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AppliedWaterScience(2019)9:45https://doi.
org/10.
1007/s13201-019-0927-7REVIEWARTICLEFixedbedcolumnadsorptionstudy:acomprehensivereviewHimanshuPatel1,2Received:1June2018/Accepted:7March2019/Publishedonline:16March2019TheAuthor(s)2019AbstractPresentpaperinvolvedthereviewoffixed-bedcolumnstudiesforremovalofvariouscontaminantsfromsyntheticwastewater.
Basicconceptofadsorption,itstypes(i.
e.
,chemisorptionandphysisorption)anditsmechanism,adsorbentsandadsorbateswereincluded.
Comparisonofbatchandcolumnadsorptionstudyismentioned.
Completestudyofbreakthroughcurvefordesigningadsorptivecolumnisinterpreted.
Thispaperexplicatesthedetailedexplanationofvariousprocessparametersandisothermmodelsforcolumnstudy.
Fixed-bedadsorptionstudiesusingvariousadsorbates,i.
e.
,metal,ion,dyeandotherhazardousmaterials,arereviewed,inwhichadsorptionofchromiummetalismostexploitable.
Conclusionandsomechal-lengesforutilizationinrealworldarealsoexposed.
KeywordsAdsorption·Fixed-bedcolumn·Adsorbent·Adsorbate·Processparameters·IsothermmodelsIntroductionThe"adsorption"wassuggestedbyBois-ReymondbutgivenintotheworldbyKayser,whichisdefinedasanincreasingconcentrationofaspecificcompoundatthesurfaceofinter-faceofthetwophases.
Thesespecificcompoundsaretrans-portingfromonephasetoanotherandthereafteradheredintosurface.
Itisconsideredtobeacomplexphenomenonanddependsmostlyonthesurfacechemistryornatureofthesorbent,sorbateandthesystemconditionsinbetweenthetwophases.
Itisthemostinexpensiveandefficientprocessfortreatmentofwaterorwastewater;therefore,ithasbeenwidelyusedfortheremovalofsolutesfromsolutionsandharmfulchemicalsfromenvironment.
Itrequiredlessinvest-mentintermsoftheinitialcostandland,simpledesign,noothertoxiceffectandsuperiorremovaloforganicwasteconstituent,comparedtotheotherconventionaltreatmentinwaterpollutioncontrol(Dabrowski2001;Selimetal.
2014).
Inadsorptionprocess,thereishigherconcentrationofmaterialsatthesurfaceorinterfacebetweenthetwophases,itiscalledinterphaseaccumulation.
Thesubstancewhichisbeingadsorbedonthesurfaceofanothersubstanceiscalledadsorbate.
Thesubstance,presentinbulk,onthesurfaceofwhichadsorptionistakingplaceiscalledadsorbent.
Theinterfacemaybeliquid–liquid,liquid–solid,gas–liquidorgas–solid.
Ofthesetypesofadsorption,onlyliquid–solidadsorptioniswidelyusedinwaterandwastewatertreat-ment.
Followingfourstepsareconsidered,inwhichsolute(adsorbate)ismovedtowardtheinterfacelayerandattachedintoadsorbent.
(1)Advectivetransport:soluteparticlesaremovedfrombulksolutionsontoimmobilefilmlayerbymeansofadvectivefloworaxialdispersionordiffusion,(2)filmtransfer:soluteparticleispenetratedandattachedinimmobilewaterfilmlayer,(3)masstransfer:attachmentofsoluteparticleontothesurfaceoftheadsorbentandfinally(4)intraparticlediffusion:Movementofsoluteintotheporesofadsorbent(Vasanthetal.
2004).
Mainlytwotypesofadsorptionareoccurred.
PhysicalsorptionisoccurredduetoweakVanderWaalsattrac-tionforces.
Thissorptionisreversibleinnaturewithlowenthalpyvalues,about20kJ/mol.
Here,wearattractiveforcesareavailablebetweenadsorbedmoleculesandthesolidsurfaceweakinnature.
Therefore,adsorbedmoleculesareliberatedtotraveloverthesurface,asthesemoleculesarenotstucktoaparticlesideontheadsorbentsurface.
Theelectrostaticforcesincludedipole–dipoleinteractions,dis-persioninteractionsandhydrogenbondingavailableamongtheadsorbate–adsorbentinphysicalsorption.
Whenthereisanetseparationofpositiveandnegativechargeswithinamolecule,itissaidtohaveadipolemoment.
Whereas,*HimanshuPatelhjpatel123@yahoo.
co.
in1AppliedScienceandHumanitiesDepartment,PacificSchoolofEngineering,KadodaraPalsanaRoad,Surat,India2Surat,IndiaAppliedWaterScience(2019)9:4545Page2of17chemicalbondingbetweensorbateandsorbentmoleculetakesplaceinchemisorption.
Therefore,thissorptionisirreversibleinnatureandhashighenthalpyofsorptionthanphysicalsorption200kJ/mol.
Strongerelectrostaticforcessuchascovalentorelectrostaticchemicalbondplayavitalroleinattractionbetweensorbentandsorbate.
Thisbondisshorterinbondlengthandhashigherbondenergy.
Therangesofenergyforeachreactionare:(1)VanderWaalsforce(460kJ/mol)(Montgomery1985;Sawyeretal.
1994;Atkins1994;Ghalyetal.
2016).
Theadsorbentisbroadlydividedintothreeclasses:(1)Syntheticadsorbent:Variousporousmaterialsaresynthe-sizedinlaboratoryusingdifferentprocesses,whichhavehighadsorptioncapacities.
Disadvantageisthatthispro-cessofmanufacturingiscomparativelycostly.
(2)Naturaladsorbent:Naturalmaterialslikeplantroot,leafandagri-culturalwastearedried,crushed,sieved,againwashedwithdistilledwaterandusedasadsorbentfortreatmentofrealaswellassyntheticwastewater.
Thisprocessischeap,butadsorptioncapacityiscomparativelylow.
(3)Semi-syntheticadsorbent:Naturalmaterialsundergochemicalaswellasphysicalactivationtodevelophighlyporoussurface.
Themajoradvantagesofthisadsorbentinclude:lowcost,highefficiency,minimizationofchemicalorbiologicalsludge,noadditionalnutrientrequirementandregenerationofabsor-bentandpossibilityofmetalrecovery.
Industrialadsorbentisalsoclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtotheirconsti-tution:(1)oxygen-containingadsorbent,(2)carbon-basedadsorbentand(3)polymer-basedadsorbent(Sameeraetal.
2011;KratochvilandVolesky1998;Kumaretal.
2005).
Thepropertiesoftheadsorbentareidentifiedbydifferentanalyti-caltechniquessuchasFouriertransforminfraredspectros-copy(FT-IR),scanningelectronmicrocopy(SEM),X-raydiffraction(XRD),porosity,porediameter,porevolumeandsurfaceareaanalysis.
FT-IRtechniquedeterminesthechemicalcompositionbyinvestigatingthefunctiongroup.
SEMinvestigatesthemorphologyofadsorbent.
XRDpro-videsinformationonthecrystallographicstructureofthematerial(SathasivamandHaris2010;Esparzaetal.
