicstabilityandreducepovertybyensuringthateconomicallydisadvantagedpeopleandcommunitieshavefullandfairaccesstohigh-qualityjobs,improvedcommunityservicesandenvironment,accesstoaffordablehousingandpublictransportation,andexpandedopportunities.
EquityPrinciplesPhotocourtesyofGreenForAll.
11AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009GenderEquityCreateopportunitiesandoutcomesthatensurethatwomenhavefullandfairaccesstoalljobsandcontracts,andthatallbenefitsandburdensaresharedandbias-free.
RacialEquityCreateopportunitiesandoutcomesthatensurethatpeopleofcolorhavefullandfairaccesstoalljobsandcontracts,andthatallbenefitsandburdensaresharedandbias-free.
EquityOutcomesTransparentandparticipatoryplanningandevaluationprocessTheimplementationofafullytransparentandparticipatoryprocessforequitablegreenjobcreationshouldbeseenasanoutcomeitself.
Withoutexplicitattentiontoraceandgenderequity,andampleparticipationinplanningbypeopleofcolorandwomen,wecanpredictfrompastexperiencethatthejobscreatedwillnotbeinclusiveandequitable.
TransparencyincludescomprehensiveEquityDataCollection(seeAppendixC)thatincludesdatadisaggregatedbyrace,genderandsocioeconomicstatus.
Thisdatashouldbefullyaccessible,searchableandmappable.
Aparticipatoryplanningprocessincludesthedevelopmentofampleopportunitiesforinputandreviewduringprogramdevelopmentandevaluation,especiallybydisadvantagedcommunitystakeholders.
Maximizationandequitabledistributionofhigh-qualityjobsThenumberofhigh-qualityjobsthatarecreatedandfilledshouldbemaximizedandincentivized,withanaimtodistributethemproportionallybyrace,genderandincomelevel.
High-qualityjobsarethosethatmeetorexceedprevailingwagestandards,includefullandsustainablebenefitssuchashealthinsuranceandretirementfunding,involvesafeworkingconditions,aregenerallyfull-time,haveclearcareertracksandmayberepresentedbyaunion.
Low-qualityjobs,whichshouldbeminimized,arethosethatpayminimalstateorfederalwageswithfewornobenefits,maybetemporaryorpart-timeandaregenerallynon-union.
Paritygoalsshouldbebasedontherace,genderandincome-levelcompositionofgreenjobholders,relativetothedemographicsofthelocalcommunitysite.
Forexample,strivingforracialparityinhiringinalocalcommunitywitharacialcompositionof60percentpeopleofcolorwouldcallforsignificantprogressinreachingthat60percentgoalfornew-hiresandcontractsprovidedtopeopleofcolor,especiallysignatoriesofamasteragreement.
Expansionofemployer-sponsoredbenefitsThequantityandqualityofemployer-sponsoredbenefits,aswellasthenumberofdisadvantagedpeoplewithaccesstothesebenefits,shouldbeexpanded.
Employer-sponsoredbenefitsincludesuchthingsashealthanddisabilityinsurance,retirementfunding,vacationandholidays,childcareandtransportationsupports.
EliminationofemploymentbarriersandbiasfacedbydisadvantagedcommunitiesProgramswilltakeconcreteandsuccessfulactionstoeliminatebarriersandtoprovidefullaccesstodisadvantagedcommunities.
Todoso,itisessentialtoadequatelyfundandofferhigh-qualitytrainingprograms,job-placementprogramsandotherneededsupportstotargetedpopulations.
Disadvantagedcommunitiesincludepeoplewithlowincomes,women,peopleofcolor,at-riskyouth,peoplewholackahighschooldegreeorGED,peoplewithpriorconvictions,immigrantsandrefugeesofvaryingstatus,youthofcolor,public-assistancerecipients,peoplewhohavebeenchronicallyunemployedorunderemployed,parentswithchildcareneeds,under-skilledjob-seekers,peoplewithdisabilitiesandothervulnerablecommunities.
DisadvantagedCommunitieswithBarrierstoEmployment12AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009ExpansionandfulfillmentofraceandgenderparitygoalsincontractingEquitablegreenjobinitiativescanaspiretotheproportionalawardinganddistributionofallcontractsrelativetotheracial,genderandincome-levelcompositionofthecommunitiestheyserve.
AlthoughstrictracialquotasinpubliccontractingandhiringareprohibitedbyU.
S.
SupremeCourtcaselaw,makingsignificantprogresstoward,andultimatelyreaching,racialandgenderparitygoalsisanessentialoutcomeforanequitablegreen-jobsinitiative.
SignificantexpansionofgreenentrepreneurshipintargetpopulationsDisadvantagedcommunitiesneedtobeseededwithmeaningfulopportunitiestostarttheirowngreensocialenterprisesthatadvanceeco-equity.
Socialentrepreneurshipshouldoperatewithanequityscreenandbesupportedwithstartupcapitalbybanksandthegovernmentonlyiftheyprovideneededgoodsand/orservicestotheircommunity.
25ThishelpstorestorethewealththatmanycommunitieshavelostsincetheGreatRecessionornevergainedbecauseofthelackofopportunityinourbuiltenvironment.
26AMay2009reportbyARCshowedthatthesubprimecrisisandensuingforeclosuredebaclehasrobbedmillionsoffamiliesofcoloroftheirhomes,andhome-ownershipwastheprimaryformofsecurityandwealth-buildinginmanycommunities.
27CreationofhealthyandsafeworkplacesandsurroundingenvironmentMeasurableimprovementsinhealth,safetyandenvironmentmustbemadethatmaximizesharedwell-beingthroughprotectionandprevention,whileminimizinginjuries,risksanddisparities.
Greenjobinitiativesshouldbeconsciouslydesignedtoeliminateandpreventanyadverseorinequitablehealthandsafetyimpacts.
Maximizationandequitabledistributionoflocalhiring,contractingandhigh-levelcareerjobsThenumberoflocalresidentsandcontractorsshouldbemaximized.
(Localhiresandcontractsarethosethatareprovidedtopeopleinthelocalcommunity.
)Thenumberofcareerjobsthatarecreatedandfilledshouldbemaximized,incentivizedandproportionallydistributedbyrace,genderandincomelevel,whilethenumberoflow-qualityandtemporaryjobsshouldbeminimized.
(Acareerjobisafull-time,high-qualityjobthatincludesadvancement,increasingcompensation,permanenceandpathwaystogreateropportunities.
Itprovideslong-termeconomicsecuritytohouseholdsandcommunities.
)ExpandededucationalopportunitiesandworkforcedevelopmentfordisadvantagedcommunitiesHigh-qualityeducationalopportunities,trainingprograms,andprofessional-andworkforce-developmentservicesshouldbecreatedthatareaffordableandaccessibletodisadvantagedcommunities.
Theseprogramsmustemphasizejob-readinessskillsthatconnectpeopletoactualavailablehighqualityjobs.
Green-jobsinitiativesshouldalsocontributepositivelytolocalcommunitydevelopmentby,forexample,expandingaffordablehousinginhealthyenvironmentswherefamiliesandchildrencanthrive.
Residentialweatherizationandgreenbuildingsmustbemadeaccessibletoworkingfamiliesofcolorandhouseholdsheadedbysinglewomen.
Housingandpublictransportationoptionsshouldbewell-plannedtominimizecostsandcommutetime,sothatthecombinedshelterandtransitcostsdon'texceed40percentofafamily'stake-homepay.
Thenextgenerationofsocialenterprisesmustbedesignedtobenefitallpeopleandthefullcommunitiestheyserve,includingthosemostdisadvantaged.
Sharedprosperityandcommunalwealth-buildingarethefoundationsofgreenenterprisesthatembraceeco-equity.
Outdatedorineffectiveprogramsthattargetdisadvantagedcommunitiesbutdon'taddresstheentrepreneurialandsocio-politicalbarriersbuiltupbyenduringstructuralinequalitymustbereplacedwithprogramsthatincludeentrepreneurialliteracy,meaningfulinstitutionalcollaboration,strongcurriculaandsufficientfunding.
ChrisRabb,VisitingResearcherattheWoodrowWilsonSchoolofPublicandInternationalAffairsatPrincetonUniversityandDemosFellow,writesinhisforthcomingbookInvisibleCapitalabouthowtheexaltedstatusofentrepreneursandsmallbusinessesispartandparcelofthemythofmeritocracyandtheAmericanDream.
Forbusinessesstartedbydisadvantagedpeople,initiativesmustaddressthesizeablegapsinsocial,humanandculturalcapital.
InvisibleCapital:ABarrierforBusinessesOwnedbyPeopleofColorandWomen13AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009EquitySuccessIndicatorsDatarelatedtothefollowingoutcomesandindicatorsmustbereported,collected,compiledandpubliclyreleasedannuallysothatprogramprogressandsuccesscanbefullyassessedeachyearandacrossyears.
Objective/DesiredOutcomeSuccessIndicatorsDataSourcesTransparentandparticipatoryplanningandevaluationprocessComprehensiveEquityDataCollectionandReportingInclusiveprocessforplanningandinput,withamplerepresentationofdisadvantagedcommunitiesInclusiveprocessforpublicmonitoring,reportingandevaluationPublicrecordsandreportsfromagenciesinvolvedMaximizationandequitabledistributionofhigh-qualitygreenjobsNumberofnewhigh-qualitygreenjobscreatedTheaveragehourlyandweeklywageearnedbypeopleofcolorandbywomeningreenjobsCompliancerateofgreenemployerspayingprevail-ingwagesforconstructionjobsCompliancerateofgreenemployerswithminimumorlivingwageordinancesCompliancerateofgreenemployerspayingforovertimehoursTrainingprovidedtopeopleofcolorandwomenemployedingreenjobsonhowtoreportwageandhourviolationsNumberofpeopleofcolorandwomenemployedingreenjobsinunionsUsageofprojectlaboragreementsforpubliccon-tractsingreensectorsBureauofLaborStatistics,DepartmentofLabor(DOL)DOLWageandHourDivisionDOLWageDeterminationsMayor'sofficeandcitycouncilCitydevelopmentagencyExpansionofemployer-sponsoredbenefitsNumberofpeopleofcolorandwomenwhoreceiveretirementorpensionbenefitsfromgreenemployersNumberofpeopleofcolorandwomenandtheirdepen-dentswhoreceiveemployer-sponsoredhealthinsuranceTrainingprovidedtopeopleofcolorandwomenem-ployedingreenjobsonhowtoreportviolationsofleavebenefitsprotectedundertheFairLaborStandardsActReductionofmonthlyhousingandtransportationcoststobelow40percentoftake-homepayBureauofLaborStatisticsSurveyofConsumerFinancesFederalReserveDOLWageandHourDivisionAnnualhousingwageforgeo-graphicregion,bytheNationalLowIncomeHousingCoalition(NLIHC)28HousingandTransportationAf-fordabilityIndexbytheCenterforNeighborhoodTechnology29Eliminationofemploy-mentbarriersandbiasfacedbydisadvantagedcommunitiesTypeandnumberofbarrierstoemploymentremovedforpeopleofcolorandwomenEliminationofcriminalbackgroundchecksbeforeandafterhiringCompliancewithaffirmativeactionrequirementsTrainingprovidedtopeopleofcolorandwomenemployedingreenjobsonhowtoreportequalop-portunityoraffirmativeactionviolationsPartnershipsbetweengreenjobtrainingprogramsandgreenemployersDOLWageandHourDivisionEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission(EEOC)DOLOfficeofFederalContractComplianceMayor'sofficeandcitycouncilStatedepartmentoflaborRecovery.
govwebsite14AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009Objective/DesiredOutcomeSuccessIndicatorsDataSourcesExpandededucationalopportunitiesandwork-forcedevelopmentfordisadvantagedcommunities.
