convex999ddd.com

Index1dbcompressionpoint794–6,809–121/fnoiseup-conversion562–3AAFseeanti-aliasingfiltersabsoluteerrors19–21absolutelowerboundaries284–5absoluterobustness888–90ACTIFmodelingtechnique620–3,627activefilterscomponentsensitivity319–24componentspread315–39componenttolerance315–39digitalsubscriberlines726–8,744polequalityfactor325–11powerconsumption686–9robustness32–50selectivity325–11symbolicanalysis954,955activeloads805activemixers682–5Adams,R.
W.
360–1"Adaptiveretina"chip132–3ADCseeanalogue-to-digitalconvertersadjointnetworks209–10ADSLseeAsymmetricDigitalSubscriberLinealgorithms897–901Alinikula'smethod865–9AM-to-PMdistortionelimination873–6amplifiersarchitectures211–12biasingmethods44–50closed-loops217–22floating–gates130–3gain-bandwidth207–25power842–80robustness28–32theory208–11transresistance210,213–18,221–2amplitudecontrol765amplituderesponse327,335analoguevs.
digitalprocesses725–6analogue-to-digitalconverters(ADC)616,639–40,732–5analysismethods747–51,960–1AND-gates825–7annotatedlayoutschematics994–6anti-aliasingfilters(AAF)443,455–6AOTACseeAsymmetricOperationalTransconductanceAmplifierComparatorsarbitraryBooleanfunctions902–18architecturesdataconverters594–7,599–601layoutanalogy988–9mixers800–17openloops171–3robustness25–7area78–9ASAPsymbolicanalyzer953,966,974,976–8AsymmetricDigitalSubscriberLine(ADSL)732–8AsymmetricOperationalTransconductanceAmplifierComparators(AOTAC)409,430asymptotic–gain260atomic(primitive)templates898automatictuning352–3autozerofloating–gateamplifier(AFGA)128–9back-annotation68–9,990–1balancedcompensationcapacitorbranches483–4band-gapreferences139–64design157–63noise148–53power-supplyrejection153–5resistors147–8robustness50–4structures155–67bandwidthefficiency852–3feedback755–6frequency260–5gaintrading227–55limiting933–4,936mixers793–4seealsogain-bandwidthbase-emittervoltages139–64basebandcircuits668–92basebandlinecodes728,729batteries665behaviormodeling597–9,606–7,963–4Bernoullicells(BC)369–70BFLsee"BigFat"inductorsbias160,485,759–60biasingmethods35–50,306–8,431–2,433–8BiCMOSfullydifferentialop-amps970–1"BigFat"inductors(BFL)842binary-weightedmismatchshaping650,651bipolarcellularneuralnetwork8861033Index1034bipolarjunctiontransistors(BJT)continuous-timefilters347gain-bandwidth227,235–8log-domainfilters374–9productionissues9biquadsACTIFtechnique622–3amplituderesponse335componentsensitivity320–4log-domainfilters369–79switched-capacitor954,955–6BJTseebipolarjunctiontransistorsblind-zones829–31,834–5,838blockers308–9Bodeplots269bondedwafertechniques1024–8Booleanfunctions902–18bootstrapping1004–6bottom-upverification606–7branchvariables195–204bridged-Tnetworks331–2broadbanding229,268–70,277Brokawcells51buffers95–8,329–30bulkdrivenmixers807–9Butterworthcharacteristic261–3CADseecomputer-aideddesigncanonicalpiecewise-linearcellularneuralnetworks906–9,917capacitancefloating-gates116–17harmonicresonatoroscillators768–9IClayout1001–34photoreceivers705post-amplifiercombinations712–13capacitorsbranches477–84componentmatching1018–20componentvalues865–7,870–8frequency-dynamicrange-power299–300mismatches485–6storedcharges481–2cascadecoupledresonatoroscillators771–2cascodeMillercompensation471–2CCCSseeCurrent-ControlledCurrentSourceCCVSseeCurrent-ControlledVoltageSourcecellreuseinlayout985–6cellularneuralnetwork(CNN)cells883–918cellularphonesystems25–7channelhotcarrierinjectionseehotcarrierinjectioncharacteristicpolynomials(CP)261–3chargecapacitors481–2domainprocessing474–6floating-gates119,120–8injection301–2retention134sharing839–42Chebyshevlowpassfilters336–7checklists,productionstrategies70–1chip–scalepackages(CSP)1006–7circuiteer/layouteerteamwork992–6circuitscellularneuralnetworks886–7classEpoweramplifiers853,858–62CMOSVLSIcircuits89–98,107–8design1–5digital-to-analogueconverters602–3feedbackcircuits182–204floating-gates119–28high-frequency451–6layouts1020–4outputvariables192–3parameters107–8partitioning182–204performance7–74phasefrequencydetectors836–7physicalrobustness63–4reliability7–74sizing960–1switched-capacitors443–56,492–4switched-currents492–4symbolicanalysis958–60topology492–4,961transferfunctions183–9classAlog-domainfilters380–3classApoweramplifiers845–8classAswitched-capacitors499classAswitched-currents497–9,503–6,510classABpoweramplifiers845–8classABswitched-currents498–9,506–7,510classBpoweramplifiers845–8classCpoweramplifiers845–8classDpoweramplifiers848–9classEpoweramplifiers844–5,848–50,853–78classFpoweramplifiers848,850–2classI,II,IIItemplates898–901classification,poweramplifiers842–53clipping932–3,938clockdrivers603frequency494–9jitter552closedloops171–6,217–221035IndexCMOSseeComplementaryMetal-OxideSemiconductorsCNNseecellularneuralnetworkcoarsetuning352collectorcurrents387–9Colpittsoscillator563–4,567,572–3combinationprogrammingtechniques124–8commercialdesignobjectives9–11commonmoderejection799–800common-gateamplifiers673–8common-modefeedback(CMFB)472–4communications697–718commutatingswitchmixers681–5compactness905–6,910,916,917companding303–6,307,309–10comparators407–39,776–7ComplementaryMetal-OxideSemiconductors(CMOS)comparators407–39offsets429–38resolution423–9speed423–9voltage408–22mixerdesign787–817oscillatorphasenoise568–70switched-capacitors445–51VLSIcircuits75–108circuitcriteria89–98designcriteria78–86futuretrends104–7glossary107parameters107–8physicalcriteria99–102powerdissipation84–5processcriteria102–4structuralcriteria86–9complexpoles264–5componentselementvalues19–21matching301,485–6,1012–20performance7–74reliability7–74sensitivity319–24,327sizeissues1015–16spread315–39tolerance315–39valuecomputation863–70compositecapacitorbranches477–84compressionpoint(1db)794–6,809–12computationalefficiency968–9computersimulatorscomputer-aideddesign923–51Matlab938–45,946,949Simulink929–32,937–40,946–50computer-aideddesign(CAD)circuitdesign2computersimulators923–51integratedcircuits953–79,985–1031concisedesignproductionstrategies69–70connectedcomponentdetectors(CCD)894–6contacts(connections)999–1008continuous-timefilters341–53digitalsubscriberlines743–4dynamicrange347–9log-domainfilters349–50order341–2powerconsumption687–8powerestimators620–7symbolicanalysis954,955transconductance-Cfilters344–7transconductors350–1tuning351–3controlports191–204controlledoutputcurrents215–17controllingfeedbackvariables192–3,195–204conversiongain793–4,803–5convertersseeanalogue-to-digital.
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convexcornerdetection899–900,901"CornerModels"64–8costissues,robustness54–5coupledrelaxationoscillators778,780–4coupledresonatoroscillators770–2CPseecharacteristicpolynomialscross-coupledLCoscillators519–20CSPseechip-scalepackagescurrentamplifiers210,213–18,221–2,295–7bandwidths383–9base-emittervoltages153–5carryingbranches1000–6conveyeramplifiers214–15density998–1000feedback213–14,248–51followers214–24,277–8integratedLCVCO533–5mirrors216,296–7source604–5,845–28steering592–3,594–7tankvoltageamplitudes568voltageconversion292–5currentsourceshift(I-shift)749,750Current-ControlledCurrentSource(CCCS)amplifiers210,214–18,221–2Current-ControlledVoltageSource(CCVS)amplifiers210,213–18,221–2cyclostationarynoisesources563–4,572–31036IndexD-flipflops825–7DACseedigital-to-analogueconvertersdampingcircuits762–72dampingfactor174–6,703–6DAPseeDependentonAbsoluteParametersdataconvertersADSL732–8digitalsubscriberlinetechniques728–41dynamicrange631–62experimentalresults607–10high-performance591–628interpolation654–6Mondriaantool604–6powermodeling613–28sampledsignalreconstruction653–62speed631–62systematicdesign591–610DDDseedeterminantdecisionprogramsdead-zone827–9,832–4decaderingcounters1031decoders603,605–6decompositiontrees972–4degenerationlog-domainfilters357–9mixers809–12self-biasedcomparators436–7transconductance-Cfilters346degenerativefeedbackseenegative.
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delaycells827–9deliverables,productionstrategies57–8delta–sigmadataconverters653,657–8delta–sigmamodulatorsdataconverters657–8fullycoded946–50Matlab939,941–3,944Simulink929–32,939–40switchedcapacitor927–9DependentonAbsoluteParameters(DAP)18–19,1012–13derivation,powerestimators616–19designmethodologycircuits1–6CMOSmixers787–817CMOSVLSIcircuits76–86constraints519–26flows592–3integratedLCVCO519–26log-domainfilters360–74manufacture7–74mixers787–817determinantdecisionprograms(DDD)973deterministicoffset429devicedimensions431–2,1013,1015–16matching301,485–6,1012–15dieareas78–9dielectricmaterials104differentialoperationcontinuous-timefilters349differentialoscillators679–81digitallayouts985–6digitalsubscriberlines(DSL)ADSL732–8circuits740–4dataconverters728–41digital-to-analogueconverters735–7front-enddesign723–46Nyquist-rateconverters740–3oversamplingdataconverters740–3systempartitioning723–40digitalVLSI461–88digitalvs.
