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NotesINTRODUCTION:THE"PEOPLE'STHEATRE":CREATINGANAUDIENCEOFMILLIONS1.
"200,000NewWordsCreditedtoU.
S.
,"NewYorkTimes,November10,1936,23.
2.
HallieFlanagan,Arena(NewYork:Duell,SloanandPearce,1940),134.
3.
CharlesH.
Meredith,"AmericaSings,"FederalTheatre1,no.
6(1936):12.
4.
MarkFranko,TheWorkofDance:Labor,Movement,andIdentityinthe1930s(Middleton,CT:WesleyanUniversityPress,2002),22–3.
5.
FormoreonHallieFlanagan,seeFlanagan,Arena;JanedeHartMathews,TheFederalTheatre,1935–1939:Plays,Relief,andPolitics(Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,1967);andJoanneBentley,HallieFlanagan:ALifeintheAmericanTheatre(NewYork:AlfredA.
Knopf,1988).
6.
TheHistoricalRecordsSurveywouldjointheranksofFederalOneunderthejurisdictionoftheFederalWriters'ProjectinNovember1935;itbecameanindependentmemberofFederalOneinOctober1936.
WilliamF.
McDonald,FederalReliefAdministrationandtheArts(Columbus:OhioStateUniversityPress,1969),214.
7.
Flanagan,Arena,23.
8.
HouseCommitteeonPatents.
DepartmentofScience,ArtandLiterature:HearingsbeforetheCommitteeonPatents.
Transcript,75thCongress,3rdsess.
,1938(Washington,DC:GovernmentPrintingOffice,1938),93.
9.
BurgessMeredithfirstcomparedthecostoftheFTPtothecostofbuildingabattleshipinDecember1937inEquity.
Atthattime,FTPexpendituresapproximated22milliondollars,oraboutone-halfthepriceofabattleship.
Flanagan,Arena,434–6.
10.
QuotedinJohnO'ConnorandLorraineBrown,Free,Adult,Uncensored:TheLivingHistoryoftheFederalTheatreProject(Washington,DC:NewRepublicBooks,1978),2.
11.
BarryWithamdocumentsEdwinO'Connor'sattemptstoestablishashow-boatFTPunitinSeattle,aprojectscuttledbyDonAbel,directoroftheWashingtonstateWPA.
TheWPAdistrictdirectorinsouthernCalifornia,ColonelConnolly,bluntlystatedthathedefinedagoodtheatreprojectas"anythingthatke[pt]outofthepapers,"atheorythatheexercisedrepeatedly190NotesattheexpenseoftheFTPinhisregion.
OleNess,regionaldirectoroftheWest,explainedtoabaffledFlanaganthattheOregonWPAhadwithdrawnuseofitstypewriters.
BarryWitham,TheFederalTheatreProject:ACaseStudy(NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2003),7–20;Flanagan,Arena,273–5;OleNesstoHallieFlanagan,"WeeklyReport,"October21,1938,NARA,E856,Box100,"RegionV—1938&1939,"2.
12.
InNewYorkCityanumberofBroadwayTheatremanagersnegotiatedastrictagreementwiththeFTPregardingtheatrelocations,effectivelybanningitfromtheBroadwayTheatrearea(between42ndand52ndstreets).
TheFTPviolatedthis"gentlemen'sagreement"onnumerousoccasions,whichearnedtherancorofthemanagersaswellasangrylettersofprotestandpetitions.
Flanagan,Arena,40.
13.
Ibid.
,42–44.
14.
HallieFlanagan,"ExcerptsfromNationalDirector'sReport,January,1939,"FederalTheatre,NARA,E920,Box357,"ThePrompter,"1.
15.
Flanagan,Arena,372.
16.
ForaninformativediscussionoftheFTPasa"People'sTheatre,"seeLorenKruger'sTheNationalStage:TheatreandCulturalLegitimationinEngland,France,andAmerica(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1992),152–8;DavidWeissman,"UncleSamasaShowman,"LosAngelesTimes,April18,1937,I11.
17.
JohnCambridge,"FederalTheatreDrawstheFireofSomeDefendersofCommercialDrama,"SundayWorker,May29,1938,12.
18.
DanaRush,"AudienceSurveyReport:ItCan'tHappenHere,BlackstoneTheatre,Chicago,"NARA,E907,Box254,ItCan'tHappenHere—Chicago.
19.
"PinocchioDiesinNewYorkasFederalTheatreDropsCurtain,"Life,July17,1939,20;JohnO'Connor,"TheFederalTheatreProject'sSearchforanAudience,"inTheatreforWorking-ClassAudiencesintheUnitedStates,1830–1980,editedbyBruceA.
McConachieandDanielFriedman(Westport,CT:GreenwoodPress,1985),171–172.
20.
HallieFlanagan,"CongressTakestheStage,"NewYorkTimes,August20,1939,sec.
9,1.
21.
NatalieZemonDavis,SocietyandCultureinEarlyModernFrance(Stanford,CA:StanfordUniversityPress,1965),xvi;L.
P.
Hartley,TheGo-Between(London:H.
Hamilton,1953),1.
22.
RobertDarnton,TheGreatCatMassacreandOtherEpisodesinFrenchCulturalHistory(NewYork:BasicBooks,1999),6.
23.
Ibid.
,6.
24.
FromtheSalemNews,quotedinFlanagan,Arena,228.
25.
Flanagan,Arena,226–7.
26.
Ibid.
,88.
27.
HallieFlanagan,"ThePeople'sTheatreGrowsStronger,"FederalTheatreI,no.
6(May1936):6.
Notes1911DANGER,DISEASE,ANDDESPOTISM:BALANCINGONTHETIGHTROPEOFCHICAGO1.
Flanagan,Arena,134.
2.
HarryMinturnwasthethirdandfinaldirectoroftheChicagoFTP.
QuotedinFlanagan,Arena,134.
3.
Manyofthenewspapers,includingtheChicagoAmerican,theChicagoHerald-Examiner,andtheChicagoDailyNewscontainedvaryingdegreesofanti–NewDealsentiment,whiletheChicagoDailyTribune,theChicagoTimes,andtheAfricanAmericanDefendersupportedRoosevelt'sprograms.
TheChicagoAmericanandtheChicagoHerald-Examiner,bothownedbyWilliamRandolphHearst,were"friendlybut[.
.
.
]governedby[anti–NewDeal]policy.
"OnMay6,1938,theChicagoDailyNews,astaunchlyanti–NewDealpaper,ranafront-pagestorytitled"PlainIntolerableIntimidation,"inwhichitreferredtoRooseveltas"power-drunk"andcomparedhisadministrationtotheNaziregime.
Incontrast,theDefender,oneofthemostwidelycirculatedAfricanAmericanpapersofthetime,typicallysupportedeffortsoftheFTP'sNegroUnits.
ThedemocraticChicagoDailyTribunewaspro–NewDealandoftensupportedtheeffortsoftheWPAandFTP.