2011;AhmadandKumar2011,AbdelRahmanetal.
2018).
Anadsorbateisanysubstancethathasundergoneadsorp-tiononthesurface.
Inenvironmentalchemistry,adsorbateisconsideredaspollutantorcompoundscontributingtothepollution,whichadheredinporousadsorbentandeasilyremoved.
Thevarioustypesofwaterpollutantscanbeclas-sifiedintofollowingmajorcategories:(1)organicpollutant,whichincludesoxygendemandingwaste,oil,sewageandagriculturalwaste,syntheticorganicwaste,diseasecausingwastes,(2)inorganicpollutant,whichcontainsinorganicsalts,mineralacids,finelydividedmetalcompounds,tracemetals,etc.
(3)sediments,whicharesoilandmineralsparti-clesthatarewashedawayfromlandbyfloodwaters(Yietal.
2008),(4)thermalpollution,inwhichhighertemperatureisconsideredaspollutantand(5)radioactivepollutantsarepollutantsthathavearadiologicalhazard,itssourcesmightbenatural,accidentalreleaseofradiocontaminant,histori-calreleasesduetomilitarytestsand/orhistoricaldischarge(AbdelRahmanetal.
2014).
Eachpollutanthasdifferentadverseeffect.
Thesepollutantsarehazardousintomankind,aquaticlifeandotherecologicalconstitutions(SharmaandSanghi2012).
Batch,continuousmovingbed,continuousfixedbed(upflowordownflow),continuousfluidizebedandpulsedbedarevarioustypesoftechniquebywhichthecontactbetweenadsorbateandadsorbentismainlyoccurredintheadsorptionsystem.
Eachmethodhasmeritsanddemerits,whicharementionedinTable1.
Thistablerevealsthatfixed-bedcolumnismorepreferableandindustriallyfeasibleforremovalofvariouscontaminationsfromsyntheticaswellasrealwastewater.
Theperformanceoffixed-bedcolumnisstudiedbybreakthroughcurves,i.
e.
,arepresentationofthepollutant-effluentconcentrationversustimeprofileinafixed-bedcolumn.
Themechanismofthisadsorptionisbasedondifferentphenomena,likeaxialdispersion,filmdiffusionresistance,intraparticlediffusionresistance(bothporeandsurfacediffusion)andsorptionequilibriumwiththesorbent(Kafshgarietal.
2013;Mirallesetal.
2010).
Therelationbetweenthenatureofbreakthroughcurvesandfixed-bedadsorptionwasasadequatelyexpressedusingmasstransferzone(MTZ)orprimarysorptionzone(PSZ).
AsperFig.
1,feedwater(wastewater)isinsertedthroughtheinletofthecolumn,theadsorbateisadsorbedmostrapidlyandeffectivelybytheupperfewlayersofthefreshadsor-bentduringtheinitialstageoftheoperations.
Thisisduetohigheramountofadsorbentandsmalllevelsofadsorbateavailableattheseupperlayers,sothatadsorbateisread-ilyescapedinthelowerstrataofthebedandnoadsorbate(pollutants)runofffromtheadsorbentatthefirststage.
So,primaryadsorptionzoneorMTZisattainednearthetoporinfluentendofthecolumn.
Atthispoint,concentrationofadsorbate(C)iszero,andthus,ratioofeffluentandini-tialconcentration(C/C0)iszero.
Thereafter,upperlayerofadsorbentisgraduallysaturated,withfeedingthepollutedwater(adsorbate)intothecolumn,whichbecomesadsorbentlessefficientprogressively.
Thus,theprimarysorptionzonealsotravelsdescendingtofresherorun-adsorbedpartofadsorbentinthecolumn.
Further,withmovementofthiszone,tendencyisthatmoreandmoreadsorbatecomesoutintheeffluentasperpointsC1/C0,C2/C0,C3/C0andC4/C0.
Themovementofthiszoneismainlyincreasingwithincreas-inginitialconcentrationcomparedtolinearvelocityofthefeedwater.
Aftersometime(Cs),thecolumniscompletelyAppliedWaterScience(2019)9:45Page3of1745Table1Featuresandlimitationofvarioussorptionprocesses(MonashandPugazhenthi2010;CavalcanteJr2000;USEPA1983)ParticularBatchsorptionContinuousfixed-bedsorptionContinuousmovingbedsorptionContinuousfluidizedbedsorp-tionPulsedbedsorptionIntroductionAdsorbentandadsorbatearewellmixedindilutedsolutionatconstantvolumeinwell-mixedsystemFixed-bedsystemconsistsofaadsorbentinwhichadsorbateiscontinuouslyflowedthroughabedofadsorbentatconstantrateContinuousmovingbedsorptionissteady-statesystem,wherebothadsorbentandadsorb-ateareinmotion,andbedofadsorbentsectionremainsatconstant,butnotinequalconditionInthissorption,adsorbateisincontactwithfluidizedbedofadsorbentwithsufficientorinsufficientflowInpulsedbedsorption,adsorbateiscontactedwithsameadsorbentinbed,untildesiredresultsarenotachievedFeaturesVeryeasyandcheaptechniqueVeryeasyandcheaptechniqueComplicatedandveryexpensivetechniqueComplicatedandveryexpensivetechniqueVeryeasyandcheaptechniqueMostoftheresearchersareusingthistechniquetoanalyzefeasi-bilityofadsorbent—adsorbatesystemUsedforhigherquantityofwastewaterhavinghigherpol-lutionloadAlso,widelyusedforindustrialpurpose,becausetheadsorb-ateiscontinuouslyincontactwithagivenquantityoffreshadsorbentinfixed-bedcolumnsystemAsadsorbentiscontinuouslyreplacedandfreshadsorbentisconstantcontactwithadsorbateUsedforhigherquantityofwastewaterhavinghigherpol-lutionloadAlso,applicableforindustriesbecauseitallowsrapidmixingofadsorbent—adsorbateandalso,adsorbateiscontinu-ouslyflowautomaticallywithcontrolledoperationandeasyhandingItisveryeasilycontrolledauto-maticallyoperatedsystemAlso,itrequiredlowerdosageofadsorbent.
Thistypehasanadvantageofbetterutilizationofadsorbentbecausetheadsor-bentswerekeptforregenerationassoonastheadsorbentgetssaturatedDisadvantagesUsedforsmallquantityofwastewaterhavingminimumpollutionload;therefore,thisoperationisthatitisscarcelyfoundinthemajorityofpracti-cal(industrial)applicationsTheproblemsassociatedwiththissorptionareadsorbentattrition,feedchanneling,andnon-uniformflowofadsorbentparticlesThelargeamountofadsorbentisrequiredtocompletesorptionFlowofadsorbateisnotmeas-uredwithlargedeviationfromplugflowandbubblingorfeedchanneling,whichleadstoinsufficientcontactofadsor-bent—adsorbateUsedforsmallquantityofwaste-waterhavingminimumpollutionloadespeciallylowersuspectedsolidAdsorbentisremovedfromthesystembysimplefiltrationmethodForcefulinteractioniscon-ductedincontinuousfixed-bedsystemstoreducespaceandtime.