ExpandededucationalopportunitiesorworkforcedevelopmentprogramsforgreenjobsNumberandpercentageofwomen,peopleofcolor,andlow-incomepeopleparticipatinginedu-cationalandtrainingprogramsforgreenjobsNumberandpercentageofwomen,peopleofcolor,andlow-incomepeoplewhohavegraduatedfromeducationalandtrainingprogramsforgreenjobsNumberofpeopleofcolorandwomentrainingforgreenjobsNumberofgreen-jobtraininglocationsinzipcodeswithahighdensityofpeopleofcolorandhouseholdsheadedbysinglewomenSupportsystemstomakeeducationalandtrainingprogramsforgreenjobsmoreaccessibletopeopleofcolor,womenandlow-incomepeopleContinuingeducationoptionsforpeopleofcolorandwomen,includingemployer-sponsoredtrainingand/ortuitionpaymentsNewpartnershipsbetweengreenemployersandindustryexpertstocreateprofessionaldevelopmentopportunitiesforpeopleofcolorandwomenIndustry-recognizedcertificationsforgreenjobsheldbypeopleofcolorandwomenIndustry-recognizedcredentialsfortrainersofgreenjobsprogramswithhighenrollmentbypeopleofcolorandwomenQualityandrelevancyofgreentrainingcurriculumforpeopleofcolorandwomenAmountandtypeoffundingforteachingpeopleofcolorandwomenthroughgreencurriculaMayor'sofficeandcitycouncilChancellorofcommunitycollegeStatelaborcouncilGreenbusinessescouncilChambersofcommerceVocational-technicalschoolsNorthAmericanBoardofCertifiedEnergyPractitionersSolarEnergyIndustriesAssociationVariousprofessionalassocia-tionsthatprovidecertificationsRaceandgenderparityinhiringforhigh-qualitygreenjobsNumberandpercentageofwomenemployedinhigh-quality,career-tracknewgreenjobs;andpercentageofwomenemployedcomparedtopercentageofwomeninthelocalcommunityNumberandpercentageofpeopleofcoloremployedinnewhigh-quality,career-trackgreenjobs,andpercentageofpeopleofcoloremployedcomparedtopercentageofpeopleofcolorinthelocalcommunityNumberandpercentageoflow-incomepeopleemployedinnewhigh-quality,career-trackgreenjobs,andpercentageofpeopleofcoloremployedcomparedtopercentageoflow-incomepeopleinthelocalcommunityNumberofyoungwomenandyoungpeopleofcoloremployedinhigh-qualitygreenjobsNumberoffemaledislocatedworkersanddislocatedworkersofcoloremployedinhigh-qualitygreenjobsPercentageofoverallhigh-quality,career-trackgreenjobsheldbywomen;peopleofcolorandlow-incomepeoplePercentageofoverallsenior-levelormanagementpositionsheldbywomen;peopleofcolorandlow-incomepeopleBureauofLaborStatisticsMayor'sofficeandcitycouncilStatedepartmentoflaborRecovery.
govwebsiteDOLOfficeofFederalContractComplianceProgramsOfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB)EEOC15AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009Objective/DesiredOutcomeSuccessIndicatorsDataSourcesRaceandgenderparityincontractingandgreenentrepreneurshipNumberandpercentageofwomenhiredforhigh-qualitygreenjobsNumberandpercentageofpeopleofcolorhiredforhigh-qualitygreenjobsNumberandpercentageoflow-incomepeoplehiredforhigh-qualitygreenjobsFederalprocurementdatasystemStateprocurementdatasystemEEOCRecovery.
govwebsiteUSAspending.
govwebsiteStateEmploymentDevelopmentDepartmentCreationofhealthyandsafeworkplacesandsurroundingenvironmentNumberofworkplaceinjuriesTypesofcommunityandenvironmentalimprovementsmadeTypesofimprovementsmadeinworkplacehealth,safetyandenvironmentComplianceofgreenemployerswithoccupationalsafetyandhealthstandardsTrainingprovidedtopeopleofcolorandwomenemployedingreenjobsonhowtoreportviolationsofoccupationalsafetyandhealthstandardsOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices(HHS)StatedepartmentoflaborStatehealthinspectorsMaximizationandequitabledistributionoflocalhiring,contractingandhigh-quality,career-trackgreenjobsNumberoflocalgreenbusinessesownedbypeopleofcolorandwomenengagedingreen-jobsinitiativeFundingopportunities,capitalandtechnicalassis-tanceprovidedtolocalpeopleofcolorandwomentostartupagreenbusinessNumberoflocalpeoplehiredandpercentageofgreenjobsfilledbylocalhireNumberofnewhigh-quality,career-trackgreenjobpositionsfilledbylocalpeopleNumberoflocalcontractsforgreenjobsawardedtopeopleofcolorandwomenRecovery.
govwebsiteDOLDepartmentofEnergyGovernmentAccountabilityOffice(GAO)reportsStatestimuluswebsitesEEOCEmployertaxpayerrecordsCleanEnergyFinanceAuthoritySmallBusinessAdministrationRecovery.
govwebsiteCommunityDevelopmentCorporationsFinancialinstitutions16AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009EquityHandlesAhandleisanangleorjustificationforsupportingsomething,suchasalegalbasis,amoralimperative,afederalmandate,anestablishedprecedent,acompellingneedoranidealopportunity.
Existingfederalandlocalpoliciesandproject-basedpracticesprovidehandlesthatcommunityandlaboradvocatescanusetoensurethatequityisexplicitlypursuedingreenjobcreationandfunding(seeAppendixBforadetaileddescriptionofeachequityhandle).
Thehandlesarearrangedinsevenbroadcategories,eachwithadifferentscopeofjurisdiction.
Somehandleswereenactedatthefederallevelandsignedintolaw.
Othersareordinancespassedinaparticularcityorcounty;therefore,theyonlyapplytoaparticularlocaljurisdiction.
Lastareproject-basedhandlesthatarenegotiatedforaspecificsiteorcontractandapplyforanagreed-upontimeperiod.
Citiesandcountiescanenactpoliciestomakecertainfeaturesofproject-basedhandlespermanent,sotheyapplytoallendeavorsinthatparticulararea.
Handlesthatarefederalinscopesetthetoneforlocalstate,countyandcitylawsandregulations.
Thisistrueformanyoftheequalopportunityandaffirmativeactionlawsthattrumpanylocalstatutes.
Thefederalgovernmentoftenusesitsbudgettoenforcestandards;forexample,manyofthecountry'scivilrightsobligationsaretiedtofederalfunding.
EqualOpportunityThesefederallaws,wonbythecivilrightsmovement,weredesignedtoensureequalaccesstofederallyfundedprograms,employmentandaneducation,regardlessofrace,ethnicityorgender.
Discriminationisdefinedintwoways:(1)asindividualorprogrammaticactsthatintentionallyexcludecertaingroups;or(2)actsorpracticesthathaveadisparateimpactonagroup.
30Theselaws,intheory,areverypowerful,butinpractice,arestillimperfectandleavemanygroupsunprotected.
Theyarealsoinsufficientlyenforced,andtheburdenofevidenceisgreat.
Nevertheless,theyprovideanopportunitytoachievedemandsforequityalreadyguaranteedinourlaws.
Thosethatignorefederalrequirementsrisklosingtheirfunding,atacticalsoknownastheclawback.
Therefore,muchofthefirstequitygoalforracialandgenderparityinthegreeneconomyisafederallyprotectedandmandatedrightaccordedtoallinthiscountry,explicitlybasedonrace,ethnicityandgender.
AffirmativeActionPresidentObamasignedExecutiveOrder11246whichrequirestheuseofaffirmativeactioninhiringcontractorswhoreceiveacertainamountoffederalfunds.
Thishandle,federalinscope,appliesonlytotheconstructionsector.
TheOfficeofFederalContractComplianceProgramsmaintainsmeticulousparticipationgoalsforracialgroupsandwomen,andcarefullydistinguishesthegoalsfromracialorgenderquotas.
Aswithanti-discriminationlaws,thisisdifficulttoenforcebecausecontractorsareexpectedtocomplyin"goodfaith.
"32Becauseenforcementmechanismsareweak,community-baseddocumentation,organizingandadvocacyforEquityStrategiesTheclawbackisastrategydefinedbyGoodJobsFirstwhenagovernmenttakesstepstorecoupsubsidiespaidtoacompanythatdoesnotfulfillitsjobcreationorotherpromises.
31Communityandlabororganizershavesuccessfullyusedthistacticinstoppingfederallyfundedcorporateinitiativesthatadverselyaffectcommunityresidentsorworkers.
TheClawback17AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009governmentaccountabilityisimportantforgeneratingpublicscrutinyofbothgovernmentandcorporateactions.
LocalHiringandTrainingAvarietyofproject-basedhandleshavebeenusedtoovercomebarrierstogreenemploymentforpeopleofcolor,women,ex-prisonersandpublicassistancerecipients.
Thesehandlescanbeusedaloneorincombinationwithotherlocalorfederalhandles.
Forexample,BestValueContracting(BVC)isamethodusedbylocalgovernmentstostipulaterequirementsforwinningcontractbids,beyondjustlowcost.
BVCscanbeusedtocreateequityingreencontractsandrewardshigh-qualitystandards.
TheApolloAlliancelistedthefollowingexamplesintheir2008memo:Pennsylvania'spublicworksprojectsuseBVCintheirrequestsforproposals(RFPs),awardingpointstothosetheyrefertoas"disadvantagedbusinesses.
"Thisqualificationisgrantedtobusinessesthatarecertifiedassmallbusinessenterprisesownedbypersonsofcolororwomen;andtobusinessesthat"havesufferedchronicandsubstantialracialorethnicprejudiceorculturalbiasintheU.
S.
duetothebusinessperson'scolor,ethnicorigin,orgender,"which"musthavenegativelyimpactedthebusiness'establishmentorgrowth.
"33Washington'sregionaltransitdevelopmentincludesarequirementthatcontractorsuseProjectLaborAgreements(PLAs)intheirRFPs.
34Madison,Wisconsin,enactedaBVCordinancein2006,whichallowedthecitytorequirecontractorstoprequalifythemselvesbypresentingthecitywithanaffirmativeactionplan.
35WageandHourStandardsThereisavarietyofbothfederalandlocalhandlesinthiscategory.
ThepreeminentregulationonthebooksistheFairLaborStandardsActof1938,whichprescribesthatworkersmustreceiveatleastthefederalprevailingminimumwageperhourandovertimeofone-and-a-halftimestherateoftheregularrate.
Unfortunately,thisareasuffersfromweakenforcement:theGeneralAccountabilityOffice(GAO)andareportbyLosAngeleslaboreducatorsrecentlyexposedpervasivewagetheftandanineffectiveresponsesystembytheDepartmentofLabor'sWageandHourDivision.
36OtherhandlesinthiscategoryincludetheDavis-BaconAct,whichrequirespaymentofprevailingwages—thislegislationisfederalinscopebutappliesonlytoconstructionsectors.
37Livingwageordinancesarelocalinscope,applyingtoemployerswhoreceivelocalgovernmentfunding.
Theyarebeingenactedthroughorganizingcampaignsinover120cities.
38SafetyandHealthStandardsThisfederalhandlewasenactedbytheOccupationalSafetyandHealthActin1970andenforcedbyOSHAundertheDOL.
Asthenamesuggests,theActestablishesenforceablehealthandsafetystandardsforvariousoccupations.
Employerswhodonotmeetthesestandardscanbesubjecttosanctions.
However,forthislawtobeeffective,inspectionandenforcementarekey,bothofwhichareoftenlackingunlesscommunitiesengageineffectiveorganizingandadvocacytoensurecompliance.
LaborPeaceAgreementsTheNationalLaborRelationsAct(NLRA)of1935protectstherightsofworkerstoorganizeinordertobargaincollectivelyforpayandworkingPhoto:JacobRuff18AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009conditions.
EmployerinfractionsofNLRAarenowconsideredpartofthecostofdoingbusiness,andworkersarefindingitharderthanevertounionizetheirworkplaces.
However,locallaborpeaceagreementshavebeenbrokeredthatprotectthefundamentalrightofaworkertoself-organize.
OregonenactedtheWorkerFreedomAct,whichmadeitillegalforbossestopunishemployeeswhorefusetoattendcaptiveaudiencemeetings,wheretheemployersproselytizeagainstlaborunionstotheirworkersbeforeaunionelection.
39SimilarbillshavebeenpushedthroughstatechambersinNewHampshire,Michigan,Vermont,ColoradoandWestVirginiabylaborandcommunityorganizers.
GreenStartupsVariousprogramsandtaxincentivesexisttoincubateandencouragegreenentrepreneurialinitiatives.
Mostarefederalinscope;somearestate-specific.
Somefocusonencouragingpeopleofcolorandwomentostarttheirowngreenbusiness.
EquityScenariosThefollowingthreescenariosdepictdifferenthypothetical,yetrealistic,startingpointsfordevelopingandimplementingequitablegreen-jobsprograms.
Thesescenarioscanbeviewedascompositemodelsofexemplarypractices.
Theyarenotmeanttobeexhaustive—manyothercreativeandinnovativepracticestoaddresstheuniqueneedsandconditionsofalocalcommunityarepossible.
ThesescenariostakeplaceinthefictionalMiddletown,USA—ahypotheticalregioncomprisedofacityanditssurroundingunincorporatedareas—anddescribethestepsthatahypotheticalcommunityalliance,MiddletownJustice,cantaketoadvocateforregionalequitywhilereducingcarbonimpactontheearthandsustainingtheirresidentswithgoodjobs,affordablehousingandaccesstopublictransportation.
TheassumptionsarethattheorganizersofMiddletownJusticefollowedsomeofthesuggestionsinthisGreenEquityToolkitbydevelopingabroadbaseofcommunityresidentsandadvocatestopressforrace,genderandeconomicequityingreenjobs.
TheybuiltacoalitionwithalliesinCityHall,theCountySupervisoryBoard,regionalauthorities,locallaborunionsandgreencontractors.
Scenario1:GreenRetrofitofCityBuildingsWiththeinfluxofstimulusmoniesandexpectedstreamsofrevenuefromfuturefederallegislation,40countiesandlocalmunicipalitiesarescramblingtoobtainfundingtoretrofitpublicbuildingsthatwouldservetwopurposes:SavecostsinweatherizingbuildingsbybringingthemuptoU.
S.
LeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign(LEED)standards,andEmploydisadvantagedworkerswithbarrierstoemploymentinthegreenjobsTheCityofMiddletownwantstotakeadvantageoffederalstimulusfundingtoretrofitbuildingsandcreateequitablegreenjobswithinputandparticipationofvariousstakeholders,includingcommunitymembers,organizedlabor,businessesandelectedofficials.
Theproposalcraftedtoretrofitgreenbuildingscombinesequityhandlestoensurethatallresidents,particularlythosehardesthitbytheeconomicdownturn,benefitfromgreenjobs.
First,attheprojectlevel,communityworkforceagreementscanapplytoallconstructionsites.
Thecommunityworkforceagreementcanstipulateotherproject-basedhandlessuchasfirst19AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009sourcehiringandlivingwages.
41Also,aprojectlaboragreementcanbeusedtocoverallexistingandfutureemployeeswhoworkataconstructionsite,underacollectivebargainingagreement.
Last,thecityenactsbestvaluecontractingrequirementsforallcity-sponsoredretrofitprojects.
IntheBVC,thefollowingqualitiesboostafirm'schancesofbeinghiredasacontractor:thatitisabusinessownedbyapersonofcolororwoman,hasanaffirmativeactionplan,andhasahistoryofmeetingparticipationgoals.
Allcontractorsreceivingpublicmoniesforcityretrofitsmustobservefederalandstatelawsthatregulateanti-discriminationinhiring,paymentofprevailingfederalorstatewages,preservationofoccupationalhealthandsafety,andprovisionsforpersonalorfamilyleave.
ThishypotheticalMiddletownRetrofitInitiativecanrelyonsomeactualeffortsfordevelopingtheirprograms.
Anumberofgoodexamplesexistofcitiesthathaveimplementedoneormoreequityhandlestocreategreenretrofitprograms.
OneisLosAngeles,wherethecitycouncilenactedagreenretrofitordinanceoverseenbycommunityinputinApril2009(describedinmoredetailinacasestudyavailableatwww.
arc.
org/greenjobs).
AmorerecentsuccessstoryisinPortland,Oregon,wherethecitycouncilendorsedacommunityworkforceagreementforresidentialretrofitprojects,calledCleanEnergyWorksPortland.
42First,500homeswillreceiveenergyauditsandberetrofittedinthepilotprogram.
Theprogramauthors,GreenforAllandtheCityofPortland,anticipatethatupto100,000homesstandtobenefitfromtheprogram,creatingasmanyas10,000localjobsoverthenext10years.
Thecommunityworkforceagreementincludesthefollowingproject-levelequityhandles:Localhireagreements—Atleast80percentofemployeeswillbehiredlocally.
Family-supportingwages—Workerswillearnnolessthan180percentofstateminimumwage.
Figure1:OregonTradeswomenwasapartnerintheCleanEnergyWorksinitiativeinPortland,Oregon.
PhotocourtesyofGreenForAll.
20AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009Participationgoals—Thirtypercentoftotaltradesandtechnicalprojecthourswillbeperformedby"historicallydisadvantagedorunderrepresentedpeople,includingpeopleofcolor,women,andlow-incomeresidentsofthecity.
"Greenentrepreneurshipbypeopleofcolorandwomen—Nolessthan20percentofalldollarsintheprojectwillbeearnedbypeopleofcolor-andwomen-ownedbusinesses.
Professionaldevelopment—Continuingeducationandcertificationwillbemadeavailableforthoseenteringtheindustryandthosewithmiddle-levelskills.
43MoreinformationabouttheprogramcanbefoundontheCleanEnergyWorksPortlandwebsite:http://www.
cleanenergyworksportland.
org/.
Scenario2:GreenPathwaysOutofPovertyTrainingbyNonprofitsMiddletownJusticehasaracialandeconomicjusticecampaignwheretheyworkwithyouthandadultswithbarrierstoemployment,helpingthemnotonlytogainafootholdinthegreeneconomy,buttosucceedandthrive.
Theircommunityisdevastatedbythecurrentrecessionandhasneverreallyenjoyedeconomicstabilityorprosperity.
Theiryouthareunemployedandtheiradultsaresimilarlyoutofwork,underemployedorworkinginconditionsthatviolatefairlaborpractices.
Alargeportionoftheirconstituentsaretheformerlyincarcerated,whosebackgroundsarealiabilityingettingandkeepingajob.
Manyarealsoundocumentedimmigrants,workinginlow-wageandprecariousserviceoccupations.
Mostarenotpaidforthefullnumberofhoursthattheywork,noraretheypaidforovertime.
MiddletownJusticecollaborateswiththeCityofMiddletown,keylaborunionsandgreenemployerstocraftaMiddletownGreenCorpstrainingprogramthatdevelopstheskillsofyoungandadultworkerswhohavebarrierstoemployment,strivingtopreparethemforgood,family-supportingjobsthataresteppingstonestoamiddleclasslife.
TheMiddletownGreenCorpsprogramisbuiltonthePinderhughesmodel,whichspecificallyrecruitsamongthelocalcommunityforprospectivestudents,offeringthefollowingwraparoundservicestothosewhoenroll:44Casemanagementandfollowup—Eachstudentismanagedbyamentor,whopersonallytracksthestudent'sprogressthroughtheprogramandfollowsupwiththealumniforupto12monthsaftergraduationandplacementintothefirstgreenjob.
Appliedbasicskills—Readingandmathclassesaccompanyspecifictechnicaltrainingthatisconstructiveandrelevanttotheirchosencareerpath.
Jobreadiness,lifeskillsandfinancialliteracyskills—Traininginavarietyofprofessionalandpersonalskillsisprovided,helpingstudentsovercomeinstitutionalandinternalizedbarriersassociatedwithraceandgenderinequities.
Criticalthinkingandcurriculuminenvironmentalandsocialjustice—Studentslearntodeveloptheirskillstofind21stcenturyemploymentandunderstandtheirroleinthelargemovementtosustaintheplanetanditspeoples—anawarenessthatcontributestosatisfactionwithone'sprofession.
Stipends,housingvouchers,paidinternships,childcare,trainingcentersaccessiblebypublictransportation—Avarietyofsupportsareprovidedtohelptoretainandgraduatestudentsandenablethosestudentstothriveinsteadoffail.
21AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009PartnershipsarebrokeredbetweenMiddletownJusticeandregionalgreenemployerssothatpaidinternshipsandentry-levelpositionsareguaranteedforalumnioftheGreenCorpsupongraduation.
Unionapprenticeshipprogramsareportalsforgoodjobs;however,mostrequireproofofcitizenshiporlegalresidency.
Local100ofthebuildingtradesunionissufferingfromdecliningmembership,asitsexistingrankandfileareretiringordyingoff.
TheunionpartnerswithMiddletownGreenCorpstoestablishanewlocal,withitsownhiringhallandanapprenticeshipprogramwithnodocumentationprerequisites.
MiddletownJusticereachesouttothefollowingfederalagenciestoschedulelocaltrainingsforgreenemployersandprospectiveemployees:DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment—Holdsworkopportunitytaxcreditseminarstoinformemployersoftaxbenefitsavailabletothemwhentheyhireworkerswithbarrierstoemployment.
DepartmentofLabor—Developsfederalbondingprogramworkshopstoguaranteethehiringofjobseekerswhohavebeenincarcerated.
DepartmentofJustice—TrainsgreenemployeesandjobseekersonhowtoreportviolationsofTitleVIoftheCivilRightsActof1964,TitleIXoftheEducationAmendmentsof1972andExecutiveOrder11246.
EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission—TrainsgreenemployeesonwhatactionstotakewhenemployersviolateTitleVIIoftheCivilRightsActof1964andintentionallydiscriminateoractinwaysthathavedisparateimpactagainstcertainracializedorgenderedgroups.
DepartmentofLabor'sWageandHourDivision—Providestrainingonhowtofilecomplaintsofwageandhourviolations.
OSHA—Providestrainingonhowtoreportinfractionsofoccupationalsafetyandhealth.
NationalLaborRelationsBoard—Providestrainingonhowtoreportunfairlaborpractices(ULP).
Figure2:OaklandGreenCorpsinauguralclass,graduationdate.
PhotobyChristinaChen22AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009MiddletownJusticecouldincorporatemanyoftheseequityhandlesintheirtrainingprogrambyfollowingtheactualexamplesofprogramsinOakland,California,orNewark,NewJersey.
TheOaklandGreenCorpswascreatedthroughacollaborationbetweentheEllaBakerCenterforHumanRights,theCityofOaklandandnon-profittrainingproviders.
Theprogram,basedonthePinderhughesmodel,aimstoprovidegreenpathwaysoutofpovertyforyouthwhofacebarrierstoemployment.
Studentsareprovidedwithjobtrainingandongoingsupportservices,aswellason-the-jobtraining.
Thethree-monthprogramincludesthefollowing:45BasicliteracyinmathandEnglishLifeskillsandjobreadinesstrainingEnvironmentalsustainabilityandenvironmentaljusticeFinancialmanagementOSHAsafetytrainingcertificationLaborunions101andhowtogetintoapprenticeshipprogramsOthersupportservices,suchaschildcareandtransportationstipendsPaidon-the-jobtrainingforthreefour-weekrotations,wherestudentsearn$9perhourMoreinformationontheOaklandGreenJobsCorpscanbefoundathttp://www.
ellabakercenter.
org.
AnothergoodexampleofasuccessfuljobtrainingprogramthatforgedagreementswithlaborandemployerstoguaranteejobsforgraduatesistheWeatherizationandEnergyEfficiencyPrograminNewark,NewJersey.
TheGardenStateAllianceforaNewEconomy(GANE),alabor-communitycoalition,partneredwithLaborersLocal55tocreateagreen-jobstrainingprogramtoprepareurbanresidentsofNewarkwhotypicallyfacebarrierstoFigure3:PeretteHopkins,aGANEmemberandLocal55trainee,whowasoneof25studentsintheinauguralgreenconstructiontraining.
PhotocourtesyofGreenForAll.
23AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009employment.
46Communityandclergyleadershelpedrecruitstudentsforthetraining,whichopeneditsdoorstotheinauguralclassof22–25studentsinJune2009.
Thesix-weektrainingsharessimilaritieswiththeOaklandGreenCorpsindividingthecurriculumasfollows:OneweekongeneralemployabilityskillsOneweekonconstructionandsafetyTwoweeksondisposalofhazardouswastesTwoweeksonhomeenergyefficiencyandbasicresidentialgreenconstructionThecurriculumwasdevelopedbytheLaborersLocalinconjunctionwiththeNewJerseyBuildingLaborersTrainingFund.
Thetwolocals—55coveringNewJerseyandDelaware,and10coveringNewYorkCityandLongIsland—werecharteredonlyoneyearago.
Theywerecreatedwiththespecificpurposeoforganizingworkersintheresidentialconstructionindustry.
47Neitherofthelocalshadexistingmembers,sothistrainingprogramprovidedanavenuetobuildnewunionmembership.
FormoreinformationontheWeatherizationandEnergyEfficiencyProgram,seetheGANEwebsiteathttp://ganenj.
org/article.
phpid=57.
Scenario3:GreenSocialandCommunityEntrepreneurshipThroughoutmostofthe20thcentury,Middletown'sregionaleconomywasdrivenbymanufacturing—mostofitsresidentswereemployedinthefactoriesassemblingpartsintoproductsinanindustrydominatedbythreemultinationalbusinesses.
Workerswererepresentedbyaunionthatbargainedformiddle-classwagesthatsustainedMiddletownfamilies.
However,theopeningofglobaltradedecimatedthemanufacturingindustryinMiddletown.
Factoriesrelocatedtoright-to-workstatesortheglobalsouth,wheretheycouldescapescrutinybyorganizedlaborandgovernmentoversightofunfairlaborpractices.
Familybreadwinnerslosttheirjobs,andfactorieswereshuttered—theironceoperablegrayturbinesstilldominatethecitylandscape.
BasicservicesthatresidentspreviouslyhadaccesstowerenowabsentfromMiddletown.
Neighborhoodsweremarkedbyhomesabandonedbyresidentsunabletofindworkinthecity.
Mom-and-popstoreswereclosedbecauseofhighcostsandlowrevenues.
Middletownresidentswereforcedtodotheirgroceryshoppingattheoneremainingsupermarket,whichchargedexorbitantpricesforfreshvegetablesandfruit.
MainStreet,whichwaspopulatedbybustlingsmallbusinesses20yearsago,wasnowaghosttownlinedbyvacantlotsandafewliquorstoresstilloperational.
Threeyearsago,MiddletownJusticegatheredtogethercommunitymemberstodiscussfoodinsecurityinneighborhoodswithmostlyresidentsofcolor.
Together,thecommunitydecidedtooccupyandplantseedsinaquarter-acregardenonthesiteofanemptylotintheheartofdowntown.
Neighborsworkedshoulder-to-shouldertoridthelotofthedebristhathadaccumulatedintheland,tillthesoilandplantacropoforganicvegetablesandfruit.
MiddletownJusticealsolobbiedcityofficialstoestablishafarmersmarketinthedowntownarea,accessiblebypublictransportationandoperatingduringweekdayeveningandweekendhours.
