psyoutubemp3mp4

GlossaryandSubjectIndexBrigitteEndres-NiggemeyerGlossaryandSubjectIndexUseTheglossarylistsandexplainstechnicaltermsusedinthebook.
Itworksasasub-jectindex,butitcomesupwithshortdescriptionsoftheconceptsinsteadofmerelylistingthem.
Thishasitsreasonsinthebehaviorofmashups.
Astheyspreadoutovermanyareas,theymaydrawreadersintosurroundingswheretheyrisktobeconfrontedwithnewconcepts,sothatsometimessomeassistancemaybewelcome.
Almostallglossaryentrieslinktothewebsiteoranotherresource(mostoftenascienticpaper)fromwheretheexplanationwastakenandwheremoreinforma-tionisavailable.
OftenWikipediahelpswithsomeknowledgerstaid.
FromtheWikipediapages,linksleadtomorecomprehensivesourcesanddeeperknowledge.
Linkingstraighttotheoriginalwebsitesoftenturnedouttobedisappointingbecausetheydidnotofferanysuitablematerialfortheshortglossaryitems.
Asusual,glossarytermsappearinalphabeticalorder.
Theirentriesendwithasetofmnemonickeysthatpointtothechapterswherethetermoccurs.
Thekeysimmediatelytellhowpopularatermisandwhereitoccurs.
Thekeysandtheirreferences:[dbpedia]DBpediaMashups[eco]TheMashupEcosystem[emergency]MashupsfortheEmergencyManagementDomain[math]MashupsUsingMathematicalKnowledge[search]MashupsforWebSearchEngines[sensors]MashupsfortheWebofThings[simil]SimilarityMashupsforRecommendation[speech]SpeechMashups[standards]MashupsLiveonStandards[travel]TravelMashups[urban]UrbanMashupsAllweblinkswerecheckedonNovember30,2012.
B.
Endres-Niggemeyer(ed.
),SemanticMashups,DOI10.
1007/978-3-642-36403-7,Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013349350B.
Endres-NiggemeyerAA*(A-star)graphsearch:A*isacomputeralgorithmforpathndingandgraphtraversal.
Notedforitsperformanceandaccuracy,itenjoyswidespreaduse.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm[dbpedia]Acousticmodel:Largesamplinglibraryofspeechrecordings,capturingallpossiblesoundvariations.
[speech]Actuator:Actuatorsareexecutingdevicesofanagent,asopposedtosensorsthatperceiveexternalstimuli.
[eco][sensors][urban][travel]AIFF:TheAudioInterchangeFileFormat(AIFF)isanaudioleformatstandardusedforstoringsounddataonelectronicaudiodevices.
TheaudiodatainastandardAIFFleareun-compressedpulse-codemodulation(PCM).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format[standards]AJAX:AJAX(AsynchronousJavaScriptandXML)isagroupofinterrelatedwebde-velopmenttechniquesusedontheclient-sidetocreateasynchronouswebapplications.
[eco][search][sensors][standards][travel]AlertService(SAS):Webinterfaceforpublishingandsubscribingtosensoralerts.
http://www.
ogcnetwork.
net/SAS[sensors][travel]AmazonElasticComputeCloud(EC2):AmazonElasticComputeCloud(AmazonEC2)isawebservicethatprovidesresizablecomputecapacityinthecloud.
Itisdesignedtomakeweb-scalecomputingeasierfordevelopers.
Developerspayonlyforwhattheyuse.
http://aws.
amazon.
com/ec2/[dbpedia][speech]Ambientintelligence:Ambientintelligence(AmI)isintelligencewhichhasbeeninte-gratedintotheenvironment.
AmIreferstoelectronicenvironmentsthataresensitiveandre-sponsivetothepresenceofpeople.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Ambient_intelligence[eco]Analog-to-Digital(A/D)converter:Devicethatconvertstheinputcontinuousphysicalquantitytoadigitalnumberthatrepresentsthequantity'samplitude.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter[speech]Annotation:Additionalinformationassociatedwithawebresource,oftencontainingmetadata.
[dbpedia][eco][emergency][math][speech][travel]AnomalousStateofKnowledge(ASK):Situationofknowledgegapininformationseeking—auserisunabletospecifypreciselywhatisneededtoresolvethemissingknowl-edgeanomaly.
[search]ANSI:AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute.
http://www.
ansi.
org[standards]Applicationprogramminginterface(API):Specicationintendedtobeusedasaninter-facebysoftwarecomponentstocommunicatewitheachother.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Application_programming_interface[dbpedia][eco][emergency][math][search][sensors][simil][speech][standards][urban][travel]ARML:XML-basedAugmentedRealityMarkupLanguage.
http://www.
opengeospatial.
org/projects/groups/arml2.
0swg[standards]Atom:XML-basedSyndicationFormatforwebfeeds.
http://tools.
ietf.
org/html/rfc4287[simil][standards]Audiocapturing:Obtaininganexternalsoundsignalforasoundle,normallythroughamicrophone.
http://docs.
oracle.
com/javase/tutorial/sound/capturing.
html[speech]Audioplay-back:Playingaudiofromasoundle.
[speech]Augmentedreality(AR):Liveviewofaphysical,real-worldenvironmentaugmentedbycomputer-generatedsensoryinputsuchassound,video,graphicsorGPSdata.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Augmented_reality[eco][standards][urban]GlossaryandSubjectIndex351Authentication:Identifyingacomputeruser,incommonpracticeatleastwithIDandpassword.
Differentfromauthorizationpermittingtheaccesstospecicresources.
[math][search][speech][standards][travel]Automaticspeechrecognition(ASR):Conversionofspeechtotext.
[speech]Autosuggestfunctionality:Autosuggest,orautocomplete,showsalistofvaluesinadropdownlistthatislteredbytheuserinputinatexteld.
http://www.
oracle.
com/technetwork/developer-tools/adf/learnmore/004-auto-suggest-169120.
pdf[search]AVS:ChineseAudioVideoStandard.
[standards]BBayesianclassier:ABayesianclassiertriestopredictthevaluesoffeaturesformembersofaclassfroma(natural)classtheybelongto.
Examplesaregroupedinclassesbecausetheyhavecommonvaluesforthefeatures.
Ifanagentknowstheclass,itcanpredictthevaluesoftheotherfeatures.
Ifitdoesnotknowtheclass,Bayes'rulecanbeusedtopredicttheclassgiven(someof)thefeaturevalues.
ThesimplestcaseisthenaiveBayesianclassier,whichmakestheindependenceassumptionthattheinputfeaturesareconditionallyindependentofeachothergiventheclassication.
http://artint.
info/html/ArtInt_181.
html[simil]Bayesiannetworks:Bayesiannetworksaredirectedacyclicgraphswhosenodesrepre-sentrandomvariables.
Edgesrepresentconditionaldependenciesstatedinprobabilityfunc-tions.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Bayesian_network[sensors]BDGP:BerkeleyDrosophilaGenomeProject.
[eco]BNF:Backus–NaurForm—formalnotationforlanguages.
http://otal.
umd.
edu/drweb/c++tutorial/lessons/BNF.
HTM[speech]CC-SPARQL:SPARQLextensionforcontinuousqueries.
http://wiki.
larkc.
eu/c-sparql[urban]Calibration:Calibrationsetsameasurementdevicetoastandardgivenbyacertiedmasterdevice.
[sensors]CAS:Acomputeralgebrasystem(CAS)isatypicallyinteractivesoftwaresystemforcomputeralgebra.
MostCASalsoincludecalculusandmanyotherareasofmathematics.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Computer_algebra_system[math]CascadingStyleSheets(CSS):CascadingStyleSheets(CSS)isastylesheetlanguageusedfordescribingthelookandformattingofadocumentwritteninamarkuplanguage.
ItsmostcommonapplicationistostylewebpageswritteninHTMLandXHTML,butthelanguagecanalsobeappliedtoanykindofXMLdocument,includingplainXML,SVGandXUL.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets[standards]CDC:CenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention.
http://www.
cdc.
gov[emergency]CDMI:CloudManagementInterface:Functionalinterfacethatapplicationswillusetocreate,retrieve,updateanddeletedataelementsfromtheCloud.
http://www.
snia.
org/cdmi[standards]Chunking:ChunkingreferstothedatatransferencodingintroducedinHTTP1.
1tode-liverdatain'chunks'.
ThisencodingallowsHTTPmessagestobedeliveredwithoutspec-ifyingthetotallengthofthemessagewhichistypicallyrequiredbytheentityheadereld352B.
Endres-NiggemeyerContent-length.
Inchunkingmode,thesenderspeciesthelengthofeachchunkjustbeforethechunkitselfandcommunicatestheendofthemessagebysendinganalchunkoflengthzerotothereceiver.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Chunked_transfer_encoding[speech]Citizensensornetwork:SocialWebasanetworkofinterconnected,participatoryciti-zenswhoactivelyobserve,report,collect,analyzeanddisseminateinformationabouteventsandactivitiesviatext,audioand/orvideomessagesinalmostrealtime.
[emergency][travel]Closedworldassumption:Theclosedworldassumptionisthepresumptionthatwhatisnotcurrentlyknowntobetrueisfalse.
Theoppositeoftheclosedworldassumptionistheopenworldassumption,statingthatlackofknowledgedoesnotimplyfalsity.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Closed_world_assumption[urban]Clustering:Clusteranalysisorclusteringisassigningasetofobjectsintogroups(calledclusters)sothattheobjectsinthesameclusteraremoresimilartoeachotherthantothoseinotherclusters.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Cluster_analysis[emergency][search][sensors]CMYK:Colorspaceforprint.
CMYKreferstothefourinksusedinsomecolorprinting:cyan,magenta,yellow,andkey(black).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/CMYK_color_model[standards]Codec:Acodecisadeviceorcomputerprogramcapableofencodingordecodingadigitaldatastreamorsignal.
Inpractice,"codec"issometimesusedtorefertocodingorcompressionformats.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Codec[speech]Collaborativeltering(CF):Collaborativeltering(CF)isatechniqueusedbysomerecommendersystems.
Theylterforinformationorpatternswithtechniquesinvolvingcol-laborationamongmultipleagents,viewpoints,datasources,etc.
Thismayincludeautomaticpredictions(ltering)abouttheinterestsofauserbycollectingpreferencesortasteinfor-mationfrommanyusers(collaborating).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Collaborative_ltering[simil][urban]Collaborativesoftware:Collaborativesoftwareorgroupwareiscomputersoftwarede-signedtohelppeopleinvolvedinacommontasktoachievegoals.
Theynormallyfullldif-ferentroles,e.
g.
asinitiators,stakeholdersandadministrators.
Travelorganizingisascenariowheredifferentplayerscollaborate.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Collaborative_software,http://mashart.
org/composableweb2009/paper6.
pdf[eco][travel][urban]Comma-SeparatedValues(CSV):AComma-SeparatedValues(CSV)lestorestabulardata(numbersandtext)inplain-textform.
ACSVleconsistsofanynumberofrecords,separatedbylinebreaksofsomekind;eachrecordconsistsofelds,separatedbysomeothercharacterorstring,mostcommonlyaliteralcommaortab.
Usually,allrecordshaveanidenticalsequenceofelds.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Comma-separated_values[eco][sensors][standards][urban]Complexeventprocessing(CEP):Eventprocessingthatcombinesdatafrommultiplesourcestoinfereventsorpatternsthatsuggestmorecomplicatedcircumstances.
Thegoalistoidentifymeaningfulevents(suchasopportunitiesorthreats)andrespondtothemasquicklyaspossible.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Complex_event_processing[sensors]Compression:Datacompression,sourcecoding,orbit-ratereductioninvolvesencodinginformationusingfewerbitsthantheoriginalrepresentation.
Losslesscompressionreducesbitsbyidentifyingandeliminatingstatisticalredundancy.
Lossycompressionreducesbitsbyidentifyingmarginallyimportantinformationandremovingit.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Data_compression[speech][standards]Concatenativespeechsynthesis:Concatenativespeechsynthesisisbasedonthecon-catenation(orstringingtogether)ofsegmentsofrecordedspeechfromabigspeechdatabase.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Speech_synthesis[speech]GlossaryandSubjectIndex353Consumermashup:Consumermashupsaremadefor/createdbyend-users.
Theycom-binedatafrommultiplepublicsourcesinthebrowserandorganizethemthroughasimplebrowseruserinterface.
Theyareseenasopposedtodatamashupsandbusinessmashups.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)[eco][travel]ContentDictionary(CD):AContentDictionary(CD)isthedeclarationofacollec-tionofsymbols,theirnames,descriptions,andrules.
AnexampleofaCDis'setname1'whichindicatesthesemanticofsuchsymbolsasN,thesetofnaturalnumbers.
http://www.
openmath.
org/cd/index.
html[math]Contextawareness:Behaviorofapplicationsthatadapttocontextconditionsduringjobexecution.
[eco]Corpus:Acorpusisasetofempiricaldata,oftentextorspeech.
Thestandarduseisstatisticalanalysisandhypothesistesting,checkingoccurrencesorvalidatinglinguisticrulesonaspecicuniverse.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Text_corpus[dbpedia][search][speech]CosineSimilaritymeasure:CosineSimilarityisoftenusedwhencomparingtwodocu-mentsagainsteachother.
Itmeasurestheanglebetweenthetwovectors.
Ifthevalueiszerotheanglebetweenthetwovectorsis90degreesandtheysharenoterms.
Ifthevalueis1thetwovectorsarethesameexceptformagnitude.
http://inside.
mines.
edu/~ckarlsso/mining_portfolio/similarity.
html#cosine[simil]Crawler:AwebcrawlerisacomputerprogramthatbrowsestheWorldWideWebinamethodical,automatedmanner.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Web_crawler[dbpedia][simil]CreativeCommons:CreativeCommonsisanon-protorganizationthatenablestheshar-inganduseofcreativityandknowledgethroughfreelegaltools,theCreativeCommonsli-censes.
http://creativecommons.
org/about[dbpedia]Crowdsourcing:Crowdsourcingisadistributedproblem-solvingandproductionmodel.
Problemsarebroadcasttoanunknowngroupofsolversintheformofanopencallforsolu-tions.
Userssubmitsolutions.
Thecontributorofthesolutionis,insomecases,compensatedeithermonetarily,withprizes,withrecognitionormerelywithhisownintellectualsatisfac-tion.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Crowdsourcing[dbpedia][emergency][search]CURIO:CollaborativeUserResourceInteractionOntology.
http://www.
weknowit.
eu/content/curio_collaborative_user_resource_interaction_ontology[travel]DDatastreaming:Datastreamingisaboutmonitoringhugeandrapidlychangingstreamsofdata.
Relevantapplicationsincludeanalyzingnetworktrafc,onlineauctions,transac-tionlogs,telephonecallrecords,automatedbankmachineoperations,andatmosphericandastronomicalevents.
