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Theantibacterialeffectofthesagebrushessentialoil(Artemisiaherba-albaAsso.
)ofWesternAlgeriaMouchemFatimaZohra,HellalBenchaben*,AyadNadira,AyacheAbbassiaLaboratoryofVegetalBiodiversity,ConservationandValorization,FacultyofnaturalScienceandlife,Univer-sityDjillaliLiabesofSidiBelAbbes,22000,(ALGERIA)E-mail:Hellal_b@yahoo.
com;BenchabenHellal@gmail.
comAntibacterialactivity;Aromatogram;Sagebrush;Essentialoil.
KEYWORDSABSTRACTTheessentialoilofsagebrush(Artemisiaherba-albaAsso.
)ofwesternAlgeriaissubjecttoaphysico-chemicalandmicrobiologicalstudy.
TheextractionoftheessentialoilwascarriedoutbyhydrodistillationusingaClevenger-typeapparatus.
Theyieldobtainedfromtheaerialpartsofthisplantisinterestingforindustrialexploitation.
Analysesofthesagebrushessentialoilwerecarriedouttodeterminethephysicalandchemicalindices.
Thestudyoftheessentialoilactivityonthebacterialstrains(Escherichiacoli,Bacillussubtilis,Staphylococcusaureus)bythetech-niqueofVincent(aromatogram)showedthatallofthetestedbacterialstrainswerehighlysensitive.
2015TradeScienceInc.
-INDIAINTRODUCTIONAlgeriaisacountrywithadiversearomaticwildflorathatiswidelyusedintraditionalmedicine.
Overthepastfewyears,severalresearchgroupshavefocusedonthechemicalcharacterizationandthebiologicalactivitiesofnaturalproducts.
Sage-brush(Artemisiaherba-albaAsso)isasteppeplantfromthefamilyAsteraceae,knowntraditionallyforitsanti-diabeticandantispasmodiceffects[1,2].
Itiscommonlycalled"Chih"throughouttheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.
Thesagebrushisaperennialshrubthatformsclumpsof30to70cm,whiteandwoolly,stemnumerousandtomentose.
Theleavesareshort,usuallypubescentwithsilveryflowerheadswith2-5sessileorsub-sessileflowers.
Theselatterarehermaphroditic,whilethefruitisanachene.
There-ceptacleisnakedandthecorollaisinsertedveryobliquelyontheovary[3].
Theworkscarriedout,sofar,onthisspeciesareratherofchemotaxonomicinterest[4,5].
Thesage-brushischaracterizedbyitsrichnessinessentialoils,itshighfeedingvalueanditsveryimportantecologicalroleinthefightagainstdesertification[6,7].
Withtheintenttocontributetoabetterrecoveryofthisspecies,thismodeststudyendeavouredtodeterminethephysico-chemicalcharacteristicsandtheantibacterialefficacyofthesagebrushessentialoilvis-a-visstrainsoriginatingfrompatientssuf-fering,forthemostpart,fromurinarytractinfec-tions.
MATERIALSANDMETHODSSamplingsitesofsagebrushsteppearelocatedintheregionofElArichainWesternofAlgeriaVolume10Issue8BioSciencesResearch&ReviewsinBioSciencesRRBS,10(8),2015[294-298]ISSN:0974-7532RegularPaperHellalBenchabenetal.
295RegularPaperRRBS10(8)2015(Figure1).
Biomassofthestudiedspecieswasdriedfor10daysundershelteratroomtemperaturelaboratory(25-28°C).
TheessentialoilwasobtainedbyhydrodistillationofthedriedleavesusingtheClevenger-typeapparatus[8].
Thewaterfractionwasseparatedfromtheorganicphasebyusingdichloromethane.
Thesolventwasremovedatroomtemperatureunderreducedpressureonarotaryevaporatoryieldingtheoils.
Theoilsobtainedwerestoredundernitrogeninasealedvialinthedarkat4°C.
ThebiologicalactivitiesofessentialoilsofAr-temisiaherba-albaAssoweretestedagainstBa-cillussubtilis(ATCC6633),Staphylococcusaureus(ATCC25923)andEscherichiacoli(5044172),thatwereisolatedfrommicrobiologi-calanalysesatthehospitallaboratoryofSidiBel-Abbescountry.
ThetechniqueusedinourresearchisthemethodofVincent(aromatogram)whichisbelievedtopermittheexaminationofthesensitiv-ityandresistanceofbacteriatoessentialoils,inareliableandreproduciblemanner[9].
Stressingthesensitivityandresistanceoftheantimicrobialagents,theywereputonaculturebasedonMueller-Hintonagar[10].
TheemulsificationisperformedwithTween80to10%topromotecontactgerm/compound.
ThedilutionswerepreparedbyasepticallyaddingaquantityofessentialoilinthesolutionofTween80inordertohaveafinalvolumeof60l.
Thesensitivityofgermstestedwithessentialoilswascharacterizedbytheformationofaclearcircle(zoneofinhibition)aroundthediskscontainingtheseoils.
Tothiseffect,theinhibitoryeffectofessentialoilswasevaluatedbydetermining,inmillimeters,thediameteroftheinhibitionzoneformed[11,12].