Asaresult,itisdifficulttocarryoutaprioridesignandoptimizationoffixed-bedcolumnswithoutaquantitativeapproachContinuousregenerationofadsorbentandadsorbentstor-ageisessentialTherapidmixingofadsorbent–adsorbatesystemleadstonon-uniformresidencetimeAdsorbentisnotunfilledinnormaloperationsAppliedWaterScience(2019)9:4545Page4of17saturatedorexhaustedandthereafter,adsorptiondoesnotoccur.
Atthispoint,theratioofC/C0is1(one).
Inmostofthecasesofthesorptionbycolumnmethodoperationofwaterandwastewater,breakthroughcurvesexhibitachar-acteristic'S'shapebutwithvaryingdegreeofsteepness(Chowdhuryetal.
2013;Shafeeyanetal.
2014;Hasanzadehetal.
2016).
AsFig.
2shows,initiallysorbentisregardedtobeexhaustedeasily,breakthroughpointisselectedarbitrarilyatlowervalueofbreakpointconcentration(Cb)fortheefflu-entconcentrationandexhaustionpointconcentration(Cx)closelyimminentinfluentconcentrationofadsorbate.
HereVbandVxarethevolumeofeffluentcorrespondingtobreakpointconcentration(Cb)andexhaustionpointconcentra-tion(Cx),respectively.
Theprimarysorptionzone(PSZ)istheportionbetweenexhaustionpoint(Cx)andbreakthroughpointconcentrationofadsorbate(Cb).
IfPSZisassumedtohaveaconstantlengthordepth(δ),someimportantparam-eterssuchastotaltimetakenfortheprimarysorptionzonetoestablishitself(tx),timerequiredfortheexchangezonetomovethelengthofitsownheightup/downthecolumn(tδ),rateatwhichtheexchangezoneismovingupordownthroughthebed(Uz),fractionofadsorbatepresentintheadsorptionzone(F)andpercentageofthetotalcolumnsaturatedatbreakthrougharecalculatedusingsimpleequa-tions.
Theseparametersplayvitalroleforcolumndesigning(GuptaandAli2012;CrittendenandThomas1998).
TimeorVolumeofwatertreatedC/CoC/Co=1BreakthroughtpointFeed(Co)Outlel(C)C1CoCoCoCoC2C3Cs=CoSaturationPointC4CoMTZC3/CoC4/CoC1/CoC2/CoFreshColumnSaturatedColumnExhausepointC/Co=0Fig.
1RepresentationofbreakthroughcurvebymovementofMTZFig.
2IdealbreakthroughcurveAppliedWaterScience(2019)9:45Page5of1745ProcessparameterforcolumnstudyMostoftheadsorptionstudieswereconductedonsyn-theticwastewaterasadsorbate,inwhichmetalordyesolutionispreparedandtreatedwithadsorbent.
Effectofvariousprocessparametersliketheinitialadsorbatecon-centration,flowrateofadsorbateincolumn,bedheightofcolumn,pHofadsorbate,particlesizeofadsorbentandtemperatureofsystemwereperformedandbreakthroughandexhaustpointsweremeasured.
Alltheseparametersareimportanceforevaluatingtheefficiencyofadsorbentinacontinuoustreatmentprocessofeffluentsonthepilotorindustrialscale(Yangetal.
2015).
Table2showstheeffectofprocessparametersonbreakthroughandexhaustpointwithitsfeaturesandexplanation.
Outoftheseparame-ters,initialadsorbateconcentration,bedheightandflowratearemostfeasibleparameters,asmostofresearchersarerecentlyworkingontheseparametersandutilizedtoremovevarioustypesofpollutantslikedyes,metal,haz-ardouswaste,etc.
usingnaturalandsyntheticadsorbents.
AdsorptionmodelsforcolumnstudyVariouspracticalfeaturessuchassorbentcapacity,operat-inglifespan,regenerationtimeandpredictionofthetimenecessaryplayavitalroleduringtheoperationofcolumnusingadsorptiondynamicsacquaintanceandmodeling.
Also,thesemodelsprovidedetailedconclusionsaboutthemechanismoftheprocess.
Theadsorptioncolumnissubjectedtoaxialdispersion,externalfilmresistanceandintraparticlediffusionresistance.
So,themathemati-calcorrelationsforadsorptioninfixed-bedcolumnsarebasedontheassumptionofaxialdispersion,externalmasstransfer,intraparticlediffusionandnonlinearisotherms.
Anumberofmathematicalmodelshavebeendevelopedfortheevaluationofefficiencyandapplicabilityofthecolumnmodelsforlarge-scaleoperations.
TheThomas,beddepthservicetime,theAdamsandBohartmodel,Yoon–Nel-son,Clark,Wolborskaandmodifieddose–responsemodelaremostcommonlyusedtoanalyzethecolumnbehaviorofadsorbent–adsorbatesystem.
MostgeneralandwidelyusedforcolumnstudiesisThomasmodel(TM).
Maximumsolid-phaseconcentrationofadsorbateonadsorbentandrateconstantisdeterminedusingdataobtainedfromcol-umncontinuousstudiesbyThomasadsorptionmodel.
TheThomasmodelisproposedonassumptionofLangmuirkineticsofadsorption–desorptionthatratedrivingforcesfollowsecond-orderreversiblereactionkineticsandalsonoaxialdispersion.
Thebeddepthservicetime(BDST)modelisbasedontheBohartandAdamsquasi-chemicalratelaw.
Rationalofthismodelisthatequilibriumisnotimmediateinbed,andtherefore,therateofthesorptionprocessisdirectlyproportionaltothefractionofsorptioncapacitystillremainingonthemedia.
Thismodelispro-videdbytherelationshipbetweenbeddepthandservicetimeintermsofprocessconcentrationsandadsorptionparameters.
Thismodelisbasedonthehypothesisthattheadsorptionrateismaintainedbythesurfacereactionbetweenadsorbateandtheunusedcapacityoftheadsor-bent.
ThevaluesofbreakthroughtimeobtainedforvariousbedheightsusedinthisstudywereintroducedintotheBDSTmodel.
Therefore,sorbentquantityisbeingprefera-blyused,insteadofthebedheight(WanNgahetal.
2012).
Scientists,namelyBohartandAdams,investigatedtheequationforrelationshipbetweenCt/Coandtimeinacon-tinuoussystem,whichisknownasAdam–Bohartmodel(ABM).
Basically,innovativestudieswerecarriedoutbyAdamandBohartusinggas–charcoaladsorptionsystem,andthereafter,itsequationcanbeusefulforothercon-tinuousadsorptionsystem.
Thismodelproposedthatrateofadsorptiondependsuponconcentrationofthesorbingspeciesandresidualcapacityofadsorption(Doradoetal.
2014).
Yoon–Nelsonmodel(YNM)issimpletheoreticalassumption,whichdoesnotconcentrateduponpropertiesofadsorbate,typeofadsorbentandanyphysicalfeaturesoftheadsorptionbed.
Thismodelisgivenprobablestatementthatdecreasingrateofadsorptionisdirectlyproportionaltoadsorbateadsorptionandbreakthroughontheadsorbent.
Scientist,namelyClark,proposedmodelforbreakthroughcurves,whichbasedsuggestionsthat(1)columnadsorptionismass-transferconceptwithcombinationofFreundlichisothermand(2)behaviorofflowincolumnisofpistontype.