Thedatastreamingmodeldiffersfromcomputationovertradi-tionalstoreddatasetssincealgorithmsmustprocesstheirinputbymakingoneorasmallnumberofpassesoverit,usingonlyalimitedamountofworkingmemory.
http://twiki.
di.
uniroma1.
it/pub/Ing_algo/WebHome/DFchapter08.
pdf[sensors][speech]Datalog:Datalogisadeclarativelogicprogramminglanguagethatsyntacticallyisasub-setofProlog.
Itisoftenusedasaquerylanguagefordeductivedatabases.
Inrecentyears,Dataloghasfoundnewapplicationindataintegration,informationextraction,network-ing,programanalysis,security,andcloudcomputing.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Datalog[sensors]DBMS:Databasemanagementsystem.
[sensors][urban]354B.
Endres-NiggemeyerDBpediaOntology:TheDBpediaOntologyisashallow,cross-domainontology,whichhasbeenmanuallycreatedbasedonthemostcommonlyusedinfoboxeswithinWikipedia.
Theontologycurrentlycovers359classeswhichformasubsumptionhierarchyandarede-scribedby1775differentproperties.
http://wiki.
dbpedia.
org/Ontologyv=194q[dbpedia]DBpedia:DBpediaisacrowd-sourcedcommunityefforttoextractstructuredinformationfromWikipediaandtomakethisinformationavailableontheWeb.
http://dbpedia.
org/About[dbpedia][eco][emergency][math][search][simil][standards][travel][urban]DCCI:DeliveryContextClientInterfaces(DCCI),Nokia-specicsensorspecication.
[eco]Decisiontree:Adecisiontreeisadecisionsupporttoolthatusesatree-likegraphormodelofdecisionsandtheirpossibleconsequences,includingchanceeventoutcomes,re-sourcecosts,andutility.
Itisonewaytodisplayanalgorithm.
Decisiontreesarecommonlyusedinoperationsresearch,specicallyindecisionanalysis,tohelpidentifyastrategymostlikelytoreachagoal.
Anotheruseofdecisiontreesisasadescriptivemeansforcalculatingconditionalprobabilities.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Decision_tree[simil]Demultiplexer:Multiplexingmapdatafromparallelincominglinestoonechannelwheretheyaretransportedinsequence.
Demultiplexingseparatesthedataagainanddistributesthemagainonparallellines.
http://www.
wisc-online.
com/objects/ViewObject.
aspxID=DIG5704[sensors]Descriptionlogics(DLs):Descriptionlogics(DLs)isafamilyofknowledgerepresenta-tion(KR)formalismsthatrepresenttheknowledgeofanapplicationdomainbyrstdeningtherelevantconceptsofthedomain(itsterminology),andthenusingtheseconceptstospec-ifypropertiesofobjectsandindividualsoccurringinthedomain(theworlddescription).
http://www.
inf.
unibz.
it/~franconi/dl/course/dlhb/dlhb-02.
pdf[dbpedia][standards]Digitalsignalprocessing:Digitalsignalprocessing(DSP)isthemathematicalmanipula-tionofaninformationsignaltomodifyorimproveit.
Itischaracterizedbytherepresentationofdiscretetime,discretefrequency,orotherdiscretedomainsignals.
DSPincludessubeldslike:audioandspeechsignalprocessing,sonarandradarsignalprocessing,sensorarraypro-cessing,etc.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing[speech]DigitalVideoBroadcasting(DVB):DigitalVideoBroadcasting(DVB)isasuiteofinter-nationallyacceptedopenstandardsfordigitaltelevision.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting[standards]Digital-to-analog(D/A)converter:Adigital-to-analogconverterconvertsadigital(usu-allybinary)codetoananalogsignal.
Acommonuseofdigital-to-analogconvertersisgener-ationofaudiosignalsfromdigitalinformationinmusicplayers.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter[speech]Dijkstraalgorithm:Dijkstra'salgorithmisagraphsearchalgorithmthatsolvesthesingle-sourceshortestpathproblemforagraphwithnonnegativeedgepathcosts,produc-ingashortestpathtree.
Thisalgorithmisoftenusedinroutingandasasubroutineinothergraphalgorithms.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Dijkstra's_algorithm[urban]DIN:DeutschesInstitutfürNormung(GermanInstituteforStandardization).
[standards]Disambiguation:Word-sensedisambiguationistheprocessofidentifyingthesenseofawordinasentence.
[eco][search]DiscreteFouriertransformation(DFT):ThediscreteFouriertransform(DFT)decom-posesadiscretetime-boundperiodicsignaltoitsfrequencyspectrum,sothatthefrequenciescanbetreatedseparately.
Inputsareoftencreatedbysamplingacontinuousfunction,suchastheamplitudeofaperson'svoiceovertime.
TheFastFouriertransform(FFT)algorithmisusedmostfrequently.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform[sensors]GlossaryandSubjectIndex355DocumentObjectModel(DOM):TheDocumentObjectModel(DOM)isacross-platformandlanguage-independentconventionforrepresentingofandinteractingwithob-jectsinHTMLandXMLdocuments.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Document_Object_Model[simil][standards]DocumentTypeDenition(DTD):ADocumentTypeDenition(DTD)providesagrammarforanXMLdocument.
Itdenesthedocumentstructurewithalistoflegalelementsandattributes.
http://www.
w3.
org/TR/REC-xml,http://www.
w3schools.
com/dtd/dtd_intro.
asp[standards]DomainNameSystem(DNS):TheDomainNameSystem(DNS)isahierarchicaldis-tributednamingsystemforcomputers,services,oranyresourceconnectedtotheInternetoraprivatenetwork.
ItresolvesqueriesforthesenamesintoIPaddressesforthepur-poseoflocatingcomputerservicesanddevicesworldwide.
Byprovidingaworldwide,dis-tributedkeyword-basedredirectionservice,theDomainNameSystemisanessentialcompo-nentofthefunctionalityoftheInternet.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Domain_Name_System[standards]Domain-specicdescriptionlanguage(DSL):Adomain-speciclanguage(DSL)isaprogramminglanguageorspecicationlanguagededicatedtoaparticularproblemdomain,aparticularproblemrepresentationtechnique,and/oraparticularsolutiontechnique.
[eco][emergency]DrosophilaMelanogaster:Thefruity,apreferredgenomicsanimalbecauseofitsfastgenerationsequence.
[eco]DublinCore:TheDublinCoremetadatatermsareasetofvocabularytermswhichcanbeusedtodescriberesources.
Thetermscanbeusedtodescribeafullrangeofwebresources:video,images,webpagesetc.
andphysicalresourcessuchasbooksandobjectslikeartworks.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Dublin_Core[standards]DVB-S2:DigitalVideoBroadcasting–Satellite–SecondGeneration(DVB-S2)isadigitaltelevisionbroadcaststandardthathasbeendesignedasasuccessorforthepopularDVB-Ssystem.
DVB-S2isenvisagedforbroadcastservicesincludingstandardandHDTV,interac-tiveservicesincludingInternetaccess,and(professional)datacontentdistribution.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/DVB-S2[standards]EECMAInternational:ECMAistheIndustrialstandardsorganizationforInformationandCommunicationsTechnology(ICT)andConsumerElectronics(CE)standards.
http://www.
ecma-international.
org[standards]EDGE:EnhancedDataratesforGSMEvolution(EDGE)isadigitalmobilephonetech-nologythatallowsimproveddatatransmissionratesasabackward-compatibleextensionofGSM(GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution[speech]ElectronicProductCode(EPC):TheElectronicProductCode(EPC)isauniversalidentierthatprovidesauniqueidentityforeveryphysicalobjectanywhereintheworld,foralltime.
ItsstructureisdenedintheEPCglobalTagDataStandard,whichisanopenstandardfreelyavailablefordownloadfromthewebsiteofEPCglobal.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Electronic_Product_Code,http://www.
gs1.
org/epcglobal[sensors][standards]Embeddedsystem/device:Anembeddedsystemisacomputersystemdesignedforspe-ciccontrolfunctionswithinalargersystem(washingmachine,smartphoneetc.
),oftenwith356B.
Endres-Niggemeyerreal-timecomputingconstraints.
Itconsistsofmicrocontrollersordigitalsignalprocessors(DSP),andpossiblyalsohardware/mechanicalparts.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Embedded_system[eco][math][sensors][standards]EMMA(ExtensibleMulti-ModalAnnotations):EMMA(ExtensibleMulti-ModalAn-notations)isanXML-baseddataexchangeformatfortheinterfacebetweeninputprocessorsandinteractionmanagementsystems.
http://www.
w3.
org/TR/emma/[speech]Encryption:Encryptionistheprocessofencodingmessages(orinformation)insuchawaythatonlyauthorizedpartiescanreadit.
Theinformationisencryptedus-inganencryptionalgorithmanddecodedbythereviewerusingadecryptionalgorithm.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Encryption[standards]End-UserDevelopment(EUD):End-UserDevelopmentcanbedenedasasetofmeth-ods,techniques,andtoolsthatallowusersofsoftwaresystems,whoareactingasnon-professionalsoftwaredevelopers,atsomepointtocreate,modifyorextendasoftwarear-tifact.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/End-user_development[eco]EnforcementManagementModel(EMM):TheEnforcementManagementModel(EMM)isalogicalsystemthathelpsinspectorstomakeenforcementdecisionsinresponsetobreachesofhealthandsafetylegislation.
http://www.
hse.
gov.
uk/enforce/emm.
pdf[emer-gency]EnterpriseMashupMarkupLanguage(EMML):EnterpriseMashupMarkupLan-guage(EMML)isanXMLmarkuplanguageforcreatingenterprisemashups.
Masheddataproducedbyenterprisemashupsarepresentedingraphicaluserinterfacesasmashlets,wid-gets,orgadgets.
EMMLcanalsobeconsideredadeclarativemashupdomain-speciclan-guage(DSL).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/EMML[eco]Environmentalintelligence:Insightintotheenvironmentviasensordata.
[eco][sensors]ESRI:ESRIistheleadingworldwidesupplierofGeographicInformationSystem(GIS)softwareandgeodatabasemanagementapplications.
http://www.
esri.
com[eco][urban]Euclideandistance:TheEuclideandistancebetweenpointsisthelengthofthelineseg-mentconnectingthem.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Euclidean_distance[eco][simil]Executablepaper:Paperwithdataandprocessenvironmentthatenablesuserstoreruntheexperiment.
[math]FFIFObuffer:FirstIn,FirstOutbuffer.
[sensors]FIPS:USFederalInformationProcessingStandard.
http://www.
nist.
gov/itl/ps.
cfm[standards]FlyBase:Databasedocumentingthegenomeofthefruity.
http://ybase.
org[eco]Folksonomy:Afolksonomyisasystemofclassicationderivedfromthepracticeandmethodofcollaborativelycreatingandmanagingtagstoannotateandcategorizecontent.
Thispracticeisalsoknownascollaborativetagging,socialclassication,socialindexing,andsocialtagging.
Evenwithoutanycentralcontrolledvocabulary,consensusaroundstabledistributionsandsharedvocabulariesdoesemerge.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Folksonomy[dbpedia]FormInterpretationAlgorithm(FIA):TheFormInterpretationAlgorithm(FIA)drivestheinteractionbetweentheuserandaVoiceXMLformormenu.
http://vxmlfaq.
com/notes-05-Form-Interpretation-Algorithm.
html[speech]GlossaryandSubjectIndex357Formulas:Aformulasymbolicallymodelsfunctionalrelationshipsamongentities.
Cur-rentexamplesarechemicalformulasandchemicalormathematicalequations.
Formulaspecicationsexist,e.
g.
fornancialreporting,butformulasmayalsobestatedaccord-ingtocommonpractice.
Fornancialreportsformulaespecsseehttp://www.
xbrl.
org/SpecRecommendations/[math]Freebase:Freebaseisanopen,CreativeCommonslicensedrepositoryofstructureddataofalmost23millionentities.
Anentityisasingleperson,place,orthing.
Freebaseconnectsentitiestogetherasagraph.
http://wiki.
freebase.
com/wiki/What_is_Freebase%3F[dbpedia][eco][search][sensors]FriendofaFriend(FOAF):FOAF(FriendofaFriend)isanontologydescribingper-sons,theiractivities,andtheirrelationstootherpeopleandobjects.
AnyonecanuseFOAFtodescribehimorherself.
FOAFallowsgroupsofpeopletodescribesocialnetworkswithouttheneedforacentralizeddatabase.
TheFOAFvocabularyisexpressedusingRDFandOWL.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/FOAF_(software),http://www.
foaf-project.
org/about[dbpedia][simil]GGameWithaPurpose(GWAP):AGamewithaPurpose(GWAP)isahuman-basedcom-putationtechniqueinwhichacomputationalprocessperformsitsfunctionbyoutsourcingcertainstepstohumansinanentertainingway.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Human-based_computation_game,http://www.
cs.
cmu.
edu/~biglou/ieee-gwap.
pdf[urban]GeneralPacketRadioService(GPRS):TheGeneralPacketRadioService(GPRS)isapacketorientedmobiledataserviceonthe2Gand3Gcellularcommunicationsystem'sglobalsystemformobilecommunications(GSM).
GPRSwasoriginallystandardizedbytheEuro-peanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute(ETSI).
Itisnowmaintainedbythe3rdGenera-tionPartnershipProject(3GPP).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service[speech][travel]Geneticalgorithm:Ageneticalgorithmisstartedwithasetofsolutions(representedbychromosomes)calledpopulation.
Solutionsfromonepopulationaretakenandusedtoformanewpopulation.
Duringprocreationofthenextgeneration,mutationsoccur.
Thismotivatesthehopethatthenewpopulationwillbebetterthantheoldone.
Solutions(chromosomesoftheoffspring)areselectedaccordingtotheirtness—themoresuitabletheyare,themorechancestheyhavetoreproduce.
Thisisrepeateduntilsomecondition(forexampleanumberofpopulationsorimprovementofthebestsolution)issatised.
http://www.
obitko.
com/tutorials/genetic-algorithms/ga-basic-description.
php[simil]Geocoding:Geocodingistheprocessofndingassociatedgeographiccoordinates(of-tenlatitudeandlongitude)fromothergeographicdata,suchasstreetaddresses,orZIPcodes.
WithgeographiccoordinatesthefeaturescanbemappedandenteredintoGeo-graphicInformationSystems,orthecoordinatescanbeembeddedintomediasuchasdig-italphotographsviageotagging.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Geocoding[eco][emergency][sensors][urban]GeographicInformationSystem(GIS):AGeographicInformationSystem(GIS)isasystemdesignedtocapture,store,manipulate,analyze,manage,andpresentalltypesofgeographicaldata.
GISapplicationsaretoolsthatallowuserstocreateinteractivequeries(user-createdsearches),analyzespatialinformation,editdatainmaps,andpresenttheresults358B.
