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1ReferencingGuide:TheHarvardReferencingStyle(updatedFeb2017)PreparedbyJudyCohen(UnitfortheEnhancementofLearningandTeaching),andJasonHarper(TemplemanLibrary).
WiththankstoImperialCollegeLondonandLeedsMetropolitanUniversityThisdocumentwillgiveyoubasicguidelinesonhowtoreferencematerialaccordingtothe'Harvard'styleusedattheUniversityofKent.
Thereisnoone,definitiveversionoftheHarvardstyle.
Itismoreofanotion,withmanylocalvariants.
Thisguideaimstoformulatethemostcommonlyacceptedconventions.
Exampleofintextcitationsstartonpage3andexamplesofbibliographicreferencesstartonpage8(contentslistedonpage7).
IntroductionTheHarvardstyleisusedmostlyinthesocialsciences,andparticularlythesedisciplines:anthropology,business,economics,andsocialpolicy.
Itisalsosometimesusedinthesciencesandhumanitiesforthesedisciplines:architecture,computing,drama,healthcareandmathematics.
Itisanauthor-datesystemwherebyyouinsertthereferenceasaparentheticalauthornameanddatewithinthetextofyourdocument,e.
g.
…referencingisarguablythemostdifficultaspectofacademicwritingforstudentstomaster(Jones1999).
Thisiscalleda'citation',andtheformatofthein-textcitationcanvary(seetheguidanceonin-textreferences,below).
Alistofallthereferencesyouhaveused–basedonthecitationsinyourdocument-iscompiledattheendofyourwork.
Thislistisusuallycalleda'referencelist'butmayalsobecalleda'bibliography'1.
Thereferencesinthislistarecarefullyformattedaccordingtothetypeofmaterial.
Seetheguidanceonp.
6onbibliographicreferencesforexamples.
Notethatinthisguide,author'ssurname(orfamilyname)andinitialsonlyhavebeenused.
ItisalsoacceptableintheHarvardsystemtousetheauthor'sfamilynameandfullfirstnameinthereferencelist.
Iftheauthorhastwoinitials,itisusualtolistonlythesurnameandthetwoinitialsratherthangiveafullfirstnameandinitial.
Checkwithyourdepartmentfortheirpreferredstyleoflistingauthornames.
Samplereferencelistusingfullnames:Biggs,H.
M.
(1997).
DeathwithDignity:LegalandEthicalAspectsofEuthanasia.
SchoolofSocialPolicyandSocialSciencesResearch.
Canterbury:UniversityofKent.
PhDThesis.
Hunt,Kim.
(1995).
HorseEvolution.
[Online]TheTalkOriginsArchive.
Availablefrom:http://www.
talkorigins.
org/faqs/horses/horse_evol.
html[Accessed7October2009].
1Abibliographymayalsoincludesourcesyoureadbutdidnotciteinyourwork.
2Citingsourcematerialsinthebodyofyourtext:Thesourceofanymaterialsorideasyouhavetakenfromotherauthors2withinyourtextmustalwaysbeclearlyidentifiedusinganin-textcitation(andfromthisthereadercanidentifythesourceinthebibliography).
Citationsareshortenedreferencestothematerialyouareciting.
Theyfollowaparticularformatandshouldbeinsertedinthebodyofyourtext(orfootnotes,ifthecitationoccursinafootnote)everytimethatyouquoteanotherauthor,makereferencetotheirwork,ortoasourceyouareusing.
Citationsshouldbeplacedinyourtextattheendofclausesorsentences(i.
e.
infrontofcommas,semi-colons,colons,andfull-stops).
Apagereferencemustbegivenwithinthecitationforeachdirectquotation.
Directquotationsinthebodyofyourtextshouldnotexceedtwolines,andmustbeenclosedwithinsinglequotationmarks(doublequotationmarksaregenerallyonlyusedfordirectspeech).
Ifyouneedtoinsertyourownwordsintoadirectquotationtomakethegrammaroftheoverallsentencecorrect,enclosetheseextrawordsinsquarebracketsIfyouomitanywordsinyourquotationfromtheoriginaltext,showthisomissionbyinsertinganellipsis(i.
e.
threedots…)forexample:Smith(1979,p.
9)arguesthatcriticalpaththeoryisimportanttoprojectmanagementintermsofboth'planningforsuccess…[and]preventingbudgetover-runs'.
ThisviewisgenerallyheldtobeetcLongerquotations(i.
e.
longerthantwolines)shouldbesetintothebodyofyourdocumentasaseparate,indentedparagraphwithalinespaceaboveandbelow.
Thetextofthequotationshouldbeonepointsizesmallerthanthatofyourmaintext,e.
g.
.
.
.
thepotentialimpactsofCAPreformtopositionproductioninordertotakeadvantageofnewmarketsisrecognisedbyAriel,CeddiaandPazienza:Whilethecurrentregionalmarketsforcrop-derivedindustrialfibresandoilsandspecialistpharmaceuticalandhealthcarematerialsarecurrentlysmall,andlikelytobewell-supplied,thereissignificantpotentialforregionalexpansionincropsforbio-energyproduction(2007,p.
243).
However,accordingtoSmith,thisisnotauniversallyheldview(2008).
2Theexactrequirementsforreferencingsourcematerialsmayvaryslightlyacrosssubjectsandyearlevels.
ChecktheAcademicIntegritywebsite(www.
kent.
ac.
uk/ai)andwithyourtutor.
3Intextreferences(citations):Refertothetablebelowforguidanceontheformatofin-textcitationsforthedifferentsituationsyouarelikelytoencounter.
SingleauthorInserttheauthor'ssurnameandpublicationyear(bothinsideparentheses).
.
.
asseeninthecharacterisationofRaskolnikov(Dostoyevsky1993).
Upto3authorsSeparateauthornameswithacomma,precedelastauthornamewith'and'('&')thus*:.
.