Byusingthelawsofmasstransferandbyneglectingthephenomenonofdispersion,Clarksolvedthesystemofequationsofmasstransfer.
ThismodeliscalledClarkmodel(CM).
Wolborskamentionedtherelationshipthatdescribestheconcentrationdistributioninabedforthelow-concen-trationrangeofthebreakthroughcurve,whichisreferredasWolborskamodel(WM).
Anothersimplifiednumericalmodelusedtodescribefixed-bedcolumnadsorptiondataisthemodifieddoseresponsemodel(MDRM).
ThismodelbasicallydiminishestheerrorresultingfromtheuseoftheThomasmodel,particularlyatlowerorhighertimeperi-odsofthebreakthroughcurve(Leeetal.
2015;BiswasandMishra2015).
Adsorptioncapacityofeachmodelfordifferentpro-cessparameterssuchasinitialconcentrationofadsorbate,bedheight,flowrate,etc.
iscalculatedandmentionedbyvariousscientistsfordesigningthecolumn.
Table3depictstheequation,plotandparametersofeachmodel.
Italsomentionedthevariation,i.
e.
,increasingordecreas-ingincolumnadsorptionmodelparameterswithrespecttoincreasingoperationparameters.
VeryimportantAppliedWaterScience(2019)9:4545Page6of17Table2EffectofprocessparameteronbreakthroughandexhaustionpointProcessparameterFeaturesExplanationInitialadsorbateconcentration(IAC)Breakthroughandexhaustionpointsareoccurredearlierwithincreasinginfluentconcentration.
AndthereafterbreakpointtimedecreasedwithincreasingtheinletconcentrationInitially,adsorptionwasrapidbecauseoftheavailabilityoflargenumberofvacantsites.
Andthereafter,increasinginitialadsorbateconcentrationresultsinagreaterdrivingforcetoovercomemass-transferresistanceintheliquidphaseandthesitesareexhaustedquickly,sothevolumeofefflu-enttreatedalsodecreases(Moyoetal.
2017;Saravananetal.
2018)Flowrateofadsorbate(FRA)Breakthroughpointsgenerallyoccurfasterwithhigherflowrate.
SaturationofbreakthroughtimeisincreasedsignificantlywithadecreaseintheflowrateTherateofmasstransfergetsincreased,i.
e.
,theamountofadsorbateadsorbedontounitbedheight(mass-transferzone)getsincreasedwithincreasingflowrateleadingtofastersaturation(Lopez-Cervantesetal.
2017).
Andlowerflowrate,adsorbatehasmoretimetocontactwithadsor-bentthatresultedinhigherremovalofadsorbateincolumn(AhmadandHameed2009;Shengetal.
2018)Bedheightofcolumn(BHC)Breakthroughandexhaustiontimesareslowerwithincreasingbeddepth.
Also,itwasfoundthatthevolumeofeffluenttreatedincreasedwithincreasingthebeddepthThiswasattributedtoanincreaseinthesurfaceareaandthenumberofbind-ingsitesavailableforadsorption.
Thetimeforinteractionofadsorbateandadsorbentalsoincreasedwithincreasingamountofadsorbent(Fathietal.
2014;Teutscherovaetal.
2018)pHofadsorbate(pH)Insomecase,highestremovalsarefoundatacidicpHandmaximumremovalsofsomeadsorbatearefoundatalkalinepHItdependeduponthenatureofadsorbentandadsorbate(BanerjeeandChat-topadhyaya2013;AhmedandHameed2018)Particlesizeofadsorbent(PSA)Breakthroughandexhaustiontimesareslowerwithincreasingparticlesizeofadsorbent.
Maximumparticlesizeisfavoredtogetbetteradsorptioncapacity.
But,moderateflowrateispreferredforindustrialapplicationsAdsorptionisasurfacephenomenonandtheextentofadsorptionisexpectedtobeproportionaltothespecificsurface.
However,verysmallparticlesizeisnotstudiedtoavoidproblemassociatedwithsolid–liquidsepara-tion.
Further,smallerparticlesdevelophigh-pressuredropinthefixed-bedcolumnadsorbent(Ungeretal.
2008;Zouetal.
2013)Temperature(T)Breakthroughandexhaustiontimesareslowerwithincreasingtempera-tureofsystem.
But,adsorptioncapacitydecreaseswiththeincreasingtemperatureItmightbeduetothathighoperatingtemperaturefavoredadsorbatediffus-ingfasterintotheadsorbent,givingalowbreakthroughandexhausttime.
Further,lessadsorbatewasrequiredtosatisfythemaximumadsorptioncapacityofadsorbentathighadsorptiontemperatures,indicatinganexo-thermicprocess.
Forindustrialapplications,roomtemperatureadsorptionispreferredtoreduceheatingoperationsetupcost(GirishandMurty2014;Yeetal.
2018)AppliedWaterScience(2019)9:45Page7of1745parametersofThomasmode,i.
e.
,qTHincreasedwiththeincreaseininitialconcentrationofadsorbent,bedheightandtemperatureandcorrespondingKTHvaluesdecreased.
Also,qTHdecreasedwithincreaseinflowrateandcor-respondingKTHvaluesincreased.
Further,correlationcoefficientvalue(r2)fromstraightlinegraphofallmod-elsiscalculatedandmentionedinmostoftheresearchpapers.
Thecoefficientofdeterminationisusefulbecauseitgivestheproportionofthevariance(fluctuation)ofonevariablethatispredictablefromtheothervariables.
Itisameasurethatallowsustodeterminehowcertainonecanbeinmakingpredictionsfromacertainmodel.
Thisvalueplaysimportantroleforanyadsorptionisotherm.
Ifcoefficientvalueisclosertounity(1),thenitindicatesthemostsuitableisothermmodel(Zhangaetal.
2011).
AdsorptivecolumnVarietyofadsorbentsandadsorbatesarestudiedusingdifferentprocessparametersandisothermmodelsinrecentyears.
Inthisreviewpaper,columnadsorptionstudyisisolatingusingdifferentadsorbatesasfollows.
AdsorptionofmetalandionEarth'scrustisconstituentofmetalandotherparts,butrandomhumanactivitieshavesignificantlychangedtheirgeochemicalcyclesandbiochemicalbalance.
Thisresultsinaccumulationofmetalsinplantpartshavingsecondarymetabolites,whichisresponsibleforaparticularphar-macologicalactivity.
Prolongedexposuretoheavymet-alssuchascadmium,copper,lead,nickelandzinccancausedeleterioushealtheffectsinhumans(Singhetal.
2011).
Variousscientistshavebeingtriedtoremovemetalsanditsionsusingadsorptivecolumntreatment.
Syntheticadsorbents,namelypolyacrylonitrile–potassiumcobalthexacyanoferratesandpolyacrylonitrile–potassiumnickelhexacyanoferrates,weresynthesized,andadsorptionofcesiumwasinvestigated.
Theeffectsofliquidflowrate,bedheightandpresenceofothercationsontheadsorp-tionofcesiumwereperformed.
Thebeddepthservicetime(BDST)modelandtheThomasmodelwereusedtoanalyzetheexperimentaldata,andthemodelparameterswereevaluated(Duetal.