Thefarmersappliedandreceiveda24AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009501(c)(3)non-profitstatus,whichenabledthemtoapplyforfoundationandfederalmoniestopurchaselarge-scalefarmequipment,suchasrototillersandcoolers.
AconsultantwasbroughtinfromtheFarmCreditCouncil,whichhelpedtheMiddletownfarmerstoestablishacommunitysupportedagriculture(CSA)programwherecommunitymemberspurchasedseasonalsharesandreceivedweeklyallotmentsoftheproduceharvested.
Thefirstyearofthefarm'soperationsyieldeda$20,000inrevenue,asizablesumbutnotenoughtosustainthe10familiesinvestedinthefarmwiththeirsweatequity.
Theydecidedearlyonthatthefarmwouldbecooperativelyowned,witheachmemberofthefarmearninganequalshareinownershipandprofits.
WiththehelpofthecityandMiddletownJustice,thefarmersobtainedothervacantlots,whichtheyconvertedintourbanfarms.
Onesitewasaformerpartsfactory,closednowfor10years.
Raisedbeds,withamendedsoil,nourishcropsofbutternutsquash,kaleandothervegetables,nowflourishingamidsttheruinsofthefactory.
Actualmodelsofurbanfarmsthatprovidefreshfoodsfortheircommunityaswellasanavenueforcommunitywealth-buildingareproliferatingacrossthecountry,fromBrooklyntoSanFrancisco.
48Agoodexample,intheheartofthenationalformerautomobilemanufacturingcenter,istheDetroitBlackCommunityFoodSecurityNetwork(DBCFSN),acoalitionworkingtogethertobuildagreenoasisoffoodsecurityinDetroit'sBlackcommunity.
Theprogramincludesthefollowingcomponents:InfluencingpublicpolicyPromotingurbanagricultureEncouragingcooperativebuyingPromotinghealthyeatinghabitsPromotingequitableandsustainablepublicpolicyFacilitatingmutualsupportandcollectiveactionamongmembersEncouragingyouthtopursuecareersinagriculture,aquaculture,animalhusbandry,bee-keepingandotherfood-relatedindustries49Figure4:HarvestFestivalatD-TownFarm,Detroit,MI.
PhotocourtesyofDetroitBlackFoodSecurity25AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009TheirkeyprogramisthefoundingandoperationofD-TownFarm,atwo-acremodelurbanfarmlocatedinRougeParkinnorthwesternDetroit.
Accordingtotheirwebsite,thefarmconsistsoforganicvegetableplots,twobeehives,ahoophouseforyear-roundfoodproductionandacompostingoperation.
Seehttp://detroitblackfoodsecurity.
org/index.
htmlformoreinformationaboutDBCFSNandtheirthreeareasofactivities:urbanagriculture,policydevelopmentandcooperativebuying.
ColorLinesmagazineprofiledinnovatorWillAlleninitsSeptember-October2008issue.
50WithhisdaughterErika,hefoundedanorganizationnamedGrowingPowertopromotefoodjusticethroughurbanfarminginMilwaukee,Wisconsin.
GrowingPoweroperatesanurbanfarmthatgrowsandsellsorganicfruitsandvegetablespopularinBlacksoutherncuisineandinlocalHmongandOneidaIndiancommunities.
ThefarmalsodistributestheirproducetothecommunitythroughaMarketBasketprogram,wherefor$12,afamilyreceivesabagoforganicfoodsweekly.
UniquetoAllen'sfarmistheinnovationofanaquaponicsprogram,toraisetilapiafishintankswithwaterfilteredbythevegetables.
Thefishwaste,whichisrichinnutrients,isthenusedtofertilizetheplants.
Seehttp://www.
growingpower.
org/formoreinformationonWillAllen'sfarm.
Figure5:WillAllenattheGrowingPowerfarm.
PhotocourtesyofGrowingPower.
"It'saboutreinventingthewayfoodisgrown,showingpeoplethatwecoulddoitinurbanareastoo,"ErikaAllentoldColorLines.
"We'reworkingtoprovidethefertilityandsystemssothatyoucangrowanywherefromrooftopstoparkinglotsandcontainers,sothatpeoplecanbeself-sufficientintheirfoodneeds.
"26AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009endnotes1.
"Green-CollarJobsOverview.
"GreenforAll.
http://www.
greenforall.
org/resources/green-collar-jobs-overview.
2.
"GreenJobs:APathwaytoaStrongMiddleClass.
"OfficeoftheVicePresidentoftheUnitedStates,MiddleClassTaskForceStaffReport.
February2009.
p.
2.
http://www.
whitehouse.
gov/assets/documents/mctf_one_staff_report_final.
pdf.
3.
Ibid.
4.
"EnsuringthatGreenJobsareQualityJobs.
"CenterforCommunityInnovation.
April2009.
p.
5.
http://communityinnovation.
berkeley.
edu/reports/green%20jobs.
pdf.
5.
Ajobyeariscalculatedasonejobwithaone-yearduration.
Thishelpstodifferentiatebetweensubstantivejobcreationandtemporaryemploymentwithalifespanunderayear.
6.
Barber,EdwardB.
"AGlobalGreenNewDeal.
"ReportpreparedfortheUNEnvironmentProgramme.
April2009.
http://www.
unep.
org/greeneconomy/portals/30/docs/GGND-Report-April2009.
pdf.
p.
10.
7.
"GreeningoftheWorldofWork:ImplicationsforO*NET-SOCandNewandEmergingOccupation.
"O*NETResearchandTechnicalReports.
February2009.
p.
3.
http://www.
onetcenter.
org/reports/Green.
html.
8.
Ibid.
9.
Ibid.
10.
Pinderhughes,Raquel.
"GreenCollarJobs:AnAnalysisoftheCapacityofBayAreaGreenBusinessestoProvideHighQualityWorkForceOpportunitiesforLow-IncomeMenandWomenwithBarrierstoEmployment.
"2007.
http://bss.
sfsu.
edu/raquelrp/documents/v13FullReport.
pdf.
11.
Ibid.
12.
Ibid.
13.
InterviewwithJeffRickert,10/22/09.
14.
"GreenJobs:APathwaytoaStrongMiddleClass.
"OfficeoftheVicePresidentoftheUnitedStates.
MiddleClassTaskForceStaffReport.
February2009.
http://www.
whitehouse.
gov/assets/documents/mctf_one_staff_report_final.
pdf.
15.
Mattera,Philetal.
"HighRoadorLowRoadJobQualityintheNewGreenEconomy.
"GoodJobsFirst.
February2009.
p.
27.
http://www.
goodjobsfirst.
org/pdf/gjfgreenjobsrpt.
pdf.
16.
Mason,C.
Nicole.
"Race,GenderandtheRecession:JobCreationandEmployment.
"WomenofColorPolicyNetwork.
May2009.
p.
29–30.
http://wagner.
nyu.
edu/wocpn/reports/Race_Gender_and_the_Recession_Job_Creation.
17.
Ibid.
18.
Ibid.
19.
TheU.
S.
EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission,EEO-12007(released3/23/09).
20.
Jones,Van.
"TheGreenCollarEconomy:InSearchofEco-Equity"inAppliedResearchCenter's"CompactforRacialJustice–AnAgendaforFairnessandUnity.
"AppliedResearchCenter.
November2008.
p.
23-26.
http://www.
arc.
org/images/fr08/arc_compact_11209.
pdf.
21.
"EnsuringthatGreenJobsareQualityJobs.
"CenterforCommunityInnovation.
April2009.
http://communityinnovation.
berkeley.
edu/reports/green%20jobs.
pdf.
22.
"BringingHometheGreenRecovery:AUser'sGuide.
"PolicyLinkandGreenforAll.
2009.
p.
3.
http://www.
policylink.
org/atf/cf/%7B97C6D565-BB43-406D-A6D5-ECA3BBF35AF0%7D/BringingHometheGreenRecovery.
pdf.
23.
"EnsuringEqualOpportunityinOurNation'sEconomicRecoveryEfforts.
"TheOpportunityAgenda.
May2009.
http://fairrecovery.
org/OMBGuidanceFINAL.
pdf.
24.
InterviewwithJeffRickert,10/22/09.
25.
Rabb,Chris.
"InvisibleCapital.
"Forthcoming.
Berrett-KohlerPublishers.
26.
Rivera,Amaadetal.
"TheSilentDepression:TheStateoftheDream2009.
"UnitedforaFairEconomy.
January2009.
http://www.
faireconomy.
org/files/pdf/state_of_dream_2009.
pdf.
Seealso:Muhammad,DedrickandEhrenreich,Barbara.
"TheRecession'sRacialDivide.
"InstituteforPolicyStudies.
September2009.
http://www.
ips-dc.
org/articles/the_recessions_racial_divide.
27AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit200927.
Wessler,SethF.
etal.
"RaceandRecession:HowInequityRiggedtheEconomyandHowtoChangetheRules.
"AppliedResearchCenter.
May2009.
http://www.
arc.
org/recession.
28.
K.
E.
Wardripetal.
"OutofReach2009.
"NationalLowIncomeHousingCoalition.
2009.
http://www.
nlihc.
org/oor/oor2009/.
29.
"HousingandTransportationAffordabilityIndex.
"CenterforNeighborhoodTechnology.
http://htaindex.
cnt.
org/.
30.
Seelegalresourcesavailableat"OverviewofApplicableCivilRightsLawsandPrograms.
"FairRecoverywebsite.
http://fairrecovery.
org/tools/overview_civil_rights_laws.
html.
31.
"TheClawback,ablogofGoodJobsFirst.
"http://clawback.
org/.
32.
"TechnicalAssistanceGuideforFederalConstructionContractors,EmploymentStandardsAdministration.
"OfficeofFederalContractCompliancePrograms.
May2009.
http://www.
dol.
gov/esa/ofccp/TAGuides/consttag.
pdf.
33.
"AbouttheDisadvantagedBusinessProgram.
"PennsylvaniaDepartmentofGeneralServices.
September2009.
http://www.
portal.
state.
pa.
us/portal/server.
ptopen=512&objID=1360&PageID=245999&mode=2.
34.
"AuthorizeSoundTransittoSupportanAmendmenttotheScopeoftheProjectLaborAgreement(PLA).
SoundTransitStaffReport,MotionNo.
M2009-04.
September2009.
http://www.
soundtransit.
org/documents/pdf/about/board/motions/2009/Motion%20M2009-04sr.
pdf.
35.
"BestValueContracting:ARaincoatforthePerfectStorm.
"CityofMadisonNewsRelease.
December4,2006.
http://www.
cityofmadison.
com/news/view.
cfmnews_id=200.
36.
Bernhardt,A.
etal.
"BrokenLaws,UnprotectedWorkers:ViolationsofEmploymentandLaborLawsinAmerica'sCities.
"September2009.
http://www.
unprotectedworkers.
org.
37.
"TheDavis-BaconandRelatedActs(DBRA).
"U.
S.
DepartmentofLabor.
http://www.
dol.
gov/compliance/laws/comp-dbra.
htm(accessed8/30/09).
38.
ACORN'sLivingWageResourceCenter,http://livingwagecampaign.
org/index.
phpid=1959.
39.
Kumar,A.
andFiengold,J.
"LaborLawReform,OneStateataTime.
"LaborNotes.
August28,2009.
http://labornotes.
org/node/2392.
40.
IncludingtheClimateandEnergyAct,WorkforceInvestmentAct,TransportationAct,andElementaryandSecondarySchoolEducationAct.
41.
Resourcesareavailabletohelpadvocatescalculatealivingwageorfamilyself-sufficiencystandardforagivenregion.
SeetheLivingWageCalculatorathttp://www.
livingwage.
geog.
psu.
edu/ortheSelf-SufficiencyCalculatorathttp://www.
insightcced.
org/communities/cfess/calculator.
html.
42.
"CommunityWorkforceAgreementinPortlandguaranteesexpandedjobopportunityandstandardsforthousandsofcleanenergyjobs.
"GreenforAllpressrelease.
September30,2009.
http://www.
greenforall.
org/resources/breaking-innovative-partnership-agreement-in-portland-guarantees-expanded-job-opportunity-and-standards-for-thousands-of-clean-energy-jobs.
43.
"CommunityWorkforceAgreementonStandardsandCommunityBenefitsintheCleanEnergyWorksPortlandPilotProject,"GreenforAll.
September24,2009.
http://www.
greenforall.
org/resources/community-workforce-agreement-clean-energy-works-portland/download.
44.
Pinderhughes,Raquel.
"GreenCollarJobs:AnAnalysisoftheCapacityofBayAreaGreenBusinessestoProvideHighQualityWorkForceOpportunitiesforLow-IncomeMenandWomenwithBarrierstoEmployment.
"2007.
http://bss.
sfsu.
edu/raquelrp/documents/v13FullReport.
pdf.
45.
"OaklandGreenJobsCorps.
"Green-CollarJobsCampaign,EllaBakerCenter.
www.
ellabakercenter.
org/index.
phpp=gcjc_green_jobs_corps.
46.
"WeatherizationandResidentialEnergyEfficiencyPrograminNewark,NJ.
"GreenforAllCaseStudiesfromtheGreenCollarEconomy.