analogueprocesses725–6digital-to-analogueconverters(DAC)ADSL735–7behavioralmodels597–9,606–7circuits602–3converterlayouts606designflow592–3dynamicrange631–62sizingsynthesis599–603speed631–62top-downverification597–9dimensions14,431–2,1013,1015–16discretechipinductors671–2discretemulti-tonemodulation(DMT)730–1discrete-time(DT)419–21,954,955–6distortionincrement755–6log-domainfilters390–3modeling625–6symbolicanalysis974–6DMTseediscretemulti-tonemodulationdominantpoles263–5domino-logicphasefrequencydetectors831–42DONALDsymbolicanalyzer960double-balancedmixers803–5,809–12double-looplimitingamplifiers767double-polyseepolysilicon-over-polysilicondouble-sideband(DSB)noisefigures797–9down-bonds1007drafting989–2draincurrents126–7,524–5,714–18drainvoltages858–60,868,869–70drivingoscillatorloads766–7drivingpointimpedances189–91DSBseedouble-sidebandDSLseedigitalsubscriberlinesDTseediscrete-timeDTLsee"DynamicTranslinearCircuits"Index1037dual-feedbackamplifiers246–8,252–5dynamicbiasing306–8,433–8cellularneuralnetworks884–5dataconverters601–3logicphasedetectors821,831–42rangecontinuous-timefilters347–9dataconverters631–62frequency283–310speed631–62wirelessreceivers668–70resolution437–8staticcircuitcriteria90–1"DynamicTranslinearCircuits"(DTL)367–8earlyvoltages446–7echosignals732–40edge-triggeredJK-flipflops825effectivenumberofbits(ENOB)616–17electromigration998–1000elementmatching644elementrotation644–5elementspecifications1013ELINseeExternallyLinearInternallyNonlinearelliptichigh-passfilters1021–4emittercontacts999–1000emitterdegeneration357–9emitter-coupledmulti-vibrators775–6,781–2energybarriers117–19,124–8ENOBseeeffectivenumberofbitsenvelopeeliminationandrestoration844EPROM115equivalentnoisesource748–9ESSseeexponentialstate-spaceevolution,microprocessors75–7exclusive-ORgates823–4experimentalresultsdataconverters607–10integratedLCVCO541–5powerestimators619,627exponentialfunctions365–7exponentialstate-space(ESS)364–5ExternallyLinearInternallyNonlinear(ELIN)structures393–5extractedbehavioralmodels606–7fabrication672–3,1024–8failureboundary911–13tests72–3FAMOSseefloating-gateavalanche-injectionMOS"FAST""CornerModels"65faultdiagnosis962–3FDOTACseeFully-DifferentialOperationalTransconductanceAmplifierComparatorfeedbackamplifiers246–8,252–5,752–6circuits169–204controlports191–204drivingpointimpedances189–91partitioning182–204phasemargins176–9settlingtimes179–82transferfunctions173–6,183–9variables192–3,195–204componentsensitivity322–4,327loops171–82lownoiseamplifiers752–6oversamplingdataconverters633–6shunt-shunttype198–204FETseefield-effecttransistorsFGMODseefloating-gateMOStransistorsFGUVMOSseefloating-gateUVMOSinvertersfield-effecttransistors(FET)continuous-timefilters343–4,346–7gain-bandwidth227–55prescalers685–6figure-of-merit(FoM)251,493,509–14,792–800filtersactive315–39circuits1023–4companding309–10continuous-time341–53digitalsubscriberlines738–40frequency-dynamicrange-power284–8log-domain355–401Monte-Carloresults334–5,1022,1024powermodeling613–28robustness32–50selectivity325–32,341–2switched-capacitors444tunability342–4,351–3finitetransmissionzeros380–3FIRfrequencyresponse452–3first-ordercompensatedband-gapreferencesbase-emittervoltages143–4designexample157–9noise151–2simplifiedstructures155first-orderoscillatorsseerelaxationoscillatorsfixedgainamplifiers28–32Flash-EPROM115flickernoisefrequency-dynamicrange-power300–1mixers815–17oscillatorphasenoise562–31038Indexflickernoisecontd,switched-capacitors447wirelessreceivers688flipflopcircuits825–7floatingcapacitors380–3floating-gateavalanche-injectionMOS(FAMOS)115floating-gateMOStransistors(FGMOS)115–35floating-gateUVMOSinverters(FGUVMOS)130–3floating-gates115–35"Adaptiveretina"chip132–3chargeretention134circuits119–28combinationprogrammingtechniques124–8on-chipknobs121physics115–19floorplans604FNseeFowler–Nordheimfoldedcascodeamplifiers466–7,939FoldedOperationalTransconductanceAmplifierComparator(FOTAC)412,413,939follower-basedamplifiers213–24formalverification964–5FOTACseeFoldedOperationalTransconductanceAmplifierComparatorFourieranalysis869Fowler–Nordheim(FN)tunnelling118–19,124–8frequencycompensationbandwidth260–5currentfollowers277–8dominantpoles263–5negative-feedbackamplifiers257–81nullors277–8passivenetworks265–7phantomzeros275–7poleplacement265–7polesplitting270–5,277pole-zerocancellation270–5,277resistivebroadbanding268–70,277second-ordereffectaddition277–8switched-capacitors469–72transimpedanceamplifiers278–81zeros274–7dividers685–6gain242–3instability551–7response350–1sensitivity839,840tests838,839frequency-dynamicrange-power283–310capacitors299–300companding303–6,307,309–10currentamplifiers295–7current-to-voltageconversion292–5dynamicbiasing306–8filters284–8harmonicoscillators291–2oscillators288–92parasiticcapacitors299–300powerdissipation303–8single-polelow-passfilters284–5voltage-to-currentconversion292–5Frey,D.
R.