.
identifiedinthecanonofSartre'swork(Austin,ReesandVinaver1961).
*Youmayuseanampersand('&')inplaceofthe'and'forthefinalauthor'ssurnameifyouwish.
Whicheverconventionyouchoose,applyitconsistentlythroughoutyourdocument.
4ormoreauthorsUsefirstauthor'ssurnameandtheabbreviation'etal.
':.
.
.
thesubtledistinctionsbetweennineteenthcenturyFrenchandEnglishhighculture(Harknessetal.
2003).
NoauthorUsethetitleinplaceoftheauthorname:.
.
.
accepteddefinitiongiven(CollinsGerman-EnglishDictionary1993).
Ifthereisnoauthorbuttheworkhasbeenproducedbyanorganisationorcompany,usethenameoftheorganisationastheauthor:.
.
.
healthissueshaveincreased(DepartmentofHealth2009).
NodateUse'n.
d.
'(notdated)inplaceofthedate:.
.
.
asrecentlyreported(Smithn.
d.
)Onlinesources(seep17below)NoauthorNodate/NoauthorIfalldetailsareavailable,citeonlinesourcesinthenormalway.
Usetheorganisationinplaceofauthorname:…atthevoteonMonday(BBCNews2014).
Usen.
d.
butcheckifthisisagoodonlinesourcetouse!
4ChapterinabookUsechapterauthor'snameandyearofpublication(withpagenumberfordirectquotes):Kennedy(2005,p.
44)arguesthat'richesleadtounhappiness'while…Theitemwillbelistedinthebibliographyunder'Kennedy'MultipleworkspublishedbythesameauthorinthesameyearAddalettersequencetotheyear(a,b,c,d,etc.
),andarrangethereferencesinthebibliographyaccordingtothissequence:.
.
.
articulatedinrecentessaysontheFrenchdramatists(Smith1997a,1997b).
Multipleworkspublishedbydifferentauthorswiththesamename,inthesameyearAddinitialstotheauthorsurname,oradditionalauthornames(andinitials,ifnecessary)untilthecitationbecomesunique:.
.
.
theimpactofsocialchangeonnineteenthcenturyFrenchplaywrights(Smith,J1997).
MultipleworkswithinthesamecitationSeparateeachcitationwithintheparenthesiswithasemi-colon.
Putthereferencesindateorder,withthemostrecentcitationfirst.
Ifcitationssharethesamepublicationyear,puttheminalphabeticalorderbyauthor:.
.
.
shownbyaseriesofintensestudiesoftheauthor'swork(Allen2005;JonesandParkin2002,p.
23;Moore2002;Smith1990).
Thereareotherconventions.
Sometimescitationsareplacedinalphabeticalorderbyauthorname,sometimestheyareplacedindateorderstartingwiththeearliest.
Sometimestheyareplacedinorderofacademicrelevance.
Whicheverconventionyouchoose,useitconsistentlythroughoutyourdocument.
Author'snamealreadygiveninsentenceIncludejusttheyear(andpagereference,ifapplicable)insideparentheses:.
.
.
anessaybyFenkOczionputsforwardanentirelydifferentview(1994,p.
283).
YearalreadygiveninsentenceIncludejusttheauthorname(andpagereference,ifapplicable)insideparentheses:.
.
.
anearlieressayfrom1994putsforwardanentirelydifferentview(Oczion,pp.
283-89).
5AdditionofpagereferencesAddthepagereferencetotheparentheticalcitationusingacommafollowingtheyear,andtheneitherp.
(singlepage)orpp.
(pagerange)….
.
.
inthehistoryofGermanliterarycriticism(Hohendahl1988,p.
217).
Alternativeformats(ifyouchoseoneofthese,applyitconsistentlythroughoutyourdocument):.
.
.
(Hohendahl1988,pg.
217).
.
.
(Hohendahl1988,pgs.
217-23).
.
.
(Hohendahl1988,217).
.
.
(Hohendahl1988,217-23).
.
.
(Hohendahl1988:217).
.
.
(Hohendahl1988:217-23).
.
.
(Hohendahl1988:p.
217).
.
.
(Hohendahl1988:pp.
217-23).
.
.
(Hohendahl1988:pg.
217).
.
.
(Hohendahl1988:pgs.
217-23)Authorcitedinanotherwork(secondarycitation)Trytoavoidthiswherepossible,itisnotgoodpracticetocitematerialthatyouhavenotdirectlyreadyourself.
Youshouldalwaystrytofindtheoriginalpublication.
Whereunavoidable,refertotheoriginalauthor,butmakeitclearthatthesourceofyourinformationisanotherauthorandpublication,e.
g.
.
.
.
AstudybySchneiderindicatesthatworkingisimportanttotheself-esteem,ofresidentsrecentlyreleasedfromlongterminstitutions(citedbyForresterJonesetal.
2002,p.
755).
.
.
.
ForresterJonesetal.
refertoSchneider'sstudyonselfesteem(2002).
(whereSchneideristheoriginalauthor,andForresterJonesistheworktheoriginalauthorismentionedin).
Similarly,.
.
.
InresponsetoWoolf'scommentthattheywerenotasgoodasKeats,T.
S.
Eliotissaidtohavereplied,''Yesweare.
.
.
We'retryingsomethingharder'(NicholsonandTrumann1976,p.
237).
6Bibliographicreferences(the'ReferenceList'or'Bibliography'):Yourreferencelistorbibliographyshouldincludereferencesforeveryworkcitedinyourdocument–andonlyincludeworksthatyouhavedirectlycitedinyourtext.
Thereferencesmustbearrangedalphabeticallybyauthor(usethetitleinplaceofanauthorforanonymousworks)andbeplacedattheendofyourdocument.
Additionalmaterialthatyouhavenotcited,butwishtoindicatethatyouhaveread,maysometimesbeincludedasaseparatelist.