June2009.
http://www.
greenforall.
org/what-we-do/building-a-movement/community-of-practice/case-studies/newark-green-jobs.
47.
Ibid.
48.
"AnOverviewofUrbanFarming:AReportfromGreenforAll'sCapitalAccessProgram.
"GreenforAll.
2009.
http://www.
greenforall.
org/what-we-do/capital-access-program/overview-of-urban-farming.
49.
"StatementofPurpose.
"DetroitBlackCommunityFoodSecurityNetwork(DBCFSN).
October2009.
http://detroitblackfoodsecurity.
org/about.
html.
50.
Nguyen,Tram.
"GrowingPower.
"ColorLines,September-October2008.
http://www.
colorlines.
com/article.
phpID=442(accessed11/2/09).
28AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009GreenSectorDescriptionSampleOccupationsAgricultureandForestryUsageofnaturalpesticides,efficientlandmanagementorfarming,andaquaculture.
AgriculturalInspectors;FarmersandRanchers;LandscapeArchitectsEnergyandCarbonCaptureCapturesandstoresenergyand/orcarbonemissions.
PowerPlantOperators;CarbonCaptureandSequestrationSystemsInstallersEnergyEfficiencyIncreasesenergyefficiencyandreduceswaste.
EnergyAuditors;InsulationWorkers(Floor,CeilingandWall);WeatherizationInstallersandTechniciansEnergyTradingProvidesfinancialservicesforbuyingandsellingenergyasacommodity,aswellascarbontradingprojects.
CarbonCreditTraders;CarbonTradingAnalysts;EnergyBrokersEnvironmentProtectionEffortsrelatedtoenvironmentalremediation,climatechangeadaptation,andensuringorenhancingairquality.
BrownfieldRedevelopmentSpecialistsandSiteManagers;ClimateChangeAnalysts;WaterResourceSpecialistsGovernmentandRegulatoryCreatesandenforcesregulationsforconservationandpollutionprevention.
AirQualityControlSpecialists;ChiefSustainabilityOfficers;GreenhouseGasEmissionsReportVerifiersGreenConstructionConstructsanddesignsnewgreenbuildings,retrofitsresidentialandcommercialbuildings,andinstallsothergreenconstructiontechnologies.
ConstructionLaborers;EnergyEngineers;MaintenanceandRepairWorkersManufacturingProducesgreentechnologyandappliesenergyefficiencytoprocesses.
ChemicalPlantandSystemOperators;IndustrialSafetyandHealthEngineers;Laborers;Freight,Stock,andMaterialMovers(Hand)RecyclingandWasteReductionManagessolidwasteandwastewatertreatmentandreduction.
RefuseandRecyclableMaterialCollectors;RecyclingCoordinators;SustainableDesignSpecialistsRenewableEnergyGenerationGenerateselectricitybyrenewableenergysourcesincludingwind,solar,geothermal,hydropower,biomassandhydrogen.
BiofuelsProcessingTechnicians;HydroelectricProductionManagers;SolarPhotovoltaicInstallersResearch,DesignandConsultingServicesgreeneconomyindirectlythroughenergyconsultingorresearchandotherbusinessservices.
AtmosphericandSpaceScientists;FuelCellEngineers;UrbanandRegionalPlannersTransportationReducestheenvironmentalimpactofdifferenttypesoftransportation,suchaspublictransit,trucking,freightrailandwater.
BusDrivers(TransitandIntercity);Rail-TrackLayingandMaintenanceEquipmentOperators;TruckDrivers(HeavyandTractor-Trailer)Source:O*NET,GreeningtheWorldofWork,Feb.
2009.
AppendixA:GreeningOccupations29AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesI.
EQUALOPPORTUNITYTITLEVIOFTHECIVILRIGHTSACTOF1964FederalProhibitsdiscriminationonthebasisofrace,colorandnationaloriginRequireslanguageaccessforlimited-English-proficientpersonsinprogramsandactivitiesthatreceivefederalfinancialassistance.
AAgenciesdistributingfederalawardsareresponsibleformonitoringandenforcingTitleVI.
FundrecipientsfoundinviolationofTitleVIcanloseitsfederalfunding.
Appliestoanyprogramoractivitythatreceivesfederalfinancialassistance.
Federalassistanceincludesmonetaryawardsaswellasnonmonetaryincentivessuchastheuseorrentoffederalland,federaltraining,theloanoffederalpersonnel,subsidies,etc.
BTheDepartmentofJustice(DOJ)overseespre-awardreviews.
CRefertoTitleVIoftheCivilRightsActof1964Dand"TitleVIManual,"DOJ,2001E.
TITLEVIIOFTHECIVILRIGHTSACTOF1964FFederalProtectsindividualsagainstemploymentdiscriminationonthebasesofraceandcolor,aswellasnationalorigin,sexandreligion.
Privateemployerswith100ormoreworkersandfederalcontractorswith50ormoreworkersand$50,000ormoreinfederalcontractsarerequiredtofileanequalopportunityreportbySeptember30ofeachyear.
GEmployerswhomakewillfullyfalsestatementsintheirreportsarepunishedbyfineorimprisonment.
HAnyemployerwhomeetstherequirementsforcomplianceandfailstofilemaybecompelledtofilebyorderofaU.
S.
DistrictCourt.
ITheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission(EEOC)andstateFairEmploymentPracticesAgencies(FEPA)JenforceTitleVIIbyinvestigatingequalopportunitycomplaints,mediatingandfilinglawsuitsonbehalfofemployees.
AppendixB:AdditionalInformationonEquityHandlesA.
"TitleVIoftheCivilRightsActof1964.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofJustice.
www.
usdoj.
gov/crt/cor/coord/titlevi.
php(accessed8/29/09).
B.
"TitleVILegalManual.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofJustice.
January2001.
www.
usdoj.
gov/crt/cor/coord/vimanual.
pdf(accessed8/29/09).
C.
Ibid.
D.
"TitleVIoftheCivilRightsActof1964.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofJustice.
www.
usdoj.
gov/crt/cor/coord/titlevi.
php.
(accessed8/29/09).
E.
"TitleVILegalManual.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofJustice.
January2001.
www.
usdoj.
gov/crt/cor/coord/vimanual.
pdf.
F.
"Race/ColorDiscrimination.
"TheU.
S.
EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission.
January2001.
www.
eeoc.
gov/types/race.
html.
(accessed10/02/09).
G.
"EEO-1:WhoMustFile.
"U.
S.
EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission.
June2007.
www.
eeoc.
gov/eeo1survey/whomustfile.
html.
(accessed8/30/09).
H.
"EEO-1:LegalBasisforRequirements.
"Title29,ChapterXIVCodeofFederalRegulations,§1602.
8.
U.
S.
EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission.
www.
eeoc.
gov/eeo1survey/legalbasis.
html(accessed8/31/09).
I.
Ibid.
J.
"EEOCFieldOffices.
"TheU.
S.
EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission.
www.
eeoc.
gov/offices.
html(accessed8/31/09).
30AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesI.
EQUALOPPORTUNITY(continued)TITLEIXOFTHEEDUCATIONAMENDMENTSOF1972FederalComprehensivefederallawthatprohibitsdiscriminationonthebasisofsexinanyfederallyfundededucationprogramoractivity.
Theobjectiveistopreventtheuseoffederalmoneytosupportsexuallydiscriminatorypracticesineducationprograms,andtoprovideindividualcitizenseffectiveprotectionagainstthosepractices.
Applies,withafewspecificexceptions,toallaspectsoffederallyfundededucationprogramsoractivities.
Inadditiontocolleges,universities,andelementaryandsecondaryschools,TitleIXalsoappliestoanyeducationalortrainingprogramoperatedbyarecipientoffederalfinancialassistance.
KTheDOJ's"TitleIXLegalManual"isavailableontheCivilRightsDivision'swebsite.
L.
K.
"TitleIXoftheEducationAmendmentsof1972.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofJustice.
www.
usdoj.
gov/crt/cor/coord/titleix.
php(accessed10/02/09).
L.
"TitleIXLegalManual.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofJustice,January2001.
www.
usdoj.
gov/crt/cor/coord/ixlegal.
php(accessed10/02/09).
31AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesII.
AFFIRMATIVEACTIONEXECUTIVEORDER11246FederalProhibitsjobdiscriminationonthebasisofrace,color,religion,sexornationalorigin,andrequiresaffirmativeactiontoensureequalityofopportunityinallaspectsofemployment.
DOL'sOfficeofFederalContractCompliancePrograms(OFCCP)isauthorizedtoactasEEOC'sagentinprocessing,investigatingandresolvingtheTitleVIIcomponentofcomplaintsfiledwithOFCCPunderEO11246.
Allcontractorsandsubcontractorswhohavefederallyassistedconstructioncontractsandsubcontractsexceeding$10,000mustcomplywithEO11246.
MNon-constructioncontractorswithfederalcontractsover$50,000andwhoemployatleast50workersarerequiredtodevelopandmaintainawrittenEO11246affirmativeactionprogram.
AffirmativeactiongoalsunderEO11246aretargetsforrecruitmentandoutreach.
Constructioncontractorsareexpectedtocomplywiththemin"goodfaith.
"NParticipationgoalsareapercentageofthehoursworkedbythecontractor'stotalworkforceineachtradeonallconstructionworkperformedinthegeographicarea.
Thegoalforwomeniscurrently6.
9percentofworkhoursandappliestoallofacontractor'sconstructionsites.
GoalsforpeopleofcolorarecalculatedasworkhoursperformedinaStandardMetropolitanStatisticalArea(SMSA)orEconomicArea(EA).
RefertothefulltextofEO11246and"AffirmativeActionGuidelinesforFederalContractorsRegardingRace,Color,Gender,Religion,andNationalOrigin.
"O.
M.
"TechnicalAssistanceGuideforFederalConstructionContractors,EmploymentStandardsAdministration.
"OfficeofFederalContractCompli-ancePrograms.
May2009.
www.
dol.
gov/esa/ofccp/TAGuides/consttag.
pdf(accessed10/02/09).
N.
Ibid.
O.
"AffirmativeActionGuidelinesforFederalContractorsRegardingRace,Color,Gender,Religion,andNationalOrigin.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofLabor,OfficeofFederalContractCompliancePrograms(OFCCP).
www.
dol.
gov/esa/ofccp/regs/compliance/fs11246.
htm(accessed10/02/09).
32AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesIII.
LOCALHIRINGANDTRAININGTHEWORKOPPORTUNITYTAXCREDIT(WOTC)FederalFederaltaxcreditisavailabletoallprivate-sectorbusinessesasanincentivetohirefromtargetedgroupsthatfacebarrierstoemployment.
StateandregionalWOTCcoordinatorsareresponsibleforcertifyingemployerrequestsforthetaxcredit,usingIRSForm8850andETAForm9061or9062.
PEmployerscanreducetheirfederalincometaxliabilitybyupto$9,000byhiringanewemployeefromthetargetedgroup.
Targetedgroupsincludewelfareorfoodstamprecipients,veterans,"highriskyouth,"QyouthemployedforthesummerR,jobseekerswithcriminalbackgroundsandSocialSecurityrecipients.
SFormoreinformationontheWOTC,callorvisityourlocalWOTCCoordinator.
TForinformationaboutEZ/EC/RClocations,visittheU.
S.
DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD)website.
U.
THEFEDERALBONDINGPROGRAMFederalProvidesFidelityBondsthatguaranteetheemploymentofjobseekerswithcriminalbackgrounds.
Afidelitybondisabusinessinsurancepolicythatprotectstheemployerincaseofanylossofmoneyorproperty.
VStateEmploymentServices(ES)areresponsibleforissuingthebondsthattheDOLpurchasesfromtheTravelersInsuranceCompany.
At-riskjobapplicantsareex-offenders,recoveringsubstanceabusers,welfarerecipients,personswhohavepoorcredit,individualsdishonorablydischargedfromthemilitary,andeconomicallydisadvantagedyouthandadultswholackaworkhistory.
Therearenoagerestrictions;anyoneoflegalworkingageasdeterminedbythestatecanbebonded.
Jobseekerscanbebondedforjobplacementwithanemployerevenifotherworkersalreadyatthecompanyarenotbonded.
TheFederalBondingProgramisapartnershipbetweentheU.
S.
DepartmentofLabor(USDOL)andTheMcLaughlinCompany,aninsurancebrokeragefirm,asagentforTravelersCasualtyandSuretyCompanyofAmerica.
Formoreinformation,refertotheofficialwebsiteoftheUSDOL'sFederalBondingProgram.
WP.
"WorkOpportunityTaxCredit.
"DOLU.
S.
DepartmentofLabor,Employmentand&TrainingAdministration.
www.
doleta.
gov/business/Incen-tives/opptax/(accessed8/30/09).
Q.
Definedasaresidentwhoisage18–39andlivesinaneighborhooddesignatedbythefederalgovernmentasanEmpowermentZone(EZ),EnterpriseCommunities(EC),orRenewalCommunities(RC).
R.
AlsoanEZ/ECorRCresident.
S.
"WorkOpportunityTaxCredit.
"DOLU.
S.