362–5front-enddesign723–46front-endsmall-signalperformance700–7front-end/post-amplifiercombinations712–13,714fullycodeddelta–sigmamodulators946–50fullydifferentialamplifiers472–4fullydifferentialBiCMOSop-amps970–1Fully-DifferentialOperationalTransconductancAmplifierComparator(FDOTAC)409fusingcurrents998–9futuretrendsinCMOSVLSIcircuits104–7GaAsFETseegalliumarsenidefield-effecttransistorsgainboostingamplifiers467–8cells43–50degeneration436–7delta–sigmamodulators932,933,938errors48–50frequency242–3,260openloops172–3gain-bandwidthamplifiers207–25,238–40closed-loopamplifiers217–22concepts227–34feedback243–55inductors232–4,238–41low-noiseamplifiers238–40mixers793–4noise227–55photoreceivers711–12,713productionparameters17shrinkage230–2gain-sensitivityproduct(GSP)323–4galliumarsenidefield-effecttransistors(GaAsFET)227GASCAPsymbolicanalyzer978genericbehavioralmodels597–9Gilbertcells803–5,809–12,822–3glitch598–9Indexglobalfeedback193–5glossary,CMOSVLSIcircuits107Gm-Cseetransconductance-Cgraphicalnonlinearprogramming(GNP)518–19,526–37groundconnections1006–10GSPseegain-sensitivityproductGummelandPoonModel146–7gyrators752–3harmonicdistortion861,862,975–6oscillators291–2,762–72resonatoroscillators762–72HCIseehotcarrierinjectionheterodynereceivers788–9,798hierarchicaldecomposition971–4high-connectivitytaskalgorithms897–901high-frequencyswitched-capacitorcircuits451–6high-passfilters1021–4high-performancedataconverters591–628dynamic-logicphasefrequencydetectors821,831–42high-resolutionmismatchshaping659–62oversampleddataconverters658–9high-speedNyquist-rateconverters616phasefrequencydetectors837–42high-voltagedrivers127–8horizontalholedetection894–6"HotBJT"1026–7hotcarrierinjection(HCI)119,124–5hybridamplifiers724–5hyper-abruptjunctioncapacitors861–78hysteresis419–21I-shiftseecurrentsourceshiftICseeintegratedcircuitsIDACsymbolicanalyzer960idealamplifiers208–11,217–18,863–70idealclassEpoweramplifiers863–70idealtransformers752–3idealvoltagecomparators408–9idealizedband-gapreferences150–1IIRfrequencyresponse452–3imageprocessingcells886–7impedanceamplifiers676–7feedback196–8,201–4,752–6physicalcriteria99–102switched-capacitors446–7tapering329–30,336impulseresponse557–8impulsesensitivityfunction(ISF)523,559,574–9in-phasecoupling783–4independentdesignvariables525–6indirectconversionreceivers691inductance530–5inductivecurrentsources805–6inductors527–33amplifiers842gain-bandwidth232–4,238–41powerdissipation689–1initializingsimulations943,945inputtransconductornoise814–15instantaneouscompanding309–10integratedcircuits(IC)953–79,985–1301layoutsbootstrapping1004–6componentmatching1015–20devicematching1012–15drafting989–2groundconnections1006–10interconnects996–1006objectives1010–12schematic60silicon-on-insulatorprocesses1024–8substrates1006–10,1024–8superintegrated1029–31thermalresistance1026–9productionissues8–9integratedLCvoltage-controlledoscillators(LCVCO)517–46designconstraints519–26experimentalresults541–5graphicalnonlinearprogramming518–19,526–37objectives519–26optimization535–40simulations540–1integratedoutputnoise707–8integrationdensityevolution75–6integratorsdelta–sigmamodulators932–8log-domainfilters355–6,390–401lossy355–6,390–401switched-capacitors444inter-polytunnelling120–2inter-polyUV-programming121–2third-orderinterceptpoint(ICP)796–7,809–12interconnects99–102,104,996–1006internalcurrentbandwidth383–9interpolation,dataconverters654–6inverters130–3,584–5,704irrationalcapacitorratio1019–2010391040IndexISAACsymbolicanalyzer953,966,974,976–8ISFseeimpulsesensitivityfunctionisothermaloperations1029–30JFETseejunctionfield-effecttransistorsjitter552–3,556–7JK-flipflops825Johnsonnoise1009junctionfield-effecttransistors(JFET)227junction-isolationintegratedcircuits1006–7Kvalues220–3KirchhoffLaws749–50kT/Cseeswitchedsampledcapacitorslatches419–21layouteer/circuiteerteamwork992–6layoutscircuits985–1301dataconverters603–7integratedcircuits985–1301manufacturingtechniques985–1301LCoscillatorphasenoise565–19LCVCOseeintegratedLCvoltage-controlledoscillatorsLDSSsee"Log-DomainStateSpace"leakagecurrents447–8LFDseelow-passfilterslinearcurrentamplifiers296–7feedbackcircuits183–7programming518shuntcapacitance863linear-time-variantmixers791–2linearitycontinuous-timefilters342log-domainfilters356–60,380–3mixers809–12poweramplifiers852–3LNAseelownoiseamplifiersloadisolation222–4loadnoise814loadedqualityfactor853–62loadingeffects1001–2log-domainfiltersbipolarjunctiontransistors374–9companding309–10continuous-timefilters349–50design360–74distortion390–3finitetransmissionzeros380–3floatingcapacitors380–3insights355–401internalcurrentbandwidth383–9linearization356–60,380–3lossyintegrators390–401lowpassbiquads369–79modulationindex383–9noise393–401synthesis360–74"Log-DomainStateSpace"(LDSS)369–72,380–3logiccircuits823–42Loop-gain-Poles(LP)product258,260–81loopsclosed171–6,217–22filters634–6gain176–9,258,260–81open171–3,176–9,217poles259lossyintegrators355–6,390–401lownoiseamplifiers(LNA)design751–62gain-bandwidth238–40mixerdesign789nullors752–7optimization39–44powerconsumption673