Checkyourdepartmentalguidanceormodulehandbookforinformationonwhetherthisisacceptable.
Ifyoudodecidetoincludeadditionalreading,giveyourmainlistofcitationstheheading'ReferenceList',andthelistofsupplementaryreading(additionalreferencesnotcitedinyourtext)theheading'Bibliography'.
Differentmaterialsarereferencedindifferentways.
Seetheexampleslistedinthisbookletforguidanceonthecorrectformatthateachtypeofreferenceshouldtake.
Eachreferenceinyourlistshouldalsoincludeahangingindentandbeseparatedbyalinespacing.
N.
B.
punctuationandformat(full-stops,commas,colons,italics,dateformats,etc.
)withintheexamplesaresignificant,andexactlythesameformatshouldbereproduced–consistently-inyourownreferences.
7ExamplesofbibliographicreferencesAudiovisualmedia8Book-authored10Book-chapters12Book-edited14Broadcasts15Conferencepapers16Governmentpublications16Internetsources17Journalarticles18Legalmaterials20Liveperformance22Newspaper/magazinearticles23Originalmanuscripts24Personalcommunications25Referenceworks25Reports26Softwareandcomputerprogrammes26Theses27Samplereferencelist288AudiovisualmediaArtworks(paintings,drawings,prints,sculpture,etc.
)ArtistYear(usec.
forapproximate).
Title.
[Materialtype]description(heldatplusthelocationofthegalleryormuseumwheretheoriginalitemiskept).
DaVinci,L.
(c.
1503-1506).
MonaLisa.
[Oilonpoplar].
HeldattheMuséeduLouvre,Paris.
*Forprintsorpostercopiesuse:Artist;Year(usec.
forapproximate);Title[type].
Description(e.
g.
materials,publisherofposterorprint,sourceofimage,orplaceoriginalexhibitedat.
Includesizeofprintifavailable/relevant.
Picasso,P.
(1914).
Fruit,Dish,Bottle&Violin.
[Poster].
Oiloncanvas.
OriginalheldattheNationalGallery,London.
92cmx73cm.
DVDDirector(yearofdistribution).
Title.
[Medium].
Place:Distributor.
Ridley,S.
(1996).
Bladerunner–TheDirector'sCut.
[VHSVideo].
US:Warner.
DVDoftelevisionprogrammeTitleofepisode.
(yearofdistribution).
Titleofseries.
Seriesandepisodenumbers(ifavailable).
[format].
Directedby.
.
,writtenby…,Performedby….
.
Placeofdistribution:distributor.
Bills,Bills,Bills.
(1998).
TheRoyleFamily.
Series1,episode1.
[DVD].
DirectedbyMarkMylod,writtenbyCarolineAherne,CraigCashandHenryNormal.
UK:BBC.
FilmDirector,(yearofrelease)Title.
[Format].
Distributor.
Eugene,L.
(1953).
TheBeastfrom20,000Fathoms.
[Film].
WarnerBrothers.
9MapsAuthor/organisation,year,titleinitalics,sheetnumber(ifpartofaseries),scale,seriestitle,placeofpublication.
OrdnanceSurvey(2004).
Ashford.
Sheet137.
1:25,000.
OSExplorerMap.
London.
MultimediaCDROMauthor/publishinginstitution(Ifnoauthor,usethetitle).
(Year)Title.
[mediaformat].
Placeofpublication:publisher.
Golten,J.
andVerwer,A.
(1991).
ControlSystemDesignandSimulation.
[CDROM].
London:McGrawHill.
EncyclopaediaBritannica(2005).
[CDROM].
UK:EncyclopaediaBritannicaInc.
MusicscoresTreatasabook:Composer.
(Yearofpublication–inbrackets).
Titleofscore–initalics.
.
Seriestitleandvolume–ifavailable.
Edition–ifnotthefirst.
PlaceofPublication:Publisher.
E.
g.
Carole,F(n.
d.
)DuetEtude.
UK:ColumbiaMusicCo.
Online:Audio/visualformats(.
mpeg,.
wav,mp3.
mp4,etc.
)*authorknownArtist/author(yearofdistribution).
Title.
[Format]Availablefrom:givefullURL[Accesseddate].
Smith,J.
(2003).
MusicLive[.
mpeg].
Availablefrom:http://www.
mymusic.
com/index.
html[Accessed21November2009].
OnlineVideo(e.
g.
videoinYoutube)*screenname/usernameknownScreennameorusername.
Year.
Title.
[Online].
[DateAccessed].
Availablefrom:URLLeelefever.
(2008).
TwitterinplainEnglish.
[Online].
[Accessed22November2011].
Availablefrom:http://www.
youtube.
com/watchv=ddO9idmax0o10Books-Authored/editedgeneral:Followtheexemplarsgiveninthetablesbelowfortheexactformatofauthoredandeditedbookreferences.
(Musicscoresaretreatedasbooks;seeaudio/visualsectionabove).
Theinformationshould(whereavailable)begiveninthisorder:Author/editor(alwaysputed.
oreds.
afterthenameifitisaneditor)Yearofpublication(inbrackets)Title(initalics)Ifthebookhasbeentranslated,putTrans.
FollowedbythenameofthetranslatorSeriestitle(ifpartofaseries)andnumberwithintheseries(ifthereisone)Volumenumberifpartofamulti-volumeworkEdition(e.
g.
3rdEdn)PlaceofpublicationPublisherURL(precededby'Availablefrom:')ifonlineDateonlineversionaccessed[Accessedddmonthyear]Book-authoredSingleAuthorMintzberg,H.
(1994).
TheRiseandFallofStrategicPlanning.
HemelHempstead:PrenticeHall.
MultipleauthorAlston,P.
,Bustelo,M.
R.
andHeenan,J.
(1999).
TheEUandHumanRights.
Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.
Fourormoreauthors*SomeSchoolsallowtheuseof'etal'formultipleauthorsandthisisthestyleusedbyTemplemanLibrary.
