Antarcticccdp

DictionaryofGLOBALCLIMATECHANGEDictionaryofGLOBALCLIMATECHANGESecondeditionCOMPILEDBYW.
JohnMaunderASACONTRIBUTIONOFTHESTOCKHOLMENVIRONMENTINSTITUTETOTHESECONDWORLDCLIMATECONFERENCEChapman&HallNewYorkStockholmEnvironmentInstituteandW.
JohnMaunder1992,1994Firstpublishedin1992Secondedition1994UCLPressLimitedUniversityCollegeLondonGowerStreetLondonWClE6BTThenameofUniversityCollegeLondon(VCL)isaregisteredtrademarkusedbyUCLPresswiththeconseJ;ltoftheowner.
FirstpublishedinNorthAmericain1992byChapman&Hall,Inc.
OnePennPlazaNewYork,NY10119Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedoruti-lizedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanicalorothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataMaunder,W.
J.
Dictionaryofglobalclimatechange/compiledbyW.
J.
Maunderasacontri-butionoftheStockholmEnvironmentInstitutetotheSecondWorldClimateConference.
p.
cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN-13:978-1-4615-6843-8e-ISBN-13:978-1-4615-6841-4DOl:10.
1007/978-1-4615-6841-41.
Climaticchanges.
I.
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute.
II.
WorldClimateConference(2nd:1990:Geneva,Switzerland)III.
Title.
QC981.
8.
C5M381992551.
6-dc20TypsetinPalacio(Palatino).
92-19059CIPCONTENTSForewordviiPrefaceixPrefacetothesecondeditionxiAcknowledgementsxiiiSourcesofinformationxvAbbreviations&acronymsxxiThedictionary1vFOREWORDClimate,climatechange,climatefluctuationsandclimatictrendsareonlyafewofthetermsusedtoday,innotonlyconferences,scientificsymposiaandworkshops,butalsoparliamentsandindiscussionsthroughoutsociety.
Toclimatologiststhesetermsmaybewellknown;tothevastmajorityofpeople,however,theyarenew,andtheyrequiredefinitionandexplanation.
TheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)inheritedaninterestandinvolvementinthestudiesofclimateandclimatechangefromitspredecessor,theInternationalMeteorologicalOrganization(IMo),whichwasestablishedin1873.
By1929theIMOhadsetupaCommissionforClimatologytodealwithmattersrelatedtoclimatestudies.
When,in1950,theWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationassumedthemantleoftheIMO,itretainedthecommissionwhich,amongotherresponsibilities,hadalreadyrecognizedtheneedforthedefinitionandexplana-tionoftermsusedinclimatology.
Itmustalsobesaidthatmuchofwhatwenowknowaboutclimatederivesfromthescientificandtechnicalprogrammesco-ordinatedbyIMOandnow,toamuchgreaterextent,byWMO.
In1979,theFirstWorldClimateConferencemadeanassessmentofthestatusofknowledgeofclimateandclimatevariability,andrecommendedtheestablishmentofaWorldClimateProgramme.
ThisrecommendationwasfullyendorsedbytheEighthWorldMeteorologicalCongress,andtheWorldClimateProgrammewassubse-quentlyestablishedbyWMOinco-operationwiththeInternationalCouncilofScientificUnions(ICSU)andtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP).
TheSecondWorldClimateConference,convenedinOctober/November1990,byWMO,andco-sponsoredbyUNEP,theUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization/IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission(UNESCO/IOC),theFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)andICSU,calledforsomeimportantactionprogrammes,amongwhichwereanegotiatingmechanismforthedevelopmentofaFrameworkConventiononClimateChange,aswellasthedevelopmentofaGlobalClimateObservingSystem.
Toaddresstheissuesrelatingtotermsandterminologyusedinclimatology,in1990DrW.
J.
Maunder(NewZealand)compiledaprovisionaleditionof"TheClimateChangeLexicon",whichwasmadeavailabletoparticipantsattendingtheSecondWorldClimateConference.
Thisprovidedanexcellentopportunitytoassesstheusefulnessofsuchapublicationinmanyallieddisciplines.
ThepositivefeedbackencouragedtherevisionandexpansionoftheprovisionaltextpreparedbyDrMaunder,whoiscurrentlyPresidentoftheWMOCommissiononClimatol-ogy.
Indeed,DrMaunder'slongexperienceandbroadknowledgeinthefieldofclimatologymakeitbefittingforhimtoauthorthispresentnewDictionaryofglobalclimatechange.
viiForewordGiventheimportanceofthisnewpublicationtoawidevarietyofaudiences,IamveryhappytoconveymythanksandcongratulationstotheauthoritiesoftheStockholmEnvironmentInstitutefortheirinitiativeinsponsoringthiswork.
Thedictionarywillsurelycontributetoabetterunderstandingofthemanycomplexissueswhichhavearisenandwhichwillcontinuetoariseinthemanyfacetsoftheclimateandclimatechangearena.
viiiG.
O.
P.
ObasiSecretary-GeneralWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationPREFACETheprovisionaleditionofTheclimatechangelexicon(renamedinthispublicationastheDictionaryofglobalclimatechange)wascompiledin1990whileIwasemployedbytheStockholmEnvironmentInstituteandintheSecretariatoftheSecondWorldClimateConference.