–8productionissues9robustness35–43lownoisedesign747–84harmonicresonatoroscillators762–72relaxationoscillators772–84lowpoweroscillators682low-gainlinearvoltageamplifiers709–12low-passfilters(LFD)284–5,369–79,821low-powerrail-to-railcircuits130–2low-voltagerail-to-railcircuits130–2LPseeLoop-gain-Polesmanufactureconsiderations7–74techniques985–1301mass-production,microdevices7–9matching,power769–70matchingcomponents301,485–6,1012–20Matlab938–45,946,949memorybypass778–80integratedcircuits75–6oscillatorphasenoise774–6switchnoisepower502metal-over-metalstructures463–4metal-over-polysiliconstructures464Index1041metal-oxide-semiconductorfield-effecttransistors(MOSFET)degeneration811–12filters346gain-bandwidth227gatestructures464–5mixers807–9tunableresistance343–4metal-oxide-semiconductorfield-effecttransistors-C(MOSFET-C)343–4metal-oxide-semiconductors(MOS)115–35,446–8metallizationcapacitances1001–2metals38,996–1006MHzoperationcompensation876–8microdevicemass-production7–9microprocessors75–7Millercompensationswitched-capacitors469–72symbolicanalysis959–60,967–8,975–6Millereffect231–2mismatchcomponents301,485–6photoreceivers714–18productionsensitivities21–2shaping644–53,659–62mixers787–817architectures800–17figuresofmerit792–800linearity809–12LOsignals812–13multipliers789–92noise813–17powerconsumption681–5mobilephones666modeling"CornerModels"64–8distortion625–6genericbehavior597–9GummelandPoon146–7phasenoise557–65power613–28transconductances624–5modulation383–9,657–8,667Mondriaantool604–6,608monolithicMOScapacitors461–5Monte-Carloresults334–5,1022,1024Moore'slawcircuits75–6MOSseemetal-oxide-semiconductorsMOSFETseemetal-oxide-semiconductorfield-effecttransistorsmulti-nesteduniversalcellularneuralnetworks909–17multi-stageamplifiers47–8multi-stagefeedback248–55multibitdelta-sigmamodulation657–8multibitquantization640–4multichannelopticaldatalinks697–718multipliersbiasing46–8mixers789–92phasefrequencydetectors822–3robustness33–4multistepvoltagecomparators412–16,425–6,435–6n-metal-oxide-semiconductors(wMOS)121,126,808negativefeedbackamplifiers257–81,752–6circuits170relaxationoscillators777–84neuralprocessing883–918NMFseenoisemodulatingfunctionnMOSseen-metal-oxide-semiconductorsnodes1009noiseamplifiers757–9analysistools747–51band-gapreferences148–53delta-sigmamodulators928,930–1design747–84factor674–7feedbacknetworks753figures241,797–9frequency-dynamicrange-power299–301gain-bandwidth227–55harmonicresonatoroscillators767–70log-domainfilters393–401matching757–9,767–70mixers813–17multi-stagefeedback248–55optimizations757–61oscillators551–85,762–72photoreceivers707–9relaxationoscillators772–84resonators763–4ringoscillators581–2sensitivityinactivefilters337–9shaping632,636–9single-stagefeedback243–8sources570–3,581–4switchedsampledcapacitors928,930–1,946–7,949switched-capacitors499–509switched-currents499–509tolerance82–3seealsoflicker.
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1042Indexnoisemodulatingfunction(NMF)564noisetransferfunction(NTF)634–5"NOMINAL""CornerModels"65nonlinearmixers791–2nonlinearshuntcapacitance861–78normalizedpowercapability869–70Nortonequivalentcircuits200Norton-Thevenintransform749–50NTFseenoisetransferfunctionnulledfeedbackparameters188–9nullorsamplifiers208–11,752–7band-gapreferences157–1frequencycompensation277–8noisemagnification754–5numericalcomponentvaluecomputation870–8Nyquist-rateconverters616,740–3objectivescircuitlayouts1010–12integratedLCVCO519–26productionstrategies56–7off-chiptuning352offsetscompensation429–38differentialpairs347self-biasedcomparators436–7voltages714–18on-chipclockmultipliers450–1inductors689–1knobs121supplyvoltagemultipliers450tuning352–3one-stepprocessing901–2one-timepost-fabricationtuning352openfeedbackcircuits179–82openloops171–3,176–9,217operationalamplifiers,VLSIprocesses466–74OperationalFloatingConveyors216–17OperationalMirroredAmplifiers216OperationalTransconductanceAmplifiers(OTA)architecture409,417–18delta-sigmamodulators932–8filters620–7noise931–2parameters929opticalcommunications697–718optimizationprocessescircuits925–6integratedLCVCO526–40lownoiseamplifiers757–61Matlab938–45powerconsumption626–7productionstrategies22–55order,continuous-timefilters341–2orientationvectors907–9oscillatorphasenoise551–85comparators776–7flickernoise562–3frequencyinstability551–7memory774–6oscillatorsfrequency-dynamicrange-power288–92integratedLCVCO517–45lownoisedesign762–72powerconsumption678–81,682time-variantphasenoisemodel557–65OSRseeoversamplingratioOTAseeOperationalTransconductanceAmplifiersoutputimpedance446–7outputvariables192–3oversamplingdataconverters631–62,740–3oversamplingratio(OSR)634–6,640–4p-metal-oxide-semiconductors(pMOS)124–7,808packing,designcriteria83PADseepoweraddedefficiencypagingprotocols667pagingreceivers665–6,667PAMseepulseamplitudemodulationparallelcompensationcapacitorbranch482connections760–1processing86–8resonators764switched-capacitors453–4parametersband-gapreferences146–7closedloops173–6integratedcircuitlayouts1012–13openloops171–3sensitivity11–13,16–22parasiticback