DepartmentofLabor,Employmentand&TrainingAdministration.
www.
doleta.
gov/business/Incen-tives/opptax/(accessed8/30/09).
T.
AdirectoryofstateandregionalWOTCcoordinatorsisavailableatwww.
doleta.
gov/business/Incentives/opptax/pdf/Directory_SWA_WOTC_Coords.
pdfandhttp://www.
doleta.
gov/business/Incentives/opptax/pdf/Directory_Regional_WOTC_Coords.
pdf.
U.
U.
S.
DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment.
http://www.
hud.
gov/cr(accessed10/02/09).
V.
"EmploymentInformationHandbook,2008.
"FederalBureauofPrisons,InmateTransitionBranch.
2008.
p.
9.
www.
unicor.
gov/about/about_fpi_programs/inmate_transition/pdf/employment_handbook.
pdf(accessed10/2/09).
W.
"FederalBondingProgram.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofLabor.
/www.
bonds4jobs.
com(accessed10/02/09).
33AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesIII.
LOCALHIRINGANDTRAINING(continued)COMMUNITYBENEFITSAGREEMENTS(CBA)ProjectFirst-sourcerequirementscanbenegotiatedincommunitybenefitsagreements(CBAs)betweencommunity-basedorganizations,labor,localgovernmentsandcontractorsfornewdevelopmentandconstruction.
LegallyenforceablecontractsXbetweendevelopersandcoalitionsthatensurelocalresidentsbenefitfrommajordevelopments.
YCBAsarecraftedthroughnegotiationprocessesinwhichthedevelopergrantscertainbenefitstothecommunity,suchaslocalhiringofresidentsatalivingwage,inreturnforthecommunitysupportofthedeveloperinfrontofelectedofficials.
MovementforcommunitybenefitsbeganinCaliforniaamongorganizationsthatbrokeredcoalitionsbetweenlabor,communityorganizationsanddevelopers.
Morethan13CBAsareincurrentlyineffect.
ZTypically,CBAspertaintonewconstructionandrequirethatlocalresidentsbehiredtobuildandmaintainthedevelopmentatsustainablewages.
Todate,localhirerequirementshavebeenwonsuccessfullybycampaignsfromSeattle,Washington,toAtlanta,Georgia.
AASeethePartnershipforWorkingFamilies'CommunityBenefitsandResponsibleDevelopmentportal.
BBBESTVALUECONTRACTING(BVC)LocalorProjectThisisamethodusedbythegovernmenttosolicitbidsforthedesign,constructionandmanagementofaproject.
Contractorselectionisbasednotonlyonthelowest-costbid,butalsoonthebestvalueintermsofcostandbidderqualifications.
CCAlistofqualificationsforbiddersisstipulatedintherequestforproposal(RFP),andthefulfillmentofeachqualificationgarnersapoint.
Thebidderwiththemostpointsandacompetitivecostwinsthebid.
InordertouseBVC,legislationneedstoenableitatthestate,cityoragencylevel.
Seethe"BestValueContractingandResponsibleEmployerOrdinances"presentationbyNationalLaborers-EmployersCooperationandEducationTrust.
DDX.
Hudson,Gerryetal.
"EyesonthePrize:ProgramArchitectureofEmeraldCities.
"December31,2008.
emeraldcities.
org/resources_files/Eyes%20on%20the%20Prize.
pdf(accessed9/1/09).
Y.
Gross,Julianetal.
"CommunityBenefitsAgreements:MakingDevelopmentProjectsAccountable.
"GoodJobsFirstandPartnershipforWork-ingFamilies.
2005.
www.
goodjobsfirst.
org/pdf/cba2005final.
pdf.
Z.
"CBAsCurrentlyinEffect.
"PartnershipforWorkingFamilies.
www.
communitybenefits.
org/article.
phplist=type&type=46(accessed9/1/09).
AA.
"TargetedHiring.
"PartnershipforWorkingFamilies.
communitybenefits.
org/article.
phplist=type&type=160(accessed11/4/09).
BB.
"CommunityBenefitsandResponsibleDevelopment.
"PartnershipforWorkingFamilies.
communitybenefits.
org/article.
phplist=type&type=163(accessed11/4/09).
CC.
Foshay,Elena.
"AttachingLaborStandardstoEnergyEfficiencyPrograms.
"MemotoApollostateandlocalpartners,ApolloAlliance.
February18,2008.
DD.
"BestValueContractingandResponsibleEmployerOrdinances.
"NationalLaborers-EmployersCooperationandEducationTrust.
www.
lecet.
org/Clearinghouse_Public/LECET/bestvalue/bestvalue.
htm(accessed11/2/09).
34AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesIV.
WAGEANDHOURTHEFAIRLABORSTANDARDSACT(FLSA)OF1938FederalPrescribesstandardsforthefederalminimumwageandovertimepayofone-and-a-halftimestheregularrate.
TheWageandHourDivision(WHD)oftheEmploymentStandardsAdministration(ESA)isresponsibleforadministrationandenforcement.
RecentreportshaveexposedtheineffectualintakeprocessthatWHDhastowardscomplaints.
SecretaryofLaborHildaSolisrecentlyhired150newWHDinvestigators,amovethathopefullywillincreasetheefficacyofresponse.
EEAppliestoemployeesengagedininterstatecommerceoremployedbyanenterpriseengagedincommerceorintheproductionofgoodsforcommerce,unlessexemptedbyanemployer.
Protectschildrenunderage16whowork,limitingthehourstheycanworkinnonagriculturalsectorsandforbiddingtheemploymentofchildrenunderage18injobsthataredeemeddangerous.
TheActisadministeredbyESA'sWHDwithintheDOL.
FFLIVINGWAGEORDINANCESLocalLivingwageordinancesareenactedinover120citiesandrequirethatprivatebusinessesthatbenefitfrompublicmoniesprovidetheirworkersalivingwage.
GGEmployerswithcityorcountycontractsorwhoreceivefinancialassistancefromthecitymustcomplywiththeordinance.
HHAlivingwageisdefinedasequivalenttothefederalpovertylevelforafamilyoffour,whichiscurrently$11.
02perhour.
IIThat'sone-and-a-halftimesgreaterthanthecurrentfederalminimumwageof$7.
25anhour.
JJSeetheAssociationofCommunityOrganizationsforReformNow's(ACORN)LivingWageResourceCenterwebsite,http://livingwagecampaign.
org.
EE.
Trottman,Melanie.
"LaborDepartmenttoTightenScrutiny.
"WallStreetJournal.
8/19/09.
online.
wsj.
com/article/SB125064127552641791.
html(11/4/09).
FF.
"ComplianceAssistanceByLaw:TheFairLaborStandardsAct(FLSA).
"U.
S.
DepartmentofLabor.
www.
dol.
gov/compliance/laws/comp-flsa.
htm(accessed10/02/09).
GG.
"TheLivingWageResourceCenter:TheNationalMovement.
"ACORN.
livingwagecampaign.
org/index.
phpid=2071(accessed8/30/09).
HH.
Ibid.
II.
TheU.
S.
DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices(HHS)2009povertyguidelinesforafamilyoffouris$22,050,andassumingthattheemployeeworks50weeksat40hours,thelivinghourlywageis$11.
02.
JJ.
"MinimumWage.
"DOLU.
S.
DepartmentofLabor,WageandHourDivision(WHD).
www.
dol.
gov/esa/whd/minimumwage.
htm(accessed8/30/09)35AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesIV.
WAGEANDHOUR(continued)THEDAVISBACONANDRELATEDACTS(DBRA)Federal,ConstructionSectorOnlyRequiresallcontractorsandsubcontractorsperformingworkonfederalorDistrictofColumbiaconstructioncontractsorfederallyassistedcontractsinexcessof$2,000topaytheirlaborersandmechanicsnotlessthantheprevailingwageratesandfringebenefitsforcorrespondingclassesoflaborersandmechanicsemployedonsimilarprojectsinthearea.
KKTheSecretaryofLabordeterminestheprevailingwageratesandfringebenefitsbycounty.
TheDOLoffersinformationtohelpbusinessescomplywiththerequirementsoftheDBRAontheirwebsite.
LLSECTION1606OFTHEAMERICANRECOVERYANDREINVESTMENTACT(ARRA)Federal,ConstructionSectorOnlyStipulatesthatrecipientsofawardsmustpayprevailingwagesundertheDavis-BaconActtoalllaborersandmechanics.
MMTheDOLreleasedprevailingwagedeterminationsforweatherizationworkers.
NNSeeImplementingGuidancefromtheFederalHighwayAdministrationintheRecoveryActOO.
EQUALPAYACTOF1964FederalProhibitssexdiscriminationinpaymentofwagestowomenandmenperformingsubstantiallyequalworkinjobsthatrequireequalskill,effortandresponsibilityundersimilarworkingconditionsinthesameestablishment.
PPThejobwhereapaygapexistsneednotbeanidenticaloneheldbymenandwomen,buttheymustbesubstantiallyequal.
AccordingtotheEEOC,itisjobcontent,notjobtitles,thatdetermineswhetherjobsaresubstantiallyequal.
Tohelpemployeesandemployersunderstandtheirrightsandresponsibilitiesundertheselawswithregardtocompensationdiscrimination,theEEOChasdevelopedafactsheetaboutcompensationdiscrimination.
QQAmorecomprehensivediscussionofcompensationdiscriminationcanbefoundintwosectionsoftheEEOC'snewComplianceManual.
RRKK.
"TheDavis-BaconandRelatedActs(DBRA).
"U.
S.
DepartmentofLabor.
www.
dol.
gov/compliance/laws/comp-dbra.
htm(accessed8/30/09).
LL.
SeethecompliancerequirementsfortheDavis-BaconandRelatedActs(DBRA)atwww.
dol.
gov/compliance/laws/comp-dbra.
htm.
MM.
SeeSec.
1606,DivisionA,Pub.
L.
No.
111-5,123Stat.
303.
NN.
"PrevailingWageDeterminationsforWeatherization.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofEnergy,WeatherizationAssistanceProgram.
apps1.
eere.
energy.
gov/weatherization/dol_wage_determination.
cfm(accessed8/31/09)OO.
"AmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentActof2009:ImplementingGuidance.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofTransportation,FederalHighwayAdministration.
www.
fhwa.
dot.
gov/economicrecovery/guidance.
htm(accessed10/02/09).
PP.
"EqualOpportunityPoster.
"TheOfficeofFederalContractCompliancePrograms,Publication1420.
August2008.
www.
dol.
gov/esa/ofccp/regs/compliance/posters/pdf/eeopost.
pdf.
QQ.
"FactsAboutEqualPayandCompensationDiscrimination.
"TheU.
S.
EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission.
www.
eeoc.
gov/facts/fs-epa.
html(accessed10/02/09).
RR.
EEOCComplianceManual.
TheU.
S.
EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission.
www.
eeoc.
gov/policy/compliance.
html(accessed10/02/09).
36AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesIV.
WAGEANDHOUR(continued)THEWAGETHEFTPREVENTIONACT(H.
R.
3303)FederalIntroducedinJuly2009andsponsoredbyRepresentativesGeorgeMiller(D-CA)andLynnWoolsey(D-CA),inresponsetotheU.
S.
GovernmentAccountabilityOffice(GAO)reportfindingtheWHDineffectiveatrespondingtoviolationcomplaints.
TheActwouldprotectworkerswhenemployersdragoutinvestigationsandwhentheGAOfailstorespondinatimelymanner.
SSFormoreinformation,seethefulltextoftheAct.
TTV.
SAFETYANDHEALTHTHEOCCUPATIONALSAFETYANDHEALTH(OSH)ACTIN1970FederalEnsuresthatworkenvironmentsintheprivatesectorandfederalgovernmentarefreefromrecognizedhazards,suchasheatstress,leadexposures,andmechanicaldangers.
TheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)isresponsibleforadministrationandenforcementthroughinvestigationsandinspections.
AppliestoallemployersandworkersintheU.
S.
SeethecompletetextoftheOSHAct.
UUVI.
LABORPEACEAGREEMENTSPROJECTLABORAGREEMENTS(PLAS)ProjectPLAs,alsoknownaspre-hirecontracts,arenegotiatedbetweenconstructionunionsandcontractorstocoverallworkersonaprojectandsetthetermsoftheirwages,benefitsandotherworkconditions,evenbeforetheworkersarehired.
VVExecutiveOrder13502(signedbyPresidentObamaonFebruary6,2009)encouragestheuseofPLAsonfederalconstructionprojectswherethetotalcostis$25millionormore.
WWPLAsrequirethatallworkersarerepresentedbythebargainingagreement,regardlessofwhetherthey'reunionmembers,andsometimesstipulatethatallhiringoccurthroughaunionhall.
Formoreinformation,seethefulltextofPresidentObama'sExecutiveOrdertoauthorizetheuseofPLAsforfederalconstructionprojects.
XXSS.
"LaborDept.
FailstheWageTheftTest.
"InTheseTimes,7/29/09.
inthesetimes.
com/working/entry/4682/labor_dept.
_fails_the_wage_theft_test/(accessed9/1/09).
TT.
WageTheftPreventionAct(H.
R.
3303).
www.
opencongress.
org/bill/111-h3303/show.