ThefinaleditionoftheDictionaryofglobalclimatechangewascompletedduring1991whileIwasemployedbytheAustralianBureauofMeteorologyandtheAtmosphericEnvironmentServiceofEnvironmentCanada,anditreflectscommentsIreceivedontheprovisionaledition.
Italsoincorporatesmanyadditionalitemsaswellascorrectionsandadditionstoseveraloftheitemswhichappearedintheprovisionaledition.
AsnotedintheForewordwrittenbyProfessorG.
O.
P.
Obasi(Secretary-GeneraloftheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization),theoriginallexiconwaswritteninpar-ticularforparticipantsattheSecondWorldClimateConference.
TheCo-ordinatoroftheConference,MrH.
L.
Ferguson,wasinstrumentalinsuggestingtomethatalexicon/dictionaryofclimatechangewouldbeveryuseful,andIwouldliketohighlightthefollowingextractsfromtheforewordwrittenbyMrFergusonfortheoriginallexicon:In1979theWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)convenedaWorldCli-mateConferenceinGeneva.
.
.
.
Itreflectedagrowinginterestwithinthescien-tificcommunityinthequestionofclimate,climatevariationsandclimatechange.
In1986,withpublicinterestinclimatechangeontherise,WMOdecidedthatitwouldbeappropriatetoconveneaSecondWorldClimateConference(swcc).
.
.
.
Intheearlystagesofplanningfortheswcc,eventsintheinterna-tionalarenaonglobalclimatechangeandrelatedproblemsbegantomovewithunprecedentedspeed.
.
.
.
Inparticular,theBrundtlandReport,issuedin1987,calledfornewnationalandinternationalinitiativesforsustainableeconomicdevelopment,andtheTorontoConferenceontheChangingAtmospherein1988calledfora"GlobalCommons"approachandeffortstodevelopalawoftheatmosphere,andproposedquantitativetargetsforreducinganthropogenicemissionsofgreenhousegases.
Meanwhile,WMOandUNEPjointlycreatedtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPcc).
.
.
.
Inthelightofthisgrowing"climateofconcern"theorganizersoftheSecondWorldClimateConferencemadeseveralimportantdecisions.
TheydecidedtoholdtheConferenceinOctober/November1990whenthereportoftheIPCCwouldbeavailableforreview.
TheydeterminedthattheConferenceshouldconsistofascientific/technicalcomponentfollowedbyaministerialmeeting,andtheyassignedanespeciallyhighprioritytoensuringtheparticipationofthefullrangeof"stake-holders"intheclimatechangeproblem.
TomeetthatixPrefacepriorityaspecialeffortwasmadetoinvolvetechnicalexperts,plannersandpol-icyadvisersfromaverybroadrangeofdisciplinesandasmanycountriesoftheworldaspossible.
Intheevent,theSecondWorldClimateConferenceattractedover1,400participantsfrom137countries.
Suchamixpresentedasizeablechallengeforeffectivecommunication.
Theclimateissue,whichstartedfromarelativelynarrowscientificbase,nowencompassesafullrangeofscience,technology,legal,environmental,andothersocio-economicfields,allaccompaniedbytheirjargon,acronyms,andnationalandinternationalprogrammes.
Inanefforttopromotebettercommunicationamong"stake-holders",itwasdecidedthatalexiconofclimateandclimatechangeshouldbepreparedandprovidedtoSWCCparticipants.
ThroughahappycoincidencetheStockholmEnvironmentInstitutehadundercontractDrJohnMaunder,PresidentofWMO'SCommissionforClimatology,andvolun-teeredtomakehisservicesavailabletotheswccCo-ordinationOffice.
Ihopethatthelexicon/dictionarywillproveusefulnotonlytothosewhoattendedtheSecondWorldClimateConferencebutalsotothemedia,interpret-ersandtranslators,readersoflPCCReportsandothermajorpublications,andthebroadercommunityofpeopleinterestedinclimateandclimatechange.
Aswillbeappreciated,climateandclimatechangeisarapidlyevolvingfieldandIamawarethatthefinaleditionisneithercompletenorfreeoferror.
However,Itrustitreflects-atleastinpart-thepositionofclimateandclimatechangeasitwasattheendof1991.
Variouspointswereraisedbythereviewersandotherswhohaveindepend-entlycommentedontheprovisionaleditionof,andlateradditionsto,thelexicon/dictionary.
Amongthecommentswerethosewhosuggestedthatthedictionaryshouldbemorecomprehensive.
Whilethatwouldbedesirable,Ibelievethattomakethisdictionarymuchmoreextensivewouldrequiremuchmoreexpertisethanasingleauthorwouldnormallyhave.
Accordingly,itisimportanttostatewhattheDictionaryendeavourstocoverandwhatitdoesnotcover.
Inparticular,whilecoverageofmostclimatologicalandmeteorologicalaspectsofclimatechangehasbeenattempted-inpartorinwhole-bythevariousentries,itwasnotalwayspossibletocoverotheraspectsofclimatechangeinthesamecomprehen-sivemanner,particularlysomeofthemorebiological,ecological,geological,engi-neering,economic,politicalandsocialaspects.