Endres-Niggemeyerofalltheseoperations.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Geographic_information_system[eco][urban]GeographyMarkupLanguage(GML):TheGeographyMarkupLanguage(GML)istheXMLgrammardenedbytheOpenGeospatialConsortium(OGC)toexpressgeograph-icalfeatures.
GMLservesasamodelinglanguageforgeographicsystemsaswellasanopeninterchangeformatforgeographictransactionsontheInternet.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language[standards]GeoNames:TheGeoNamesgeographicaldatabasecoversallcountriesandcontainsovereightmillionplacenamesthatareavailablefordownloadfreeofcharge.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language,http://www.
geonames.
org[dbpedia][eco][emer-gency][search][sensors]GeoWGS84Vocabulary:TheBasicGeoVocabularyisasimpleRDFSchemavocabularyforrepresentinglatitude,longitude,andaltitudeinformationintheWGS84geodeticreferencedatum.
http://semanticweb.
org/wiki/Basic_Geo_Vocabulary[sensors][urban]GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS):TheGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)isaspace-basedsatellitenavigationsystemthatprovideslocationandtimeinformationinallweather,anywhereonorneartheEarth,wherethereisanunobstructedlineofsighttofourormoreGPSsatellites.
ItismaintainedbytheUnitedStatesgovernmentandisfreelyaccessibletoanyonewithaGPSreceiver.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System[eco]GoogleInsights:GoogleInsightshasbeenmergedintoGoogleTrends.
GoogleTrendsisapublicwebfacilitybasedonGoogleSearch,whichshowshowoftenaparticularsearch-termisenteredrelativetothetotalsearch-volumeacrossvariousregionsoftheworld,andinvariouslanguages.
http://www.
google.
com/trends/[emergency]Granularity:Granularityistheextenttowhichastructureisbrokendownintosmallparts.
Itistheextenttowhichalargerentityissubdivided.
Coarse-grainedunitsconsistoffewer,largercomponentsthanne-grainedones.
Granularitylevelsmaybenested.
Innaturallanguage,oneobservesmanylevelsofgranularity,spanninge.
g.
fromsinglephonestosen-tencesanddiscourses.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Granularity[sensors][speech][travel][urban]Graph:Agraphisarepresentationofasetofobjectswheresomepairsoftheobjectsareconnectedbylinks.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Graph_(mathematics)[emergency]HHTML:HyperTextMarkupLanguage(HTML)isthemainmarkuplanguagefordisplayingwebpagesandotherinformationthatcanbedisplayedinawebbrowser.
HTMLiswrittenintheformofHTMLelementsconsistingoftagsenclosedinanglebrackets(like),withinthewebpagecontent.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/HTML[dbpedia][eco][math][search][sensors][simil][speech][standards]HTML5:HTML5(aheavilyre-engineeredversionofearlierHTML)isamarkuplan-guageforstructuringandpresentingcontentforthewebandacoretechnologyoftheInternet.
HTML5addsmanynewfeatures.
Theseincludethenew,andel-ements,aswellastheintegrationofscalablevectorgraphics(SVG)contentandMathMLformathematicalformulas.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/HTML5[math][simil][speech][standards][travel]HTTP:TheHyperTextTransferProtocol(HTTP)isanapplicationprotocolfordis-tributed,collaborativehypermediainformationsystems.
HTTPisthefoundationofdataGlossaryandSubjectIndex359communicationfortheWorldWideWeb.
HTTP/1.
1istheHTTPversionincurrentcommonuse.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol[eco][math][search][simil][speech][standards]Humancomputation:Humancomputationcentersaroundharnessinghumanintelli-gencetosolvecomputationalproblemsthatarebeyondthescopeofexistingArticialIn-telligence(AI)algorithms.
Forinstance,Gameswithapurpose(e.
g.
,theESPGame)makeonlinegamersgenerateusefuldata(e.
g.
,imagetags)whileplayinganenjoyablegame.
http://www.
youtube.
com/watchv=tx082gDwGcM[urban]HyperTextQueryLanguage(HTQL):HyperTextQueryLanguage(HTQL)isalan-guageforthequeryingandtransformationofHTML,XMLandplaintextdocuments.
HTQLisdevelopedinC++withfastandefcientdataextractionalgorithms.
HTQLprovidesCOMandPythoninterfacesforuseinJavaScript,VisualBasic,.
NET,ASP,andPythonapplica-tions.
http://htql.
net[simil]ID3algorithm:ID3(IterativeDichotomizer3)isanalgorithmusedwithdecisiontreesinmachinelearning.
Wearegivenasetofrecords.
Eachrecordhasthesamestructure,consist-ingofanumberofattribute/valuepairs.
Oneoftheseattributesrepresentsthecategoryoftherecord.
Theproblemistodetermineadecisiontreethatonthebasisofanswerstoquestionsaboutthenon-categoryattributescorrectlypredictsthevalueofthecategoryattribute.
Usuallythecategoryattributetakesonlythevaluestrue,false,orsuccess,failure,orsomethingequiv-alent.
Inanycase,oneofitsvalueswillmeanfailure.
Implementationsinseverallanguagesareavailable.
http://www.
cis.
temple.
edu/~ingargio/cis587/readings/id3-c45.
html[simil]ID3metadata:ID3isametadatacontainermostoftenusedinconjunctionwiththeMP3audioleformat.
Itallowsinformationsuchasthetitle,artist,album,tracknumber,andotherinformationabouttheletobestoredintheleitself.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/ID3[standards]IEEE802.
15.
4:TheIEEE802.
15.
4standardspeciesthephysicallayerandmediaac-cesscontrolforlow-ratewirelesspersonalareanetworks.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/IEEE_802.
15.
4[sensors]IEEE:InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers.
http://www.
ieee.
org/index.
html[standards]IMDb:IMDbistheworld'smostpopularandauthoritativesourceformovie,TVandcelebritycontent.
http://www.
imdb.
com[dbpedia][simil]In-situmashup:Mashupofareal-worldelementenhancedwithaugmentedrealityinfor-mation.
[eco]Infobox:TheinfoboxisatemplateforstructureddatathatappearsontheupperrightsideoftheWikipediawebsite.
[dbpedia][search]Informationseeking:Informationseekingisattemptingtoobtaininformationinbothhu-manandtechnologicalcontexts.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Information_seeking[search]Instantmessaging:Instantmessaging(IM)isaformofcommunicationovertheIn-ternetthatoffersquicktransmissionoftext-basedmessagesfromsendertoreceiver.
Inpushmodeinstantmessagingbasicallyoffersreal-timedirectwrittenlanguage-basedon-linechat.
Moreadvancedinstantmessagingallowsenhancedmodesofcommunication,suchaslivevoiceorvideocalling,videochat,andinclusionofhyperlinkstomedia.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Instant_messaging[standards]Interfacemetaphor:AGUI(graphicaluserinterface)orotherinterfacemetaphorisasetofuserinterfacevisuals,actionsandproceduresthatexploitspecicknowledgethatusersalreadyhaveofotherdomains.
Anexampleisthedesktopmetaphorwithsheets,les,andfolders.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Interface_metaphor[search][standards]360B.
Endres-NiggemeyerInternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF):TheInternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)isalargeopeninternationalcommunityofnetworkdesigners,operators,vendors,andre-searchersconcernedwiththeevolutionoftheInternetarchitectureandthesmoothoperationoftheInternet.
http://www.
ietf.
org/about/[standards]Interoperability:Interoperabilityistheabilityoftwoormoresystemsorcomponentstoexchangeinformationandtousetheinformationthathasbeenexchanged(fromIEEEglos-sary).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Interoperability[dbpedia][eco][sensors][standards]Intonation:Intonationisthevariationofpitch(frequencyrisingorfallingpitch)whilespeaking.
Intonation,rhythm,andstressarethethreemainelementsoflinguisticprosody.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)[speech]InverseCandidateFrequencyweight(ICF):TheInverseCandidateFrequency(ICF)weightrendersthediscriminativepowerofaword.
ICFisinverselyproportionaltothenum-berofresourcesitisassociatedwith,asopposedtotheInverseDocumentFrequency(IDF)weightthatrepresentsthegeneralimportanceofthewordinthecollection.
http://www.
wiwiss.
fu-berlin.
de/en/institute/pwo/bizer/research/publications/Mendes-Jakob-GarciaSilva-Bizer-DBpediaSpotlight-ISEM2011.
pdf[dbpedia]IPv6:IPv6(InternetProtocolversion6)isthelatestrevisionoftheInternetProtocol(IP),theprimarycommunicationsprotocoluponwhichtheentireInternetisbuilt.
ItisintendedtoreplacetheolderIPv4,whichisstillemployedforthevastmajorityofInternettrafcasof2012butwhichrunsoutofaddresses.
IPv6uses128-bitaddresses,whereasIPv4uses32-bitaddresses,sothatIPv6widelyenlargestheaddressspace.
IPv6lowpanisIPv6overLowpowerWirelessPersonalAreaNetwork.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/IPv6[sensors][eco]ISO:InternationalOrganizationforStandards.
http://www.
iso.
org/iso[standards]Item-basedk-nearestneighbor:Thek-nearestneighboralgorithm(k-NN)isamethodforclassifyingobjectsbasedonclosesttrainingexamplesinthefeaturespace.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/K-nearest_neighbor_algorithm[urban]ITU:InternationalTelecommunicationUnion.
http://www.
itu.
int/en/Pages/default.
aspx[standards]JJavaServerPages(JSP):JavaServerPages(JSP)technologyprovidesasimplied,fastwaytogeneratedynamicwebcontent.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/JavaServer_Pages[stan-dards]JavaScript:JavaScriptisascriptinglanguagecommonlyimplementedaspartofawebbrowserinordertocreateenhanceduserinterfacesanddynamicwebsites.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/JavaScript[eco][math][simil][speech][standards][travel]JDOM:JDOMprovidesacomplete,Java-basedsolutionforaccessing,manipulating,andoutputtingXMLdatafromJavacode.
http://www.
jdom.
org[standards]JSON:JSON(theJavaScriptObjectNotation)isatext-basedopenstandarddesignedforhuman-readabledatainterchange.
InJavaScriptitisusedforrepresentingsimpledatastructuresandassociativearrays,calledobjects.
DespiteitsrelationshiptoJavaScript,itislanguage-independent,withparsersavailableformanylanguages.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/JSON[dbpedia][eco][math][simil][speech][standards]GlossaryandSubjectIndex361KK-means:k-meansclusteringaimstopartitionnobservationsintokclustersinwhicheachobservationbelongstotheclusterwiththenearestmean.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/K-means_clustering,http://home.
dei.
polimi.
it/matteucc/Clustering/tutorial_html/AppletKM.
html[sensors]KeyholeMarkupLanguage(KML):TheKeyholeMarkupLanguage(KML)isanXMLlanguageforexpressinggeographicannotationandvisualizationwithinInternet-based,two-dimensionalmapsandthree-dimensionalEarthbrowsers.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language[standards]Kohanaframework:TheKohanaframeworkisaPHP5frameworkforbuildingwebapplications.
http://kohanaframework.
org[emergency]LLanguagemodel:Astatisticallanguagemodelassignsaprobabilitytoasequenceofwordsbymeansofaprobabilitydistribution.
Languagemodelingisusedinmanynaturallanguageprocessingapplicationssuchasspeechrecognition,machinetranslation,part-of-speechtagging,parsingandinformationretrieval.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Language_model[speech]LaTeX:LaTeXisadocumentmarkuplanguageanddocumentpreparationsystemfortheTeXtypesettingprogram.
LaTeXiswidelyusedinacademia,inparticularintechnicalandscienticdomains.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/LaTeX[math]LearningObjectMetadata(LOM):LearningObjectMetadata(LOM)isadatamodel,usuallyencodedinXML,describingalearningobjectandsimilardigitalresourcesusedtosupportlearningandtomakelearningobjectsreusable,toaidtheirdiscovery,andtofacilitatetheirinteroperability,usuallyinthecontextofonlinelearningmanagementsystems(LMS).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Learning_object_metadata[math]Linearclassier:Alinearclassierdecidesonanobject'scharacteristicstowhichclass(orgroup)theobjectbelongsto.
Itachievesthisbymakingaclassicationdecisionbasedonthevalueofalinearcombinationofthecharacteristics.
Anobject'scharacteristicsarealsoknownasfeaturevaluesandaretypicallypresentedtothemachineinavectorcalledafeaturevector.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Linear_classier[simil]LinkedDataSemanticDistance(LDSD):TheLDSDalgorithmmeasuresthedistanceoftwoobjectsontheirdirectandindirectlinkinginthelinkeddatacloud.
http://swl.
slis.
indiana.
edu/les/ldrec.
pdf[dbpedia][simil]Linkeddata:Linkeddatadescribesamethodofpublishingstructureddatasothatitcanbeinterlinkedandbecomemoreuseful.
ItbuildsuponstandardWebtechnologiessuchasHTTPandURIs,anditextendsthemtoshareinformationinawaythatcanbereadautomat-icallybycomputers.
ThenormalencodingformatisRDF.
Datafromdifferentsourcescanbeconnectedandqueried.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Linked_data[dbpedia][eco][emer-gency][math][search][sensors][simil][standards][travel][urban]LinkedOpenData(LOD):LinkedOpenData(LOD)extendstheWebwithadatacommonsbypublishingvariousopendatasetsasRDFandbysettingRDFlinksbetweendataitemsfromdifferentdatasources.
BySeptember2011thedatasetshadgrownto31billionRDFtriples,interlinkedbyaround504millionRDFlinks.
Thereisalsoaninter-activevisualizationofthelinkeddatasetstobrowsethroughthecloud.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Linked_data[dbpedia][eco][emergency][search][sensors][standards][urban]362B.
Endres-NiggemeyerLinkedSensorMiddleware(LSM):TheLinkedSensorMiddleware(LSM)isaplat-formthatbringstogethertheliverealworldsenseddataandtheSemanticWeb.
AnLSMdeploymentprovidesmanyfunctionalitiessuchas:wrappersforreal-timedatacollectionandpublishing,awebinterfacefordataannotationandvisualization,andaSPARQLendpointforqueryinguniedLinkedStreamDataandLinkedData.
http://code.
google.
com/p/deri-lsm/[emergency]LinkedGeoData:LinkedGeoDataisanefforttoaddaspatialdimensiontotheWebofData/SemanticWeb.
ItusestheinformationcollectedbytheOpenStreetMapprojectandmakesitavailableasanRDFknowledgebaseaccordingtotheLinkedDataprinciples.
ItinterlinksthesedatawithotherknowledgebasesintheLinkingOpenDatainitiative.
http://linkedgeodata.
org/About[emergency][urban]Loadshedding:Loadsheddingisthedeliberateswitchingoffofelectricalsupplytopartsoftheelectricitynetwork,andhencetothecustomersinthoseareas.
Thispracticeisacorepartoftheemergencymanagementofallelectricitynetworks.
http://www.
thefreedictionary.
com/load-shedding[sensors]Locationawareness:Locationawarenessreferstodevicesthatcanpassivelyoractivelydeterminetheirlocation.