Checkwithyourtutor.
Ifindoubt,listallauthors.
Marjorie,J.
,Green,M.
,Gardner,A.
andCoomb,H.
(2010)Definingpersonality.
NewYork:ACLS.
White,K.
,etal.
(2003).
Geology.
Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.
CorporateAuthorAmericanCouncilofLearnedSocieties(1994).
TeachingtheHumanities:EssaysfromtheACLSElementaryandSecondarySchoolsTeacherCurriculumDevelopmentProject.
NewYork:ACLS.
Anonymouswork/noidentifiablesingleauthorCollinsGerman-EnglishDictionary(1993).
2ndedn.
Stuttgart:Klett.
11TranslationCanetti,E.
(1960).
CrowdsandPower.
Trans.
Stewart,C.
London:Phoenix.
BookinaforeignlanguageGivethetranslatedtitle,withtheoriginaltitleinsidesquarebrackets,thus:Olsson,B.
(1998).
SwedishLiterature.
[SvenskLitteratur].
Stockholm:Bonniersbokfrlag.
EditionSmith,J.
(1994).
CollectingButterfliesfortheBeginner.
4thedn.
Adelaide:TroutPublishers.
VolumeGreenberg,J.
H.
(1978).
UniversalsofHumanLanguage.
Vol.
3.
Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress.
VolumeandeditionSmith,J.
(1994).
HandbookofInsectCollections.
Vol.
2.
4thedn.
Adelaide:TroutPublishers.
SeriesIncludetheseriestitleafterthetitle.
Theseriestitleisnotitalicised.
Iftheseriesisnumbered,includethenumberwiththeseriestitle:Brown,G.
(2001).
Assessment:AGuideforLecturers.
LTSNGenericCentreAssessmentSeries.
Number3.
York:LTSNGenericCentre.
Electronicbook(accessedonline)Thesefollowthesameformatasabook,butincludetheURLandaccessdateusingthefollowingconventions:'Availablefrom'and[Accessed].
Youmayinserttheformat[Online]afterthetitle:Gillespie,K.
,Jeannet,J.
P.
andHennessey,H.
D.
(2007).
GlobalMarketing:AnInteractiveApproach.
[Online].
2ndedn.
USA:HoughtonMifflin.
Availablefrom:www.
ichapters.
com[Accessed21stNovember2008].
Electronicbook(accessedviaKindle,Nooketc)Thesefollowasimilarformatasonlinesources,butincludethetypeofebooksource(Kindle,Nook,etc.
),followedbytheURLandaccessdate.
12Gillespie,K.
,Jeannet,J.
P.
andHennessey,H.
D.
(2007).
GlobalMarketing:AnInteractiveApproach.
[Kindle].
2ndedn.
USA:HoughtonMifflin.
Availablefrom:https://kindle.
amazon.
com[Accessed21stNovember2013].
Book-chapterwithinabook/editedworkReferencesforbookchaptersincludethefollowinginformation(whereitisavailable)inthisorder.
SeetheexemplarsgiveninthetablefortheexactformatofreferencesAuthorofchapterYearofpublicationforthebookinbracketsTitleofchapterIn:Editor'snamefollowedbyed.
TitleofthebookinitalicsIfthebookhasbeentranslated,putTrans.
FollowedbythenameofthetranslatorSeriestitleandvolume/number(ifpartofaseries)Edition(e.
g.
3rdEdn)PlaceofpublicationPublisherPagenumbersofthechapterURL(precededby'Availablefrom:')ifonlineDateonlineversionaccessed[AccessedddMonthyear]Book-chapterSingleauthorHochschild,J.
,L(1999).
Affirmativeactionasculturewar.
In:Lamont,M.
ed.
TheCulturalTerritoriesofRace.
Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,pp.
343-368.
MultipleauthorsClarke,H.
D.
,Norpoth,H.
andWhiteley,P.
(1998).
It'sabouttime:Modellingpoliticalandsocialdynamics.
In:Scarbrough,E.
andTanenbaum,E.
eds.
ResearchStrategiesintheSocialSciences:AGuidetoNewApproaches.
Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,pp.
127-155.
13Fourormoreauthors*SomeSchoolsallowtheuseof'etal'formultipleauthorsandthisisthestyleusedbyTemplemanLibrary.
Checkwithyourtutor.
Ifindoubt,listallauthors.
Adesso,V.
J.
,etal.
(2004).
SubstanceAbuse.
In:Hersen,M.
ed.
PsychologicalAssessmentinClinicalPractice:APragmaticGuide.
NewYork,NY:Brunner-Routledge,pp.
147-173.
VolumeandeditionSomerfield,J.
(2009).
Shoppinginthe21stCentury.
In:Kotler,M.
ed.
ConsumerismToday.
Vol.
2.
6thedn.
London:Routledge,pp.
231-290.
Electronicchapter(accessedonline)Silver,J.
(2007).
Marketingforsuccess.
In:Green,M.
ed.
GlobalMarketingToday.
[Online].
NewYork:HoughtonMifflin,pp.
19-54.
Availablefrom:www.
ichapters.
com[Accessed24thApril2008].
Electronicchapter(accessedviaebookreader)*SomeSchoolsallowtheuseof'etal'formultipleauthorsandthisisthestyleusedbyTemplemanLibrary.
Checkwithyourtutor.
Ifindoubt,listallauthors.
Wherepagenumbersareavailable,citethese.
Intheabsenceofpagenumbers,thismaybeleftblank(thechapterdetailswillbeenoughtolocatethereader).
Percentagesmaybeusedifthereisnopagenumberandyouwishtogiveareference.
Ifyouchoosethisoptionwherepagenumbersarenotavailable,applyitconsistently.
Whenquotingpagenumbersorpercentages,use'publisherfont'tomatchtheprintversionclosest.
Seeexemplarsbelow.