"MeetinginChicagoMinutes:PublicityandPromotionalActivities,GreatNorthernTheatre,BlackstoneTheatreandNegroTheatre,"May2,1936,NARA,E839,Box15,MidwesternRegion;"PlainIntolerableIntimidation,"ChicagoDailyNews,May6,1938,1.
4.
"MeetinginChicagoMinutes,"May2,1936,NARA,E839,Box15,MidwesternRegion,4.
5.
GeorgeKondolf,interviewbyLorraineBrown,Rumson,NewJersey,taperecording,WPAOralHistoriesCollection,SpecialCollectionsandArchives,GeorgeMasonUniversity,February21,1976,4.
6.
"FarmPoliciesofTwoDecadesToldinDrama,"ChicagoDailyTribune,July10,1938,24.
7.
JohnMcGeewasanintegralmemberoftheFTPnationaladministrationandaclosefriendofHallieFlanagan.
ThestorysurroundingTheSwingMikadowasfraughtwithturmoilanddocumentedclosely.
Thereportcitedherewaslabeled"PersonalandConfidential"andonlydeclassifiedbytheNationalArchivesin1999.
"NarrativeReportofEventsLeadingtoDismissalofJohnMcGeeasRegionalandStateDirectoroftheFederalTheatreProject,"NARA,E839,Box15,"Mikado"—Rpt.
RE:DismissalofJohnMcGee&"Mikado"—Investigations.
8.
MelvinG.
Holli,TheAmericanMayor:TheBest&theWorstBig-CityLeaders(UniversityPark,PA:PennsylvaniaStateUniversityPress,1999),12–13.
9.
QuotedinCurtJohnsonandR.
CraigSautter,"WickedCityChicago:FromKennatoCapone,"DecemberMagazine(specialissue)37,no.
1(1994):223.
10.
Ibid.
,325,330.
11.
RogerBiles,BigCityBossinDepressionandWar:MayorEdwardJ.
KellyofChicago(DeKalb,IL:NorthernUniversityPress,1984),4–5.
192Notes12.
Holli,TheAmericanMayor:TheBest&theWorstBig-CityLeaders,12–13;CurtJohnsonandR.
CraigSautter,"WickedCityChicago:FromKennatoCapone,"269;"CitizensDemand$14,000,000CutinStateTaxes,"ChicagoDailyTribune,December12,1926,5;"'CutYourTax'CardStirsUpStateInquiry,"ChicagoDailyTribune,September6,1928,1;BroadusMitchell,DepressionDecade(NewYork:RinehartandCo.
,1947),105;Biles,BigCityBoss,21–23;GeorgeSchottenhamel,"HowBigBillThompsonWonControlofChicago,"JournalofIllinoisStateHistoricalSociety45,1(Spring1952):46.
13.
Biles,BigCityBoss,31–32;RogerBiles,"EdwardJ.
Kelly:NewDealMachineBuilder,"inTheMayors:TheChicagoPoliticalTradition,rev.
ed.
,ed.
PaulM.
GreenandMelvinG.
Holli(Carbondale:SouthernIllinoisUniversityPress,1995),113–115,120.
14.
QuotedinHallieFlanagan,"VisitwithMayorKellyofChicago.
.
.
,"undated,NARA,E839,Box15,MidwesternRegion,1–3.
15.
"MayorStartsDecencyTestofAllPlays,"ChicagoDailyTribune,October23,1935,13.
16.
ModelTenement,muchlikeOneThirdofaNation,dealtwiththenation'shousingproblemsbypresentingbothsides—tenantandlandlord—sympa-thetically,ultimatelysupportingRoosevelt'sfederalhousingprojects.
ThecontentwasparticularlyrelevanttoChicagobecauseofthenumberofpeopledisplacedfromtheirhomesbytheGreatDepression.
17.
MeyerLevin,whoseModelTenementwouldfallpreytotheChicagocensors,describedKondolfasa"troubleshooter"who"triedtopleaseeveryone.
"MeyerLevin,interviewbyEllenVanas,Herzlia,Israel,indexoftaperecording(notranscrip-tionavailable),WPAOralHistoriesCollection,SpecialCollectionsandArchives,GeorgeMasonUniversity,January4,1978,3;"MeetinginChicagoMinutes,"4.
18.
GeorgeKondolf,toHallieFlanagan,May18,1936,NARA,E839,Box13,GeorgeKondolf.
19.
MeyerLevinwasthepresidentoftheFreeSpeechAssociationoftheMidwestandontheeditorialboardofEsquiremagazine.
EsquireofferedtofinancealawsuitagainsttheWPAifevidencethattheWPAstoppedModelTenementcametolight.
Flanagan'sinvestigationsintothematterwereinconclusive.
HallieFlanagan,"VisitwithMayorKellyofChicago.
.
.
,"undated,NARA,E839,Box15,MidwesternRegion,1–3.
20.
Ibid.
,2–3.
21.
"HaltsOpeningofWPAShowOverMorals,"ChicagoDailyTribune,October10,1936,1.
22.
QuotedinFlanagan,Arena,200.
23.
"WPAPutsOffPlay'sOpeningaSecondTime,"ChicagoDailyTribune,October15,1936,10.
24.
SidKuller,RayGolden,andPhilCharig,OSayCanYouSing,NARA,E914,Box309,74–78.
Hereafter,Kuller,Golden,andCharig,OSayCanYouSing,OriginalVersion.
Notes19325.
Becausenoneofthesescriptsweredated,Ibasedmydeterminationsonacomparisonbetweenthescripts,theproductionbulletin,andtheprogram.
Itisinterestingtonotethatthisproduction—gearedsoverymuchtowardthecityofChicago—wastranslatedintoSpanishforproductioninTampa.
Evenmorecurious,HedleyGordonGraham,directoroftheChicagoversion,alsodirectedthewell-receivedTampaversioninspiteofhisinabilitytospeakSpanish.
TheFTPhiredtranslatorsforrehearsals.
26.
AChicagoDailyTribunearticleputthepricetagofOSayCanYouSingatonly$55,042asofJanuary1937(includingsalaries).
JohnMcGee,"TheBrutalDopeonChicago,"toHallieFlanagan,November10,1936,NARA,E839,Box14,JohnMcGee,2;"SpendMilliononWPATheaterUnits,"January3,1937,ChicagoDailyTribune,NARA,E981,Box25,Chicago;OSayCanYouSingProductionBulletin,LOC,Box1048,1;Flanagan,Arena,140.
27.
KondolfInterview,3.
28.
OSayCanYouSingProductionBulletin,Box1048;"FederalFlier,"Time,December21,1936,http://www.
time.
com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757227,00.
html.
29.
Flanagan,Arena,138.
30.
Kuller,Golden,andCharig,"OSayCanYouSing,"OriginalVersion,1–7.
31.