2014).
Alihadsynthesizedeco-nomicaladsorbent,i.
e.
,carbonnanotubeusingNi/MgOmetaloxideformicrowaveexposureforthermaldisinte-grationat550°C.
Thismicrowave-assistednanotubehadundergonecolumnstudiesforremovalofarseniteandTable3Detailsofcolumnadsorptionmodelsanditsparametersvariationincolumnadsorptionmodelw.
r.
t.
increasingoperationparameters(Leeetal.
2015;BiswasandMishra2015)N.
A.
DatanotavailableColumnadsorp-tionmodelLinearequationPlotParameterofmodelOperationparametersInitialconc.
FlowrateBedheightTemperatureThomasmodel(TM)lnCOCt1=kTHqomQkTHCoVeQlnCo∕Ct1versustimekTHDecreasedIncreasedDecreasedDecreasedq0IncreasedDecreasedIncreasedIncreasedBeddepthservicetimemodel(BDST)t=NOC0FZ1kBDSTC0lnC0Ct1BedheightversustimeNoIncreasedIncreasedN.
A.
IncreasedkBDSTIncreasedIncreasedN.
A.
IncreasedAdamandBohartmodel(ABM)lnCOCt1=KABNOZuKABCttlnCo∕Ct1versustimekABIncreasedIncreasedDecreasedDecreasedNoDecreasedDecreasedIncreasedIncreasedYoon–Nelsonmodel(YNM)lnCtCoCt=kYNtkYNlnCtC0CtversustimekYNIncreasedIncreasedDecreasedN.
A.
ΤDecreasedDecreasedIncreasedN.
A.
qOYN=q(total)X=C0Q1000X=12CO[(Q∕1000)X2]XClarkmodel(CM)CtCO=1(1+Aert)1∕(n1)Ct/C0versustimeADecreasedDecreasedIncreasedIncreasedRIncreasedIncreasedDecreasedDecreasedWolborskamodel(WM)lnCtCO=COtNOZUln(Ct/C0)versustimeΒDecreasedIncreasedDecreasedDecreasedNoIncreasedDecreasedIncreasedIncreasedModifieddoseresponsemodel(MDRM)lnCtC0Ct=alnC0QtalnqmdrmlnCtC0CtversuslnC0QtADecreasedIncreasedIncreasedN.
A.
BIncreasedIncreasedIncreasedN.
A.
AppliedWaterScience(2019)9:4545Page8of17arsenateusingprocessvariableslikeinitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheight.
ThedatawereanalyzedusingTomasandAdambohartmodels,andmaximumremov-alswerefoundtobe13.
5and14.
0mg/gforarseniteandarsenate,respectively(Ali2018).
Novel3Dyttrium-basedgrapheneoxide–sodiumalginatehydrogelwaspreparedbysol–gelprocessforremovaloffluorideviacontinuousfil-tration.
DatawereanalyzedbyThomasmodel,andmaxi-mumuptakecapacitywasachievedtobe4.
00mg/g(Heetal.
2018).
Verticalcolumnexperimentsusingsugarcanebagassewereconductedforremovalofmanganese(II),andthehighestremovalefficiencywasfoundtobe51.
95%(Zainietal.
2018).
Newchelatingcellulose-basedadsor-bent,i.
e.
,N-methyl-d-glucamine(NMDG)-typefunc-tionalgroupattachedtoanovelboronselectivechelat-ingfiber,wasprepared,characterizedandutilizedforboronremoval.
Yoon–Nelson,Thomasandmodifieddoseresponsemodelwereevaluatedusingdataofvariousflowrates.
MaximumboronadsorptioncapacityrelatedtoThomasmodelwasobtainedupto22.
06mg/g(Recepogluetal.
2018).
Freitasandtheirco-scientistswereexperi-mentedforbinaryadsorptionofsilverandcopperontobentonite(Verde-lodoclay),inwhichfirstflowratewasoptimized.
Thereafter,effectsofinitialconcentrationandmolarfractionwereinvestigatedusingthisoptimumflowrate(Freitasetal.
2018).
Comparisonstudiesofunmodifiedandmodifiedjorda-niankaoliniteclayusinghumicacidwereaccomplishedforremovalofheavymetalssuchaslead(II),cadmium(II)andzinc(II).
Variousprocessvariablesforbatch(contacttime,adsorbentdose,initialmetalionconcentration,pHandtemperature)aswellascolumn(initialconcentration,flowrateandbedheight)wereevaluated.
Resultsindicatedthatmodifiedclaywasmoredominantthanunmodifiedclay;andadsorptionofthemetalionsbybothmodifiedkaoliniteclayfollowedtheorder:Pb>Cd>Zn(Al-EssaandKhalili2018).
Colorfromrealtextileeffluentwasremovedinfixed-bedcolumnofmodifiedzeolite(SMZ),inwhichsurfaceofnatu-ralzeolitewasmodifiedwithaquaternaryaminesurfactanthexadecyltrimethylammoniumbromide(HTAB).
Break-throughcurvesofdifferentflowrate(0.
015–0.
075l/min)andbedheight(12.
5–50cm)atoriginalaswellasdilutedwastewater(ratioof25,50and75%)wereplotted,andbreakthroughandexhaustpointswerecalculatedforeachandeveryparameter.
Also,experimentsforregenerationofSMZusingNaClandNaOHsolutionwerecarriedout.
DatawereanalyzedbyBDSTisotherm(Ozdemiretal.
2009).
Dif-ferentexperimentsofpackedbedcolumnweredemonstratedforadsorptionofhexavalentchromiumfromitssyntheticsolution(RangabhashiyamandSelvaraju2015a)andelec-troplatingindustrieseffluent(Rangabhashiyametal.
2016)usingchemicallymodifiedswieteniamahagonishell.
Also,caryotaurensinflorescencewastebiomasswasutilizedasadsorbentforadsorptionofhexavalentchromium(Rangab-hashiyamandSelvaraju2015b).
Comparisonofbatchandcolumntreatmentforremovalofnickel(II)andcopper(II)usingchemicallymodifiedCucurbitamoschatawasexploited,whichindicatedcol-umntreatmentismorefeasiblethanbatchprocess(KhanandRao2017).
Seriesofsyntheticsolutionsofcadmium(II),copper(II),lead(II)andzinc(II)werepreparedandtriedtoremoveusingchemicallymodifiedmulti-metal-bindingbiosorbent(MMBB)inpackedbedcolumn.
Thebreak-throughcurvesforinfluentflowrate,initialmetalconcen-trationandbeddepthwereprepared,anddatawereexploredusingThomas,Yoon–Nelsonandmodifieddoseresponse.
Breakthroughandexhaustpoints,MTZ,tb,tsat,Cpandtpwerecalculated.
ThehighestmetaladsorptioncapacitiesofmodifiedMMBBattheexhaustiontimeswere38.
25,63.
37,108.
12and35.
23mg/gforCd,Cu,PbandZn,respectively.
DesorptionstudybyHClandapplicabilityofbiosorbenttestedusingsemi-simulatedwastewaterwerealsocon-ducted(Abdolalietal.
2017).