NB:In-textcitationsshouldbetreatedasnormalandconsistentwiththebibliographicreference.
Adesso,V.
J.
,etal.
(2004).
SubstanceAbuse.
In:Hersen,M.
ed.
PsychologicalAssessmentinClinicalPractice:APragmaticGuide.
NewYork,NY:Brunner-Routledge,pp.
147-173.
Availablefrom:https://kindle.
amazon.
com/[Accessed1August2013].
orAdesso,V.
J.
,etal.
(2004).
SubstanceAbuse.
In:Hersen,M.
ed.
PsychologicalAssessmentinClinicalPractice:APragmaticGuide.
NewYork,NY:Brunner-Routledge.
Availablefrom:https://kindle.
amazon.
com/[Accessed1August2013].
14orAdesso,V.
J.
,etal.
(2004).
SubstanceAbuse.
In:Hersen,M.
ed.
PsychologicalAssessmentinClinicalPractice:APragmaticGuide.
NewYork,NY:Brunner-Routledge,67%.
Availablefrom:https://kindle.
amazon.
com/[Accessed1August2013].
Book-editedEditedbookreferencesareformattedthesameasauthoredbookreferences,exceptthatthelistofeditors'namesisfollowedbytheabbreviation'ed.
'or'eds.
'SeetheseexamplesforguidanceSingleeditor(includingaseriestitle)Walsh,W.
ed.
(2003).
CounselingPsychologyandOptimalHumanFunctioning.
ContemporaryTopicsinVocationalPsychology.
Mahwah,NJ:LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Publishers.
Uptothreeeditors(includingeditiondetails)Lee,W.
R.
andRosenhaft,E.
eds.
(1997).
State,SocialPolicyandSocialChangeinGermany1880-1994.
Updatedandrev.
2ndedn.
Oxford:Berg.
Fourormoreeditors*SomeSchoolsallowtheuseof'etal'formultipleauthorsandthisisthestyleusedbyTemplemanLibrary.
Checkwithyourtutor.
Ifindoubt,listallauthors.
Smuts,B.
B.
,etal.
eds.
(1987).
PrimateSocieties.
Chicago,IL:UniversityofChicagoPress.
TranslationGreen,R.
ed.
(1990).
EqualityandDiversity.
Trans.
Richards,A.
Melbourne:Routledge.
VolumeandeditionGrant,S.
M.
andReid,B.
H.
eds.
(2000).
TheAmericanCivilWar:explorationsandreconsiderations.
Vol.
3.
6thedn.
Harlow:Longman.
15BroadcastsTVorradiobroadcast(thisincludesprogrammesdownloadedfromiplayeretc.
–whichareonlyavailableonlineforashortperiod:taketheseriestitle,episodedetails,distributorandoriginalbroadcastdatefromtheon-screenschedule)Programmetitle.
(yearofproduction).
[Medium].
Placeofbroadcast:broadcaster.
Dateofbroadcast.
Thewarondemocracy:AfilmbyJohnPilger(2006).
[Televisionbroadcast].
UK:ITV1.
20August2007,11pm.
Ifpartofaseries:Episodetitle(yearofproduction).
SeriesTitle.
Seriesandepisodenumbersifavailable.
[Medium].
Placeofbroadcast:broadcaster.
Dateofbroadcast.
Bills,Bills,Bills.
(1998).
TheRoyleFamily.
Series1,episode1.
[Televisionbroadcast].
UK:BBC1.
14September.
Electronicbroadcasts(e.
g.
vidcast,podcast,etc.
)Author(year).
Title.
[format–e.
g.
'Podcast'].
Availablefrom:URL[Accesseddate].
ClimateRow(2009).
[Podcast].
Availablefrom:http://downloads.
bbc.
co.
uk/podcasts/worldservice/wbnews/wbnews_20091007-2253a.
mp3[Accessed8October2009].
InterviewsNameofinterviewee,(yearofinterview)Interviewedby…Titleofinterview(ifany).
Titleofprogramme.
(dateandtimeofbroadcast).
Productiondetails.
Ifpublishedonlineadd:[Online].
Availableat:fullURL.
[Accesseddate].
Dr.
Who.
(2012)InterviewedbyJamesKirk,NineO'ClockNews.
(2December,9:30pm)ZTV4.
16Conferencepapers/postersTreatconferencepapers/posterlikeachapterinabook;treatwholeconferenceproceedingslikeaneditedbook.
Forunpublishedpapers,includeIncludethedateand(ifapplicable)numberoftheconferenceinthetitleEntireproceedings(asaneditedbook)More,J.
D.
andLehman,J.
F.
eds.
(1995).
ProceedingsoftheSeventeenthAnnualConferenceoftheCognitiveScienceSociety:July22-25.
Mahwah,N.
J.
Hove:Erlbaum.
Conferencepapers(articleswithinconferenceproceedings)Peacock,S.
andSharp,J.
(2006).
AHolisticapproachtodeployingTurnitinUKthatencouragessustainablechangeininstitutionalplagiarismpractice.
In:Duggan,F.
ed.
2ndInternationalPlagiarismConference2006Proceedings,19-21June,2006.
Newcastle:NorthumbriaLearningPress,pp.
237-238.
Unpublishedpapers/postersPeacock,S.
andSharp,J.
(2016).
InvestigatingwaysofImplementingTurnitin.
Unpublishedposterpresentationat:14thInternationalconferenceonPlagiarism,2-4December2016,Stockholm,Sweden.
GovernmentpublicationsPublishinggovernmentdepartmentYearTitleinitalicsPapernumber(ifapplicable)PlaceofpublicationPublisherIfonline:'Availablefrom:'givefullURL,[AccessedddMonthyear].
WhiteandgreenpapersHMGovernment(2009).
ShapingCare.
Cm7673.
London:TSO(TheStationeryOffice).
OnlinegovernmentreportDepartmentforEducationandSkills(2003).