Withinthecontextofthecensus,whiteethnicsconsistofforeign-bornandsecond-generationimmigrants,typicallyfromCzechoslovakia,Germany,Hungary,Italy,Lithuania,Poland,Russia,Sweden,Yugoslavia,theNetherlands,orNorway.
Forabreakdownofthepercentagesofeacheth-nicgrouplisted,seeAppendix1;JohnM.
Allswang,AHouseforAllPeoples:EthnicPoliticsinChicago,1890–1936(Lexington:UniversityPressofKentucky,1971),19;U.
S.
BureauoftheCensus,FifteenthCensusoftheUnitedStates:1930,Volume1,Population,NumberandDistributionofInhabitants(Washington,DC:GovernmentPrintingOffice,1931),23.
32.
DominicA.
Pacyga,"Chicago'sEthnicNeighborhoods:TheMythofStabilityandtheRealityofChicago,"inEthnicChicago:AMulticulturalPortrait,4thed.
,ed.
MelvinG.
HolliandPeterd'AJones(GrandRapids,MI:WilliamB.
EerdmansPublishingCo.
,1995),613–614;Allswang,AHouseforAllPeoples,42–46.
33.
RichardC.
Lindberg,ToServeandCollect:ChicagoPoliticsandPoliceCorruptionfromtheLagerBeerRiottotheSummerdaleScandal(NewYork:PraegerPublishers,1991),260.
34.
Kuller,Golden,andCharig,OSayCanYouSing,LOC,Box725,2.
Hereafter,Kuller,Golden,andCharig,OSayCanYouSing,ProducedVersion.
35.
Kuller,Golden,andCharig,OSayCanYouSing,ProducedVersion,OptionalScenes,3.
36.
QuotedinBiles,BigCityBoss,31.
37.
Kuller,Golden,andCharig,OSayCanYouSing,ProducedVersion,17.
38.
Allellipsesarequoteddirectlyfromthescript.
Ibid.
,21.
194Notes39.
Ibid.
,18.
40.
Ibid.
,83.
41.
Ibid.
,38–9.
42.
JohnM.
Allswang,TheNewDealandAmericanPolitics:AStudyinPoliticalChange(NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,1978),86.
43.
Kuller,Golden,andCharig,OSayCanYouSing,OriginalVersion,27–31.
44.
Widelyseenbymanyimmigrantsas"awayofestablishingthehegemonyoftraditionalAmericanvalues,andtraditionalAmericans,overnewvaluesandnewpeople,"nearly90percentofChicago'simmigrantpopulationsvotedagainstProhibition.
InfouropinionreferendaregardingProhibitionoccur-ringbetween1919and1930,73–83percentofChicagoansvotedagainstProhibition,withimmigrantpopulationsvotingagainstthemeasureinevengreaternumbers.
Allswang,TheNewDealandAmericanPolitics,4.
45.
Kuller,Golden,andCharig,OSayCanYouSing,ProducedVersion,OptionalScenes,14–18.
46.
Kuller,Golden,andCharig,OSayCanYouSing,ProducedVersion,76.
47.
Asaplayreader,Sundgaardreadandreportedontwoplayseachday.
However,GlaspellhadplansforSundgaard;inordertoallowhimmoretimeforplay-writing,shebegangivinghim"badplays"toreadsoasto"keep[his]burdensaslightaspossible.
"Sundgaardwasaself-professed"expertonbadplays,"not-ingthathecouldcompletehisdailyquotainthemorningandhavetherestofthedaytowrite,research,orexploreChicagotheatre.
ArnoldSundgaard,interviewbyJohnO'Connor,Boston,Massachusetts,taperecording,WPAOralHistoriesCollection,SpecialCollectionsandArchives,GeorgeMasonUniversity,September5,1976,4–5.
48.
ItisinterestingtonotethatSpirochete(theplayitself,ratherthanthetopic)becamethesubjectofapitchedbattlebetweenthenationaladministra-tionandtherightsofwritersontheFTP.
InthecaseofSpirochete(writtenalmostentirelyonSundgaard'sowntime),GlaspellwasastrongadvocateforSundgaard'srights;shewroteseverallettersofsupport,elicitedtheassistanceoftheDramatistsGuild,andthreatenedtoleaveherpositionasheadoftheMidwesternPlayBureau.
SheandSundgaardultimatelyprevailed,buttheprocessirreparablytarnishedherrelationshipwiththeFTP,andshelefttheprojectnotlongaftertheresolution.
Ironically,thevictoryultimatelycostSundgaardhisjobwiththeFTP;theroyaltiesthatheearnedforthenumer-ousFTPproductionsofSpirochetemadehisincome(briefly)highenoughthathewasnolongereligibleforrelief.
49.
Gold,"Spirochete,"Variety,May4,1938,56.
50.
ArnoldSundgaard,Spirochete,inFederalTheatrePlays,ed.
PierredeRohan(NewYork:RandomHouse,1938),8–14.
Unlessotherwisenoted,furtherreferencestoSpirochetewillusethistext.
51.
R.
A.
Vonderlehr,"AreWeCheckingtheGreatPlague"SurveyGraphic(April1,1940);ThomasParran,"PublicHealthControlofSyphilis,"AnnalsofInternalMedicine10(July1936):65;AllanM.
Brandt,NoMagicBullet:ANotes195SocialHistoryofVenerealDiseaseintheUnitedStatessince1880(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1987),129.
52.
Articlesfocusingonthedangersandtreatmentsofsyphilisappearedinmedicaljournalsandpopularmagazinesnationwide,includingtheIllinoisMedicalJournal,LadiesHomeJournal,SurveyGraphic,andReader'sDigest.
Parran'sbook,ShadowontheLand,joinedhalfadozenothersincludingMorrisFishbein'sSyphilis:TheNextGreatPlagueToGo,S.
WilliamBecker'sTenMillionAmericansHaveIt,S.
Funkhouser'sTheGreatAmericanTaboo,andWinfieldScottPugh'sLingeringDeath.
"GreatPox,"Time,October26,1936accessedJanuary10,2010,http://www.
time.
com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788606-2,00.
html;Brandt,NoMagicBullet,131.
53.
VirginiaGardner,"JamMarriageBureautoBeatTestDeadline,"ChicagoDailyTribune,July1,1937,1;"Cupid'sBusiestDay,"ChicagoDailyTribune,June30,1937,11;"CrownPointWeddingsHeldValidinIllinois:HealthLawEvasionsareLegal,SaysKerner,"ChicagoDailyTribune,September29,1937,3;"ACompulsoryTestforSyphilisBeforeMarriage"Reader'sDigest31,No.
187(November1937),129–130.
54.
"FightOnSyphilisPutUpToDoctors,"NewYorkTimes,July26,1937,21.
55.
ThefreebloodtestsprovedsopopularthatthestatechangedfromtheWassermanntotheKahnmethodbecauseitcouldbecompletedmorequickly.