-annotation68–9capacitors299–300,486–7,1015–16gain-bandwidth230–2integratedcircuitlayouts1015–16partitioning182–204,723–40passbandcodes728–30passivecommutatingswitchmixers681–5componentquality671–3components342–3filters726–8Index1043networks265–7RCbandpassfilters325–7resonators671–3tunedcircuits671–3PEseepowerefficiencyperformance227–55amplifiers207–25band-gapreferencedesign139–63bandwidths227–55closed-loopamplifiers217–22CMOSVLSIcircuits75–108digital-to-analogueconverters600–3feedbackcircuits169–204floating-gates115–35frequencycompensation257–81frequency-dynamicrangepower283–311gain227–55noise227–55phasefrequencydetectors836–42vectors493–4Perry-Robertslog-domainfilters365–7PFDseephasefrequencydetectorsPFNseepower-frequency-normalizedPFTNseepower-frequency-tuning-normalizedphantomzeros275–7phasecharacteristics838–9,841curves838,840margins176–9modulation560–1noise522–5,539–42,551–85,676–7,773–7phasefrequencydetectors(PFD)circuitoperation836–7dead-zone827-9designissues827–31high-performancedynamic-logic821,831–42multipliers822–3performanceevaluations836–42review822–7phase-lockedloops(PLL)352–3,821–42phasorsnoise583photodiodecapacitance705photoreceivers697–718noiselimits707–9post-amplifiers709–114small-signalperformance700–7structure698–9physicalcriteria,CMOSVLSIcircuits99–102physicalrobustness,circuits63–4physicalunits14piecewise-linearcellularneuralnetworkcells906–9,917pincounts1008pipelining86,88–9PLLseephase-lockedloopspMOSseep-metal-oxide-semiconductorspole-zeros270–5,277,974,1022polesactivefilters316–18frequencycompensation258–81placement265–7qualityfactor325–11,341–2splitting175,270–5,277polysilicon-over-diffusionstructures462–3polysilicon-over-polysilicon(double-poly)structures462port-to-portisolation799positivefeedback169–70,417–21,426–8positivepowersupplyrejectionratio(PSRR)472post-amplifiers709–114poweramplifiers842–80consumptionmixers805–9optimization626–7phasefrequencydetectors841–2photoreceivers711–12,713switched-capacitors499switched-currents499wirelesscircuits/systems665–92wirelessreceivers668–70dissipationCMOSVLSIcircuits84–5designcriteria79–80frequency-dynamicrange-power303–8mixers682–5,799–800,805modulation667on-chipinductors689–1wirelessreceivers668–92estimators614–27matching769–70modeling613–28supplymixers799–800,805rejection153–5voltage103poweraddedefficiency(PAD)857–8powerefficiency(PE)852–3,857–8,861–2powerspectraldensity(PSD)398–9power-frequency-normalized(PFN)544–5power-frequency-tuning-normalized(PFTN)544–5pre-amplifiedregenerativefeedbackcomparators421–2primaryphysicalunits14processingspeeds887–93,916productionstrategies7–74deliverables57–81044Indexproductionstrategiescontd.
designcriteria80–1objectives56–7optimization22–55parametricsensitivity11–13,16–22re-utilisingcelldesigns62–3robustness22–55timemanagement58–61programming117–18,120–8propagation893–7propagationdelays827–9proportionaltoabsolutetemperature(PTAT)38,51–5PSFseepowerspectraldensityPTATseeproportionaltoabsolutetemperaturepulseamplitudemodulation(PAM)728,729pyramidalcellularneuralnetworkcells904–6,917quadratureamplitudemodulation(QAM)728–30quadraturecoupling780–3qualityfactor(Q-factor)671–3,853–62quantizationerrors632–3RadioFrequencyChoke(RFC)842,859–60rail-to-railfloating-gates130–2randomoffset429rangepower283–310rationalizedfiltercircuits1023–4RCseeresistor-capacitorre-utilisingcelldesigns62–3realamplifierperformances218–22receivedsignalstrengthindication(RSSI)25–7reciprocitytheory209–10referencevoltagesseeband-gapreferencesregenerativebinarymemory774–6,778–80regenerativefeedback169–70,417–21,426–8relativerobustness888–90relativesensitivity316relaxationoscillators288–91,772–84reliability81–2,887–92repeaters101–2repetitiveformulaevaluation961–2researchprojects976residualoffset436–7resistancesfeedbackcircuits198gainerror45–6integratedcircuits1002resistors17–18,631–2,1016–17sheet38,997,1014–15resistivebroadbanding229,268–70,277resistor-capacitor(RC)circuits99–102,328–32resolution437–8resolution-speed423–9resonanttunnelingdiodes(RTD)914–17resonatorsfilters286–8harmonicoscillator762–72passivecomponentquality671–3phasenoise569–70RFcircuits668–92RFreceivers788–9RFCseeRadioFrequencyChokeright-halfplanezero274–5ringoscillators574–85robustnesscellularneuralnetworks887–93,910–13,917–18integratedLCVCO536–7productionstrategies22–55RSSIseereceivedsignalstrengthindicationRTDseeresonanttunnelingdiodesRxfilters738–40SABseesingle-amplifierbiquadssafetymargins889sample-and-holdamplifiers(SHA)477–80sample-and-holdcircuits301–2sampledsignalreconstruction653–62sampled-datafilters743–4sampled-datasignalprocessing474–6samplingfrequencies451–6SAPECsymbolicanalyzer976–8saturatedtransistornoisepower501,504saturationregion439transconductors346SBGseesimplificationbeforegenerationSCseeswitched-capacitorsscaleddrawings994–6scalingCMOSVLSIcircuits85–6designcriteria80–1factors143–6impedance329–30,336processcriteria103referencevoltage26–7switched-capacitors445–51templaterobustness890SCAPPsymbolicanalyzer977–8SCFLseeSourceCoupledFETLogicschematicintegratedcircuitlayouts994–8Schottkybarrier1016–17SCYMBALsymbolicanalyzer976–8SDGseesimplificationduringgenerationsecond-ordercompensatedband-gapreferencesbase-emittervoltages144–6Index1045designexample159–63noise152–3simplifiedstructures156–7second-ordereffectaddition277–8second-orderfilters327,328–30,332–5Seevinck'sintegrator361–2self-biasedcomparators433–8SemiconductorIndustryAssociation(SIA)predictions924–5sensitivityactivefilters315–39noise337–9photoreceivers702–5,707productionparameters11–13,16–22sequencegenerators649–50seriescompensationcapacitorbranch480–2connections760–1reactance869resonators763–4,767–8shuntfeedback248–51settlingtimes179–82,495–9,892–7SHAseesample-and-holdamplifiersshadowing894shapedsequencegenerators(SSG)649–50sheetresistances38,997,1014–15shiftthroughtwoports750–1shotnoiseseethermal.
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.
shrinkage,gain-bandwidth230–2shuntcapacitance844–5,861–78feedback198–204,244–55inductors233–4,238–41seriesfeedback248–51shuntfeedback198–204SIseeswitched-currentsSIAseeSemiconductorIndustryAssociationsidebandnoise552–6,797–9signalprocessing211–12,886–7signalsimulations68signaltime-domainmethods68SignaltoNoiseandDistortionRatio(SNDR)939–40signal-to-noiseratio(SNR)499–509,640–4silicondioxideconductance118silicongateMOStechnology461–3silicon-on-insulator(SOI)processes1024–8simplerelaxationoscillators288–91simplificationbeforegeneration(SBG)971simplificationduringgeneration(SDG)969–71simulationscomputer-aideddesign2,923–51,953–79,985–1031delta-sigmamodulators929–45integratedVCO540–1Matlab938–45,946,949Simulink929–32,937–40,946–50symbolicanalysis976–9Simulink929–32,937–40,946–50singlebalancedmixers800–2,815–17single-amplifierbiquads(SAB)320–4single-bitdelta-sigmamodulation657single-polelow-passfilters284–5single-sideband(SSB)noisefigures797–9single-stageamplifiers466–7single-stagefeedback243–8single-stepvoltagecomparators409–13,423–5,433–5sizeissuescomponents91–8,1015–16dataconverters599–603transistors91–8slew933–8"SLOW""CornerModels"65–7small-signalperformance68,700–7,710–11SNDRseeSignaltoNoiseandDistortionRatioSNRseesignal-to-noiseratioSOIseesilicon-on-insulatorsourcedegeneration809–11followers470–1isolation222–4noisematching757–9SourceCoupledFETLogic(SCFL)685–6source-draincurrents126–7specificcomponentmatchingrules1016–17specificationchoices925–6spectra,collectorcurrents387–9spectraldensity553–6,814speeddataconverters631–62designcriteria79dynamicrange631–62photoreceivers702–5processing887–93,916resolution423–9spiralinductors690–2spread,components315–39SSBseesingle-sidebandSSFseeSub-SamplingFactorSSGseeshapedsequencegeneratorsSSPICEsymbolicanalyzer966,976–8standardcellularneuralnetworkcells883,884–902,917processingspeeds887–93propagation893–7robustness887–93settlingtimes892–71046IndexstandardVLSIprocesses466–76staticdataconverters600–3dynamiccircuitcriteria90–1resolution409stationarynoiseapproximation570–2storedcharges481–2strategiesinproductiondesign7–74strongchannelinversion438structuralcriteria86–9structure,photoreceivers698–9Sub-SamplingFactor(SSF)455–6subsarapling455–6substrates582–3,1006–10,1024–8superintegratedintegratedcircuitlayouts1029–31supplynoise582–3supplyvoltagecircuits64frequency-dynamicrange-power302–3mixers805–9reduction448–51swatcharrays595–6,605sweeping64switchmixers681–2switchnoise502,504–5,815–17switch-modepoweramplifiers848–52switchedcircuitscapacitors443–57,461–88,491–514CMOScomparators407–39currents491–514digitalVLSItechnology461–88op-amps451switchedMOSFETdegeneration811–12switchedsampledcapacitors(kT/C)noise928,930–1,946–7,949switched-capacitors(SC)biquads954,955–6charge-domainprocessing474–6circuits443–56clockfrequency494–9compositecapacitorbranches477–84delta–sigmamodulators927–9,932–8digitalsubscriberlines743digitalVLSItechnology461–88flgure-of-merit493,509–14frequency454–6,469–72high-frequencycircuits451–6integrators932–8operationalamplifiers466–74sampling451–6scaledCMOStechnology445–51settling495–9signal-to-noiseratio499–509supplyvoltagereduction448–51switched-currents491–514switched-currents(SI)clockfrequency494–9digitalsubscriberlines743figure-of-merit493,509–14oscillators679–81powerconsumption679–81signal-to-noiseratio499–509switched-capacitors491–514switchingenergy702–4,706–7,708switchingsystems596–7syllabiccompanding303–6symbolicanalysisapplications958–65capabilities965–76circuitbehaviour958–60computationalefficiency968–9definition953–6distortion974–6faultdiagnosis962–3hierarchicaldecomposition971–4integratedcircuits953–79limitations965–76methodology956–8pole-zero974researchprojects976simplificationtechniques969–71simulatorcomparisons976–9symbolicapproximation966–8SymmetricOperationalTransconductanceAmplifierComparator(SOTAC)409SYNAPsymbolicanalyzer966,976–8synthesis,log-domainfilters360–74systempartitioning723–40systempoles258–81tailnoise581tankparameters521–2tankvoltageamplitudes565–70TAPseeToleranttoAbsoluteParameterstapering95–8,329–30,336tapping,harmonicoscillators767–70technologyrobustnesschoices27–32technologyscaling80–1,85–6,445–51telescopicamplifiers466–7Tellegen,B.