Inaddition,theauthoriswellawarethatwhilemostoftheimportant"climate/climatechange"activitiesandprogrammesofWMOandlCSUarediscussed-someinconsiderabledetail-ithasnotbeenpossibletocoveralloftheimportant"climate/climatechange"activitiesandprogrammesofotherinternationalagencies,includingthoseofFAO,UNESCO,lOC,WHO,UNCTAD,UNDROandUNEP.
Commentsfromallusersofthedictionaryaremostwelcome.
W.
JohnMaunderxPREFACETOTHESECONDEDITIONInterestinthechangingclimate,climatevariations,climatechange,greenhousegases,theozoneholeandrelatedsubjectsshownosignsofabating.
Indeed,sincethefirsteditionofthisdictionarywaspublishedtwoyearsago,therehavebeenfurtherkeydevelopmentsintheinternationalarenaregardingclimatechange.
Amongthesewere:theUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED),heldinRiodeJaneiroinJune1992theIPCCSupplementpublishedin1992thecontinuingimportanceoftheEINinoevents,andtheimprovedpossibil-itiesofforecastingsucheventstheClimateVariabilityandPredictability(CLIVAR)programmeofWMOandtheFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(FCCC).
Thissecondeditionincludes250newentries,additionstothetextof17existingentries,andreplacementtextfor15existingentries.
Amongthenewentriesare:aestheticdegradationanomalyAntarcticTreatyatmosphericpollutionbogusobservationCairoCompactonClimateChangecarbondioxide:theMaunaLoarecordcarbondioxideemissionschlorofluorocarbonreleaseestimatesclimatechangesignalsclimatepolicyoftheGroupofSevencompensationofinstrumentsdendroecologyEarthCouncileconomicgoodEINinoSouthernOscillation(ENSO)extremevalueanalysisFrameworkConventiononClimateChangexiFriendsoftheEarthInternationalGlobalHistoricalClimatologyNet-work(GHCN)habitatHadleyCentreforClimatePredic-tionandResearchHumanDimensionsofGlobalEnvi-ronmentalChangeProtection(HDP)iceInformationUnitonClimateChange(rucc)InternationalDataRescueCo-ordi-nationCentre(IDCC)IPCCrevisedemissionsscenarios(1992):implicationsforclimateandsealevelKuwaitoilfiresLittleClimateOptimummethaneandglobalwarmingozoneholePrefacetothesecondeditionperiodicitypersistenceRioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopmentsealevelshadetemperatureskincancersolar-terrestrialrelationshipssulphateaerosolsandglobalwarm-ingSystemforAnalysis,ResearchandTraining(START)timeseriesWorldDataCentres(WDC)AsstatedinthePrefacetothefirstedition,itiswellappreciatedthatclimateandclimatechangearerapidlyevolvingfields,andIamawarethatthesecondeditionisneithercompletenorfreefromerror.
However,Itrustitreflects-atleastinpart-thepositionofclimateandclimatechangeasitwasatthebeginningof1994.
Commentsfromallusersofthedictionaryaremostwelcome.
xiiW.
JohnMaunderTauranga,NewZealandMay1994ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSItisapleasuretoacknowledgethehelpIhavehadfromseveralpeopleandorgan-izationsinthepreparationofTheclimatechangelexicon(renamedinthispublicationastheDictionaryofglobalclimatechange).
Inparticular,aspecialwordofapprecia-tionisextendedtoDrGordonGoodman,ExecutiveDirector(until1991)oftheStockholmEnvironmentInstituteinStockholm,Sweden,toDrMikeChadwick,DirectoroftheStockholmEnvironmentInstituteattheUniversityofYork,UK(until1991),andExecutiveDirector(from1991)oftheStockholmEnvironmentInstituteinStockholm,Sweden,totheSwedishMinistryoftheEnvironment,totheAustralianBureauofMeteorology,andtotheCanadianClimateCentreoftheAtmosphericEnvironmentServiceofEnvironmentCanadaforfinancialand/orlogisticsupport.
IwouldalsoliketothankMrHowardFerguson(Co-ordinatoroftheswcc)forhisinitialsuggestionthatIcompilethelexicon/dictionary,andhissupportduringitsevolution.
Iamalsoappreciativeofthehelpgivenbymanyofmycolleaguesfortheirsupportandguidance.
AspecialwordofthanksisgiventomywifeMelva,whotypedthemanyver-sionsofTheclimatechangelexicon,includingthefirsteditiontitledtheDictionaryofglobalclimatechange,aswellasthesecondedition,whichyounowhaveinyourhands.
xiiiW.
JohnMaunderTauranga,NewZealandMay1994SOURCESOFINFORMATIONBecauseofthecomplexityofthemanyitemsdiscussedintheDictionaryofglobalclimatechange,andthefactthatmost,ifnotall,termsaremodifiedinsomewayfromtheir"original"source(s),itisnotpossibletoprovidethesource(s)oftheindividualitems.
However,gratefulacknowledgmentismadetothefollowingauthors,organizationsandpublishersfortheprovisionof''background''material.