Navigationalinstrumentsprovidelocationcoordinates,surveyingequipmentidentieslocationwithrespecttoawell-knownlocationalwirelesscommunica-tionsdevice.
Networklocationawareness(NLA)describesthelocationofanodeinanet-work.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Location_awareness[travel]Location-basedservices(LBS):Location-basedservices(LBS),mostlyonmobilede-vices,includespeciccontrolsforlocationandtimedataascontrolfeaturesincomputerpro-grams.
LBSareusedinavarietyofcontexts,suchashealth,indoorobjectsearch,entertain-ment,work,personallife,etc.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Location-based_service[urban][travel]Lovinsalgorithm:TheLovinsalgorithmisastemmingalgorithm.
ItisnoticeablybiggerandfasterthanthePorteralgorithm,becauseofitsveryextensiveendingslist.
http://snowball.
tartarus.
org/algorithms/lovins/stemmer.
html,http://www.
cs.
waikato.
ac.
nz/~eibe/stemmers/index.
html[simil]MMachinelearning:Amachinelearnswheneveritchangesitsstructure,program,ordata(basedonitsinputsorinresponsetoexternalinformation)insuchamannerthatitsex-pectedfutureperformanceimproves.
Forexample,whentheperformanceofaspeech-recognitionmachineimprovesafterhearingseveralsamplesofaperson'sspeech,wecansaythatthemachinehaslearned.
http://robotics.
stanford.
edu/-nilsson/MLBOOK.
pdf[dbpedia][emergency][simil][sensors][speech][travel][urban]MapQuest:Freedigitalmapserver.
http://www.
mapquest.
com[eco]MathematicalKnowledgeManagement(MKM):MathematicalKnowledgeManage-mentaimsatefcient,newtechniques—basedonsophisticatedformalmathematicsandsoftwaretechnology—totakeadvantageoftheenormousamountofknowledgeavailableincurrentmathematicalsourcesandtoorganizemathematicalknowledgeinnewways,testinginnovativetheoreticalandtechnologicalsolutionsforcontent-basedsystems,inter-operability,managementofmachineunderstandableinformation,andtheSemanticWeb.
http://www.
mkm-ig.
org/index.
html[math]GlossaryandSubjectIndex363MathematicsSubjectClassication(MSC):ThemainpurposeoftheMathematicsSub-jectClassication(MSC)schemeistohelpusersndtheitemsofpresentorpotentialinteresttothemasreadilyaspossible—inproductsderivedfromtheMathematicalReviewsDatabase(MRDB),inZentralblattMATH,oranywhereelsewherethisclassicationschemeisused.
http://www.
ams.
org/mathscinet/msc/msc2010.
html[math]MathJax:MathJaxisanopensourceJavaScriptdisplayengineformathematicsthatworksinallmodernbrowsers.
http://www.
mathjax.
org[math]MathML:MathMLisalow-levelspecicationfordescribingmathematicsasabasisformachinetomachinecommunicationwhichprovidesafoundationfortheinclusionofmathematicalexpressionsinWebpages.
http://www.
w3.
org/Math/[math]MCDL:MashupComponentDescriptionLanguage.
SeveralapproachestargetMCDL:Gagneetal.
(2006),AghaeeandPautasso(2011)andhttp://www.
mmt.
inf.
tu-dresden.
de/Forschung/Projekte/CRUISe/mcdl/[eco]Mediamashup:Amediamashupintegrates(multi)mediasuchasaudio,videoandaug-mentedreality.
[eco]MetaObjectFacility(MOF):TheMetaObjectFacility(MOF)isanObjectManagementGroup(OMG)standardformodel-drivenengineeringwithuseoftheUniedModelingLan-guage(UML).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility[eco]Microformat:MicroformatsareasetofsimpleopendataformatsbuiltuponexistingandwidelyadoptedstandardssuchasXMLandXHTML.
ExamplesarehCardandhCalendar.
http://microformats.
org/about[eco][simil][standards]Micropost:Amicropostisabriefpost(orseriesofposts)toapersonalblogonami-crobloggingwebsitesuchasTwitter.
Peoplecanreadmicropostsonlineorrequestthatup-datesaredeliveredinrealtimetotheirdesktopviainstantmessaging(IM)orsenttoamobiledeviceviaSMStextmessage.
http://www.
netlingo.
com/word/micropost.
php[urban]Middleware:Middlewareiscomputersoftwarethatprovidesservicestosoftwareap-plicationsbeyondthoseavailablefromtheoperatingsystem.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Middleware[emergency][search]MIDI(MusicalInstrumentDigitalInterface):MIDI(MusicalInstrumentDigitalInter-face)isanelectronicmusicalinstrumentindustryspecicationthatallowselectronicmusi-calinstruments,performancecontrollers,computersandrelateddevicestocommunicate,aswellasahardwarestandardthatguaranteescompatibilitybetweenthem.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/MIDI[speech][standards]MIME:MultipurposeInternetMailExtensions(MIME)isanInternetstandardforsup-portingtextincharactersetsotherthanASCII,non-textattachments,messagebodieswithmultipleparts,andheaderinformationinnon-ASCIIcharactersets.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/MIME[standards]MP3:MP3(integratingMPEG-1orMPEG-2AudioLayerIII)isapatentedencodingformatfordigitalaudiowhichusesaformoflossydatacompression.
Itisacommonau-dioformatforconsumeraudiostorage,aswellasadefactostandardofdigitalaudiocom-pressionforthetransferandplay-backofmusiconmostdigitalaudioplayers.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/MP3[standards]MP4:MP4(alsocalledMPEG-4Part14,formallyISO/IEC14496-14:2003)isamulti-mediacontainerformatstandardthatismostcommonlyusedtostoredigitalvideoanddigitalaudiostreams,especiallythosedenedbyMPEG,butcanalsobeusedtostoreotherdatasuchassubtitlesandstillimages.
MP4allowsstreamingovertheInternet.
Aseparatehinttrackincludesstreaminginformationinthele.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14[standards]364B.
Endres-NiggemeyerMPEG-1:MPEG-1isastandardforlossycompressionofvideoandaudio.
MPEG-1isusedinalargenumberofproductsandtechnologies.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/MPEG-1[standards]MPEG-2:MPEG-2isastandardfor"thegenericcodingofmovingpicturesandasso-ciatedaudioinformation".
Itdescribesacombinationoflossyvideocompressionandlossyaudiodatacompressionmethodswhichpermitstorageandtransmissionofmoviesusingcurrentlyavailablestoragemediaandtransmissionbandwidth.
MPEG-2iswidelyusedfordigitaltelevisionsignals.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/MPEG-2[standards]MPEG-4:MPEG-4isamethodofdeningcompressionofaudioandvisual(AV)dig-italdata.
MPEG-4isstilladevelopingstandardandisdividedintoanumberofparts.
ItabsorbsmanyofthefeaturesofMPEG-1andMPEG-2andotherrelatedstandards,addingnewfeaturessuchas(extended)VRMLsupportfor3Drendering,object-orientedcompos-iteles(includingaudio,videoandVRMLobjects),supportforexternallyspeciedDigitalRightsManagementandvarioustypesofinteractivity.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/MPEG-4[standards]MPEG:TheMovingPictureExpertsGroup(MPEG)isaworkinggroupofISO/IECinchargeofthedevelopmentofstandardsforcodedrepresentationofdigitalaudioandvideoandrelateddata.
http://mpeg.
chiariglione.
org[standards]MPEGLA:MPEGLAisapackagerofpatentpoolsforstandardsandothertechnologyplatformsusedinconsumerelectronics,aswellaschemical,eCommerce,education,energy,environment,healthcareandbiotechnology,manufacturingandmaterials,transportation,andwirelesstechnology.
http://www.
mpegla.
com/main/Pages/About.
aspx[standards]MRCPv2:TheMediaResourceControlProtocol(MRCP)isacommunicationprotocolusedbyspeechserverstoprovidevariousservices(suchasspeechrecognitionandspeechsynthesis)totheirclients.
TheMRCPv2protocolallowsclienthoststocontrolmediaserviceresourcessuchasspeechsynthesizers,recognizers,veriersandidentiersresidinginserversonthenetwork.
http://www.
iana.
org/assignments/mrcpv2-parameters/mrcpv2-parameters.
xml,http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Media_Resource_Control_Protocol[speech]MultimediaMessagingService(MMS):TheMultimediaMessagingService(MMS)isastandardwaytosendmessagesthatincludemultimediacontenttoandfrommobilephones.
ItextendsthecoreSMS(ShortMessageService)capabilitythatallowsexchangeoftextmessagesonlyupto160charactersinlength.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service[travel]Multimodality:Amultimodalsystemprocessesinputanddeliversoutputinseveralmodalities,includingtext,image,speechandtactileinformation.
[dbpedia][math][speech]MySQL:MySQListheworld'smostusedopensourcerelationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS)thatrunsasaserverprovidingmulti-useraccesstoanumberofdatabases.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/MySQL,http://www.
mysql.
com[search][sensors]NN-gram:Ann-gramisacontiguoussequenceofnitemsfromagivensequenceoftextorspeech.
Ann-gramcouldbeanycombinationofletters.
However,theitemsinquestioncanbephonemes,syllables,letters,wordsorbasepairsaccordingtotheapplication.
Then-gramstypicallyarecollectedfromatextorspeechcorpus.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/N-gram[emergency]GlossaryandSubjectIndex365N-Quad:N-QuadisaformatthatextendsN-Tripleswithcontext.
EachtripleinanN-Quadsdocumentcanhaveanoptionalcontextvalue.
http://sw.
deri.
org/2008/07/n-quads/,http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/N-gram[dbpedia]N-Triples:N-TriplesisabasictextserializationofRDFgraphs,withonelineperRDFtriple.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/N-Triples[dbpedia]N3:N3isashorthandnon-XMLserializationofRDFmodels,designedwithhuman-readabilityinmind:N3ismuchmorecompactandreadablethanXMLRDFnotation.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Notation3[search]NamedEntityRecognition(NER):NamedEntityRecognition(NER)labelssequencesofwordsinatextwhicharethenamesofthings,suchaspersonandcompanynames,orgeneandproteinnames.
http://nlp.
stanford.
edu/software/CRF-NER.
shtml[dbpedia]NationalCenterforBiomedicalOntology(NCBO):ThegoaloftheNationalCenterforBiomedicalOntologyistosupportbiomedicalresearchersintheirknowledge-intensivework,byprovidingonlinetoolsandaWebportalenablingthemtoaccess,review,andin-tegratedisparateontologicalresourcesinallaspectsofbiomedicalinvestigationandclinicalpractice.
Amajorfocusinvolvestheuseofbiomedicalontologiestoaidinthemanage-mentandanalysisofdataderivedfromcomplexexperiments.
http://www.
bioontology.
org[standards]NaturalLanguageProcessing(NLP):NaturalLanguageProcessing(NLP)isaninter-disciplinaryeldthatusescomputationalmethodstoinvestigatethepropertiesofhumanlan-guageandtomodelthecognitivemechanismsunderlyingtheunderstandingandproductionoflanguage(scienticfocus),andtodevelopnovelpracticalapplicationsinvolvingtheintel-ligentprocessingofhumanlanguagebycomputer(engineeringfocus).
http://nlp.
shef.
ac.
uk[dbpedia][emergency][speech][urban]NearFieldCommunication(NFC):NearFieldCommunication(NFC)isasetofstan-dardsforsmartphonesandsimilardevicestoestablishradiocommunicationwitheachotherbytouchingthemtogetherorbringingthemintocloseproximity.
Presentandanticipatedap-plicationsincludecontactlesstransactionssuchasWi-Fi.
Communicationisalsopossiblebe-tweenanNFCdeviceandanunpoweredNFCchip,calleda"tag".
NFCstandardscovercom-municationsprotocolsanddataexchangeformats,andarebasedonexistingradio-frequencyidentication(RFID)standards.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Near_eld_communication[sensors]Nearestneighbor:Nearestneighborisamethodofcalculatingdistancesbetweenclus-ters.
Thedistancesbetweenpossiblenearestneighborsarecalculatede.
g.
withtheEuclideanorCity-Blockmetrics.
[sensors][simil][urban]Neogeography:Movementingeographythatputscartographyintothereachofnon-professionalusersanddevelopers.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Neogeography[eco]NIST:NationalInstituteofScienceandTechnology.
http://www.
nist.
gov/[standards]OOASIS:OASIS(OrganizationfortheAdvancementofStructuredInformationStandards)isanot-for-protconsortiumthatdrivesthedevelopment,convergenceandadoptionofopenstandardsfortheglobalinformationsociety.
https://www.
oasis-open.
org[standards]OAuth:OAuthisanopenprotocoltoallowsecureauthorizationinasimpleandstandardmethodforweb,mobileanddesktopapplications.
http://oauth.
net[standards]366B.
Endres-NiggemeyerOBO:OpenBiomedicalOntologies(OBO)isanefforttocreatecontrolledvocabular-iesforshareduseacrossdifferentbiologicalandmedicaldomains.
OBOisapartoftheresourcesoftheU.
S.
NationalCenterforBiomedicalOntology,whereitwillformacen-tralelementoftheNCBO'sBioPortal.
TheOBOFoundrycollectsbiomedicalontologies.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Open_Biomedical_Ontologies,http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/OBO_Foundry[standards]Observations&Measurements(O&M):ObservationsandMeasurements(O&M)isaninternationalstandardwhichdenesaconceptualschemaencodingforobservations,andforsamplingfeaturesinobservations.
WhiletheO&Mstandardwasdevelopedinthecontextofgeographicinformationsystems,themodelisderivedfromgenericpat-ternsandisnotlimitedtospatialinformation.
O&Mdenesacoresetofpropertiesforanobservation.
ItprovidestheresponsemodelfortheSensorObservationService(SOS).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Observations_and_Measurements[sensors]OGC:OpenGeospatialConsortium.
http://www.
opengeospatial.
org[sensors][stan-dards]OggVorbis:OggVorbisisanaudiocompressionformat.
Itisroughlycomparabletootherformatsusedtostoreandplaydigitalmusic,suchasMP3,VQF,AAC.
Itisdiffer-entfromtheseotherformatsbecauseitiscompletelyfree,open,andunpatented.
http://www.
vorbis.
com/faq/#what[standards]OMDoc:OMDocisamarkupformatanddatamodelforOpenMathematicalDocuments.
https://trac.
omdoc.
org/OMDoc[math]Ontology:Anontologyformallyrepresentsknowledgeasasetofconceptswithinado-main,andtherelationshipsamongthoseconcepts.
Incomputerscienceandinformationsci-ence,anontologyformallyrepresentsknowledgeasasetofconceptswithinadomain,andtherelationshipsamongthoseconcepts.