UU.
OSHActof1970,DepartmentofLabor,www.
osha.
gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.
search_formp_doc_type=oshact(accessed11/3/09).
VV.
Kotler,F.
B.
"ProjectLaborAgreementsinNewYorkState:InthePublicInterest.
"CornellUniversity,SchoolofIndustrialandLaborRelations-Exten-sionDivision,ConstructionIndustryProgram.
March2009.
digitalcommons.
ilr.
cornell.
edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgiarticle=1021&context=reports.
WW.
"ExecutiveOrder:UseofProjectLaborAgreementsforFederalConstructionProjects.
"WhiteHousenewsrelease.
February6,2009.
www.
whitehouse.
gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderUseofProjectLaborAgreementsforFederalConstructionProjects/(accessed9/1/09).
XX.
Ibid.
37AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesVI.
LABORPEACEAGREEMENTS(continued)THENATIONALLABORRELATIONSACT(NLRA)OF1935FederalProtectstherightsofemployeesandemployers,andencouragescollectivebargainingforthepurposeofnegotiatingthetermsandconditionsoftheiremployment.
YYTheNationalLaborRelationsBoard(NLRB)isanindependentfederalagencycreatedbyCongressin1935toadministertheNLRA.
Unfairlaborpracticesbyemployersincludecoercingemployeestodissuadethemfromorganizing,retaliatingagainstemployeeswhoareorganizersandrefusingtobargaincollectivelywiththeworkers'representative.
Numerousstateandlocalbillshavebeenenactedtoprotecttheworkers'righttoorganize.
ZZSeeNLRB'swebsite.
AAALABORPEACEAGREEMENTSFederalNumerousstateandlocalbillshavebeenenactedtoprotecttheworkers'righttoorganize.
Variesatthelocallevel.
SeeLaborNotesarticlebyKumarandFeingold.
BBBEMPLOYEEFREECHOICEACT(EFCA)FederalThisisaproposedamendmenttotheNLRA.
Itspurposeistoestablishanefficientsystemthatenablesemployeestoform,joinorassistlabororganizations;providesformandatoryinjunctionsforunfairlaborpracticesduringorganizingefforts;andsoon.
ThechiefinnovationthatEFCAintroducesistheabilityforworkerstovotetojoinaunionbysigningandsubmittingacard,alsoknownasa"cardcheckagreement.
"Houseversionofthebill,H.
R.
1409haspassed,buttheSenatebillS.
560isstalledincommittee.
SeeAFL-CIO'sresourcecenteronEFCA.
CCCYY.
NationalLaborRelationsAct.
www.
nlrb.
gov/about_us/overview/national_labor_relations_act.
aspx(accessed9/1/09).
ZZ.
Kumar,A.
andFeingold,J.
"LaborLawReform,OneStateataTime.
"LaborNotes.
August28,2009.
labornotes.
org/node/2392(ac-cessed9/25/09).
AAA.
NationalLaborRelationsBoard(NRLB).
www.
nlrb.
gov/(accessed10/02/09).
BBB.
KumarandFeingold.
"LaborLawReform.
"LaborNotes.
CCC.
"EmployeeFreeChoiceAct.
"AFL-CIO.
www.
aflcio.
org/joinaunion/voiceatwork/efca/(accessed11/4/09).
38AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesVII.
GREENSTARTUPSTHECLEANENERGYFINANCEAUTHORITY(CEFA)FederalEstablishedbytheARRAtoprovide$6billioninfundingforloanguaranteesexpectedtoleverageover$75billioninnew,privatecapitalforrenewableenergyinvestments.
DDDTheCEFAwillexpandexistingloanguaranteesofferedbytheDepartmentsofEnergyandAgriculturetoencourageinvestmentingreensectors.
SeetheU.
S.
DepartmentofEnergy'sLoanGuaranteeprogramandUSDA'sRuralDevelopmentGuaranteedLoanprogramwebsites.
EEETHEENERGYPOLICYACTOF1992FederalThisActcreatedtheProductionTaxCredit(PTC)forrenewableenergygeneration.
FFFBusinessescanclaimanincometaxcreditof2.
1centsperkilowatt-hourgenerated.
Thiscreditisavailabletowind-,geothermal-andbioenergy-generationprojects.
TheU.
S.
DepartmentofEnergy(DOE)VehicleTechnologiesProgrammanagesseveraltransportation-relatedregulatoryactivitiesestablishedbytheEnergyPolicyActof1992.
GGGTHEMINORITYBUSINESSDEVELOPMENTAGENCY(MBDA)FederalTheMBDAattheU.
S.
DepartmentofCommercehelpstoadvancetheestablishmentandgrowthoffirmsownedbypeopleofcolor.
ItoffersaportalforbusinessesownedbypeopleofcolortoapplyforARRAstimulusprojects.
HHHToqualifyfortheSmallBusinessAdministration(SBA)loanprograms,theborrowermustbea"forprofitenterprise"andasmallbusinessasdefinedinthesizeguidelinesoftheSBA(Title13oftheCFR,Part121).
Sizestandardsdefinethemaximumsizethatafirm(includingallofitsaffiliates)maybetoqualifyasasmallbusinessforSBAprograms.
IIISeetheMBDAwebsiteformoreinformation.
JJJDDD.
"GreenJobs:APathwaytoaStrongMiddleClass.
"OfficeoftheVicePresidentoftheUnitedStates.
MiddleClassTaskForceStaffRe-port.
February2009.
www.
whitehouse.
gov/assets/documents/mctf_one_staff_report_final.
pdf.
EEE.
SeetheDOELoanGuaranteeProgramathttp://www.
lgprogram.
energy.
gov/andUSDA'sRuralDevelopmentGuaranteedLoanProgramatwww.
rurdev.
usda.
gov/arra/recovery-program.
htm.
FFF.
"GreenJobs:APathwaytoaStrongMiddleClass.
"OfficeoftheVicePresidentoftheUnitedStates.
MiddleClassTaskForceStaffReport.
February2009.
www.
whitehouse.
gov/assets/documents/mctf_one_staff_report_final.
pdf.
GGG.
"EPActTransportationRegulatoryActivities.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofEnergy,VehicleTechnologiesProgram.
www1.
eere.
energy.
gov/vehi-clesandfuels/epact/.
HHH.
"RecoveryatMBDA.
"U.
S.
DepartmentofCommerce,MinorityBusinessDevelopmentAgency.
www.
mbda.
gov/section_id=16(ac-cessed9/1/09).
III.
"SmallBusinessAdministrationSizeStandards.
"SmallBusinessAdministration.
www.
sba.
gov/size(accessed9/1/09).
JJJ.
"TheMinorityBusinessDevelopmentAgency(MBDA).
"U.
S.
DepartmentofCommerce.
www.
mbda.
gov/.
39AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesVII.
GREENSTARTUPS(continued)GREENFORALL'SENERGYEFFICIENCYOPPORTUNITYFUNDFederalLaunchedinSeptember2009,theEnergyEfficiencyOpportunityFundisasocialinvestmentfundthatwillfinanceprojectslikeretrofittingbuildingstoachievegreaterenergyefficiency.
ThefundisbeingsponsoredbyLivingCities,aconsortiumoffoundationsandfinancialinstitutionsthatinvestscapitaltostrengthenlow-incomecommunitiesandGreenforAll.
Itplanstopayinvestorsanannualreturnof2–3percentontheirprincipalinvestmentingreenprojects.
Someofthepotentialfirstinvestmentsofthefundincludea$10millioninitiativetoretrofitupto5,000low-incomerentalapartmentsanda$6–$10millionprogramthatwillrecruit,trainandplaceupto1,400low-incomepeopleinjobsrelatedtoenvironmentalefficiency—so-calledgreen-collarjobs.
GreenForAllhasnotspecifiedthecriteriawithwhichtheywilldecidewhich"innovativeeffortsthatcreatejobsandcutenergycostsforlow-incomefamilies"receivetheseinvestments.
SeetheGreenForAllwebsiteregularlyforupdatesandinformationontheEnergyEfficiencyOpportunityFund.
KKKCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS(CDFI)LocalCDFIsprovideanarrayoffinancialservicesintheirtargetareas,includingmortgagefinancingforhomebuyers,financingfortherehabilitationofrentalhousing,financingforthebuildingandrehabilitationofcommunityfacilities,commercialloanstosmallandmicroenterprisebusinesses,andfinancialservicesneededbylow-incomehouseholdsandbusinessesinthetargetareas.
LLLCDFIsaremission-basedfinancialintermediariesthatborrowcapitalfromvarioussourcesandlenditinthecommunity—primarilyinlow-incomeandlow-wealthcommunities—tosupportaffordablehousingandhomeownership,communityservices,smallbusinesses,micro-enterprises,othercommunitydevelopmentprojectsandinfrastructureprojects,andindividualcommunitymembers.
SeetheCDFICoalition'swebsite.
MMMFormoreinformation,visitthewebsitefortheTreasuryDepartment'sCDFIFund.
NNNKKK.
"People&Programs.
"GreenforAll.
www.
greenforall.
org/resources/people-programs(accessed10/02/09).
LLL.
"CommunityDevelopmentFinancialInstitutions.
"DominiSocialInvestments.
www.
domini.
com/community-investing/What-Is-A-/index.
htm(accessed10/02/2009).
MMM.
CommunityDevelopmentFinancialInstitutions,www.
cdfi.
org.
NNN.
CommunityDevelopmentFinancialInstitutionsFund,www.
cdfifund.
gov(accessed10/02/09).
40AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009HandleScopeMandateCriteriaResourcesVII.
GREENSTARTUPS(continued)INCLUSIVEBUSINESSPROGRAMS.
OOOStateTheseprogramspromotedisadvantagedbusinesses.
Disadvantagedbusinessesaredefinedasatleast51percentowned,operatedandcontrolledonadailybasisbyapersonofcolororawoman.
Typicallycertifiedbyacity,stateorfederalagency.
SeetheInisight'sCenterforCommunityEconomicDevelopment'sInclusiveBusinessInitiativePPPAFFIRMATIVEPROCUREMENTSYSTEMS.
StateVariousstateshaveinitiativestopromotethepurchaseofproductsfromsuppliersownedbypeopleofcolorand/orwomen.
Guidelinesvaryineachstateandbyagency.
SeeFairRecovery'slistofaffirmativeprocurementprogramsbystate.
QQQOOO.
"EquityToolsandStrategies:EqualOpportunity/InclusiveBusinessProgramsByState.
"FairRecovery.
org,2009.
www.
fairrecovery.
org/tools/equopp_businessprograms_by_state.
html(accessed10/02/09).
PPP.
"InBiz,TheInclusiveBusinessInitiative.
"InsightCenterforCommunityEconomicDevelopment.
www.
insightcced.
org/communities/inbiz.
html(accessed10/2/09).
QQQ.
"AffirmativeProcurementProgramsbyState"FairRecovery.
www.
fairrecovery.
org/tools/affirmative_procurement_systems.
html(accessed10/02/09).
41AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009Itisthebestoftimes,itistheworstoftimes.
—CharlesDickens,ATaleofTwoCitiesTheObamaadministrationenactedthe$787billionAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct(ARRA)backinFebruary,thelargestboontopublicspendingandthesafetynetsincetheNewDeal,andyeteconomicconditionsaretheworstthey'veeverbeenforpeopleofcolorandsinglemoms.
Unemploymentisskyrocketingclosetodoubledigits,reaching10.
2percentinOctober2009,itshighestlevelsinceatleast1970,accordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics.
Recentcensusdatashowedanincreaseinpovertyfrom12.
5percentto13.
2percentthispastyear,meaninganadditional2.
6millionpersonsnowliveinpoverty.
AccordingtotheEconomicPolicyInstitute(EPI),certaingroupsexperiencetheimpactofthisincreasemorethanothers:LatinosandAsianshadmarkedincreasesintheirpovertyrates,by1.
6and1.
4points,respectively.
Overone-thirdofallBlackchildrenandalmostonethirdofallLatinochildrenlivedinpovertyin2008.
Nearlyaquarterofallfamiliesheadedbysinglemoms(that's3.
6millionfamilies)livedinpovertyin2008.
iTrackingfundsfromtheRecoveryActhasproventobedifficult,becausethereisnocentralized,authoritativesourceofwherethemoneyisgoingtoandwhatit'sbeingusedfor.
Currently,informationaboutARRAfundsaredispersedacrossthefederalrecovery.
govwebsite,statestimulussitesandwatchdoggroups.
AsofOctober2009,recipientsofmoniesarerequiredtoreportontheiractivitiesandhowmanyjobsthey'vecreatedasaresult.
Eventhen,thereisnorequirementforrecipientstostipulateraceorgenderintheirdata,soitisdifficulttoknowhowmuchtherecoverybenefitsthepeoplemostadverselyimpactedtherecession:peopleofcolor,singlemoms,andthoselivinginpoverty.
Initialfindingsintorecoveryallocationsbyrace,genderandeconomicneedaretroubling.
Asamplingofrecoveryanalysisshowsthatthemoniesarenotreachingthosehardesthitbytherecession.