ActivitiesOfFAOinthefieldofclimatechange(unpublishedFAOpaper,seconddraft,December1991)Assessingthesocialimplicationsofclimatefluctuations(W.
E.
Riebsame,undertheaus-picesofUNEPaspartoftheWorldClimateImpactStudiesProgramme,1989)TheatmosphereandweatherofSouthernAfrica(R.
A.
Preston-Whyte&P.
D.
Tyson,OxfordUniversityPress,Capetown,1988)Boundarylayerclimates(T.
R.
Oke,Methuen,London,1987)CDIACCommunications(CarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenter,OakRidgeNationalLibrary,OakRidge,Tennessee,IssueNo17,1992)Thechangingatmosphere:implicationsforglobalsecurity.
(ProceedingsoftheTorontoConference,1988)Climatechange1992-Thesupplementaryreporttothe[PCCScientificAssessment(J.
T.
Houghton,B.
A.
Callander,S.
K.
Varney(eds),CambridgeUniversityPress,Cam-bridge,1992)Climatechange:areader'sguidetothe[PCCReport(abookletpreparedbytheClimateActionNetworkforGreenpeaceUK,1990)ClimatechangeintheSouthPacific(J.
W.
Zillman,W.
K.
Downey,M.
J.
Manton;Sci-entificLecturepresentedattheTenthSessionoftheWMORegionalAssociationV,Singapore,1989)Climatechange:meetingthechallenge(areportbyaCommonwealthGroupofExperts,CommonwealthSecretariat,1989)Climatechange:science,impactsandpolicy-proceedingsoftheSecondWorldClimateConference(J.
Jaeger&H.
1.
Ferguson(eds),CambridgeUniversityPress,Cam-bridge,1991)Climatechange:the[PCCscientificassessment(J.
T.
Houghton,G.
J.
Jenkins,J.
J.
Ephraums,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,1990)Climatechange-theNewZealandresponse(apublicationoftheNewZealandMinis-tryoftheEnvironment,Wellington,1988)Climateimpactassessment(R.
Kates,J.
Ausubel,M.
Berberian;SCOPEPublicationno.
27,JohnWiley,Chichester,England,1985)Aclimatemodellingprimer(A.
Henderson-Sellers&K.
McGuffie,JohnWiley,Chich-ester,England,1987)xvSourcesofinformationTheclimateofCanada(DavidPhillips,AtmosphericEnvironmentService,Downs-view,Canada,1990)Climatevariations,droughtanddesertification(F.
K.
Hare,WMOPublicationno.
653,1985)Climatology:anatmosphericscience(JohnJ.
Hidore&JohnE.
Oliver,Macmillan,NewYork,1993.
CLIVAR-astudyofclimatevariabilityandpredictability(WorldClimateResearchPro-gramme,WorldMeterologicalOrganization,Geneva:1992)TheconciseOxforddictionaryofEarthsciences(AilsaAllaby&MichaelAllaby(eds),OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,1990)Contemporaryclimatology(A.
Henderson-Sellers&P.
J.
Robinson,Longman,Har-low,England,1986)CRChandbookofchemistryandphysics(69thedn)(R.
C.
Weast(ed.
),CRCPress,BocaRaton,Florida,1988)Developingpoliciesforrespondingtoclimatechange(J.
Jaeger,areportbytheBeijerInstitutefortheCommonwealthSecretariat,1988)Developingpoliciesforrespondingtoclimatechange(J.
Jaeger,fortheWorldClimateImpactStudiesProgrammeofWMO/UNEP,1988)AdictionaryofEarthsciences(StellaE.
Stiegeler(ed.
),Macmillan,London,1976)Adictionaryoftheenvironment(MichaelAllaby,Macmillan,London,1977)DraftPlanfortheGlobalClimateObservingSystem(GCOS)(PreparedfortheIGMofthewCPbytheChairman,JSTCforGCOS,Geneva,14-16April1993)Ecology(c.
J.
Krebs,Harper&Row,NewYork,1972)Economicandsocialbenefitsofmeteorologicalandhydrologicalservices(ProceedingsoftheWMOTechnicalConference,Geneva,1990)TheElNinophenomenon(UNEP/GEMSEnvironmentLibrary8,UNEP,Nairobi,1992)Theencyclopaedicdictionaryofphysicalgeography(A.
S.
Goudie,B.
W.
Atkinson,K.
J.
Gregory,1.
G.
Simmons,D.
RStoddart,D.
Sugden(eds),BasilBlackwellRefer-ence,Oxford,1988)Energypolicyinthegreenhouse:fromwarmingfatetowarminglimit(F.
Krause,W.
Bach,J.
Koomey,Earthscan,London,1990)Environmentinkeywords:amultilingualhandbookoftheenvironment(1.
Paenson,Per-gamonPress,Oxford,1990)Environmentalecology:theimpactsofpollutionandotherstressesonecosystemstructureandfunction(BillFreeman,AcademicPress,SanDiego,1989)Environmentalglossary(4thedn)(G.
W.
Frick&T.
F.
P.
Sullivan(eds),GovernmentInstitutesInc.
,Rockville,Maryland,1986)Fortyyearsofprogressandachievement-anhistoricalreviewofwMO(SirArthurDavies(ed.