Developedin1906,theWassermannTesthadanincubationperiodoftwodayswitha95percentsuccessfuldiagnosisrate.
ThecheaperKahnTest,evolvedfromtheWassermannTest,showedresultsintwohoursbutwithlessreliableaccuracy.
MostauthoritiesusedtheWassermantestasaconfirmationforsamplesthatreceivedapositivefromtheKahnTest.
"NewTestsSupplantWassermanninCity,"NewYorkTimes,January4,1947,30;"ChicagoSpeedsBloodTests,"NewYorkTimes,August2,1937,21;"AdoptKahnTestForUseinCity'sWaronSyphilis,"ChicagoDailyTribune,September3,1937,13;"PollsChicagoansonSyphilisTests,"NewYorkTimes,July25,1937,10.
56.
"TribuneStaf[sic]AskedtoTakeSyphilisTests,"ChicagoDailyTribune,March15,1938,5.
57.
"WaronSyphilisin2,800IllinoisFactoriesUrged,"ChicagoDailyTribune,June26,1938,6;"SafeguardJobsinSyphilisWar,PhysiciansUrge,"ChicagoDailyTribune,June9,1938,14;"ConcernsHiring15,000SupportSyphilisTests,"ChicagoDailyTribune,March17,1938,5.
58.
HarryMinturntoHallieFlanagan,March1,1938,NARA,E839,Box26,"Spirochete.
"59.
HallieFlanagantoHarryMinturn,February24,1938,NARA,E839,Box13,LivingNewspaper—Syphilis(Chicago),2;DouglasMcDermott,"TheLivingNewspaperasaDramaticForm,"PhDdissertation,UniversityofIowa,1963,20–1.
60.
ArnoldSundgaard,lettertoanonymousrecipient[probablyHallieFlanagan],1938,NARA,E839,Box13,Spirochete.
196Notes61.
ArnoldSundgaard,"SusanGlaspellandtheFederalTheatreProjectRevisited,"JournalofAmericanDramaandTheatre9(Winter1997):9.
62.
Mercury—intheformofanointment,pill,orsteam—wasoneoftheprimarytreatmentsforsyphilisforcenturies,thoughitseffectivenessremainsunclear.
Administeredweeklyforayearorlonger,thecorrectcombinationofarsenicandchloridecouldcure60–80percentofthosewhohadbeeninfectedforalengthyperiod,and80–90percentofrecentsyphilitics.
Penicillinwouldreplacethesemethodsinthe1940s.
Sundgaard,"SusanGlaspellandtheFederalTheatreProjectRevisited,"9.
63.
FlorenceS.
KerrtoHallieFlanagan,March12,1938,NARA,E839,Box13,"LivingNewspaper—Syphilis(Chicago).
"64.
CharlesCollins,"SyphilisStoryWellToldinaGoodDrama,"ChicagoDailyTribune,April30,1938,15.
65.
"Spirochete,"Time,May9,1938,http://www.
time.
com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759611,00.
html66.
EmmetG.
LaverytoHallieFlanagan,1938,NARA,E839,Box13,"Spirochete.
"67.
HallieFlanagan,"Introduction,"inFederalTheatrePlays,ed.
PierreDeRohan(NewYork:RandomHouse,1938),xii.
68.
JohnO'Connor,"SpirocheteandtheWaronSyphilis,"TheDramaReview21,no.
1(March1977),92–93;Flanagan,Arena,172,250–1,301,309.
69.
Sundgaard,"SusanGlaspellandtheFederalTheatreProjectRevisited,"9.
70.
Sundgaard,Spirochete,14.
71.
WhenSpirochetepremieredinPhiladelphia,theKnightsofColumbusstrenu-ouslyobjectedtotheideathatColumbuswasresponsibleforthespreadofsyphilisthroughoutEuropeandthenewworld.
Sundgaardrefusedtochangethescene.
Finally,someonesuggestedthattheplaysimplyrefertoan"unnamedseacaptain"whosailedtotheAmericasin1492.
Surprisingly,theKnightsofColumbusandSundgaardbothagreed.
ThenameofColumbuswasremovedandthe"unnamedseacaptain"thattookhisplacebecameaninsidejokethatnearlyeveryoneintheaudienceunderstood.
Flanagan,Arena,251.
72.
Sundgaard,Spirochete,26.
73.
Ibid.
,22–5.
74.
Ibid.
,62.
75.
Ibid.
,73–4.
76.
Ibid.
,83.
77.
Ibid.
,102.
78.
Ibid.
,85.
79.
Ibid.
,84–87.
80.
Ibid.
,88–90.
81.
Ibid.
,90.
Notes1972DEMYTHOLOGIZINGAMERICA:PASTANDPRESENTCOLLIDEINBOSTON1.
Inspiteoftheimpressionthisquotegives,BostonhadanumberoftheatresregularlyproducingworkpriortothearrivaloftheFTP.
PhilipHale,"TheTheatre,"BostonHerald,November23,1930,HarvardTheatreCollection,Boston—CopleyTheatre,clippingsfile.
2.
JoanneBentley,HallieFlanagan,229.
3.
Flanagan,Arena,229–30.
4.
QuotedinFlanagan,Arena,225.
5.
Bentley,HallieFlanagan,216–7.
6.
Flanagan,Arena,223–4.
7.
QuotedinPaulS.
Boyer,PurityinPrint:TheVice-SocietyMovementandBookCensorshipinAmerica(NewYork:CharlesScribner'sSons,1968),180.
8.
Ibid.
,198–201;JohnH.
Houchin,CensorshipoftheAmericanTheatreintheTwentiethCentury(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2003),111–2.
9.
Flanagan,Arena,224.
10.
BlandingSloantoHallieFlanagan,TD,June9,1938,NARA,E839,Box5,"CreatedEqual#2.
"11.
ProceedingsoftheCityCouncilofBoston,April13,1931,162;SusanTraverso,WelfarePoliticsinBoston,1910–1940(Amherst:UniversityofMassachusettsPress,2003),94–5.
12.
CharlesH.
Trout,Boston,TheGreatDepression,andtheNewDeal(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1977),87.
13.
QuotedinFlanagan,Arena,227.
14.
"UnionPicketsW.
P.
A.
Office,"BostonSundayGlobe,January10,1937,14.
15.
"RemodeledCopleyNearingCompletion,"BostonGlobe,September26,1937,HarvardTheatreCollection,"Boston—CopleyTheatre(1),"clip-pingsfile.
16.
PhilipHale,"AstheWorldWags,"undated,HarvardTheatreCollection,"Boston—CopleyTheatre(1),"clippingsfile.
17.
Flanagan,Arena,228.
18.
FromtheSalemNews,quotedinFlanagan,Arena,228.
19.
Flanagan,Arena,228.
20.
RobertV.
Johnston,"ReportbyPublicityManonPromotionWorkForProduction'CreatedEqual,'"NARA,E839,Box5,"CreatedEqual#2.
"21.
"RadioTalk,"JonB.