Columnadsorptionstudiesonnickelandcobaltremovalfromaqueoussolutionusingnativeandbiocharformoftectonagrandiswereperformed.
Breakthroughcurveswereplottedforprocessvariablebedheight,flowrateandinletmetalionconcentration.
DatawereappliedtoAdam–Bohart,ThomasandYoon–Nelson,inwhichThomasmodelwasfoundtobeingoodagree-mentwithhigherR2andcloserexperimentalandtheoreti-caluptakecapacityvalues(VilvanathanandShanthakumar2017).
RemainingreviewsarementionedinTable4,whichrepresentstherecentlypublishedpapersofmetalandionadsorbate,itsadsorbent,operationparameters,investigatedcolumnadsorptionmodelsandrespectivemaximumadsorp-tivecapacityrelatedtoThomasmodelandcorrespondingreference.
AdsorptionofdyeDyesusuallyhaveasyntheticoriginandcomplexaromaticmolecularstructureswhichmakethemmorestableandmoredifficulttobiodegrade.
Degradationofdyesistypi-callyaslowprocess.
Theremovalofcolorisneededtobeconsideredinthedisposaloftextilewastewaterduetoaes-theticdeteriorationaswellastheobstructionofpenetrationofdissolvedoxygenandsunlightintowaterbodies,whichseriouslyaffectsaquaticlife.
Besides,thedyeprecursorsanddegradationproductsareprovencarcinogenicandmuta-genicinnature.
Consumptionofdye-pollutedwatercancauseallergyreactions,dermatitis,skinirritation,cancerandmutationbothinbabiesandmatures(PatelandVashi2013).
Lopez-Cervantesandteammembershadpreparedbiosorbentchitosan–glutaraldehydefromshrimpshellsfortheremovalofthetextiledyeDirectBlue71fromanaqueoussolution.
ThisbioadsorbentwasanalyzedusingAppliedWaterScience(2019)9:45Page9of1745Table4DetailsofcolumnadsorptionstudiesofmetalandionsAdsorbateAdsorbentOperationparametersColumnisotherminvestigatedThomasmaximumadsorptioncapacityReferencesFluorideKanumamudInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTMandBDST0.
585mg/gChenetal.
(2011)Cadmium(II)SyzygiumcuminiLleafpowderpH,initialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,BDST,ABMandYNM29.
08mg/gRaoetal.
(2011)Copper(II),lead(II)andcadmium(II)FunctionalizedSBA-1mesoporoussilicawithpolyamidoamineFlowrateandbedheightTMandBDST1.
6,1.
3and1.
0mmol/gShahbazietal.
(2013)Hexavalentchromium(Cr+6)ModifiedcornstalkpH,influentconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,ABMandYNM152,323.
70mg/gChenetal.
(2012)Copper(II)Chitosan–zeolitecompositeBedheightBDST,CM41.
14g/LWanNgahetal.
(2012)Uranium(VI)Grapefruitpeel(GFP)Initialconcentration,flowrate,bedheightandparticlesizeofGFPTM,BDST,YNMandCM104.
1mg/gZouetal.
(2013)Copper(II)kenaf(Hibiscuscannabinus,L)fibersFlowrateandbedheightTMandBDST47.
27mg/gHasfalinaetal.
(2012)Chromium(VI)Orthophosphoricacid-acti-vatedligninpH,initialconcentration,flowrate,bedheightandionicstrengthTM,BDST,ABMandMDRM0.
889mmol/gAlbadarinetal.
(2012)Cesium(I)andstrontium(II)Montmorillonite–ironoxidecompositeInitialconcentrationandflowrateTM4.
42and15.
28mg/gAraremetal.
(2013)Chromium(VI)LeonarditeInitialconcentrationandflowrateTM,BDST,YNM,WM,CMandMDRM127.
53mg/l(BDST)Doradoetal.
(2014)Cadmium(II)andlead(II)DeadcalcareousskeletonsInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,BDSTandYNM66.
16and75.
18mg/gLimandAris(2014)Copper(II)Polyaniline-coatedsawdustInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,BDSTandYNM58.
23mg/gLiuandSun(2012)BromateFe(II)–Al(III)-layereddoublehydroxideInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTMandBDST71.
01mol/gYangetal.
(2015)Copper(II)Surface-modifiedeucalyptusglobulusseedsInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,BDSTandYNM300.
5mg/gSenthilKumaretal.
(2015)FlourideActivatedaluminaInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,YNMandABM11.
01mg/gGhoraiandPant(2004)PhosphateZirconium-loadedsoyabeanresidue(okara)pH,initialconcentration,flowrate,bedheightandparticlesizeTM,BDSTandABM12.
21mg/gNguyenetal.
(2015)Chromium(VI)AlkalineanionexchangefiberInitialconcentration,flowrate,bedheight,pHandtemperatureTM,ABM,YNMandCM210.
2mg/gWang,LiandZeng(2015)Copper(II)andnickel(II)Magnetizedsawdust(Fe3O4–SD)Initialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,ABMandYNM43.
45and33.
08mg/gKapurandMondal(2016)AppliedWaterScience(2019)9:4545Page10of17Table4(continued)AdsorbateAdsorbentOperationparametersColumnisotherminvestigatedThomasmaximumadsorptioncapacityReferencesNickel(II)andchromium(II)TiO2agglomeratednanopar-ticlesInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,BDSTandABM33.
18and12.
94mg/gDebnathetal.
(2010)Cadmium(II)andlead(II)Grapestalkwastes(GSW)InitialconcentrationandparticlesizeofGSWTM31.
53and49.
40mg/gMirallesetal.
(2010)Manganese(II)Granular-activatedcarbonfromagrowasteofmangos-tenefruitpeelInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,ABMandYNM7257.
32mg/gChowdhuryetal.
(2013)Chromium(II)PistachioshellInitialconcentration,flowrate,bedheight,pH,effluentconcentrationandtempera-tureTM,ABMandYNM27.
95mg/gBanerjeeetal.
(2018)Copper(II)Amino-functionalizedramiestalkInitialconcentrationflowrateandbedheightTM,ABM,YNMandBDST0.
528mmol/gWangetal.
(2018)Lead(II)andcadmium(II)PAACnanocompositeInitialconcentration,flowrate,bedheight,pHandtemperatureTM36.
20and37.
25mg/gZendehdelandMohammadi(2018)FluorideMagnesia–pullulancomposite(MgOP)Initialconcentration,flowrate,bedheight,pH,tem-peratureandotherexistinganionsTMandYNM16.
6mg/gYeetal.
(2018)ArsenateChitosanInitialconcentration,flowrate,bedheight,beddiam-eterandflowdirectionTM,ABMandYNM51.
2mg/gBrion-Robyetal.
(2018)Copper(II),cobalt(II)andnickel(II)SugarcanebagasseInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTMandABM1.
060,0.
800and1.
029mmol/gXavieretal.
(2018)CyanideBlastfurnacegranulatedslagInitialconcentration,flowrate,pHandbedheight–91.
6%(Removalefficiency)Routetal.
2018FluorideMagnesium–hydroxyapatitepelletsInitialconcentration,flowrate,pH,bedheight,particlesizeandparticleshapeTMandABM45.