Itcanbeusedtodescribethedomainandtoreasonabouttheentitieswithinthatdomain.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)[eco][emergency][math][search][sensors][standards][travel][urban]OOI:Objectofinterest,cf.
POI(Pointofinterest).
[eco]OpenDirectoryProject(DMOZ):TheOpenDirectoryProjectisthelargest,mostcom-prehensivehuman-editeddirectoryoftheWeb.
Itisconstructedandmaintainedbyavast,globalcommunityofvolunteereditors.
http://www.
dmoz.
org/World/[dbpedia][search]OpenMashupAlliance(OMA):TheOpenMashupAlliance(OMA)isanorganiza-tionchartedtopromotetheadoptionofmashupsolutionsintheenterprisethroughtheevo-lutionofenterprisemashupstandardslikeanopenenterprisemashupmarkuplanguage.
http://www.
openmashup.
org[eco]OpenGL:OpenGL(OpenGraphicsLibrary)isacross-language,multi-platformAPIforrendering2Dand3Dcomputergraphics.
TheAPIistypicallyusedtointeractwithagraphicsprocessingunittoachievehardware-acceleratedrendering.
OpenGLiswidelyusedinCAD,virtualreality,visualization,ightsimulation,andvideogames.
Itismanagedbythenon-prottechnologyconsortiumKhronosGroup.
http://www.
opengl.
org[standards]OpenID:OpenIDisanopenstandardforuserauthenticationinadecentralizedmanner,eliminatingtheneedforservicestoprovidetheirownadhocsystemsandallowinguserstoconsolidatetheirdigitalidentities.
UsersmaycreateaccountswiththeirpreferredOpenIDidentityproviders,andthenusethoseaccountsasthebasisforsigningontoanywebsitewhichacceptsOpenIDauthentication.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/OpenID,http://openid.
net[standards][travel]OpenMath:OpenMathisastandardforrepresentingmathematicalobjectswiththeirsemantics,allowingthemtobeexchangedbetweencomputerprograms,storedindatabases,GlossaryandSubjectIndex367orpublishedontheworldwideweb.
OpenMathprovidesasublanguagefordeningcontentdictionaries(CDs).
http://www.
openmath.
org[math]OpenStreetMap(OSM):OpenStreetMap(OSM)isacollaborativeprojecttocre-ateafreeeditablemapoftheworld.
Ratherthanthemapitself,thedatageneratedbytheOpenStreetMapprojectareconsidereditsprimaryoutput.
Thesedataareavail-ableforuseinbothtraditionalapplications,likeCraigslistandFoursquaretoreplaceGoogleMaps,andformoreunusualroles,likereplacingdefaultdataincludedwithGPSreceivers.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/OpenStreetMap,http://www.
openstreetmap.
org[eco][travel][urban]OperationsResearch:Operationsresearch,oroperationalresearch,dealswiththeap-plicationofadvancedanalyticalmethodstodecisionmaking.
Itisoftenconsideredtobeasub-eldofmathematics.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Operations_research[urban]OSGi:TheOSGiAllianceisaworldwideconsortiumoftechnologyinnovatorsthatad-vancesopenspecicationsthatenablethemodularassemblyofsoftwarebuiltwithJavatech-nology.
Theallianceprovidesspecications,referenceimplementations,testsuitesandcerti-cationtofosteravaluablecross-industryecosystem.
http://www.
osgi.
org/Main/HomePage[dbpedia][standards]OWLHorstreasoning:OWLHorstreasoningisarulesetwhichincorporatesRDFSandRDFentailmentandextendsthatwithsomebasicsupportforOWL.
Assuch,itisverymuchanextensionofDescriptionLogicProgramming(DLP).
http://answers.
semanticweb.
com/questions/9125/what-is-owl-horst-reasoning[urban]OWL:TheOWL2WebOntologyLanguage(OWL2)isanontologylanguagefortheSe-manticWebwithformallydenedmeaning.
OWL2ontologiescompriseclasses,properties,individuals,anddatavalues.
OWL2ontologiescanbeusedalongwithinformationwrit-teninRDF,andOWL2ontologiesthemselvesareprimarilyexchangedasRDFdocuments.
http://www.
w3.
org/TR/owl2-overview/[dbpedia][eco][standards][urban]PP2000:P2000isaone-waycommunicationsnetworkforpagersbasedonMotorola'sFLEX-protocolintheNetherlands.
Thenetworkisusedbyallemergencyservicesandprovidesnationwidecoverage.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/P2000_(network)[emergency]Panoramio:Panoramioisageolocation-orientedphotosharingwebsite.
Acceptedpho-tosuploadedtothesitecanbeaccessedasalayerinGoogleEarthandGoogleMaps,withnewphotosbeingaddedattheendofeverymonth.
Thesite'sgoalistoallowGoogleEarthuserstolearnmoreaboutagivenareabyviewingthephotosthatotherusershavetakenatthatplace.
Thewebsiteisavailableinseverallanguages.
http://www.
panoramio.
com,http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Panoramio[eco][sensors]Parametricstatisticalmodel:Aparametricmodelorparametricfamilyornite-dimensionalmodelisafamilyofdistributionsthatcanbedescribedusinganitenumberofparameters.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Parametric_model[sensors]Peer-to-peer(P2P):Apeer-to-peer(P2P)computernetworkisoneinwhicheachcom-puterinthenetworkcanactasaclientorserverfortheothercomputersinthenetwork,allowingsharedaccesstovariousresourcessuchasles,peripherals,andsensorswithouttheneedforacentralserver.
P2Pisadistributedapplicationarchitecturethatpartitionstasksorworkloadsamongpeers.
P2Pnetworkscanbeusedforsharingcontentsuchasaudio,368B.
Endres-Niggemeyervideo,data,oranythingindigitalformat.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Peer-to-peer[speech][travel]Personalization:Personalizationtechnologyenablesthedynamicinsertion,customiza-tionorsuggestionofcontentinanyformatthatisrelevanttotheindividualuser,basedontheuser'simplicitbehaviorandpreferences,andexplicitlygivendetails.
Ofparticularinterestissearchpersonalization,i.
e.
ofincorporatinginformationabouttheuserneedsintoqueryprocessing.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Personalization[eco][search][travel]Petrinet:APetrinet(alsoknownasaplace/transitionnetorP/Tnet)isamathematicalmodelinglanguageforthedescriptionofdistributedsystems.
APetrinetisadirectedbipartitegraph,inwhichthenodesrepresenttransitions(i.
e.
eventsthatmayoccur,signiedbybars)andplaces(i.
e.
conditions,signiedbycircles).
Thedirectedarcsdescribewhichplacesarepre-and/orpostconditionsforwhichtransitions(signiedbyarrows)occur.
Petrinetsofferagraphicalnotationforstepwiseprocessesthatincludechoice,iteration,andconcurrentexecu-tion,andtheyhaveanexactmathematicaldenitionoftheirexecutionsemantics,withawell-developedmathematicaltheoryforprocessanalysis.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Petri_net[eco]Phone:Aphoneisarealizationofaphoneme.
[speech]Phoneme:Aphonemeisthesmallestsegmentalunitofsoundemployedtoformmean-ingfulcontrastsbetweenutterances(cf.
"bill"and"kill").
Itisanabstractionofaset(orequivalenceclass)ofspeechsounds(phones)whichareperceivedasequivalenttoeachotherinagivenlanguage.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Phoneme[speech]Phoneticdictionary:Languagemodelofwordpronunciation,whereeachwordpresentinthelanguagemodelhasanentrywithoneormorepossiblepronunciations(alsocalledtranscriptions).
[speech]Phonetics:Phoneticsstudiesthesoundsofhumanspeech.
Itisconcernedwiththephys-icalpropertiesofspeechsoundsorsigns(phones):theirphysiologicalproduction,acousticproperties,auditoryperception,andneurophysiologicalstatus.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Phonetics[speech]PHP:PHPisanopensourcegeneral-purposeserver-sidescriptinglanguageoriginallydesignedforWebdevelopmenttoproducedynamicWebpages.
ThecodeisinterpretedbyaWebserverwithaPHPprocessormodulewhichgeneratestheresultingWebpage.
PHPisinstalledonmorethan20millionWebsitesand1millionWebservers.
SoftwarethatusesPHPincludesMediaWiki,Joomla,Wordpress,Concrete5,MyBB,andDrupal.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/PHP[eco][emergency][simil][speech][standards][urban]Physicalmashup:Aphysicalmashupmayincludesensorandactuatornetworks,embed-deddevices,electronicappliancesanddigitallyenhancedeverydayobjects,sothattheyhavetheirplaceinthephysicalworld,andtheyareconnectedonthewebwithcommontechniques.
[eco][sensors]Picasa:Picasaisaphotosharingplatform.
http://picasa.
google.
com[sensors]Pipe(s):Apipeisasequenceofprocessesacceptinginputsanddeliveringanoutput.
[eco][emergency][speech][urban][travel]Pointofinterest(POI):Pointsofinterest(POI)arelocationsthatmaybeimportantforsomebodyforsomereason.
Usuallytheyaredenedbytheirgeographiclongitudeandlatitude.
[dbpedia][eco][emergency][standards][travel][urban]PolymathProject:ThePolymathProjectisacollaborationamongmathematicianstosolveimportantanddifcultmathematicalproblemsbycoordinatingmanymathematicianstocommunicatewitheachotheronndingthebestroutetothesolution.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Polymath_Project[math]GlossaryandSubjectIndex369Polysemy:Polysemyisthecapacityofasign(e.
g.
,aword,phrase,etc.
)tohavemultiplerelatedmeanings.
Itisusuallyregardedasdistinctfromhomonymy,inwhichthemultiplemeaningsofawordmaybeunconnectedorunrelated.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Polysemy[search]PortableDocumentFormat(PDF):PortableDocumentFormat(PDF)isaleformatforplatform-independentrepresentationofdocuments.
EachPDFleencapsulatesacom-pletedescriptionofaxed-layoutatdocument,includingthetext,fonts,graphics,andotherinformationneededtodisplayit.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format[standards]Programmingbydemonstration:Programmingbydemonstration(PbD)isanend-userdevelopmenttechniqueforteachingacomputerorarobotnewbehaviorsbydemonstrat-ingthetasktotransferdirectlyinsteadofprogrammingitthroughmachinecommands.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration[eco]Pronunciation:Pronunciationreferstotheusethecorrectstress,rhythmandintonationofawordorwordsequenceinspokenlanguage.
Symbolsfromaphoneticalphabet(e.
g.
ARPA,IPA,SAMPA)areusedtotranscribethepronunciationofaspokenutterance.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Pronunciation[speech]Prosody:Prosodyistherhythm,stress,andintonationofspeech.
Prosodymayreectvariousfeaturesofthespeakerortheutterance:theemotionalstateofthespeaker;theformoftheutterance(statement,question,orcommand);thepresenceofironyorsarcasm;empha-sis,contrast,andfocus;orotherelementsoflanguagethatmaynotbeencodedbygrammarorchoiceofvocabulary.
Intermsofacoustics,theprosodicsoforallanguagesinvolvevaria-tioninsyllablelength,loudness,andpitch.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)[speech]Protégé:Protégéisafree,opensourceontologyeditorandknowledgebaseframework.
TheProtégéplatformsupportsmodelingontologiesviatheProtégé-FramesandProtégé-OWLeditors.
ProtégéontologiescanbeexportedintoavarietyofformatsincludingRDFS,OWL,andXMLSchema.
http://protege.
stanford.
edu[standards]PublicSwitchedTelephoneNetwork(PSTN):ThePublicSwitchedTelephoneNet-work(PSTN)isthewiredphonesystemoverwhichlandlinetelephonecallsaremade.
ThePSTNreliesoncircuitswitching.
Toconnectonephonetoanother,thephonecallisroutedthroughnumerousswitchesoperatingonalocal,regional,nationalorinternationallevel.
http://electronics.
howstuffworks.
com/telephone-country-codes1.
htm[eco][speech]Python:Pythonisageneral-purpose,interpretedhigh-levelprogramminglanguagewhosedesignphilosophyemphasizescodereadability.
Pythonhasacomprehensivestandardlibrary.
Interpretersareavailableformanyoperatingsystems.
http://www.
python.
org[eco][simil][speech][standards]QQualityofservice(QoS):Thequalityofservice(QoS)referstoseveralrelatedaspectsoftelephonyandcomputernetworksthatallowthetransportoftrafcwithspecialrequirements.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Quality_of_service[dbpedia]Queryrenement:Queryrenementimprovesaninitialquery.
Searchenginesmayalsoautomaticallyrenequeries.
Forinstance,GoogleOneBoxpromotesaverticalsearchdatabasenearthetopofthesearchresult;offersa"didyoumean"linkwiththecorrect370B.
Endres-Niggemeyerspellingnearthetopoftheresults;offersrelatedsearchresultsinthesearchresults.
Someenginesalsosuggestavarietyofrelatedsearchqueries.
Somesearchtoolbarsalsoaimtohelpsearchersautocompletetheirsearchqueriesbyofferingalistofmostpopularquerieswhichmatchthestartinglettersthatasearcherentersintothesearchbox.
http://seotermglossary.
com/query-renement/[search]RRadioFrequencyIDentication(RFID):RadioFrequencyIDentication(RFID)istheuseofawirelessnon-contactsystemthatusesradio-frequencyelectromagneticeldstotransferdatafromatagattachedtoanobject,forthepurposesofautomaticidenticationandtrack-ing.
Sometagsrequirenobatteryandarepoweredandreadatshortrangesviamagneticelds(electromagneticinduction).
Othersusealocalpowersourceandemitradiowaves(electro-magneticradiationatradiofrequencies).
Thetagcontainselectronicallystoredinformationwhichcanbereadfromuptoseveralmeters(yards)away.
Unlikeabarcode,thetagdoesnotneedtobewithinlineofsightofthereaderandmaybeembeddedinthetrackedobject.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identication[eco][sensors]Ranking:Rankingistheorderingofsearchresultsaccordingtotheirassumedrelevance,i.
e.
towhatextentthetopicofaresultmatchesthetopicofthequeryorinformationneed.
[dbpedia][eco][emergency][search][urban]RDFSchema(RDFS):RDFSchema(RDFS)providesbasicelementsforthede-scriptionofRDFontologies/vocabularies,intendedtostructureRDFresources.
AfewRDFScomponentsareincludedinthemoreexpressiveWebOntologyLanguage(OWL).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/RDF_Schema[standards]RDFa:RDFa(ResourceDescriptionFrameworkinAttributes)providesasetofmarkupattributestoembedRDFgraphsintoHTMLorXML.