D.
H.
208–11temperaturebase-emittervoltages139–46circuitrobustness64dependentresistors147–8designissues38,51–5independentvoltages141–2Index1047templates888–92,898–901testability,designcriteria81thermalnoisedelta–sigmamodulators930–1frequency-dynamicrange-power300–1mixers814–15photoreceivers708–9thermalresistance1026–9Théveninimpedance196–8resistances198sourcevoltages191thinoxides116third-orderinterceptpoint796–7,809–12third-orderlowpassfilters334–7three-stageamplifiers632,959–60thresholdtuning123–4thresholdvoltages103timeconstantmatching30–1management58–61phasefrequencydetectors830,837–8variantphasenoisemodel557–65varyingnoisesources563–5timingjitter552–3,556–7TLseetranslinearloopstolerancecomponents315–39noise82–3ToleranttoAbsoluteParameters(TAP)20–1,1012–13top-downverification597–9topologycellularneuralnetworks884–5circuits961ringoscillators584–5robustness27–32transceiversamplifiers843–80CMOSmixers787–817digitalsubscriberlines723–45dynamic-logicphase-frequencydetectors821–42front-enddesign723–45lownoisedesign747–84mixers787–817noise747–84phase-frequencydetectors821–42photoreceivers697–719poweramplifiers843–80power-consciousdesign665–92transconductanceamplifiers210,221–2Gm-Cfilters344–7,744modeling624–5single-stagefeedback243–4transconductors350–1,814–15voltage-to-currentconversion293–4transferfunctionsfeedbackcircuits173–6,183–9log-domainfilters374–9loopfilters634sensitivity316,319transfersensitivity317–18transforms,noiseanalysistool749–51transience341–2,437–8,934–5transimpedanceamplifiers278–81feedbackcircuits201–4photoreceivers698–701,707single-stagefeedback244–5transistorsbiaspoint704cross-section1026floating-gates126–7log-domainfilters369mismatches714–18poweramplifiers842–3productionissues8–9sizing91–8translinearloops(TL)369–73transmissionzeros380–3transresistanceamplifiers210,213–18,221–2tri-statephasefrequencydetectors825–7triode(ohmic)regions345,439tunabilityfilters342–4,351–3powerconsumption670–3tunneling117–19,124–8twin-Tnetworks330–1twostacksourcecoupledmixers806–7two-stageamplifiers468–9,967–8,975–6two-stageshuntseriesfeedback248–51twoportshift750–1Txfilters738–40ultra-violetUVconductance118,122–4,130–3UVMOSinverters130–3uncoupledcellularneuralnetwork893uncoupledhorizontallinedetections891–2,893undampingcircuits762–72units,primaryphysical14unity-gainbuffers329–30universalcellularneuralnetworkcells883,902–18UVseeultra-violet1048IndexV-shiftseevoltagesourceshiftvariableauxiliarycapacitors874–5variablegainamplifiers686–9variables,feedbackcircuits192–3,195–204VCCSseeVoltage-ControlledCurrentSourceVCOseevoltage-controlledoscillatorsVCVSseeVoltage-ControlledVoltageSourceverification,symbolicanalysis964–5versatility,cellularneuralnetworks911–13,916,917–18verylargescaleintegration(VLSI)analogue887–8designmethodologies86digital461–88seealsoComplementaryMetal-OxideSemiconductors.
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voltageamplifiersfrequency-dynamicrange-power297–9gain-bandwidth210–13,216–18,221–2photoreceivers709–12robustness28–32seriesshuntfeedback248–51comparators408–22,423–5,433–5currentconversion292–5followers213–24nulledfeedbackparameters188–9op-amps210–13,216–18,221–2referencesseeband-gapreferencesswing525tankamplitudes568voltagesourceshift(V-shift)749Voltage-ControlledCurrentSource(VCCS)210,221–2voltage-controlledoscillators(VCO)517–46,821Voltage-ControlledVoltageSource(VCVS)210–13,216–18,221–2waferfabrication1024–8waveforms384–9,859–60whitenoise814widebandamplifiers246–7wirelesscircuits/systems665–92communications665–6receivers668–92wires38,996–1006zerofrequencyloopgain178zero-biascapacitance861–78zerosseepole-zeros