Mack,Boston,NARA,E839,Box5,"CreatedEqual#1.
"22.
JohnHunterBoothtoJonB.
Mack,TL,21January1938,NARA,E839,Box5,"CreatedEqual#1.
"23.
Flanagan,Arena,254–5.
24.
ThethirdversionofCreatedEqual,availableatNARA,isamarkedcopyoftheabbreviatedradioversion.
Thisproductionwasthethirdinthe"Federal198NotesTheatreoftheAir"Series,andwasbroadcastonStationWEVD,NewYork,December22,1938,from10:00–10:45p.
m.
EST.
25.
JohnHunterBooth,CreatedEqual(RevisedEdition),GMU,introductorymaterial.
Hereafter,Booth,CreatedEqual,RevisedEdition.
26.
"RadioTalk,"JonB.
Mack,Boston,NARA,E839,Box5,"CreatedEqual#1.
"27.
JohnHunterBooth,CreatedEqual,NARA,E914,Box277,"CreatedEqual,"2.
Hereafter,BoothCreatedEqual,OriginalEdition;Booth,CreatedEqual,RevisedEdition,1–2.
28.
Booth,CreatedEqual,RevisedEdition,1.
29.
Ibid.
,3.
30.
JackTager,BostonRiots:ThreeCenturiesofSocialViolence(Boston,MA:NortheasternUniversityPress,2001),170.
31.
John.
H.
Booth,"CreatedEqualProductionBulletin,Boston,Mass.
,"NARA,E937,Box441,"CreatedEqual,"4.
32.
ItisinterestingtonotethecomplexhistoricalimplicationsofchoosingPhillipSchuylerasrepresentativeoftheAmericanidealbecauseahistoricalfigurebythesamenamelivedduringthecolonialera.
TherealPhillipSchuylerwasanEnglishgentlemanandsoldierwhocametothecolonies,waselectedtotheFirstContinentalCongress,servedasaMajorGeneralintheContinentalArmy,andremainedactiveinpoliticsuntilhisdeathin1804.
HisdaughterElizabethmar-riedAlexanderHamiltonin1780therebyofferingHamiltonaccesstopowerfulpoliticalcircles.
TheironyofthecharacterofPhillipSchuyler—younggentleman-turned-frontiersman—turningtoHamilton(hishistoricalson-in-law)forassis-tanceispowerful.
ThoughitishardtobelievethatBoothcouldhavesothoroughlyresearchedcolonialhistoryfortheplayandmissedthisconnection,noevidenceremainstodocumenthisintent.
FormoreinformationonHamilton'srelationshipwiththerealPhillipSchuyler,seeJohnC.
Miller,AlexanderHamilton:PortraitinParadox(NewYork:Harper&Brothers,1959),62–80.
33.
Booth,CreatedEqual,RevisedEdition,57–8.
34.
CreatedEqualincludesanumberofspecificgrammaticalchoices,allofwhichhavebeenretainedthroughoutthischapterinquotesfromthetext.
JohnHunterBooth,sceneattachedtoletter,BlandingSloantoEmmettLavery,TL,26May1938,NARA,E839,Box5,"CreatedEqual#2.
"35.
Ibid.
36.
ConstanceK.
BurnsandRonaldP.
Formisano,eds.
,Boston,1700–1980:TheEvolutionofUrbanPolitics(Westport,CT:GreenwoodPress,1984),135.
37.
QuotedinTrout,Boston,TheGreatDepression,andtheNewDeal,81–4.
38.
Booth,CreatedEqual,OriginalEdition,15–6.
39.
Booth,CreatedEqual,RevisedEdition,13.
40.
Booth,CreatedEqual,OriginalEdition,41.
41.
Ibid.
,58–942.
Booth,CreatedEqual,RevisedEdition,82.
43.
Booth,CreatedEqual,OriginalEdition,87.
Notes19944.
Booth,CreatedEqual,RevisedEdition,89.
45.
Booth,CreatedEqual,OriginalEdition,76–7.
46.
Ibid.
,131–2.
47.
Ibid.
,133.
48.
Booth,CreatedEqual,RevisedEdition,121.
49.
Ibid.
,123–4.
50.
Ibid.
,124.
51.
Ibid.
,124–127.
52.
MordauntHall,"FederalTheatrePresentsCavalcadeofU.
S.
History,"BostonTranscript,June14,1938;andElinorHughes,"'CreatedEqual'ispresentedattheShubert-CopleyTheatre,"BostonHerald,June14,1938,NARA,E937,Box441,"CreatedEqualProductionBulletin,Boston.
"53.
"SummerPlansSetforWPATheatre,"NewYorkTimes,June11,1939,47.
54.
LucyStoneProductionBulletin,LOC,Box1034,2.
55.
Gen.
3:16(EnglishRevisedVersion).
56.
ConverseTyler,"LucyStonePlayreaderReport,"LOC,Box247.
57.
Mrs.
GuyW.
Stantial(Emma)toHallieFlanagan,April30,1939,NARA,E840,Box40,"LucyStone.
"58.
EmmetLaverytoJonB.
Mack,March7,1939,LOC,Box1034,"LucyStone—Correspondence&Research,"1.
59.
BarbaraStuhler,ForthePublicRecord:ADocumentaryHistoryoftheLeagueofWomenVoters(Westport,CT:GreenwoodPress,2000),2–28.
60.
AliceStoneBlackwell,"Introduction,"inMaudWoodPark,LucyStone:AChroniclePlay,NationalAmericanSuffrageAssociationCollection,RareBookandSpecialCollectionsDivision,LibraryofCongress,3.
61.
Flanagan,Arena,230.
62.
FinchexpressedgraveconcernsoverhislackofcreditinletterstoRussak.
Fincharguedthathehadspentanextraordinaryamountoftimeontherevi-sions—muchofwhichwasunpaid—expresslybecausehebelievedhisnamewouldbepubliclyassociatedwiththeplay.
RobertFinchtoBenRussak,April29,1939,LOC,Box1034,"LucyStone—Correspondence&Research.
"63.
RobertFinchtoBenRussak,April29,1939,LOC,Box1034,"LucyStone—Correspondence&Research";RobertFinchtoBenRussak,receivedMarch13,1939,LOC,Box1034,"LucyStone—Correspondence&Research.
"64.
ManydifferentversionsofLucyStoneareavailableatNARA,LOC,andGMU.
InmyanalysisoftheFTPproductiontext,Iamusingthescriptdescribedasthe"2ndRevisedBostonVersion,"datedJune16,1939,whichisthelatestversionavailable.
MaudWoodPark,LucyStone,revisedbyRobertFinch,LOC,Box701,6.
Hereafter,Park,LucyStone,revisedbyFinch.
65.
MaudWoodPark,LucyStone:AChroniclePlaybasedonLucyStone,Pioneer,byAliceStoneBlackwell(Boston:WalterH.
BakerCo.