Thus,theexistingvisual,human-readableWebpagecontentisaugmentedwithmachine-readablehints.
http://www.
w3.
org/TR/rdfa-core/,http://www.
w3.
org/TR/xhtml-rdfa-primer/[eco][math][simil][standards][travel]Recommendationsystem:Recommendersystemsorrecommendationsystemsareasub-classofinformationlteringsystemthatseektopredictthe'rating'or'preference'thatauserswouldgivetoanitem(suchasmusic,books,ormovies)orsocialelement(e.
g.
peopleorgroups)theyhadnotyetconsidered,usingamodelbuiltfromthecharacteristicsofanitem(content-basedapproaches)ortheuser'ssocialenvironment(collaborativelter-ingapproaches).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Recommender_system[dbpedia][eco][math][search][simil][travel][urban]RecurrentNeuralNetwork(RNN):ARecurrentNeuralNetwork(RNN)isaclassofneuralnetworkwhereconnectionsbetweenunitsformadirectedcycle.
Thiscreatesaninternalstateofthenetworkwhichallowsittoexhibitdynamictemporalbehav-ior.
Unlikefeed-forwardneuralnetworks,RNNscanusetheirinternalmemorytopro-cessarbitrarysequencesofinputs.
Thismakesthemapplicabletotaskssuchasunseg-mentedconnectedhandwritingrecognition,wheretheyhaveachievedthebestknownresults.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network[urban]Regularexpression:Aregularexpression('regex')providesaconciseandexiblemeansto"match"(specifyandrecognize)stringsoftext,suchasparticularcharacters,words,orpatternsofcharacters.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Regular_expression[emergency][simil]GlossaryandSubjectIndex371RelaxNG:RelaxNGisaschemalanguageforXML.
Itissimple,easytolearn,hasbothanXMLsyntaxandacompactnon-XMLsyntax,andsomeadditionalpracticalfeatures.
http://relaxng.
org[standards]Relevancefeedback:Relevancefeedbackininformationretrievaltakestheresultsthatareinitiallyreturnedfromagivenqueryandsubmitsthemforrelevancedecision.
In-formationaboutwhetherornotthoseresultsarerelevantisusedinafollow-upquery.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Relevance_feedback[search][simil]RepresentationalStateTransfer(REST):RepresentationalStateTransfer(REST)isasoftwarearchitecturefordistributedsystems.
RESTfacilitatesthetransactionbetweenwebserversbyallowingloosecouplingbetweendifferentservices.
REST-stylearchitec-turesconsistofclientsandservers.
Clientsinitiaterequeststoservers;serversprocessre-questsandreturnappropriateresponses.
Requestsandresponsesarebuiltaroundthetransferofrepresentationsofresources.
Aresourcecanbeessentiallyanycoherentandmeaningfulconceptthatmaybeaddressed.
KeygoalsofRESTincludethescalabilityofcomponentinteractions,thegeneralityofinterfaces,anindependentdeploymentofcomponents,andintermediarycomponentstoreducelatency,enforcesecurityandencapsulatelegacysys-tems.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer[dbpedia][eco][math][sensors][simil][speech][standards][travel][urban]RequestforComments(RFC):RequestsforComments(RFC)documentsaretheof-cialrecordforInternetspecications,protocols,procedures,andeventsoftheInternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Request_for_Comments[stan-dards]ResourceDescriptionFramework(RDF):TheResourceDescriptionFramework(RDF)datamodelissimilartoentity-relationshiporclassdiagrams,asitisbasedupontheideaofmakingstatementsaboutresources(inparticularWebresources)intheformofsubject–predicate–objectexpressions.
TheseexpressionsareknownastriplesinRDFter-minology.
Thesubjectdenotestheresource,andthepredicatedenotestraitsoraspectsoftheresourceandexpressesarelationshipbetweenthesubjectandtheobject.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework[dbpedia][eco][emergency][math][search][sensors][simil][standards][travel][urban]Reverse/inversegeocoding:Reverse/inversegeocodingistheoppositeofgeocoding:ndinganassociatedtextuallocationsuchasastreetaddress,fromgeographiccoordi-nates,orstatingwhichgeographicalcoordinatesofasensornodebelongtothearea.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Geocoding[sensors]RGBcolor:TheRGBcolormodelisanadditivecolormodelinwhichred,green,andbluelightareaddedtogetherinvariouswaystoreproduceabroadarrayofcolors.
ThemainpurposeoftheRGBcolormodelisforthesensing,representation,anddisplayofimagesinelectronicsystems,suchastelevisionsandcomputers.
Beforetheelectronicage,theRGBcolormodelalreadyhadasolidtheorybehindit,basedonhumanperceptionofcolors.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/RGB_color_model[standards]Rocchioalgorithm:TheRocchioalgorithmisbasedonarelevancefeedbackmethodfromtheVector-Space-Model-basedSMARTInformationRetrievalSystemaroundtheyear1970.
Thealgorithmassumesthatmostusershaveageneralconceptionofwhichdocu-mentsshouldbedenotedasrelevantornon-relevant.
Therefore,theuser'ssearchqueryisrevisedtoincludeanarbitrarypercentageofrelevantandnon-relevantdocumentsasameansofincreasingthesearchengine'srecall,andpossiblytheprecisionaswell.
Thenumberofrelevantandnon-relevantdocumentsallowedtoenteraqueryisdictatedbyoriginalqueryweights,relateddocumentweightsandnon-relateddocumentweights.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Rocchio_algorithm[simil]372B.
Endres-NiggemeyerRSOEEDIS:EmergencyandDisasterInformationService.
http://hisz.
rsoe.
hu/alertmap/index2.
php[emergency]RSOE:HungarianNationalAssociationofRadioDistress-SignallingandInfocommuni-cations.
http://hisz.
rsoe.
hu[emergency]RSSFeed:RSSRichSiteSummary(ReallySimpleSyndication)isafamilyofwebfeedformatsusedtopublishfrequentlyupdatedworkssuchasblogentries,newsheadlines,audio,andvideoinastandardizedformat.
AnRSSdocument(whichiscalleda"feed","webfeed",or"channel")includesfullorsummarizedtext,plusmetadatasuchaspublishingdatesandauthorship.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/RSS[eco][emergency][simil][speech]Ruby:AccordingtotheRubypromoters,Rubyisadynamic,opensourceprogramminglanguagewithafocusonsimplicityandproductivity.
Ithasanelegantsyntaxthatisnaturaltoreadandeasytowrite.
http://www.
ruby-lang.
org/en/[simil][speech]RuleMarkupLanguage(RuleML):TheRuleMarkupLanguage(RuleML)isamarkuplanguageforbothforward(bottom-up)andbackward(top-down)rulesinXMLfordeduc-tion,rewriting,andfurtherinferential–transformationaltasks.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/RuleML[sensors][standards]Rule-basedlanguagemodel:Rule-basedlanguagemodelscomplementthemostwidelyusedclassofprobabilisticlanguagemodels,theso-calledn-grams.
N-gramsonlymodelshort-rangedependencies.
Rule-basedlanguagemodelscapturelong-rangedependenciesthatarepresentinnaturallanguage,suchassubject–verbagreement.
http://www.
tik.
ee.
ethz.
ch/spr/publications/Kaufmann:12.
pdf[speech][urban]Rule:Arulenormallyisacondition–actionrule,alsocalledaproductionorproduc-tionrule,oftheform"ifconditionthenaction".
http://www.
cse.
unsw.
edu.
au/~billw/aidict.
html#rstC[dbpedia][eco][emergency][math][sensors][simil][speech][standards][urban]SSamplingfrequency:Thesamplingrate,samplerate,orsamplingfrequencydenesthenumberofsamplesperunitoftime(usuallyseconds)takenfromacontinuoussignaltomakeitadiscretesignal.
Fortime-domainsignals,theunitforsamplingrateisHertz(Hz).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Sampling_rate[sensors][speech]SAWSDL:SAWSDL(SemanticAnnotationsforWSDLandXMLSchema)denesasetofextensionattributesfortheWebServicesDescriptionLanguage(WSDL)andXMLSchemadenitionlanguage.
SAWSDLdeneshowsemanticannotationisaccomplishedusingreferencestoconceptualsemanticmodels,e.
g.
ontologies.
SemanticannotationsforWSDLandXMLSchema(SAWSDL)providemechanismsbywhichconceptsfromthesemanticmodelscanbereferredusingannotations.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/SAWSDL[eco]ScalableVectorGraphics(SVG):ScalableVectorGraphics(SVG)isanXML-basedformatfortwo-dimensionalvectorgraphics,bothstaticanddynamic(i.
e.
,interactiveorani-mated).
SVGimagesandtheirbehaviorsaredenedinXMLtextles.
AsXMLles,SVGimagescanbecreatedandeditedwithanytexteditor.
AllmajormodernwebbrowserssupportSVGtosomedegree.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics[math][stan-dards]SecondLife:SecondLifeisanonlineworldinwhichresidentscreatevirtualrepresenta-tionsofthemselves,calledavatars,andinteractwithotheravatars,placesorobjects.
http://computer.
howstuffworks.
com/internet/social-networking/networks/second-life.
htm[eco]GlossaryandSubjectIndex373Semanticmashup:Asemanticmashupappliessemanticmethods,bothsymbolicandprobabilisticones,suchassemanticannotation,informationextraction,orspeechrecogni-tion.
[eco]SemanticWebforEarthandEnvironmentalTerminology(SWEET):SWEETontolo-giesarewrittenintheOWLontologylanguage.
SWEET2.
3ishighlymodularwith6,000conceptsin200separateontologies.
http://sweet.
jpl.
nasa.
gov[emergency][sensors]Semi-supervisedlearning:Machinelearningtechniquethatmakesuseofbothlabeledandunlabeleddatafortraining—typicallyasmallamountoflabeleddatawithalargeamountofunlabeleddata.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Semi-supervised_learning[urban]SensorandSensorNetwork(SSN)ontology:TheSensorandSensorNetwork(SSN)ontologyisadomain-independentandend-to-endmodelforsensingapplicationsbymerg-ingsensor-focused(e.
g.
SensorML),observation-focused(e.
g.
Observation&Measurement)andsystem-focusedviews.
http://www.
w3.
org/2005/Incubator/ssn/XGR-ssn-20110628/[sensors]Sensormeasurement:Agoodsensormeasurementissensitivetothemeasuredpropertyonly,isinsensitivetoanyotherpropertylikelytobeencounteredinitsapplication,anddoesnotinuencethemeasuredproperty.
Inpracticesystematicandrandomerrorsareobserved.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Sensor[sensors]SensorObservationService(SOS):TheSensorObservationService(SOS)isawebservicetoqueryreal-timesensordataandsensordatatimeseriesandispartoftheSen-sorWeb.
Theofferedsensordatacomprisedescriptionsofsensorsthemselves,whichareencodedintheSensorModelLanguage(SensorML),andthemeasuredvaluesintheObser-vationsandMeasurements(O&M)encodingformat.
ThewebserviceisdenedbytheOpenGeospatialConsortium(OGC).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Sensor_Observation_Service[eco][sensors]SensorPlanningService(SPS):Standardwebinterfaceforqueriesthatprovideinforma-tionaboutthecapabilitiesofasensorandhowtotaskthesensor.
http://www.
opengeospatial.
org/standards/sps[eco][sensors]SensorWebEnablement(SWE):TheOGC'sSensorWebEnablement(SWE)standardsenabledeveloperstomakealltypesofsensors,transducersandsensordatarepositoriesdis-coverable,accessibleandusableviatheWeb.
http://www.
opengeospatial.
org/ogc/markets-technologies/swe[sensors][standards]SensorWeb:Thesensorwebisatypeofsensornetworkthatisespeciallywellsuitedforenvironmentalmonitoring.
Itisassociatedwithasensingsystemwhichheavilyutilizestheweb.
OGC'sSensorWebEnablement(SWE)frameworkdenesasuiteofwebser-viceinterfacesandcommunicationprotocolsforsensor(network)communication.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Sensor_web[sensors]Sensor:Asensorisaconverterthatmeasuresaphysicalquantityandconvertsitintoasig-nalwhichcanbereadbyanobserverorbyaninstrument.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Sensor[eco][emergency][sensors][travel][urban]Service-orientedarchitectures(SOA):Aservice-orientedarchitecture(SOA)isasetofprinciplesandmethodologiesfordesigninganddevelopingsoftwareintheformofinterop-erableservices.
Theseservicesarewell-denedbusinessfunctionalitiesthatarebuiltassoft-warecomponentsthatcanbereusedfordifferentpurposes.
SOAgenerallyprovidesawayforconsumersofservices,suchasweb-basedapplications,tobeawareofavailableSOA-basedservices.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture[eco][speech]Session:Asessionisasemi-permanentinteractiveinformationinterchange,alsoknownasadialog,aconversationorameeting,betweentwoormorecommunicatingdevices,orbetweenacomputeranduser.
Asessionissetuporestablishedatacertainpointintime,and374B.
Endres-Niggemeyertorndownatalaterpointintime.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Session_(computer_science)[search][speech][travel]SHA:TheSecureHashAlgorithm(SHA)isafamilyofcryptographichashfunctionspublishedbytheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)asaU.
S.
FederalIn-formationProcessingStandard(FIPS).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Secure_Hash_Algorithm[standards]Shapele:Ashapeleisapopulargeospatialvectordataformatforgeographicinforma-tionsystemssoftware.
Shapelesspatiallydescribegeometries:points,polylines,andpoly-gons,representinge.
g.
waterwells,rivers,andlakes,respectively.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Shapele[urban]SIPaddress:AVoiceIPSIPaddressisauniqueidentierforeachuseronthenetwork,justlikeaphonenumberidentieseachuserontheglobalphonenetwork,orane-mailad-dress.
ItisalsoknownasaSIPURI(UniformResourceIdentier).
http://voip.
about.
com/od/sipandh323/g/What-Is-A-Sip-Address.
htm[speech]SKOS:SKOS(SimpleKnowledgeOrganizationSystem)adaptsKnowledgeOrganizationSystems(KOS)suchasthesauri,classicationschemes,subjectheadinglists,andtaxonomieswithintheframeworkoftheSemanticWeb.
http://www.
w3.
org/2004/02/skos/[math][stan-dards][travel]Slidingwindows:Slidingwindows("windowing")isusedbytheInternet'sTransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)asamethodofcontrollingtheowofpacketsbetweentwocomputersornetworkhosts.
Slidingwindowsisamethodbywhichmultiplepacketsofdatacanbeafrmedwithasingleacknowledgment.
http://searchnetworking.
techtarget.
com/denition/sliding-windows[sensors]SMS:ShortMessagingService.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Short_Message_Service[eco][emergency][speech][travel]SMTP:SimpleMailTransferProtocol(SMTP)isanInternetstandardforelectronicmail(e-mail)transmissionacrossInternetProtocol(IP)networks.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol[standards]SOAP:SOAP(SimpleObjectAccessProtocol)isaprotocolspecicationforex-changingstructuredinformationintheimplementationofwebservicesincomputernet-works.
ItreliesonXMLforitsmessageformat,andusuallyreliesonotherapplicationlayerprotocols,mostnotablyHTTPandSMTP,formessagenegotiationandtransmission.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/SOAP[eco][simil][speech][standards][urban]Socialawarenessstream:Socialawarenessstreamsareanimportantfeatureofapplica-tionssuchasTwitterorFacebook.