5mg/gMondaletal.
(2018)Copper(II),magnesium(II)andnickel(II)Yersiniabactin,immobilizedtoXAD16resinFlowrateandpHTMandMDRM0.
12,0.
2and0.
1mg/gMoscatelloetal.
(2018)Chromium(VI)Ionicliquidfunctionalizedcel-lulose(ILFC)pHTMandYNM181.
8mg/gZhenandLong(2018)Chromium(VI)Co-immobilizedactivatedcarbonandBacillussubtilisInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM11.
7mg/gSukumaretal.
(2017)Chromium(VI),copper(II)andzinc(II)ActivatedNeembarkInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTMandYNM53.
95,12.
45and23.
54mg/gMaheshwariandGupta(2016)AppliedWaterScience(2019)9:45Page11of1745scanningelectronmicroscopy,X-raydiffractionandnuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopy.
Theeffectofvariouspro-cessparameterssuchasbedheight,inletDirectBlue71concentration,flowratewasperformed.
ColumnisothermsAdams–Bohart,Thomasandbeddepthservicetimemath-ematicalmodelswereutilized,inwhichbeddepthservicetimemodelshowedgoodagreementwiththeexperimentaldataandthehighvaluesofcorrelationcoefficients.
Maxi-mumdyeremovalcapacitywasfoundtobe343.
59mg/g(Lopez-Cervantesetal.
2017).
IranianLuffacylindricaandNaOH-modifiedLuffacylindricaasanaturallignocellulosicadsorbentwerepreparedandinvestigatedforbiosorptionofmethyleneblue(MB)usingafixed-bedcolumn.
Theresponsesurfacemethodologybasedoncentralcompositedesignwasusedtoevaluatetheinteractiveeffectsofthreemajoroperatingparameterslikeinletdyeconcentration,Luffadosageandfeedflowrateonthedyeremovalper-centage(responsevariable).
ThebreakthroughcurveswerepredictedbytheAdams–BohartandThomasmodelsusingnonlinearregressionanalysis,inwhichmaximumadsorptioncapacitiesofmethylenebluedyewereachievedtobe21.
4and46.
58mg/gforLuffaandNaOH-modifiedLuffa,respec-tively.
HighercapacityofNaOH-modifiedLuffaisattributedtotheintensificationofthenegativelychargedsurfaceofthebase-modifiedadsorbentwithhydroxylgroups.
Desorp-tionstudieswerealsoperformedwithHCl(BaharloueiandSirousazar2018).
Glassbeadscoatedwithchitosanwereusedforfoodazodyesadsorptioninafixed-bedcolumn,andmaximumcapacityoftheadsorptioncolumnwasfoundatrangeof13.
5–108.
7mg/g(Vieiraetal.
2014).
OtherdyeremovalusingcolumnadsorptionstudiesisdepictedinTable5.
MiscellaneousadsorbateMiscellaneousadsorbateslikebenzaldehyde,salicylicacid,levofloxacin,etc.
arealsobeingremovedbycolumnadsorp-tiontreatment.
Mengetal.
studiedthecolumnadsorptiveremovalofsalicylicacidonthesurfaceofwollastonite-basedimprintedpolymer(WMIP).
Effectofinitialcon-centrationofsalicylicacid,columnbedheight,flowrateandtemperatureisperformed,anddatawereanalyzedbyThomasandAdamandBohartmodels(Mengetal.
2013).
Feasibilityoffixed-bedcolumnfilledwithactivatedcharcoalpreparedfromcoconuthusksforremovalofbenzaldehydefromitsaqueoussolutionisconducted.
Variousparameterssuchasinletconcentration,feedflowrate,beddepthandcolumninnerdiameterwereevaluated(Cantelietal.
2014).
Fourtypesofmagnesium(Mg)-impregnatedbiocharswerepreparedviathermalpyrolysisofwoodchipspretreatedwithMgSO4andcharacterizeditwithvarioussophisticatedinstruments.
Batchaswellascontinuousfixedcolumnexperimentswascarriedoutinordertoremoveantibiotics,Table4(continued)AdsorbateAdsorbentOperationparametersColumnisotherminvestigatedThomasmaximumadsorptioncapacityReferencesChromium(VI)Polypyrrole/Fe3O4nanocom-positeInitialconcentration,flowrate,compositionofnano-compositeandbedheightTM,ABMandYNM258.
36mg/gBhaumiketal.
(2013)Copper(II)Tetraethylenepentamine-modi-fiedsugarcanebagasseInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTMandYNM0.
26mmol/gChenetal.
(2017)Copper(II)andnickel(II)Magnetizedsawdust(Fe3O4–SD)Initialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,ABM,YNMandBDST31.
89and23.
59mg/gKapurandMondal(2016)Copper(II)andnickel(II)NaturalandimmobilizedmarinealgaeSargassumsp.
Initialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM2.
06and1.
69mmol/gBarquilhaetal.
(2017)AppliedWaterScience(2019)9:4545Page12of17levofloxacin.
Effectofdifferentflowrate,initialconcentra-tionandbeddepthwasanalyzed(Zhaoetal.
2018).
Xuandteammemberpreparedcarbonnanotube(CNT)andutilizedasanadsorbentforremovalof2-naphthol.
Processvariables(flowrate,initialconcentrationandbeddepth)andcolumnisotherms(Thomas,Yoon–NelsonandBDST)werealsoanalyzed.
Thebreakthroughandexhaustpointwascalcu-lated.
Theequilibriumadsorptionamountof2-naphtholontheCNT-basedcompositeadsorbentvariesfrom122.
7mg/kgto286.
6mg/kginthisexperimentalregion(Xuetal.
2017).
Pengandco-scientistshadfabricated,characterizedandutilizedanotheradsorbents,aminefunctionalizedmag-netic-activatedcharcoalderivedfrombamboowastes(AFM-BAC)andactivatedcharcoalfrombamboowastes(BAC)foradsorptionoffluoroquinoloneantibioticsciprofloxacin(CIP)andnorfloxacin(NOR)throughbatchandcolumnmethod.
ThesaturatedadsorptioncapacitiesofBACandAFM-BACwere172.
5mg/gand293.
2mg/gforCIPand193.
4mg/gand315.
7mg/gforNOR,respectively(Pengetal.
2017).
AtenololwasremovedusinggranularcharcoalbySan-cho(Sanchoetal.
2012)andSotelo(Soteloetal.
2012),andtheiradsorptioncapacitieswere51.
10and44.
36mg/g,respectively.
Comparisonofbatchandcolumnadsorptionstudieswasperformedusingactivatedcarbonforremovalofpharmaceuticalproductdiclofenac.
Initialpollutantconcentration,weightofadsorbentandvolumetricfeedflowratewereanalyzed.
Breakthroughtime,thetimewhen5%ofinitialconcentrationisdetectedintheeffluent,wasathigherinitialconcentrationandlowerflowrate.
Frac-tionalbedutilizationincreasedwiththeincreaseintheini-tialconcentrationandflowrate,butdecreasedwithhigheramountofactivatedcarbon.
Breakthroughcurvesexperi-mentaldatawerefittedusingThomas,Bohart–AdamsandYananalyticalmodels.