,1938),NationalAmericanSuffrageAssociationCollection,RareBookandSpecialCollectionsDivision,LibraryofCongress,75.
Hereafter,Park,LucyStone,OriginalEdition.
200Notes66.
Ibid.
,79.
67.
Park,LucyStone,revisedbyFinch,52–57.
68.
Ibid.
,71–2.
69.
Ibid.
,76.
70.
Park,LucyStone,OriginalEdition,86–7.
71.
Ibid.
,93.
72.
Ibid.
,96.
73.
Park,LucyStone,revisedbyFinch,69.
74.
Ibid.
,84.
75.
"WomanCandidatetoOpenHerCampaign,"BostonHerald,December5,1921,16.
76.
"MostofCouncilCandidatesUnknown,"BostonHerald,December5,1921,3;"Mrs.
Chipmanopenshercampaign,"BostonGlobe,December7,1921,8;"BostonWomenMakingTheirPoliticalBow—IsItaDebutoraFight"BostonGlobe,December4,1921,2.
77.
QuotedinSarahDeutsch,Women,Space,andPowerinBoston,1870–1940(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,2000),255.
78.
"IsFifthWomantoSeekCouncilPost,"BostonGlobe,October26,1931,5.
79.
Deutsch,Women,Space,andPowerinBoston,259.
80.
LucyStoneProductionBulletin,LOC,Box1034,3–4.
81.
ElinorHughes,"LucyStone,"BostonHerald,May10,1939,HarvardTheatreCollection,"LucyStone,"clippingsfile.
82.
ElliotNorton,"PlayontheRecordofLucyStone,"BostonPost,May10,1939,LOC,LucyStoneProductionBulletin,Box1034,13.
83.
EdwinF.
Melvin,"'LucyStone'inPremiereatCopleyTheater,"ChristianScienceMonitor,May10,1939,HarvardTheatreCollection,"LucyStone,"clippingsfile.
84.
Flanagan,Arena,230;"B.
U.
WomentoSponsor'LucyStone'Premiere,"ChristianScienceMonitor,April25,1939,9.
85.
"LucyStoneBenefitPerformanceFriday,"HarvardTheatreCollection,"Boston—CopleyTheatre(1),"clippingsfile.
3"THEGREATAMERICANTHEATRICALDESERT":FEDERALTHEATREINTHESOUTH1.
ForewordtoABriefHistoryoftheFederalTheatreintheSouth,NewYorkPublicLibraryforthePerformingArts,BillyRoseTheatreCollection,HallieFlanaganPapers,SeriesV—Scrapbooks,"FederalTheatreintheSouthScrapbook,"Box35.
2.
JosefLentz,interviewbyJohnO'Connor,NewOrleans,LA,WPAOralHistoriesCollection,SpecialCollections&Archives,GeorgeMasonUniversityLibraries,April7,1977,21.
3.
McGee,ABriefHistoryoftheFederalTheatreintheSouth.
Notes2014.
Ibid.
5.
Flanagan,Arena,81.
6.
Ibid.
,81.
7.
McGee,ForewordtoABriefHistoryoftheFederalTheatreintheSouth.
8.
Flanagan,Arena,88.
9.
ThoughtherecentdiscoveryofadditionalarchivaldocumentshasalteredpartofmyAltarsofSteelanalysis,muchofthissectionisfrom"YankeeConsternationintheDeepSouth:WorshippingattheAltarsofSteel,"byElizabethOsborne,publishedinTheatreSymposium:ToursoftheSouth,2005bytheUniversityofAlabamaPress.
10.
GlennFeldman,Politics,SocietyandtheKlaninAlabama,1915–1949(Tuscaloosa:UniversityofAlabamaPress,1999),219.
11.
Ibid.
,219–20;RobinD.
G.
Kelley,HammerandHoe:AlabamaCommunistsDuringtheGreatDepression(ChapelHill:UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,1990),14.
12.
NealR.
Pierce,TheDeepSouthStatesofAmerica:People,Politics,andPowerintheSevenDeepSouthStates(NewYork:Norton,1974),282.
13.
DavidM.
Kennedy,FreedomfromFear:TheAmericanPeopleinDepressionandWar,1929–1945(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1999),303.
14.
WilliamWarrenRogers,RobertDavidWard,LeahRawlsAtkins,andWayneFlint,Alabama:TheHistoryofaDeepSouthState(Tuscaloosa:UniversityofAlabamaPress,1994),480–5.
15.
WalterGalenson,TheCIOChallengetotheAFL:AHistoryoftheAmericanLaborMovement,1935–1941(Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress,1960),92;KennethWarren,BigSteel:TheFirstCenturyoftheUnitedStatesSteelCorporation,1901–2001(Pittsburgh:UniversityofPittsburghPress,2001),164–6.
16.
Feldman,Politics,Society,andtheKlaninAlabama,243.
17.
Ibid.
,274.
18.
"NegroesBeware"Poster,1933,BirminghamAlabama,GuyBentonJohnsonPapers#3826,SouthernHistoricalCollection,TheWilsonLibrary,UniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill,ResearchProjects1922–1977andundated,KuKluxKlanStudy,Folder1005.
19.
Feldman,Politics,SocietyandtheKlaninAlabama,243–246.
20.
HenryP.
Guzda,"UnitedSteelworkersofAmerica:26thConvention,"MonthlyLaborReview115,no.
12(1992),46–7;MaevaMarcus,TrumanandtheSteelSeizureCase:TheLimitsofPresidentialPower(Durham,NC:DukeUniversityPress,1994),51;Warren,BigSteel:TheFirstCenturyoftheUnitedStatesSteelCorporation,164–6;Kelley,HammerandHoe,223–227;Feldman,Politics,SocietyandtheKlaninAlabama,243–246.
21.
ThomasHall-Rogers,AltarsofSteel,LOC,Box578,"AltarsofSteel,"1.
22.
RalphT.
Jones,"AltarsofSteelHighlyPraisedasBestDramaEverPresentedHere,"AtlantaConstitution,April2,1937,11;TarletonCollier,"BehindtheHeadlines,"AtlantaGeorgian,April6,1937,3;MildredSeydell,"Altars202NotesofSteelAidsCommunismwithTaxMoney,"AtlantaGeorgian,April4,1937,4D;Flanagan,Arena,89.
ForadetaileddiscussionofthenewspapercoverageofAltarsofSteelinAtlanta,seeSusanDuffy,AmericanLaboronStage:DramaticInterpretationsoftheSteelandTextileIndustriesinthe1930s(Westport,CT:GreenwoodPress,1996),96–101;JohnRussellPoole,TheFederalTheatreProjectinGeorgiaandAlabama:AnHistoricalAnalysisofGovernmentTheatreintheDeepSouth(PhDDiss.
,UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,1995),80–88;McGee,ABriefHistoryoftheFederalTheatreintheSouth,12.
23.