Personalawarenessstreamsusuallyallowuserstopostshort,natural-languagemessagesasapersonalstreamofdatathatisbeingmadeavail-abletootherusers.
Socialawarenessstreamaretheaggregationofsuchpersonalaware-nessstreams.
Theyusuallycontainasetofshortmessagesfromdifferentusers.
http://www.
markusstrohmaier.
info/documents/2010_SemSearch2010_Tweetonomies.
pdf[travel]SPARQL:SPARQLisanRDFquerylanguagethatisabletoretrieveandmanipulatedatastoredinRDFformat.
SPARQLallowsforaquerytoconsistoftriplepatterns,conjunctions,disjunctions,andoptionalpatterns.
Implementationsformultipleprogramminglanguagesex-ist.
Thereexisttoolsthatallowonetoconnectandsemi-automaticallyconstructaSPARQLqueryforaSPARQLendpoint,andtoolsthattranslateSPARQLqueriestootherquerylan-guages,forexampletoSQLandtoXQuery.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/SPARQL[dbpedia][eco][emergency][math][search][simil][standards][travel][urban]Spectraltechniques:Spectraltechniquesareusedinappliedmathematicsandscienticcomputingtonumericallysolvecertaindifferentialequations,ofteninvolvingtheuseoftheFastFourierTransform.
TheideaistowritethesolutionofthedifferentialequationasasumGlossaryandSubjectIndex375ofcertain"basisfunctions"(forexample,asaFourierserieswhichisasumofsinusoids)andthentochoosethecoefcientsinthesuminordertosatisfythedifferentialequationaswellaspossible.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Spectral_method[sensors]SpeechApplicationLanguageTags(SALT):SpeechApplicationLanguageTags(SALT)isanXML-basedmarkuplanguagethatisusedinHTMLandXHTMLpagestoaddvoicerecognitioncapabilitiestoweb-basedapplications.
SALTenablesmultimodalandtelephony-enabledaccesstoinformation,applications,andWebservicesfromPCs,tele-phones,tabletPCs,andwirelesspersonaldigitalassistants(PDAs).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Speech_Application_Language_Tags[speech]Speechmashup:Aspeechmashupisawebservicethatimplementsspeechtechnologies,includingautomaticspeechrecognitionandtext-to-speechsynthesis.
[speech]Spreadingactivation:Spreadingactivationisamethodforsearchingassociativenet-works,neuralnetworks,orsemanticnetworks.
Thesearchprocessisinitiatedbylabelingasetofsourcenodeswithweightsor"activation"andtheniterativelypropagatingor"spread-ing"thatactivationouttoothernodeslinkedtothesourcenodes.
Mostoftenthese"weights"arerealvaluesthatdecayasactivationpropagatesthroughthenetwork.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Spreading_activation[emergency]SQL:SQL(StructuredQueryLanguage)isaprogramminglanguagedesignedformanag-ingdatainrelationaldatabasemanagementsystems(RDBMS).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/SQL[search][sensors][standards]SQLite:SQLiteisasoftwarelibrarythatimplementsaself-contained,serverless,zero-conguration,transactionalSQLdatabaseengine.
SQLiteissaidtobethemostwidelyde-ployedSQLdatabaseengineintheworld.
ThesourcecodeforSQLiteisinthepublicdomain.
http://www.
sqlite.
org[standards]Statisticallanguagemodel(SLM):Astatisticallanguagemodelthatcanestimatethedistributionofnaturallanguageasaccurateaspossible.
Astatisticallanguagemodel(SLM)isaprobabilitydistributionP(s)overstringsSthatattemptstoreecthowfrequentlyastringSoccursasasentence.
Then-grammodelisthemostwidelyusedSLMtoday.
http://homepages.
inf.
ed.
ac.
uk/lzhang10/slm.
html[speech]Statisticalpatternrecognition:Statisticalpatternrecognitionisappliedtonewandemergingapplications—suchasdatamining,websearching,multimediadataretrieval,facerecognition,andcursivehandwritingrecognition—thatrequirerobustandefcientpatternrecognitiontechniques.
Statisticaldecisionmakingandestimationareregardedasfunda-mentaltothestudyofpatternrecognition.
[speech]StatisticalUnitNodeSet(SUNS):SUNSisusedinweb-basedmachinelearning.
TheStatisticalUnitNodeSet(SUNS)isdenedforastatisticalunitinapopulation.
Itincludesallprobabilisticnodesthatcorrespondtoallactualandpotentialstatementsinwhichtheunitiseithersubjectorobject.
AdatamatrixwithtriplesfromtheSUNScanbeusedbothforestimatingSUNSinthewholedatamatrix(transduction)andfortheSUNSinthepopulation(induction).
Thelearnedprobabilisticstatementscanbestoredintheknowledgebaseasweightedtriplesusinganumberofapproaches,e.
g.
,usingreication.
http://wwwbrauer.
informatik.
tu-muenchen.
de/~trespvol/papers/tresp_irmles09_MaQLK.
pdf[urban]Stemmingalgorithm:Astemmingalgorithmisusedforstemming,i.
e.
reducinginected(orsometimesderived)wordstotheirstem,baseorrootform,generallyawrittenwordform.
Thestemneednotbeidenticaltothemorphologicalrootoftheword;itisusuallysuf-cientthatrelatedwordsmaptothesamestem,evenifthisstemisnotinitselfavalidroot.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Stemming[simil]376B.
Endres-NiggemeyerStopword:Stopwordsarewordswhicharelteredoutpriorto,orafter,processingofnaturallanguagedata(text).
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Stop_words[simil]Streamprocessingengines(SPE):Streamprocessingengines(SPE)arespecicallyde-signedtodealwithstreamingdata.
TheyperformSQL-likequeriesonthestreamingdatawithoutnecessarilystoringanything.
[sensors]Streamingmedia:Streamingmediaismultimediathatisconstantlyreceivedbyandpresentedtoanend-userwhilebeingdeliveredbyaprovider.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Streaming_media[speech]Supportvectormachines(SVMs):Supportvectormachines(SVMs)aresupervisedlearningmodelswithassociatedlearningalgorithmsthatanalyzedataandrecognizepatterns,usedforclassicationandregressionanalysis.
ThebasicSVMtakesasetofinputdataandpredicts,foreachgiveninput,whichoftwopossibleclassesformstheoutput,makingitanon-probabilisticbinarylinearclassier.
Givenasetoftrainingexamples,eachmarkedasbelong-ingtooneoftwocategories,anSVMtrainingalgorithmbuildsamodelthatassignsnewex-amplesintoonecategoryortheother.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Support_vector_machine[urban]Syndication:Syndicationmakeswebsitematerialavailabletomultipleothersites.
Mostcommonly,syndicationreferstothedistributionofwebfeeds.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Web_syndication[simil][standards]Synonymy:Synonymyisakindofsemanticrelation.
Twowords(orphrases)aresyn-onymswhentheyhavethesamemeaning.
Termswithsubtledifferencesbetweenmeaningsaretermednear-synonyms.
http://www.
iva.
dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/CONCEPTS/synonymy.
htm[emergency][search][simil][standards]TTCP/IP:TCP/IPistheInternetprotocolsuiteincludingthemainprotocolsTransmis-sionControlProtocol(TCP)andInternetProtocol(IP).
TCP/IPprovidesend-to-endcon-nectivityspecifyinghowdatashouldbeformatted,addressed,transmitted,routedandre-ceivedatthedestination.
Ithasfourabstractionlayers,eachwithitsownprotocols.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite[standards]Telcomashups:Telecommashupsintegratingwebmashupswithservicesdistributedovercompany-ownPSTN(PublicSwitchedTelephoneNetwork)telephonelines.
[eco][speech]TextEncodingInitiative(TEI):TheTextEncodingInitiative(TEI)isaconsortiumwhichcollectivelydevelopsandmaintainsastandardfortherepresentationoftextsindigitalform.
Itschiefdeliverableisasetofguidelineswhichspecifyencodingmeth-odsformachine-readabletexts,chieyinthehumanities,socialsciencesandlinguistics.
http://www.
tei-c.
org/index.
xml[standards]TextREtrievalConference(TREC):TheTextREtrievalConference(TREC)supportsresearchwithintheinformationretrievalcommunitybyprovidingtheinfrastructurenecessaryforlarge-scaleevaluationoftextretrievalmethodologies.
http://trec.
nist.
gov[search]Text-to-Speechsystem(TTS):AText-to-Speech(TTS)systemconvertsnormallanguagetextintospeech.
[speech]tf-idf:tf-idf,termfrequency–inversedocumentfrequency,isanumericalstatisticwhichreectshowimportantawordistoadocumentinacollectionorcorpus.
Itisoftenusedasaweightingfactorininformationretrievalandtextmining.
Thetf-idfvalueincreasesGlossaryandSubjectIndex377proportionallytothenumberoftimesawordappearsinthedocument,butisoffsetbythefrequencyofthewordinthecorpus,whichhelpstocontrolforthefactthatsomewordsaregenerallymorecommonthanothers.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Tf-idf[travel][dbpedia]Timeseriesanalysis:Timeseriesanalysisaccountsforthefactthatdatapointstakenovertimemayhaveaninternalstructure(suchasautocorrelation,trendorseasonalvariation)thatshouldbeaccountedfor.
http://www.
itl.
nist.
gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section4/pmc4.
htm[sensors]Timestamp:Atimestampisasequenceofcharactersorencodedinformationidentifyingwhenacertaineventoccurred,usuallygivingdateandtimeofday.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Timestamp[search][sensors][search][urban]Topology:Topologyanalyzessuchconceptsasspace,dimension,andtransformation.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Topology[urban]TransverseMercatorcoordinatesystem:AtransverseMercatorprojectionisaMer-catorprojectionwhosecylindertouchestheearthnotattheequator,butalongameridianoflongitudechosendependingontheareaofthemap,inordertoreducethescaleerror.
http://www.
uwgb.
edu/dutchs/eldmethods/utmsystem.
htm[urban]Tri-phone:Atri-phoneisasequenceofthreephonemes,sothatonephoneisputintocontextoftheprecedingandthefollowingphone.
[speech]Turtle:TerseRDFTripleLanguage.
http://www.
w3.
org/TeamSubmission/turtle/[stan-dards]Tverskymodel:TheTverskysimilaritymodelassumesthatanobjectisrepresentedbyasetoffeaturesorattributes.
Usuallythesearebinaryvariables(e.
g.
,voicedorunvoicedconsonant)orpartsthatarepresentornot,e.
g.
,eyesortail),buttheymayalsobeorderedsetsofpropertieslikecolororsize.
AnimportantaspectofTversky'smodelisthatsimilaritydependsnotonlyontheproportionoffeaturescommontothetwoobjectsbutalsoontheiruniquefeatures.
http://www.
pigeon.
psy.
tufts.
edu/avc/dblough/theory.
htm[simil]UUbiquitouscomputing:Ubiquitouscomputing(ubicomp)isapost-desktopmodelofhuman–computerinteractioninwhichinformationprocessinghasbeenthoroughlyintegratedintoeverydayobjectsandactivities.
Thisparadigmisalsodescribedaspervasivecomputing,ambientintelligenceor,morerecently,everyware.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Pervasive_Computing[dbpedia][eco][speech][travel][urban]UIMA:UIMAisanApacheopen,industrial-strength,scalableandextensibleplat-formforcreating,integratinganddeployingunstructuredinformationmanagementsolutionsfrompowerfultextormultimodalanalysisandsearchcomponents.
http://uima.
apache.
org[dbpedia]UMTS:UniversalMobileTelecommunicationsSystem.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System[eco][urban]UniedModelingLanguage(UML):TheUniedModelingLanguage(UML)isastan-dardizedgeneral-purposemodelinglanguageintheeldofobject-orientedsoftwareengi-neering.
UMLincludesasetofgraphicnotationtechniquestocreatevisualmodelsofobject-orientedsoftware-intensivesystems.
UMLisastandardofbothISOandOMG.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Unied_Modeling_Language[eco]UniedTheoryofAcceptanceandUseofTechnology(UTAUT):TheUniedTheoryofAcceptanceandUseofTechnology(UTAUT)aimstoexplainuserintentionstousean378B.
Endres-Niggemeyerinformationsystemandsubsequentusagebehavior.
Thetheoryholdsthatfourkeyconstructs(performanceexpectancy,effortexpectancy,socialinuence,andfacilitatingconditions)aredirectdeterminantsofusageintentionandbehavior.
Gender,age,experience,andvoluntari-nessofusearepositedtomediatetheimpactofthefourkeyconstructsonusageinten-tionandbehavior.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Unied_theory_of_acceptance_and_use_of_technology[eco]Unitselectionsynthesis:Thetargetutteranceiscreatedbydeterminingthebestchainofcandidateunitsfromthevoicedatabase(unitselection),typicallyusingaspeciallyweighteddecisiontree.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Speech_synthesis[speech]Userexperience(UX):Userexperience(UX)coversallaspectsoftheend-userinter-actionwiththecompany,itsservices,anditsproducts.
Therstrequirementforanexem-plaryuserexperienceistomeettheexactneedsofthecustomer,withoutfussorbother.
Nextcomessimplicityandelegancethatproduceproductsthatareajoytoown,ajoytouse.
Trueuserexperiencegoesfarbeyondgivingcustomerswhattheysaytheywant,orprovidingchecklistfeatures.
Inordertoachievehigh-qualityuserexperienceinacom-pany'sofferingstheremustbeaseamlessmergingoftheservicesofmultipledisciplines,in-cludingengineering,marketing,graphicalandindustrialdesign,andinterfacedesign.
http://www.
allaboutux.
org/ux-denitions[eco]Userinterface(UI):Theuserinterfaceisthespacewheretheinteractionbetweenhu-mansandmachinesoccurs.
Graphicaluserinterfaces(GUIs)arefrequent,buthuman–machineinteractioncantargetallhumansensesofferinge.
g.
tactileoraudiointeraction.
Gooduser-orienteddesignisparamount.
Itrangesfromsimplebuttonstovirtualreality.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/User_interface[dbpedia][eco][emergency][math][search][sensors][standards][travel]Usermodel:Ausermodelrepresentsacollectionofpersonaldataassociatedwithaspe-cicuser.
Itisthebasisforanyadaptivechangestothesystem'sbehavior.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/User_modeling[math][simil][travel]Ushahidi:Ushahidiisanon-prottechcompanythatspecializesindevelopingfreeandopensourcesoftwareforinformationcollection,visualization,andinteractivemapping.
http://www.
ushahidi.
com/[emergency]VValueDifferenceMetric(VDM):TheValueDifferenceMetric(VDM)isdesignedtondreasonabledistancevaluesbetweennominalattributevalues,largelyignoringcontinuousat-tributesandrequiringdiscretizationtomapcontinuousvaluesintonominalvalues.