EveryChildMatters.
[Online].
Cm5860.
London:TheStationeryOffice.
Availablefrom:http://www.
dcsf.
gov.
uk/everychildmatters/[Accessed12December2009].
17Internetpagesorwebsites(forvideoclipsetcseeaudio/visualabove)Author/editor.
Usecorporateauthorifthereisnoobviousauthor.
Ifthereisnoauthor/corporateauthor,usethetitleofthepageYearpagepublished(orlastupdated)-ifnoyearuse(n.
d.
)fornodateTitleinitalics(unlessyouhavealreadylistedthisasabove)Titleoftheoverallwebsite,placeofpublicationandpublishingorganisationcanbeaddedifknown.
[Online]Datethepagelastupdated(ifgiven)Availablefrom:givefullURL[Accessed:ddMonthyear].
Specialcases:Iflistingafullwebsiteratherthanawebpage,justgivetheURLofthehomepage.
IfthereisnoinformationotherthantheURL,referencethewebpageinyourin-textcitationusingtheURL.
UsetheURLinplaceofanauthorortitletoordertheiteminyourreferencelistUseashortformoftheURLifthefullURListoolong.
Thepurposeofthisistomakeyourtextreadable,butsothatyourreadercanfindthewebpageyouhaveused.
Ifthereisnoauthor,corporateauthorortitleofawebpage,andallyouhaveistheURL,askyourselfifyoushouldbecitingitinanacademicwork(seetheAcademicIntegritywebsitewww.
kent.
ac.
uk/uelt/aiformoreinformation).
AuthoredwebpageHunt,K.
(1995).
Horseevolution[Online].
TheTalkOriginsArchive.
Availablefrom:http://www.
talkorigins.
org/faqs/horses/horse_evol.
html[Accessed7October2009].
Webpage,corporateororganisationalauthorNationalHealthService(NHS)(2009).
Swineflu[Online].
Availablefrom:http://www.
nhs.
uk/Conditions/Pandemic-flu/Pages/Symptoms.
aspx[Accessed8October2009].
18Noauthor,nocorporateauthorPalatialHouses(1990).
[Online].
Availablefrom:www.
palatialhouse.
com/homes/1990-06/13/content_8280142.
htm[Accessed3November2007].
EntirewebsiteUsetheorganisationnameorthetitlegivenonthehomepageofthesite:AustralianBureauofStatistics(n.
d.
).
[Online].
Availablefrom:http://www.
abs.
gov.
au/[Accessed2December2008].
BlogorpostingtoanemaildiscussiongroupGivetheauthor,(year).
messagetitle.
dateofposting.
Internetsitetitleinitalics[Online].
Availablefrom:URL[Accesseddate].
Rotheram,B.
(2009).
Sowherearewe23March2009.
SoundsGood[Online].
Availablefrom:http://soundsgooduk.
blogspot.
com/2009/03/so-where-are-we.
html[Accessed4October2009].
WikiAWikiisacollaborativewebsitewhichcanbefreelyauthoredbyanyone,withlittleornoeditorialcheck.
Thesesiteschangefrequentlyandareusuallynotgoodsourcesforacademicwork.
Titleofarticle,(yearpublished/lastupdated)TitleofInternetsiteinitalics.
[Online].
Availablefrom:URL.
[Accesseddate].
Havana(2009).
Wikipedia[Online].
Availablefrom:http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Havana[Accessed8October2009].
JournalarticlesTheinformationisgiveninthisorderunlikebooksandbookchapters:Authornames(usethesameconventionsasforbooks)YearinparenthesesTitleofthearticleTitleofthejournalinitalics(include[online]ifappropriate)VolumenumberIssuenumberinsideparenthesesPagenumbersforthearticleURLprecededby'Availablefrom:'ifanonlinearticleDateonlineversionaccessed[AccessedddMonthyear]19Followtheformatandconventionsexactlyasgivenintheseexamplereferences:SingleauthorJackson,D.
B.
(2003).
Between-lakedifferencesinthedietandprovisioningbehaviourofBlack-throatedDiversGaviaArcticabreedinginScotland.
Ibis,145(1),30-44.
MultipleauthorsEltis,D.
,Lewis,F.
D.
andRichardson,D.
(2005).
Slaveprices,theAfricanslavetrade,andproductivityintheCaribbean,1674-1807.
EconomicHistoryReview,58(4),673-700.
Fourormoreauthors*Kirkman,S.
P.
,Kirkman,S.
P,Bester,M.
N.
,Pistorius,P.
A.
,Hofmeyr,G.
J.
G.
,Jonker,F.
C.
,Owen,R.
andStrydom,N.
(2003).
VariationinthetimingofmoultinsouthernelephantsealsatMarionIsland.
SouthAfricanJournalofWildlifeResearch,33(2),79.
OnlinejournalarticleHarker,M.
J.
(1999).
RelationshipmarketingdefinedAnexaminationofcurrentrelationshipmarketingdefinitions.
MarketingIntelligenceandPlanning[Online],17(1),13-20.
Availablefrom:www.
emeraldinsight.
com/10.
1108/02634509910253768[Accessed2December2007].
20Legalmaterials,legislationandofficialdocumentsSeeeachitemforexactformatting(formatsforlegalmaterialsandlegislationarebasedontheOxfordStandardforCitationofLegalAuthorities3)Remember–withcases,Bills,ActsandStatutoryInstruments-usethetitleforyourin-textcitationinplaceofanauthornameBillsNameofBill,originatingHouseofParliament(dateofparliamentarysession)Billnumber(putthenumberinsidesquarebracketsiftheBilloriginatedintheHouseofCommons)e.
g.
IdentityCardsBillHC(2005-6)[49].
ClimateChangeBillHL(2007-08)9.