JanedeHartMathews,TheFederalTheatre,1935–1939:Plays,Relief,andPolitics(Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,1967),181.
24.
"ProblemPlayAuthor'sNameisKeptSecret,"PhiladelphiaInquirer,April18,1937,inMcGee,ABriefHistoryoftheFederalTheatreintheSouth,17.
25.
QuotedinJohnMcGee,FederalTheatreoftheSouth:ASupplementtotheFederalTheatreNationalBulletin,QuarterlyBulletin1,no.
2(October1936),NARA,E920,Box357.
26.
McGee,FederalTheatreoftheSouth;Duffy,AmericanLaboronStage,83–85.
27.
U.
S.
CensusBureau,15thCensusoftheUnitedStates:1930PopulationSchedule,Precinct9,JeffersonCounty,Alabama,sheet9B,accessedMarch16,2010,http://search.
ancestry.
com/iexechtx=View&r=an&dbid=6224&iid=ALT626_23-0562&fn=Josiah+W&ln=Bancroft&st=r&ssrc=&pid=119663711;JohnMcGeetoJ.
W.
Bancroft,September24,1936,NARA,E850,Box62,"Correspondence#2;"JohnMcGeetoJ.
W.
Bancroft,September9,1936,NARA,E850,Box62,"AL—Correspondence#1.
"28.
ForfurtherdiscussionofTCI'sroleincreatingFairfield,seeMarleneHuntRikard,"AnExperimentinWelfareCapitalism:TheHealthCareServicesoftheTennesseeCoal,IronandRailroadCompany"(PhDdiss.
,UniversityofAlabama,1983),132-629.
JudithStein,RunningSteel,RunningAmerica:Race,EconomicPolicyandtheDeclineofLiberalism(ChapelHill:UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,1998),41.
30.
JohnMcGeetoMaryWeber,January14,1936,NARA,E850,Box62,"AL—Correspondence#1.
"31.
TheonlyothercorrespondenceaddresseddirectlytoBancroftthatIhavelocatedisatelegramtoBancroft,whichnotedan"excellent,"unnamedscript.
JohnMcGeetoJ.
W.
Bancroft,September24,1936,NARA,E850,Box62,"Correspondence#2;"JohnMcGeetoJ.
W.
Bancroft,September9,1936,NARA,E850,Box62,"AL—Correspondence#1.
"32.
JohnMcGeetoFrancesNimmoGreen,November11,1936,NARA,E850,Box62,"AL—SouthernPlayBureau.
"33.
JohnMcGeetoFrancesNimmoGreen,November3,1936,NARA,E850,Box62,"AL—SouthernPlayBureau.
"Notes20334.
LouisSolomon,aplayreaderfortheFTP'sPlayPolicyBoardinNewYork,commentedthatAltarsofSteelshowedan"improbablesimplificationofacomplexproblem[andwas]toonavetomeritconsideration.
"JohnRimassa,anotherplayreader,alsorejectedtheplay,writingthatitwas"verybad!
[.
.
.
]Theconclusionrammedattheaudienceis:benevolentcorporationswithassetsupto$25,000,000makeforahappyhumanitywhileverylargecor-porationsspelldisasterformankind.
"PlaywrightJohnWexley'sreportwasmostdamningthough,"Mymostseriouscriticismoftheplayis[.
.
.
]thatitishardlyaplay;"hethenproceededtoripapartthestructure,theme,characters,andplot,andsuggestedthatFTPaudienceswouldfindtheplay"veryuninteresting"and"ludicrouslyunreal.
"Letter,JohnWexleytoHiramMotherwell,27March1937,LOC,Box138,AltarsofSteel;LouisSolomon,"PlayreaderReport:AltarsofSteel,"LOC,Box138,AltarsofSteel;JohnRimassa,"PlayreaderReport:AltarsofSteel,"LOC,Box138,AltarsofSteel.
35.
LentznotedthattheAtlantaFTPshareditstheatrespacewithaboxingringeveryFridaynight;thisrequiredthatdesignelementsbecarefullychosensotheycouldbepackedandmovedeachweek.
Lentz,interview,4–5,13.
36.
VernerHaldene,"ProductionBulletinforthree-monthperiodbeginningJanuary1,1937,"December29,1936,NARA,E850,Box62,"SouthernPlayBureau.
"37.
JustasAltarsofSteelslippedthroughthenumerousrejectionsofthevariousplayreaders,HallieFlanaganwasintheprocessofinstitutinganewpolicyforplayapproval.
Duringthefallof1936,buoyedbyHarryHopkins'spromisetosupportanyFTPplaythathadherpersonalapproval,FlanaganinsistedthatallproductionplansbemadeatleastthreemonthsinadvanceandpassthroughthePlayPolicyBoard.
WhilethisprocedurewasstillintheprocessofbeingimplementedwhenAltarsofSteelbeganrehearsals,itisclearthattheintendedJanuaryproductionwassubjecttothissystem,asisevidencedbyVernerHaldene'sproposalforthefirstquarterof1937,inwhichheplacestheopeningofAltarsofSteelinlateJanuary.
Mathews,TheFederalTheatre,96–7;Poole,TheFederalTheatreProjectinGeorgiaandAlabama,56–59;Haldene,"ProductionBulletinforthree-monthperiodbeginningJanuary1,1937.
"38.
Memorandum,JohnMcGeetoHallieFlanagan,March16,1937,NARA,E839,Box25,SouthernTrip,2–3.
39.
Poole,TheFederalTheatreProjectinGeorgiaandAlabama,51.
40.
TheBirminghamaudiencesubmittedonly22surveys,whichserveasthebasisforthisreport.
DanaRush,"AudienceSurveyReportforItCan'tHappenHere,"November23,1936,NARA,E907,NationalPlayBureauAudienceSurveyReports,Box254.
41.
"FederalUnitDropsCurtain,"BirminghamPost,November25,1936,BirminghamPublicLibrary,BirminghamFederalTheatre,clippingsfile.
42.
VernerHaldene,"ProductionBulletinforthree-monthperiodbeginningJanuary1,1937.
"204Notes43.
JohnMcGeetoFrancesNimmoGreen,November11,1936,NARA,E850,Box62,"AL—SouthernPlayBureau.
"44.
JohnMcGeetoHarriettB.
Adams,November5,1936,NARA,E850,Box62,"AL—Correspondence#2.
"45.
JohnMcGeetoJosefLentz,December15,1936,NARA,E850,Box62,"AL—Correspondence#2.
"46.
HedleyGordonGraham,interviewbyLorraineBrown,NewYorkCity,NewYork,taperecording,WPAOralHistoriesCollection,SpecialCollectionsandArchives,GeorgeMasonUniversityLibraries,February27,1977,1.
47.
Hall-Rogers,AltarsofSteel,88.
48.
Rogerset.
al.