Forexample:TrackingbyaresearchcollaborativebetweentheMiamiWorkersCenter,ResearchInstituteonSocialandEconomicPolicy(RISEP),andtheKirwanInstitutefortheStudyofRaceandEthnicityfoundthatofallRecoverycontractsallocatedtoFloridianfirms,Black-ownedfirmshavereceived1.
9percentofthecontracts,Latino-ownedfirmshavereceived6.
1percent,andwomen-ownedcontractorsreceiveevenlessat1.
6percent.
iiiARC'sanalysisofrecoveryallocationstoLosAngelesCountyrevealsaracialwealthdividethatcleavesthecountyintotwotypesofcities:poorandrich.
Poorcitiesofthecountyarereceivingaquarteroftherecoverydollarsperpoorperson,ascomparedtorichcities.
ivForexample,halfoftheresidentsoftheCityofLosAngelesarepeopleofcolor,andoneinfiveliveinpoverty.
Incontrast,ouranalysisdesignatedcitiessuchasSantaMonicaandBeverlyHillsasrichonesinthecounty,wheremoreAppendixC:EquityDataCollection"TrackinghelpsensurethatFlorida'sfundsarewellspent,andcommunitiesofcolorarewheretheneedisgreatestandwherethelargestbreakthroughsarepossible,"saidGihanPereraoftheMiamiWorkersCenter.
"JobcreationinurbanareaswithpersistentlyhighunemploymentwillprovidethelargestreturnonourinvestmentandputFloridaonthepathtofullrecovery.
"iii.
Shierholz,Heidi.
"New2008povertydata,incomedatarevealonlytipoftherecessioniceberg.
"EconomicPolicyInstitute.
September2009.
www.
epi.
org/publications/entry/income_picture_20090910/.
ii.
"ARRAJobsReportingIncomplete,BenefitstoBlackandLatinoWorkersUnknown.
"MiamiWorkersCenterpressrelease,October30,2009.
iii.
Phelan,Joseph.
"HowFairisRecoveryinFlorida:TrackingRace&RecoveryintheSunshineState.
"October2009.
www.
racewire.
org/archives/2009/10/how_fair_is_recovery_in_florid_1.
htmliv.
"ATaleofTwoCities.
"PresentationbyYvonneLiufor"WorkingforanEquitableEconomicRecovery",atelebriefingsponsoredTheOpportunityAgenda.
September30,2009.
42AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009than70percentofthepopulationiswhiteandthepovertyrateiswellbelowthenationalaverage.
TheNewYorkTimesreportedinmid-Octoberthatstateswiththeworstunemploymentratescreatedverylittlejobswithstimulusmonies.
vMichigan,whichhasoneofthenation'sworstunemploymentrates(at15.
3percentinSeptember2009)createdorsaved400jobs,accordingtotheTimes.
Nevada,withthesecondhighestrateat13.
3percent,reportedonly159jobs,andRhodeIslandonlysix.
Ofcourse,nodataisavailableregardingwhotherecipientsofthosejobswere,ortheirrace,genderoreconomicneed.
Thisistheworsteconomicdownturnourcountryhasexperiencedsincetherecessionoftheearly1980sandisflirtingdangerouslytoparalleltheGreatDepressionofthe1930s.
WhatwillourgenerationrememberwhenwelookbackatthistimeDidweseizetheopportunityoftheGreatRecessiontobringaboutagreentransformationtosustainallpeoples,especiallythosemostdistressedWemustacttogethertodemandtrackingequitydataintherecovery,greenorotherwise.
Localelectedandappointedofficialsshouldsupportdatacollectionofthefollowingindicators,alignedtocorrespondingdesiredoutcomes:1.
Maximizationandequitabledistributionofhigh-qualitygreenjobsNumberofnewhigh-qualitygreenjobscreatedTheaveragehourlyandweeklywageearnedbypeopleofcolorandbywomeningreenjobsCompliancerateofgreenemployerspayingprevailingwagesforconstructionjobsCompliancerateofgreenemployerswithminimumorlivingwageordinancesCompliancerateofgreenemployerspayingforovertimehoursTrainingprovidedtopeopleofcolorandwomenemployedingreenjobsonhowtoreportwageandhourviolationsNumberofpeopleofcolorandwomenemployedingreenjobsinunionsUsageofprojectlaboragreementsforpubliccontractsingreensectors2.
Expansionofemployer-sponsoredbenefitsNumberofpeopleofcolorandwomenwhoreceiveretirementorpensionbenefitsfromgreenemployersNumberofpeopleofcolorandwomenandtheirdependentswhoreceiveemployer-sponsoredhealthinsuranceTrainingprovidedtopeopleofcolorandwomenemployedingreenjobsonhowtoreportviolationsofleavebenefitsprotectedundertheFairLaborStandardsActReductionofmonthlyhousingandtransportationcoststobelow40percentoftake-homepay3.
EliminationofemploymentbarriersandbiasfacedbydisadvantagedcommunitiesTypeandnumberofbarrierstoemploymentremovedforpeopleofcolorandwomenEliminationofcriminalbackgroundchecksbeforeandafterhiringCompliancewithaffirmativeactionrequirementsTrainingprovidedtopeopleofcolorandwomenemployedingreenjobsonhowtoreportequalopportunityoraffirmativeactionviolationsPartnershipsbetweengreenjobtrainingprogramsandgreenemployers4.
ExpandededucationopportunitiesandworkforcedevelopmentfordisadvantagedcommunitiesExpandededucationalopportunitiesorworkforcedevelopmentprogramsforgreenjobsNumberandpercentageofwomen,peopleofcolor,andlow-incomepeopleparticipatingineducationalandtrainingprogramsforgreenjobsNumberandpercentageofwomen,peopleofcolor,andlow-incomepeoplewhohavegraduatedfromeducationalandtrainingprogramsforgreenjobsNumberofpeopleofcolorandwomentrainingforgreenjobsNumberofgreen-jobtraininglocationsinzipcodeswithahighdensityofpeopleofcolorandhouseholdsheadedbysinglewomenv.
Cooper,M.
andNixon,R.
"Jobprogramfoundtomissmanystatesthatneeditmost.
"TheNewYorkTimes,October16,2009.
www.
nytimes.
com/2009/10/16/us/16stimulus.
html_r=1.
43AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009Supportsystemstomakeeducationalandtrainingprogramsforgreenjobsmoreaccessibletopeopleofcolor,womenandlow-incomepeopleContinuingeducationoptionsforpeopleofcolorandwomen,includingemployer-sponsoredtrainingand/ortuitionpaymentsNewpartnershipsbetweengreenemployersandindustryexpertstocreateprofessionaldevelopmentopportunitiesforpeopleofcolorandwomenIndustry-recognizedcertificationsforgreenjobsheldbypeopleofcolorandwomenIndustry-recognizedcredentialsfortrainersofgreenjobsprogramswithhighenrollmentbypeopleofcolorandwomenQualityandrelevancyofgreentrainingcurriculumforpeopleofcolorandwomenAmountandtypeoffundingforteachingpeopleofcolorandwomenthroughgreencurricula5.
Raceandgenderparityinhiringforhigh-qualitygreenjobsNumberandpercentageofwomenemployedinhigh-quality,career-tracknewgreenjobs;andpercentageofwomenemployedcomparedtopercentageofwomeninthelocalcommunityNumberandpercentageofpeopleofcoloremployedinnewhigh-quality,career-trackgreenjobs,andpercentageofpeopleofcoloremployedcomparedtopercentageofpeopleofcolorinthelocalcommunityNumberandpercentageoflow-incomepeopleemployedinnewhigh-quality,career-trackgreenjobs,andpercentageofpeopleofcoloremployedcomparedtopercentageoflow-incomepeopleinthelocalcommunityNumberofyoungwomenandyoungpeopleofcoloremployedinhigh-qualitygreenjobsNumberoffemaledislocatedworkersanddislocatedworkersofcoloremployedinhigh-qualitygreenjobsPercentageofoverallhigh-quality,career-trackgreenjobsheldbywomen;peopleofcolorandlow-incomepeoplePercentageofoverallsenior-levelormanagementpositionsheldbywomen;peopleofcolorandlow-incomepeople6.
RaceandgenderparityincontractingandgreenentrepreneurshipNumberandpercentageofwomenhiredforhigh-qualitygreenjobsNumberandpercentageofpeopleofcolorhiredforhigh-qualitygreenjobsNumberandpercentageoflow-incomepeoplehiredforhigh-qualitygreenjobs7.
CreationofhealthyandsafeworkplacesandsurroundingenvironmentNumberofworkplaceinjuriesTypesofcommunityandenvironmentalimprovementsmadeTypesofimprovementsmadeinworkplacehealth,safetyandenvironmentComplianceofgreenemployerswithoccupationalsafetyandhealthstandardsTrainingprovidedtopeopleofcolorandwomenemployedingreenjobsonhowtoreportviolationsofoccupationalsafetyandhealthstandards8.
Maximizationandequitabledistributionoflocalhiring,contractingandhigh-quality,career-trackgreenjobsNumberoflocalgreenbusinessesownedbypeopleofcolorandwomenengagedingreen-jobsinitiativeFundingopportunities,capitalandtechnicalassistanceprovidedtolocalpeopleofcolorandwomentostartupagreenbusinessNumberoflocalpeoplehiredandpercentageofgreenjobsfilledbylocalhiresNumberofnewhigh-quality,career-trackgreenjobpositionsfilledbylocalpeopleNumberoflocalcontractsforgreenjobsawardedtopeopleofcolorandwomen44AppliedResearchCenter|GreenEquityToolkit2009AcknowledgementsAuthorsYvonneYenLiuTerryKeleherExecutiveDirectorRinkuSenResearchDirectorDominiqueApollonResearchAssistantsChristinaChenJonathanC.
YeeCopyEditorKathrynDugganArtandDesignDirectorHattyLeeCommunicationsManagerDebayaniKarNetworkCoordinatorReginaAceboMultimediaProductionAssociateChanningKennedyTheGreenEquityToolkitisaproductofthewisdom,insight,andadvicesharedwithusbymembersofouradvisorycommittee,reviewersofdrafts,andotherfriendsandallies.
AnyerrorsarethesoleresponsibilityoftheAppliedResearchCenter.
ToolkitAdvisoryCommitteeElenaFoshayResearchAssociate,ApolloAllianceStacyHoPolicyAssociate,GreenforAllRubénLizardoAssociateDirector,PolicyLinkBillyParishCo-Founder,EnergyActionCoalitionandFellowatAshokaRaquelPinderhughesProfessorofUrbanStudiesandPlanning,SanFranciscoStateUniversityChrisRabbVisitingResearcher,theWoodrowWilsonSchoolofPublicandInternationalAffairs,PrincetonUniversityandFellowatDemosJeffRickertDirector,AFL-CIOGreenJobsCenterJuhuThukralDirectorofLawandAdvocacy,TheOpportunityAgendaHashimYeomans-Benford:CommunityOrganizer,MiamiWorkersCenterReviewersChloeCockburnAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion(ACLU),RacialJusticeProgramAnandDasNAACPLegalDefenseFundElenaFoshayApolloAllianceStacyHoGreenforAllPeterLaarmanProgressiveChristiansUnitingMaricelaMoralesCentralCoastAllianceforaSustainableEconomy(CAUSE)KamaraO'ConnorOaklandCommunityOrganizationsKateO'HaraEastBayAllianceforaSustainableEconomy(EBASE)RaquelPinderhughesSanFranciscoStateUniversityChrisRabbPrincetonUniversityandDemosJeffRickertAFL-CIOGreenJobsCenterJeffreyRobinsonNAACPLegalDefenseFundReginaldShufordAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion(ACLU),RacialJusticeProgramAditiVaidyaEastBayAllianceforaSustainableEconomy(EBASE)HashimYeomans-BenfordMiamiWorkersCenterARCisgratefultothefollowingpeoplewhoprovidedadviceonframing,research,andanalysis.
SeemaAgnaniChhayaCommunityDevelopmentCorporationNikkeAlexBlackMesaWaterCoalitionElsaBarbozaStrategicConceptsinOrganizingandPolicyEducation(SCOPE)MurtazaBaxamusaCenteronPolicyInitiativesJoanByronPrattCenterforCommunityDevelopmentGraceChangUniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbaraJackieCornejoLosAngelesAllianceforaNewEconomy(LAANE)GracielaGeyerStrategicConceptsinOrganizingandPolicyEducation(SCOPE)ZakiyaHarrisGrindforGreen(G4G)CathyHowellAFL-CIOIanKimEllaBakerCenterforHumanRightsEmilyKirschEllaBakerCenterforHumanRightsGordonLaferLaborEducationandResearchCenter,UniversityofOregonTrinhLeHopeCommunityDevelopmentAgencyEricMarBoardofSupervisors(District1),SanFranciscoStephenMenendianKirwanInstitutefortheStudyofRaceandEthnicityManuelPastorUniversityofSouthernCaliforniaJosephPhelanMiamiWorkersCenterStevenPittsUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,LaborCenterJasonReeceKirwanInstitutefortheStudyofRaceandEthnicityJohnRussellSolarRichmondJasonWeinerCaliforniaEDGECampaignMayaWileyCenterforSocialInclusion