Intext:AsreflectedintheClimateChangeBill(2007-08)…AddanysectionnumbersusingtheconventionsgivenforActs/Statues,andStatutoryInstruments(below)Acts/StatutesGivethetitle(donotitalicise)anddate.
Ifapplicable,anyfurtherinformationaboutthejurisdictionorhistoryshouldbegivenafterthedateinsidebracketse.
g.
FurtherandHigherEducationAct1992.
Torefertospecificpartsofanactorstatute,usetheabbreviations's'(section),'ss'(subsection),and'para'(paragraph)–givingthenumbersasappropriate.
Thiscanbeabbreviatedfurtherbydroppingthe'ss'andplacinganysubsectionnumberswithinparentheses,orsimilarlydropping'para'andplacingthenumberoftheparagraphwithinsquarebracketsE.
g.
anactshowingthespecificjurisdiction(UK),andaparticularparagraph(number2)inasubsection(number1)ofsection15:WaterResourcesAct1991(UK)s15(1)[2].
3OxfordStandardforCitationofLegalAuthorities(2006).
Oxford:FacultyofLaw,UniversityofOxford.
Availablefrom:http://denning.
law.
ox.
ac.
uk/published/oscola_2006.
pdf[Accessed12December2009].
21StatutoryInstruments(SIs)GivetheStatutoryInstrumenttitle,theyearpublished,theabbreviationfortheseries(e.
g.
SI,SR&O,etc.
),andSInumber.
TorefertospecificpartsoftheSI,addtheappropriateabbreviation('sch'forschedule,'pt'forpart,'art'forarticle,'para'forparagraph)andthenumberThePublicContractRegulations2006SI2006/5art5.
CasesGivethetitleofthecaseusingtheformatPlaintiffvDefendant(Year)volumenumberLawreportseries(abbreviatethetitle)andgivethestartpage.
Additionalinformation(e.
g.
nameofpresidingcourt,nameofcounsel,orabbreviatedcasename)shouldbegiveninbracketsfollowingthis.
E.
g.
Carlillv.
CarbolicSmokeBallCo(1893)1QB256.
BigosvBousted[1951]1AllER92,(KB).
MirageStudiosvCounterfeitClothingCoLtd[1991]FSR145(NinjaTurtlesCase).
PatentsLandini,L.
andChielini,E.
(2007).
WaterSolubleandBiodegradableSelfAirproofTightClosingBag.
CN101045489(Patent).
StandardsStandardInstitutionname(year)Standardnumber.
Title.
Place:Publisher.
E.
g.
BritishStandardInstitution(2003)BS5950-8:2003.
StructuraluseofSteelworkinBuilding:CodeofPracticeforFireResistantDesign.
London:BSI.
22LiveperformancesConcertsComposer(yearofwork).
Titleofconcert.
[Typeofperformance–e.
g.
'Concert'].
Whotheconcertwas'Performedby'and'conductedby'.
Venueforperformance,anddateofperformance.
Vivaldi,A.
(2000).
ConcertoNo.
1inEmajor,Op.
8,RV269,'Laprimavera'(Spring)—Movement1:AllegrofromTheFourSeasons.
PerformedbyWichitaStateUniversityChamberPlayers,conductedbyRobertTurizziani.
WichitaStateConcertHall,6February2000.
*Forbands:usenameofband,date,[Location:Dateseen].
TheBigBoyBand(2009).
GlastonburyFestival,20June2009.
Dance(liveperformance)Familyname,initial(s)(ofthechoreographer).
Yearofpremière.
Title.
[Dateseenandwhere].
Ashton,F.
1940.
Dantesonata,TheRoyalBallet.
[Performanceviewed10July2004,LincolnCentre,NewYork].
RecordedliveperformanceFamilyname,initial(s)(ofthedirector/producer).
dir.
/prod.
(dependingonwhetherdirectororproducer)Yearpublishedorfirsttransmission.
Titleofvideoorprogramme.
[Typeofmedium,egvideo].
ProductioncompanyorPublisher[furtherdetailstoidentifydanceworks].
Lockyer,B.
dir.
1979.
Sadler'sWellsRoyalBallet.
[Videofortelevisiontransmission].
BBCTVinassociationwithR.
M.
ProductionsMunich[LesPatineurs,Ashton;PineapplePoll,Cranko].
23Theatreproduction:authoredplayFamilyname,initial(s)(ofauthor).
Yearofproduction.
Title.
Fullnameofdirector.
dir.
Nameandlocationoftheatre:Theatrecompany.
Firstperformance:dateoffirstperformance.
Shakespeare,W.
1989.
Pericles,PrinceofTyre.
DavidThacker.
dir.
TheSwan,Stratford-upon-Avon:RoyalShakespeareCompany.
Firstperformance:6September1989.
DevisedproductionFamilyname,INITIAL(S)(ofproducer/productioncompany).
Yearofproduction.
Title.
Fullnameofdirector.
dir.
Nameandlocationoftheatre:Theatrecompany.
Firstperformance:dateoffirstperformance.
Burlinson,KandCrarer,C.
2013.
EmilyWildingDavison:theonewhothrewherselfunderthehorse.
KathBurlinson.
dir.
SmallhytheBarnTheatre,Kent:CambridgeDevisedTheatre.
Firstperformance:4June2013.
NewspaperormagazinearticlesGivethedetailsinthisorderAuthor/reporter'snameifavailable,otherwiseusethetitleofthearticlePublicationyearinbracketsTitleofthearticleIfthearticleisareviewofsomethingelse(book,film,play,etc.
)add'Reviewof'anddetailsoftheitemreviewed,andthenameoftheoriginator(author,director,playwright,etc.
)TitleofthenewspaperormagazineinitalicsIfthearticleisfromaspecificedition,supplementorsection,givethenameofthisinsidebracketsDateofissuePagenumbersforthearticleURLprecededby'Availablefrom:'ifanonlinearticleDateonlineversionaccessed[AccessedddMonthyear]SingleauthorToynbee,P.