Theminimuminhibitoryconcentration(MIC)isthelow-estconcentrationofessentialoiltowhichwedonotobserveavisiblebacterialgrowthafterincubationfor24hat37°C[13].
RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTheessentialoilofsagebrushisbrownandhasastrongaromaticodor.
TheresultsofthephysicalandchemicalanalysisaresummarizedinTABLE1.
Comparedtotheresultsobtainedfromthesage-brushsteppeofElAricharegion(Algeria),thesage-brushsteppeofGuercif(Morocco)andMatmata(Tunisia)providelowyieldsoftheorderof0.
62%and0.
65%,respectively[14,15].
Suchdifferencecanbeexplainedbytheenvironmentalfactorsinvolvedinthedevelopmentofthespecies(altitude,climate,Figure1:Locationmapofsamplingsite(Scale:1/25000)Theharvestofthesagebrushaerialparts(Artemisiaherba-albaAsso)wascollectedinMay2012fromahomogeneouspopulation(Figure2).
296TheantibacterialeffectofthesagebrushessentialoilRegularPaperRRBS10(8)2015Figure2:Standandplantofsagebrush(Artemisiaherba-albaAsso)thesoil).
Theorganolepticcharacteristicsofthesagebrushessentialoil(Artemisiaherba-albaAsso)revealitsconsistency.
Miscibilityoftheoilwithethanolindi-catesitssolubilityinalcohols[16].
Thevalueoftheacidindicatesthepresenceoffreecarboxylgroupinthestructureoftheessentialoilofsagebrush(Ar-temisiaherba-alba.
Asso)[16].
Thecomplexityinessentialoilsisduetoter-penehydrocarbonsaswellastheiroxygenatedde-rivatives,suchasalcohols,aldehydes,ketones,ac-idsandesters[17,18],EvaluationoftheantibacterialactivityofthesagebrushessentialoilAfter24hoursofincubationforthethreestrainstested,theresultsareshowninTABLE2.
Thebiologicalactivityismanifestedbytheap-pearanceoftheinhibitioncircleofthebacterialgrowtharoundthediskscontainingtheessentialoilatdifferentconcentrations.
Eachcircle;abrightarea,showsthedestructionofpathogensandprovidesanaccurateindicationoftheantibacterialactivityoftheoilstudied.
Thereadingisdonebymeasuringthediameteroftheinhibitioncirclesobserved.
Thediametersobtaineddifferfromonebacteriumtoan-otherrangingfrom1mmto10mm.
Theproducttested(Tween80)hasnoinhibitoryeffectonthethreetestedstrains.
Theresultsindicateaveryhighsensitivityforthethreebacterialstrainstotheessentialoilofsage-brush(TABLE2).
Minimuminhibitoryconcentration(MIC)valuesoftheessentialoilofsagebrushareequalforallbacteriastudied.
Theantibacterialactivityoftheanalyzedessentialoilcanbeattributedmainlytoitsmajorconstituent.
Thenumericalresultsandgraphsoftheessen-tialoilofArtemisiaherba-albaAssodemonstratetheantibacterialeffectvis-à-visE.
Coli,Staphylo-coccusaureusandBacillussubtilis.
Thisantibacterialactioncanbeexplainedbythefactthattheplantproducesvarioussecondaryme-tabolitesbelongingtocertainclassesknowntohavethistypeofactivitysuchasterpenoidsandphenoliccompounds[19,20,21].
TheantimicrobialactivitiesofArtemisiaherba-albacanbeattributedtothepresenceofcamphor,1.
8-cineoleandthujone[22,23].
Inaddition,othermi-norcomponentssuchasborneolhavebeenalsore-portedtohaveantimicrobialpotential[24,25].
TABLE1:ChemicalandphysicalvaluesoftheessentialoilofsagebrushinElAricha(westernAlgeria)PropertiesResultsDensityrelativeto20°C0,84Miscibilitywithethanol1v/3vPh6,82(with18,9°C)Salinity0R.
S.
S(RateofSubstancesinSolution)15mg/lConductivity28,76.
10-2Resistance34769,23Acidvalue11,78HellalBenchabenetal.
297RegularPaperRRBS10(8)2015CONCLUSIONTheprocurementofessentialoilofElArichasagebrushsteppebyhydrodistillationprovidedahighyieldcomparedwithotherworks.
Theresultsofphysico-chemicalanalysiscarriedoutonthees-sentialoilofsagebrushshoweditsconsistencyandpurity.
Testsofbacterialsensitivitytodifferentcon-centrationsoftheessentialoilofArtemisiaherba-albaAssohaverevealedthepresenceofantibacte-rialactivityduetothechemicalnatureofitscon-stituentsand,inparticular,itsmajorconstituents.
Toverifythattheeffectisspecifictotheessen-tialoilofsagebrush,emulsionsweremadewithTween80to10%,toavoidanyinteractionbetweentheeffectofessentialoilandthatoftheemulsifiers.
Thisworkconfirmsconclusivelytheantibacterialactivityofsagebrushthroughtherealeffectivenessofitsessentialoil.
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