),WMOPublicationno.
721,1990)Thefullrangeofresponsestoanticipatedclimatechange(areportpreparedbytheBeijerInstituteforUNEP,1989)GESAMP:twodecadesofaccomplishments(H.
L.
Windom,InternationalMaritimeOrganization,London,1991)GlobalChangeNewsletter(s)oftheIGBPGlobalclimatechange(ascientificreviewpresentedbytheWorldClimateResearchProgramme,aWMO/ICSUpublication,1990)TheGlobalClimateObservingSystem(aproposalpreparedbyanadhocgroup,con-venedbytheChairmanoftheJointScientificCommitteeoftheWorldClimateResearchProgramme,January1991)xviSourcesofinformationTheglobalclimatesystem:June1986-November1988(aWMOWorldClimateDataPro-grammeandUNEPPublication,1990)Globalecology:towardsascienceofthebiosphere(M.
B.
Rambler,L.
Margulis,R.
Fester(eds),AcademicPress,SanDiego,1989)GlobalOceanObservingSystem:statusreportonexistingoceanelementsandrelatedsystems(anIOC/WMOpublicationIOC/INF-833,December1990)Glossary:carbondioxideandclimate(apublicationpreparedbytheCarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenter,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,OakRidge,Ten-nessee,1990)Glossaryofmeteorology(R.
E.
Huschke(ed.
),AmericanMeteorologicalSociety,Bos-ton,1959)Glossaryoftermsusedinagrometeorology(apublicationofWorldMeteorologicalOrganization,CAgMNo.
40,WMO/TD-No.
391,December1990)Greenglobeyearbook(H.
O.
Bergesen&G.
Parmann(eds),OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,1993)Thegreenhouseeffect,climatechangeandecosystems(B.
Bolin,B.
Doos,J.
Jaeger,R.
Warrick(eds),ScopePublicationno.
29,JohnWiley,Chichester,England,1986)Greenhousegasemissions:theenergydimension(apublicationofOECD/lEA,Paris,1991)HadleyCentreProgressReport1990-1992andFutureProgrammeofResearch.
FourthReportoftheResearchCo-ordinator,1993(HadleyCentreforClimatePredictionandResearch,Bracknell,UK)Howtoslowglobalwarming(D.
E.
Victor,Nature349,451-6,1991)Thehumanimpactofclimateuncertainty(W.
J.
Maunder,Routledge,LondonandNewYork,1989;alsopublishedin1990inSpanish-EIimpactohumanosobreelclima-byAriasMontanoEditores,Madrid,Spain)[CSUyearbook,1990.
Theimpactofclimatechange(UNEP/GEMSEnvironmentLibrary10,UNEP,Nairobi,1993)Theimpactofclimatevariationsonagriculture,2vols(M.
Parry,T.
Carter,N.
Konijn(eds),Kluwer,TheNetherlands,1988)Theimpactoftheozone-layerdepletion(UNEP/GEMSEnvironmentLibrary7,UNEP,Nairobi,1992)Implicationsforclimateandsealevelofrevised[PCCemissionscenarios(T.
M.
L.
Wigley&S.
C.
BRaper,Nature356,293-300,1992)IntegratedGlobalOceanServicesSystem:planandimplementationprogramme1989-95(anIOC/WMOreportpublishedbytheWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationasWMOno.
725,Geneva,1989)Internationalglossaryofhydrology.
(WMOpublicationno.
385,WMo-UNESCO;1stedn1974,2ndedninpress)Internationallawofatmosphericprotection:acritiqueoftheexistingrules(apaperpre-paredbyP.
Sands&J.
CameronbytheCentreforInternationalEnvironmentalLaw,KingsCollege,London,1990)Internationalmeteorologicalvocabulary(apublicationoftheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization,WMOno.
182.
TP91,Geneva,1966)Internationalmeteorologicalvocabulary(2ndedn)(WMONo.
182,WMO,Geneva,1992)Internationalnegotiationsonclimatechange(apaperpreparedbytheCenterforGlo-balChange,UniversityofMaryland,USA,1991)xviiSourcesofinformation[PCCFirstAssessmentReport:Overview,August1990[PCCReportoftheFifthSession,March1991[PCCReportoftheSixthSession,October1991[PCCReportofWorkingGroupI,June1990[PCCReportofWorkingGroupII,June1990[PCCReportofWorkingGroupIII,June1990Livingintheenvironment(6thedn)(G.
TylerMillerJr,Wadsworth,Belmont,Cali-fornia,1990)Livingwiththelakes:challengesandopportunities(aProgressReporttotheInterna-tionalJointCommission(submittedbytheProjectManagementTeam),July1989)Man'simpactonenvironment(T.
R.
Detwyler,McGraw-Hill,NewYork1971)Manualontheterminologyofpublicinternationallaw(peace)andinternationalorganiza-tions(I.
Paenson,publishedfortheGraduateInstituteofInternationalStudies,Geneva,byBruylant,Brussels,1983)Meteorologicalglossary(compiledbyD.
H.
McIntosh,HerMajesty'sStationeryOffice,London,1972)Meteorologicalglossary(6thedn)(HMSO,London,1991)Meteorologytoday:anintroductiontoweather,climate,andtheenVironment(c.