(2006).
Comment&Debate.
Guardian,5September,p.
27.
MultipleauthorsSpacey,K.
,Whishaw,B.
andWhittaker,S.
(2004).
SoshouldweworryGuardian,23April,pp.
8-9.
24NoauthorElemental,MyDearTurner.
(2003).
Times,12November,pp.
12-13.
Latereditions/supplementsFriedland,J.
(2002).
AcrosstheDivide.
Guardian,(sectionG2)15January,pp.
10-11.
Reviewarticleinamagazineornewspaper(reviewofabook,film,play,etc.
)Denby,D.
(2000).
OntheBattlefield.
ReviewofTheHurricane,dir.
NormanJewison.
NewYorker,10January,pp.
90-92.
OnlinenewspaperarticleKington,M.
(2006).
Sailingthe450SeastotheTwoCornersoftheEarth.
Independent[Online],(Editorial&Opinion)17November,p.
38.
Availablefrom:http://www.
independent.
co.
uk/[Accessed20November2006].
OriginalmanuscriptManuscriptsheldincollectionsauthor(ifknown)(yearifavailable).
title.
[format-specifywhetheramanuscriptortypescript:ms.
orts.
].
collectionname-manuscriptnumber.
Locationofcollection/libraryorinstitutionhousingthematerial.
Somner,W.
(c.
1640).
TheAntiquitiesofCanterbury.
:OraSurveyofThatAncientCitie,withtheSuburbs,andCathedrall.
[ms.
].
CanterburyCathedralLibrary.
H/U-6-24.
CanterburyCathedral,Canterbury.
APropreNewBookeofCokery,DeclaryngWhatManerofMeatesBeeBestinCeasonforAllTymesofYear(n.
d.
).
[ts.
].
CrowCollection.
STC3365.
5.
TemplemanLibrary,UniversityofKent,Canterbury.
25PersonalcommunicationsCorrespondence*Foranunpublishedletterinanarchive,followtheguidelinesfororiginalmanuscripts(above).
Forlettersprintedinapublishedcollection,citeasasecondarycitation.
Listtheeditedworkinthebibliography.
Nicholson,N.
andTrautmann,J.
eds.
(1976).
TheLettersofVirginiaWoolf.
Vol.
2.
NewYork:Harcourt.
…assaidbyWoolf(citedinNicholson,&Trautmann1976:p54).
Forapersonalletteroremail,givetheauthor,recipient,title(ifavailable)description[personalemailorcommunication:date].
e.
g.
Steinbeck,J.
,LetterfromtheAuthor.
[Personalcommunication:18August1969].
*permissionmustbesoughtbeforeusingunpublishedpersonalcorrespondence.
ReferenceworksReferenceworksoftendonothaveanobviousauthor.
Ifthereisanauthororeditor,citeandreferencetheworkasperauthored/editedbooks.
Ifthereisnoauthor/editor,youcanusethetitle.
AuthorMacey,D.
(2000).
ThePenguinDictionaryofCriticalTheory.
London:PenguinBooks.
Noobviousauthor/editorCollinsGerman-EnglishDictionary(1993).
2ndedn.
Stuttgart:Klett.
EntrieswithinareferenceworkEntryinanonlineversionofthesameworkHibbard,J.
D.
,Kotler,P.
andHitchens,K.
A.
(1997).
Marketingandmerchandising.
In:TheNewEncyclopaediaBritannica.
Vol.
23.
15threvisededn.
London:EncyclopaediaBritannica.
Hibbard,J.
D.
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andHitchens,K.
A.
(1997).
Marketingandmerchandising.
In:TheNewEncyclopaediaBritannica.
[Online].
Vol.
23.
2615threvisededn.
London:EncyclopaediaBritannica.
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britannica.
com/[Accessed10December2009].
ReportsAuthorYearTitleSeriestitle(ifapplicable)PlaceofpublicationOrganisationReportnumber(ifapplicable)Availablefrom:givefullURL[AccessedddMonthyear].
TechnicalreportsLeatherwood,S.
(2001).
Whales,DolphinsandPorpoisesoftheWesternNorthAtlantic.
USDeptofCommerce.
Reportnumber:63.
Workingpapers(includeseriestitle,anddetailsofonlineavailability)Korniyenko,Y.
andSakatsume,T.
(2009).
ChineseInvestmentintheTransitionCountries.
[Online].
WorkingPaperSeries.
London:EuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopment.
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ebrd.
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htm[Accessed4October2009].
Software-ComputerprogrammesComputerprogrammeOriginator/author(ifknown)(yearifknown).
Titleofprogramme.
[Format].
Versionorplatform.
Placeofpublication:Publisher/Distributor.
Detailsofonlineavailabilityandaccessdate.
ThomsonISIResearchsoft(2009).
EndNoteX3.
[Downloadableprogramme].
Windowsversion.
ThomsonISIResearchsoft.
Availablefrom:http://www.
endnote.
com/enpurchase.
asp[Accessed14December2009].
27Theses(includingfinaldissertations,projectreportsandessaysbyanystudent)UnpublishedGive:theauthor(date).
Title.
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Place:Universityname.
TypeofthesisBiggs,H.
M.
(1997).
Deathwithdignity:legalandethicalaspectsofeuthanasia.
SchoolofSocialPolicyandSocialSciencesResearch.
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PhDThesis.
PublishedTreatpublishedthesesasauthoredbooks28SampleReferenceList:Alston,P.
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TheRoyleFamily.
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DirectedbyMarkMylod,writtenbyCarolineAherne,CraigCashandHenryNormal.
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BritishStandardInstitution(2003)BS5950-8:2003.
StructuraluseofSteelworkinBuilding:CodeofPracticeforFireResistantDesign.
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Checkwithyourtutor.
Ifindoubt,listallauthors.
Aboveall,beconsistent-chooseoneformatandusethatthroughout.