Yanmodelshowedthehighestaverageofthedeterminationcoefficients(R2=0.
9842)ofallexperiments,whiletheamountsadsorbedbythepackedcolumnwerebetterpredictedbyThomasequation(Francoetal.
2018).
Theadsorptionofranitidinehydro-chloride(RH)ontomicrowave-irradiatedAeglemarme-losCorreafruitshellwasalsoinvestigatedinafixed-bedcolumn(Sivarajasekaretal.
2018).
Theremovaloftotalorganiccarbonfromrealindustrialwastewaterusingpoly-ethylenimine-functionalizedpyroxenenanoparticles(PEI-PY)embeddedintodiatomitebyHethnawietal.
(2017).
Removalofacetaminophenfromsyntheticwastewaterinafixed-bedcolumnadsorptionusinglow-costcoconutshellwastepretreatedwithNaOH,HNO3,ozoneand/orchitosanwasperformed,andresultsofmaximumadsorp-tioncapacitywere:ozone-treatedGAC(20.
88mg/g)>chi-tosan-coatedGAC(16.
67mg/g)>HNO3-treatedGAC(11.
09mg/g)>NaOH-treatedGAC(7.
57mg/g)>as-receivedGAC(2.
84mg/g).
Thisrevealsthattheozone-treatedGACismorepreferableadsorbentthanotherinves-tigatedadsorbents(Yanyanaetal.
2018).
Table5DetailsofcolumnadsorptionstudiesofdyeDyeadsorbateAdsorbentOperationparametersColumnisotherminvestigatedThomasmaximumadsorptioncapacityReferencesMalachitegreen(MG)NaOH-modifiedricehuskpH,initialconcentra-tion,flowrateandbedheightTM,BDST,ABMandYNM101.
31mg/gChowdhuryandSaha(2013a)MethyleneblueWastewatermelonrindInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,BDSTandABM113.
5mg/gLakshmipathyandSarada(2016)Acidyellow17TamarindseedpowderInitialconcentration,flowrate,pHandbedheightTM,YHM,BDSTandABM978.
5mg/gPatelandVashi(2012)MethylenebluePineconeInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,BDSTandYNM55.
68mg/gYagubetal.
(2015)MethyleneblueNaOH-modifiedricehuskFlowrateandbedheightTM,BDSTandYNM101.
3mg/gChowdhury,andSaha(2013b)Malachitegreen(MG)NaOH-modifiedricehuskpH,initialconcentra-tion,flowrateandbedheightTM,BDST,ABMandYNM101.
31mg/gChowdhuryandSaha(2013a)AlluraredAC,tartrazineandsunsetyellowFCFGlassbead-coatedchitosanpHandbedheightTM,BDSTandYNM29.
8,75.
1and65.
6mg/gVieiraetal.
(2014)MethylblueBiocharandKaolinInitialconcentration,flowrateandbedheightTM,BDSTandYNM20.
06mg/gDawoodetal.
(2018)AppliedWaterScience(2019)9:45Page13of1745Challengesforutilization1.
Asindustryisalwaysdemandedforlowcost,lowerdis-charge,environmentalfriendly,easilyavailablemate-rialusageandleastspaciousforeffluenttreatmentplant,andmostofplantconsistsofbiologicaltreatmentasatertiarytreatmentduetoitsvastfeasibility;themaindisadvantagesofanyadsorptionarethatthehighpriceoftreatmentanddifficultregeneration.
Italsoproducedsolidwasteofexhaustedadsorbent.
2.
Columnadsorptionstudiesareconsideredasbetteradsorptionduetoreasonableadvantages,butchal-lengeforcolumnadsorptionisthatasfluidispassedthroughthefixedbedofsolidadsorbents,initiallytrans-ferofadsorbatefromthefeedfluidoccursatthebedentrance.
Asfeedfluidiscontinuouslypassedtowardthecolumn,MTZprogressivelymovethroughthebedoncetheadsorbentinaregionbecomessaturatedwiththeadsorbatemolecules.
Afterparticletimeduration,theadsorbentparticlesupstreamordownstreamoftheMTZdonotparticipateinthemass-transferprocesses,andthus,adsorptionprocessofremovingtheadsorbate(pollutants)iscongested.
Thereafteradsorbentmustbereplacedorregenerated.
Fixed-bedcolumnadsorptionhasfacingotherproblemsofpoortemperaturecontrol-ler,undesirableheatgradients,un-wantedchemicalreactions,channelinganddifficulttoclean.
3.
Forproperindustrialprospective,seriesofcolumnshouldbeattachedforbetteradsorptionresults.
Otherfactorssuchascolumncontainingmultipleadsorbents,numerousadsorbatesystemandalsotheirappropriateratioaretobeconsidered.
4.
Alltheexperimentsarebeingaccomplishedusingsyn-theticwastewaterofmetal,dyeandothercontamina-tionsincludingpharmaceuticalproductsinthecontinu-ousfixed-bedcolumnstudiesbyvariousresearchers.
But,realindustrialliketextile,dyeing,electroplating,tanning,paper,etc.
effluentmustbeconsideredfortheremovalofcomponentscontributingtheCOD,BOD,colorandotherparameters.
Furthermore,regenerationstudiesanddesorptionstepmodelingmustbecon-ducted.
ConclusionFromvariousliteraturesurveys,weconcludedthatfixed-bedcolumnstudiesforremovalofvariouscontaminationsfromsyntheticwastewaterarestillintheveryinfancy.
Thisreviewpapercomprisedofadsorption,itstypesandmecha-nism,typesofadsorbent,adsorbateandadsorptionstudy.
Columnstudyiscomparedwithotheradsorptionstudiesintabulatedform,whichrevealedthatcolumnstudyisbet-ter,easy,simple,economicalandfeasibleforindustrialforremovalofvariouscontaminationsincludingdye,metalandotherhazardouswaste.
Breakthroughcurvesanditsparametersareinterpretedtodesigncolumnbyvariousfigures.
Numerousprocessparametersareknowntohaveimportantinfluenceonthisphenomenon:initialconcentra-tionofadsorbate,flowrate,bedheight,pH,particlesizeofadsorbentandtemperature.
Detaildescriptionofcolumnisothermsmodels,i.
e.
,Thomasmodel,beddepthservicetime,theAdamsandBohartmodel,Yoon–Nelson,Clark,Wolborskaandmodifieddose–responsemodel,arestatedtounderstandtheadsorptionsystem.
Wehavereviewedrecentdevelopmentofdifferentadsorbentsintheapplicationofcontaminant(adsorbate),suchasmetal,ion,dyeandotherpollutantsremovalsusingfixed-bedcolumnstudyconcern-ingtooperationparameters,investigatedisotherms.
Finally,challengesforutilizationofthefixed-bedcolumnadsorptionstudyaredemonstrated,showingthegapsbetweenpilotandindustrialscales.
OpenAccessThisarticleisdistributedunderthetermsoftheCrea-tiveCommonsAttribution4.
0InternationalLicense(http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
0/),whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribu-tion,andreproductioninanymedium,providedyougiveappropriatecredittotheoriginalauthor(s)andthesource,providealinktotheCreativeCommonslicense,andindicateifchangesweremade.
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