DonaldAhrens,West,StPaul,Minnesota,1991)Modernphysicalgeography.
(A.
H.
Strahler&A.
N.
Strahler,JohnWiley,NewYork,1992)NetworkNewsletter,vol.
7,no.
I,1991(publishedbyUNEPandtheEnvironmentalandSocietalImpactsGroupoftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,Boulder,Colorado)Observingtheworld'senvironment:weatherandclimateO.
P.
Bruce,(ed.
),WorldMete-orologicalOrganization,Geneva1994)Oceanography:anintroductiontotheplanetOceanus(PaulP.
Pinet,West,StPaul,Minnesota,1992)Anoverviewoftheglobalhistoricalclimatologynetwork(GHCN)(T.
C.
Peterson&R.
S.
Vose,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,OakRidge,Tennessee,1992)Physicalgeography(CuchlaineA.
M.
King,BasilBlackwell,Oxford,1980)Physicalgeography:anintroductiontoEarthenvironments(MichaelBradshaw&RuthWeaver,Mosby,StLouis,1993)Physicalgeographyoftheglobalenvironment(H.
J.
deBlij,JohnWiley,NewYork,1993)PredictingtheEarth'satmosphere:aninternationalchallenge(InterimreportoftheStudyCommissionoftheEleventhGermanBundestag"PreventiveMeasurestoProtecttheEarth'sAtmosphere",Bonn,1989)ProceedingsoftheWorldClimateConference,1979(WMOpublicationno.
537)Protectingthetropicalforests:ahigh-priorityinternationaltask(SecondreportoftheEnquete-Commission"PreventiveMeasurestoProtecttheEarth'sAtmosphere"ofthe11thGermanBundestag,editedbyDeutscherBundestag,ReferatOffentli-chkeitsarbeit,Bonn,1990)Someremarksonthescientificproblemsrelatedtothegreenhousegasissue(c.
C.
Wallen,Atmosfera5,157-68,1992)Suggestedinterpretationsofvarioustermsandconceptsforpurposesofaclimatechangeconvention(unpublishedinternalpaperbytheAtmosphericEnvironmentServiceofEnvironmentCanada,Toronto,1991)xviiiSourcesofinformationTrends'91:acompendiumofdataonglobalchangehighlights(T.
A.
Boden,R.
J.
Sepan-ski,F.
W.
Stoss(eds),CarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenter,OakRidge,Tennessee,1992)Theuncertaintybusiness:risksandopportunitiesinweatherandclimate(W.
J.
Maunder,Methuen,London,1986)Understandingatmosphericchange:asurveyofthebackgroundscienceandimplicationsofclimatechangeandozonedepletion(HenryHengeveld,aStateoftheEnvironmentReport,SOEReportno.
91-2,EnvironmentCanada,Ottawa,1991)Understandingourownplanet;anoverviewofmajorinternationalactivitiesOohnS.
Perry(withassistancefromJ.
W.
M.
laRiviereandJuliaMarton-Lefevre)Interna-tionalCouncilofScientificUnions(ICSU),Paris,1993)UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNEP/WMOInformationUnitonClimateChange,Geneva,1993)WMOandUNCED-1992:protectingtheatmosphere,oceansandwaterresources;sustain-ableuseofnaturalresources(apublicationoftheWorldMeteorologicalOrganiza-tion,WMOno.
760,1991)WMOAnnualReport:1988,1989,1990,1992WMOBulletinsWMOSecondLongTermPlan:1988-1997WMOThirdLongTermPlan:1992-2001WMOFourthLong-termPlan:1996-2005WMO/UNESCOreportonwaterresourcesassessment:progressintheimplementationoftheMardelPlataActionPlanandastrategyforthe1990s(aWMO/UNESCOpublication,1991)Worldclimatology:anenvironmentalapproachO.
G.
Lockwood,EdwardArnold,Lon-don,1974)xixABBREVIATIONS&ACRONYMSACCADACMADACSYSAFOSAGGGAMDASSAMIPAOSISASCEND21ASEANAWSBAHCBAPMoNCAeMCAgMCASCASAFACBSCCCOCCDPCCICECCFCsCGIARCHyCIMOCLICOMCLIMAPPCLIVARCMMWMOAdvisoryCommitteeontheWorldClimateApplicationsandServicesProgramme(WCASP)andtheWorldClimateDataandMonitoringProgramme(WCDMP)AfricanCentreofMeteorologicalApplicationsforDevelopmentArcticClimateSystemStudyAgricultureForestryandOtherHumanActivitiesSubgroupofIPCCWGIII(ResponseStudies).
AdvisoryGrouponGreenhouseGasesAgrometeorologicalDataSystemAtmosphericModelIntercomparisonProjectAssociationofSmallIslandStatesAgendaonScienceforEnvironmentandDevelopmentintothe21stCenturyAssociationofSouthEastAsianNationsautomaticweatherstationBiosphereAspectsofHydrologicalCycleBackgroundAirPollutionMonitoringNetworkCommissionforAeronauticalMeteorologyofWMOCommissionforAgriculturalMeteorologyofWMOCommissionforAtmosphericSciencesofWMOInter-UnionCommissionontheApplicationofSciencetoAgriculture,ForestryandAquacultureCommissionforBasicSystemsofWMOCommitteeonClimaticChangesandtheOceanClimateChangeDetectionProjectCommissionforClimatologyofWMOCommissionforEuropeanCommunitieschlorofluorocarbonsConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchCommissionforHydrologyofWMOCommissionforInstrumentsandMethodsofObservationsofWMOclimate-computersystemClimateLong-rangedInvestigationMappingandPredictionsProjectClimateVariabilityandPredictabilityCommissionforMarineMeteorologyofWMOxxiAbbreviations&acronymsCOADSCOARECOBIOTECHCODATACOSPARCOWARCRACRUCSERGECSMDAREDBCPDISDDBEDFEFTAEISEMEPEOSENSOERBEERSFAGSFAOFCCCFGGEFIDGACCGADSGAIMGARPGATEGATTGAWGCIPGCMGCOSGCTEGDPGDPSGEDEXGEMSGESAMPGEWEXComprehensiveOceanAirDatasetTOGACoupledOcean-AtmosphereResponseExperimentScientificCommitteeforBiotechnologyCommitteeonDataforScienceandTechnologyCommitteeonSpaceResearchCommitteeonWaterResearchComprehensiveRiskAssessmentClimateResearchUnit(University~fEastAnglia,England)CentreforSocialandEconomicResearchontheGlobalEnvironment(UniversityofEastAngliaandUniversityCollegeLondon,England)climatesystemmonitoringDataRescueProgrammeDriftingBuoyCo-operationPanelDataandInformationSystem(ofIGBP)distributeddatabasesEnvironmentalDefenseFund(USA)EuropeanFreeTradeAssociationEnergyandIndustrySubgroupofIPCCWGIII(ResponseStudies)MonitoringandEvaluationofPollutioninEuropeEarthObservingSystemEINifto-SouthernOscillationEarthRadiationBudgetExperimentearthresourcessatelliteFederationofAstronomicalandGeophysicalDataSourcesFoodandAgricultureOrganizationFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeFirstGARPGlobalExperimentInternationalFederationforInformationandDocumentationGeneralAgreementonClimateChangeGlobalAerosolDataSystemGlobalAnalysis,InterpretationandModelling(ofIGBP)GlobalAtmosphericResearchProgrammeGARPAtlanticTropicalExperimentGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGlobalAtmosphereWatchGEWEXContinental-ScaleInternationalProjectgeneralcirculationmodelGlobalClimateObservingSystemGlobalChangeandTerrestrialEcosystemsgrossdomesticproductGlobalDataProcessingSystemGreenhouseEffectDetectionExperimentGlobalEnvironmentMonitoringSystemJointGroupofExpertsontheScientificAspectsofMarinePollutionGlobalEnergyandWaterCycleExperimentxxiiGFDLGHCNGIEWSGISGISSGLOSSGMCCGNPGOOSGOSG030SGPCCGRDCGRIDGCTPGTOSGTSGTSPPHABITATHDGECHDPHEALsHOMSHRGCHWPIAEAIAUIBNIBPICAOICIDICLICOLPICSTIICSUIDCCIDNDRlEAIFADIGACIGAPIGBPIGFAIGOSSIGUAbbreviations&acronymsGeophysicalFluidDynamicsLaboratory(USA)GlobalHistoricalClimatologyNetworkGlobalInformationandEarlyWarningSystemonFoodandAgriculturegeographicinformationsystemGoddardInstituteofSpaceSciences(USA)GlobalSea-LevelMonitoringSystemGeophysicalMonitoringofClimateChangegrossnationalproductGlobalOceanObservingSystemGlobalObservingSystemGlobalOzoneObservingSystemGlobalPrecipitationClimatologyCentreGlobalRunoffDataCentreGlobalResourcesInformationDatabaseofGEMSGlobalTroposphericChemistryProgrammeGlobalTerrestrialObservingSystemGlobalTelecommunicationSystemGlobalTemperature-SalinityPilotProjectUnitedNationsConferenceonHumanSettlementsHumanDimensionsofGlobalEnvironmentalChangeHumanDimensionsofGlobalEnvironmentalChangeProgrammeHumanExposureAssessmentLocationsProgrammeHydrolOgicalOperationalMultipurposeSubprogrammeHumanResponsetoGlobalChangeHydrologyandWaterResourcesProgrammeofWMOInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyInternationalAstronomicalUnionInternationalBiosciencesNetworksInternationalBiologicalProgrammeInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationInternationalCommissiononIrrigationandDrainageInter-UnionCommissionontheLithosphereindustryco-operativeprogrammeforozonelayerprotectionInternationalCouncilforScientificandTechnicalInformationInternationalCouncilofScientificUnionsInternationalDataRescueCo-ordinatingCentreInternationalDecadeforNaturalDisasterReductionInternationalEnergyAgencyInternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopmentInternationalGlobalAtmosphericProgrammeInternationalGlobalAerosolProgrammeInternationalGeosphere-BiosphereProgrammeInternationalGroupofFundingAgenciesforGlobalClimateChangeIntegratedGlobalOceanServicesSystemInternationalGeographicalUnionxxiiiAbbreviations&acronymsIGYIHDIHPIIASAIJCILOIMCOIMFIMOINCINC/FCCCINFOCLIMAINQUAINSULAIOClODEIPCCIQSYISCCPISLSCPISSSISYITCZITTAITTOIUBIUCCIUFROIUHPSIUMSIUPACIUPAPIUPESMIUBSIUCNIUGGlUGSJGOFSJSCJSTCLDCLoAInternationalGeophysicalYearInternationalHydrologicalDecadeInternationalHydrologicalProgrammeInternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysisInternationalJointCommissionInternationalLabourOrganizationIntergovernmentalMaritimeConsultativeOrganizationInternationalMonetaryFundInternationalMeteorologicalOrganizationIntergovernmentalNegotiatingCommitteeonaFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeInternationalNegotiatingCommittee,FCCCClimateDataInformationReferralSystemInternationalUnionforQuaternaryResearchInternationalScientificCouncilforIslandDevelopmentIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission,andInternationalOzoneCommissionInternationalOceanographicDataExchangeIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeInternationalYearsoftheQuietSunInternationalSatelliteCloudClimatologyProjectInternationalSatelliteLandSurfaceClimatologyProjectInternationalSocietyofSoilScienceInternationalSpaceYearIntertropicalConvergenceZoneInternationalTropicalTimberAgreementInternationalTropicalTimberOrganizationInternationalUnionofBiochemistryInformationUnitonClimateChangeInternationalUnionofForestryResearchInternationalUnionoftheHistoryandPhilosophyofScienceInternationalUnionofMicrobiologicalSciencesInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistryInternationalUnionforPureandAppliedPhysicsInternationalUnionforPhysicalandEngineeringSciencesinMedicineISYInternationalSpaceYearInternationalUnionofBiologicalSciencesInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNatureandNaturalResourcesInternationalUnionofGeodesyandGeophysicsInternationalUnionofGeologicalSciencesJointGlobalOceanFluxStudyJointScientificCommitteefortheWorldClimateResearchProgramme(WCRP)JointScientificandTechnicalCommitteefortheGlobalClimateObservingSystem(GCOS)lessdevelopedcountryLawoftheAtmospherexxivLOICZMABMARSMDDMECCAMEDINASANCARNGONOAAOAUOECDOHPOPECOZONETPAGESPIEPSAPSOPRsSACSAGESCARSCOPESCORSCOSTEPSEISPARCSPREPSSTSTARTSTENDSWCCTCPTOGATOVSTRUCETWASUNCEDUNCTADUNCTCUNDROUNECEUNEPUNESCOUNIDOAbbreviations&acronymsLand-OceanInteractionsintheCoastalZoneManandtheBiosphereProgramme(UNESCO)monitoringagro-ecologicalresourcesbymeansofremotesensingandsimulationMETEOSATDataDisseminationModelEvaluationConsortiumforClimateAssessmentMarineEnvironmentalDataReferralSystemNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(USA)NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch(USA)non-governmentalorganizationNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(USA)OrganizationofAfricanUnityOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOperationalHydrologyProgrammeofWMOOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesozonenetworkPastGlobalChangesProjectPolarIceExtentProjectPacificScienceAssociationPolarStratosphericOzoneProjectPermanentRepresentativesofMemberswithWMOScientificAdvisoryCommitteefortheWorldClimateImpactandResponseStudiesProgramme(WCIRP)StratosphericAerosolandGasExperimentScientificCommitteeonAntarcticResearchScientificCommitteeonProblemsoftheEnvironmentScientificCommitteeonOceanicResearchScientificCommitteeonSolar-TerrestrialPhysicsStockholmEnvironmentInstituteStratosphericProcessesandtheirRoleinClimateSouthPacificRegionalEnvironmentalProgrammesea-surfacetemperatureSystemforAnalysisResearchandTrainingSystemforTechnologyExchangeforNaturalDisastersSecondWorldClimateConferenceTropicalCycloneProgrammeTropicalOceanandGlobalAtmosphereProgrammeTIROSoperationalverticalsounderTropicalUrbanClimateExperimentThirdWorldAcademyofSciencesUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentUnitedNationsCentreonTranslationalCorporationsUnitedNationsDisasterReliefCo-ordinatorUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganizationxxvAbbreviations&acronymsUNITARVCPWCAPWCASPWCDMPWCDPWCIPWCIRPWCPWCRPWDCWHOWIPOWMOWOCEWRCWWWWWWDMUnitedNationsInstituteforTrainingandResearchVoluntaryCo-operationProgramme(WMO)WorldClimateApplicationsProgrammeWorldClimateApplicationsandServicesProgrammeWorldClimateDataandMonitoringProgrammeWorldClimateDataProgrammeWorldClimateImpactandResponseStudiesProgrammeWorldClimateImpactAssessmentandResponseStrategiesProgrammeWorldClimateProgrammeWorldClimateResearchProgrammeWorldDataCentreWorldHealthOrganizationWorldIntellectualPropertiesOrganizationWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationWorldOceanCirculationExperimentWorldRadiationCentreWorldWeatherWatchWorldWeatherWatchDataManagementxxvi