UpdatedversionsofVDMexist.
http://axon.
cs.
byu.
edu/~randy/jair/wilson1.
html#Contents[simil]Vectorspacemodel:TheVectorspacemodelortermvectormodelisanalgebraicmodelforrepresentingtextdocuments(andanyobjects,ingeneral)asvectorsofidentiers,suchas,forexample,indexterms.
Itisusedininformationltering,informationretrieval,index-ing,andrelevancyrankings.
ItsrstusewasintheSMARTInformationRetrievalSystem.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Vector_space_model[sensors][simil]Videomashup:Combinationofmultipleaudiovisualsources.
[eco]VirtualReality(VR):VirtualReality(VR)isusingcomputertechnologytocreateasim-ulated,three-dimensionalworldthatausercanmanipulateandexplorewhilefeelingasifhewereinthatworld.
Scientists,theorists,andengineershavedesigneddozensofdevicesGlossaryandSubjectIndex379andapplicationstoachievethisgoal.
http://electronics.
howstuffworks.
com/gadgets/other-gadgets/virtual-reality.
htm[eco][standards]Virtualsensor:Virtualsensorsallowtheabstractionofdatacollectionawayfromaxedsetofphysicalobjects.
Virtualsensorvaluesarecomputedbasedonindirectorabstractmea-surementsderivedfrommultiple,distributed,oftenheterogeneousdatastreams.
[travel]Voice-as-a-Service(VaaS):SpeechwebserviceforTTS(Text-to-Speech)orautomaticspeechrecognition(ASR).
[eco][speech]VoiceXML:VoiceXML(VXML)istheW3C'sstandardXMLformatforspecifyinginter-activevoicedialogsbetweenahumanandacomputer.
VoiceXMLdocumentsareinterpretedbyavoicebrowser.
AcommonarchitectureistodeploybanksofvoicebrowsersattachedtothePublicSwitchedTelephoneNetwork(PSTN)toallowuserstointeractwithvoiceappli-cationsoverthetelephone.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/VoiceXML[speech]VoIP:VoiceoverIP(VoIP,orvoiceoverInternetProtocol)isatechnologyusedbyIPtelephonytotransportphonecalls.
VoIPsystemsemploysessioncontrolprotocolstocontroltheset-upandtear-downofcallsaswellasaudiocodecswhichencodespeechallowingtrans-missionoveranIPnetworkasdigitalaudioviaanaudiostream.
VoIPisavailableonmanysmartphonesandInternetdevices.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Voice_over_IP[speech]VRML:VRML(VirtualRealityModelingLanguage)isastandardleformatforrepre-sentingthree-dimensional(3D)interactivevectorgraphics,designedparticularlywiththeWorldWideWebinmind.
IthasbeensupersededbyX3D.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/VRML[standards]WW3CSemanticSensorNetworkIncubatorGroup:ThemissionoftheSemanticSensorNetworkIncubatorGroupwastobeginproducingontologiesofsensorsandsensornetworks,andtodevelopsemanticannotationsofakeylanguageusedbyservices-basedsensornet-works.
Thegroupdeliveredanalreport(http://www.
w3.
org/2005/Incubator/ssn/XGR-ssn-20110628/).
http://www.
w3.
org/2005/Incubator/ssn/[sensors]W3Ctimeontology:TheOWL-TimeontologyofW3CdescribesthetemporalcontentofWebpagesandthetemporalpropertiesofWebservices.
Theontologyprovidesavocabularyforexpressingfactsabouttopologicalrelationsamonginstantsandintervals,togetherwithin-formationaboutdurations,andaboutdatetimeinformation.
http://www.
w3.
org/TR/owl-time/[sensors]WATSON:AT&Tspeechrecognitionengine.
http://www.
research.
att.
com/projects/WATSON[speech]WaveformAudio(WAV):WaveformAudioFileFormat(WAV)isaMicrosoftandIBMaudioleformatstandardforstoringanaudiobitstream.
ThoughaWAVlecanholdcom-pressedaudio,themostcommonWAVformatcontainsuncompressedaudiointhelinearpulsecodemodulation(LPCM)format.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/WAV[standards]WebFeatureServiceInterfaceStandard(WFS):TheWebFeatureServiceInter-faceStandard(WFS)ofOGCprovidesaninterfaceallowingrequestsforgeographicalfeaturesacrossthewebusingplatform-independentcalls.
Onecanthinkofgeographicalfeaturesasthe"sourcecode"behindamap,whereastheWMSinterfaceoronlinemap-pingportalslikeGoogleMapsreturnonlyanimage,whichend-userscannoteditorspa-tiallyanalyze.
TheXML-basedGMLfurnishesthedefaultpayload-encodingfortransport-ingthegeographicfeatures,butotherformatslikeshapelescanalsoservefortransport.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Web_Feature_Service[emergency]380B.
Endres-NiggemeyerWebMapServiceInterfaceStandard(WMS):TheOpenGISWebMapServiceInter-faceStandard(WMS)providesasimpleHTTPinterfaceforrequestinggeo-registeredmapimagesfromoneormoredistributedgeospatialdatabases.
AWMSrequestdenesthege-ographiclayer(s)andareaofinteresttobeprocessed.
Theresponsetotherequestisoneormoregeo-registeredmapimages(returnedasJPEG,PNG,etc.
)thatcanbedisplayedinabrowserapplication.
http://www.
opengeospatial.
org/standards/wms[standards]WebMashupScriptingLanguage(WMSL):TheWebMashupScriptingLanguage(WMSL)enablesanend-userworkingfromhisbrowser,e.
g.
notneedinganyotherin-frastructure,toquicklywritemashupsthatintegrateanywebservicesontheWeb.
Theend-useraccomplishesthisbywritingawebpagethatcombinesHTML,metadataintheformofmappingrelations,andasmallpieceofcode,orscript.
Themappingrelationsen-ablenotonlythediscoveryandretrievaloftheWMSLpages,butalsoaffectanewpro-grammingparadigmthatabstractsmanyprogrammingcomplexitiesfromthescriptwriter.
http://www.
mitre.
org/work/tech_papers/tech_papers_07/07_0393/[eco]WebofThings(WoT):TheWebofThings(WoT)isacomputingconceptthatdescribesafuturewhereeverydayobjectsarefullyintegratedwiththeWeb.
TheprerequisiteforWoTisforthe"things"tohaveembeddedcomputersystemsthatenablecommunicationwiththeWeb.
Suchsmartdeviceswouldthenbeabletocommunicatewitheachotherusingex-istingWebstandards.
http://www.
techopedia.
com/denition/26834/web-of-things-wot[eco][sensors][standards]Webscraping:Webscraping(webharvestingorwebdataextraction)isacomputersoft-waretechniqueofextractinginformationfromwebsites.
Usually,suchsoftwareprogramssimulatehumanexplorationbyeitherimplementingthelow-levelHypertextTransferProto-col(HTTP),orbyembeddingafullyedgedwebbrowser.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Web_scraping[simil]Webservice:AWebserviceisamethodofcommunicationbetweentwoelectronicde-vicesovertheWorldWideWeb.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Web_service[dbpedia][eco][math][sensors][speech][standards][urban][travel]WebServicesDescriptionLanguage(WSDL):TheWebServicesDescriptionLanguage(WSDL)isanXML-basedlanguagethatisusedfordescribingthefunctionalityofferedbyaWebservice.
AWSDLdescriptionofawebservice(alsoreferredtoasaWSDLle)providesamachine-readabledescriptionofhowtheservicecanbecalled,whatparame-tersitexpects,andwhatdatastructuresitreturns.
WSDLisoftenusedincombinationwithSOAPandanXMLSchematoprovideWebservicesovertheInternet.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language[eco][speech]Web3D:Web3Dreferstoallinteractive3Dcontentwhichareembeddedintowebpageshtml,andthatwecanseethroughawebbrowser.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Web3D[standards]WebCGM:WebCGMisaproleoftheCGMstandard(ISO/IEC8632)thatdescribeshowCGMvectors,raster,andhybridgraphicsaretobeusedontheWeb.
WebCGM2.
1isaW3Crecommendation.
https://www.
oasis-open.
org/committees/cgmo-webcgm/faq.
php,http://www.
w3.
org/TR/2010/REC-webcgm21-20100301/[standards]WebGL:WebGL(WebGraphicsLibrary)isaJavaScriptAPIforrenderinginteractive3Dgraphicsand2Dgraphicswithinanycompatiblewebbrowserwithouttheuseofplug-ins.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/WebGL[standards]WebRTC:WebRTC(WebReal-TimeCommunication)isanAPIdenitionbeingdraftedbytheWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C).
ThegoalofWebRTCistoenableapplicationssuchasvoicecalling,videochatandP2Plesharingwithoutplugins.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/WebRTC[speech]GlossaryandSubjectIndex381Weightednite-statemachine(FSM):Anite-statetransducerisaniteautomatonwhosestatetransitionsarelabeledwithbothinputandoutputsymbols.
Aweightedtrans-ducerputsweightsontransitionsinadditiontotheinputandoutputsymbols.
Weightsmayencodeprobabilities,durations,penalties,oranyotherquantitythataccumulatesalongpathstocomputetheoverallweightofmappinganinputsequencetoanoutputsequence.
Weightedtransducersarethusanaturalchoicetorepresenttheprobabilisticnite-statemodelspreva-lentinspeechprocessing.
http://www.
cs.
nyu.
edu/~mohri/pub/csl01.
pdf[speech]WGS84coordinatesystem:TheWorldGeodeticSystemisastandardforuseincartogra-phy,geodesy,andnavigation.
ItslatestrevisionisWGS84(datingfrom1984andlastrevisedin2004),whichwasvaliduptoabout2010.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/World_Geodetic_System[urban]Widget:Awidgetisasmallapplicationwithpresentationformatthatcanbeinstalledandexecutedwithinawebpagebyanend-user.
WidgetsaretypicallycreatedindynamicHTML,JavaScript,orAdobeFlash.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Web_widget[eco][emer-gency][math][search][sensors][travel]WindowsMediaAudio(WMA):WindowsMediaAudio(WMA)isanaudiodatacom-pressiontechnologydevelopedbyMicrosoft.
Thenamecanbeusedtorefertoitsaudioleformatoritsaudiocodecs.
ItisaproprietarytechnologythatformspartoftheWindowsMediaframework.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio[standards]WolframAlpha:WolframAlphaisacomputationalknowledgeenginethatdoesnotsearchtheweb,butperformsdynamiccomputationsbasedonavastcollectionofbuilt-indata,algorithms,andmethods.
WolframAlpha'saimistocollectandcurateallobjectivedataandtoimplementeveryknownmodel,method,andalgorithm.
http://www.
wolframalpha.
com/about.
html[math]WorldWideWebConsortium(W3C):TheWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C)isaninternationalcommunitythatdevelopsopenstandardstoensurethelong-termgrowthoftheWeb.
http://www.
w3.
org[dbpedia][math][sensors][speech][standards][travel]XX3D:X3Disaroyalty-freeopenstandardsleformatandrun-timearchitecturetorepresentandcommunicate3DscenesandobjectsusingXML.
X3Dhasarichsetofcomponentizedfeaturesthatcanbetailoredforuseinengineeringandscienticvisualization,CADandarchitecture,medicalvisualization,trainingandsimulation,multimedia,entertainment,edu-cation,andmore.
http://www.
web3d.
org/realtime-3d/x3d/what-x3d/[standards]XHTML:XHTML(ExtensibleHyperTextMarkupLanguage)istheXML-compliantencodingofHTML.
http://www.
w3.
org/TR/html5/the-xhtml-syntax.
html#the-xhtml-syntax[math][speech][standards]XMLSchema(XSD):AnXMLSchema(XSD)describesthestructureofanXMLdocu-ment.
IncomparisonwithaDTD,anXMLSchema(codedinXML)enablesamoredetaileddocumentdenition.
ThecurrentXMLSchema1.
1isasupersetofXMLSchema1.
0.
http://www.
w3schools.
com/schema/default.
asp,http://www.
xfront.
com/xml-schema-1-1/[stan-dards]XML:TheExtensibleMarkupLanguage(XML)isamarkuplanguagecreatedtostruc-ture,store,andtransportdatabydeningasetofrulesforencodingdocumentsinafor-matthatisbothhuman-readableandmachine-readable.
XMLiswidelyusedfortherep-resentationofarbitrarydatastructures,forexampleinwebservices.
HundredsofXML-basedlanguageshavebeendeveloped,includingRSS,Atom,SVG,MathML,XHTML,382B.
Endres-NiggemeyerandSOAP.
XMLhasalsobeenemployedasthebaselanguageforcommunicationproto-cols,suchasXMPP.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/XML,http://www.
w3.
org/XML/[dbpedia][eco][math][search][sensors][simil][speech][standards][travel][urban]XMPP:XMPPistheExtensibleMessagingandPresenceProtocol,asetofopentech-nologiesforinstantmessaging,presence,multi-partychat,voiceandvideocalls,collabo-ration,lightweightmiddleware,contentsyndication,andgeneralizedroutingofXMLdata.
http://xmpp.
org/about-xmpp/technology-overview/[standards]XQuery:XQueryisaqueryandfunctionalprogramminglanguagethatisdesignedtoquerycollectionsofXMLdata.
ThelanguageisbasedontheXQueryandXPathDataModel(XDM)whichusesatree-structuredmodeloftheinformationcontentofanXMLdocu-ment,containingsevenkindsofnodes:documentnodes,elements,attributes,textnodes,comments,processinginstructions,andnamespaces.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/XQuery,http://www.
w3.
org/XML/Query/[simil][standards]XSLT:XSLTisalanguagefortransformingXMLdocumentsintootherXMLdocuments.
http://www.
w3.
org/TR/xslt[standards][math]XUL:XUL(XMLUserInterfaceLanguage)isauserinterfacemarkuplanguageimple-mentedasanXMLdialect;itallowsforgraphicaluserinterfacestobewritteninasimilarmannertoWebpages.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/XUL[math]XULRunner:XULRunnerisarun-timeenvironmentdevelopedbytheMozillaFoun-dationtoprovideacommonback-endforXUL-basedapplications.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/XULRunner[math]YYahoo!
Pipes:Pipesisapowerfulcompositiontooltoaggregate,manipulate,andmashupcontentfromaroundtheweb.
LikeUnixpipes,simplecommandscanbecombinedtogethertocreateoutputthatmeetsuserneeds.
http://pipes.
yahoo.
com/pipes/[eco][speech]ZZentralblattMATH:ZentralblattMATHisaserviceprovidingreviewsandabstractsforarticlesinpureandappliedmathematics,publishedbySpringerScience+BusinessMedia.
Itisamajorinternationalreviewingservicewhichcoverstheentireeldofmathematics.
ItusestheMathematicsSubjectClassicationcodesfororganizingtheirreviewsbytopic.
http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH[math]