,Alabama:TheHistoryofaDeepSouthState,470;MarjorieLongeneckerWhite,TheBirminghamDistrict:AnIndustrialHistoryandGuide(Birmingham,AL:BirminghamHistoricalSocietyattheBirminghamPublishingCompany,1981),65;"Oysters,Junk,Perfume,Steel,"Time,June3,1935,accessedFebruary9,2008,http://www.
time.
com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883430-1,00.
html;HenryM.
McKiven,Jr.
,IronandSteel:Class,Race,andCommunityinBirmingham,Alabama,1875–1920(ChapelHill:UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,1995);SanfordM.
Jacoby,EmployingBureaucracy:Managers,Unions,andtheTransformationofWorkinthe20thCentury(Mahwah,NJ:LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,2004),169.
49.
SeeWhite,TheBirminghamDistrict,91–97;Rogers,etal.
,Alabama:TheHistoryofaDeepSouthState,284–286;Warren,BigSteel:TheFirstCenturyoftheUnitedStatesSteelCorporation,77–83;EthelArmes,TheStoryofCoalandIroninAlabama(Birmingham,AL:ChamberofCommerce,1910);JosephBishopBucklin,TheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters,Vol.
2(NewYork:CharlesScribner'sSons,1920),54–63.
50.
T.
R.
RoosevelttoAttorneyGeneralBonaparte,November4,1907,quotedinBulletinoftheAmericanIronandSteelInstitute43,no.
2(February1,1909):1.
51.
Hall-Rogers,AltarsofSteel,28–31.
52.
Rikard,"AnExperimentinWelfareCapitalism:TheHealthCareServicesoftheTennesseeCoal,IronandRailroadCompany,"274–5.
53.
Hall-Rogers,AltarsofSteel,8.
54.
Ibid.
,15.
55.
DennisG.
Jerz,TechnologyinAmericanDrama,1920–1950:SoulandSocietyintheAgeoftheMachine(Westport,CT:GreenwoodPress,2003),88.
56.
By1917,officialsatTCIconcludedthattheycouldincreaseproductivity(anddecreaselaborunrest)fromtheworkersiftheyprovidedbetterworkcon-ditions.
JohnEagan,chairmanoftheAmericanCastIronPipeCompany,revealedhis"GoldenRule"approachtobigbusinessin1921.
McKiven,Jr.
,IronandSteel,115–7.
57.
Hall-Rogers,AltarsofSteel,15.
58.
Kelley,HammerandHoe,130–1.
Notes20559.
Severaldifferentversionsoftheplayexist,eachofwhichisstructuredslightlydifferentlyandfeaturesadifferentending.
IntheversiononfileatNARA,Worth'ssoniskilledattheendoftheplayashisfathertriestodiffusetheangrymobofworkers.
TheversiondiscussedinthischapterwasproducedforAtlantaandMiamiaudiences.
60.
Muchofthisportionisfrom"Storytelling,Chiggers,andtheBibleBelt:TheGeorgiaExperimentasthePublicFaceoftheFederalTheatreProject,"byElizabethOsborne,publishedinTheatreHistoryStudies,2011bytheUniversityofAlabamaPress.
61.
QuotedinFlanagan,Arena,92.
62.
Ibid.
,92.
63.
Ibid.
,91.
64.
HerbertS.
Price,"FederalTheatreCommunityDramaPrograminGeorgia,"NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—Rome.
"65.
FourofthefivedramaconsultantswereapartofthecommunitydramatrainingprograminNewYorkCityatthetimeoftheirassignment,earning$95.
44monthly.
MaryDirnberger,therepresentativeassignedtoSavannah,wasworkinginNorthCarolinaatthetimeofthisassignment,andcontinuedonthatsalaryat$125monthlywhileworkinginGeorgia.
HerbertPricetoEllenS.
Woodward,undatedmemorandum,NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—CommunityDrama,General.
"66.
HerbertS.
Price,"FederalTheatreCommunityDramaPrograminGeorgia(Rometobeincluded),"NARA,E952,Box523,"HerbertS.
Price,Correspondence.
"67.
GayB.
SheppersontoHerbertPrice,January26,1937,NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—CommunityDrama,General.
"68.
Georgia:AGuidetoitsTownsandCountryside,compiledandwrittenbyWorkersoftheWriters'ProgramoftheWorkProgressAdministrationintheStateofGeorgia,AmericanGuideSeries(Athens:UniversityofGeorgiaPress,1940),443.
69.
Eachofthefivedramaconsultantswastohavebeenpreapprovedfortravelexpensesandaperdiemofthreedollarsperdayforthefirst21daysinthefield.
However,subsequentcommunicationsbetweenthedramaconsultantsandvariousFTPadministratorsdocumentthatthisprocesswasnotasmoothoneandthatmostofthedramaconsultantswereforcedtoplacetheirbelong-ingsinstorage,liveincheaphotelsorwithnewacquaintances,andself-fundtheirwork-relatedtravelsforthemajorityoftheirtimeinGeorgia.
HerbertPricetoMadalynO'Shea,December1,1936,NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—CommunityDrama,General.
"70.
EdwardJ.
HayestoCharlotteHolt,receivedMarch23,1937,NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—Rome,Georgia.
"71.
R.
H.
ElliotttoHerbertPrice,March1,1937,NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—Rome,GA.
"206Notes72.
"FederalTheatreDirectorArrivesHereFebruary22,"RomeNews-Tribune,February14,1937,12.
73.
"DetailsofFederalTheatreToBeGiven,"Rome-NewsTribune,February17,1937,2;"FederalTheatreDirectorComesToBeginDuties,"RomeNews-Tribune,February24,1937,2;"FederalTheatreBeginsInRomeWith'TheFool,'"RomeNews-Tribune,February26,1937,10;"CastAnnouncedfor'TheFool,'FederalDrama,"RomeNews-Tribune,March21,1937,11.
74.
EdwardJ.
HayestoCharlotteHolt,ReceivedMarch23,1937,NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—Rome,GA.
"75.
"ReligiousPlaysToBePresentedByDramaPlayers,"RomeNews-Tribune,April20,1937,2.
76.
TheseversesfocusonthemeetingofMary,futuremotherofJesusChrist,andElisabeth,futuremotherofJohntheBaptist,duringElisabeth'spregnancy.
77.
"RomeDramaUnittoPresentPlaySundayAfternoon,"RomeNews-Tribune,March26,1937,2.
78.
EdwardJ.
HayestoCharlotteHolt,receivedMarch23,1937,NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—Rome,GA.
"79.
"CastAnnouncedFor'TheFool,'FederalDrama,"RomeNews-Tribune,March21,1937,11.
80.
EdwardJ.
HayestoHerbertS.
Price,April6,1937,NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—Rome,GA.
"81.
TherecordsoftheMariettaJournalareunfortunatelyincomplete,particularlybetweenJanuaryandMarchof1937,andassuch,failtochroniclethesearchforacommunitydramaconsultantortheeffortsofHayestoworkwithintheMariettacommunity.
"TheatreGrouptoPresentPlayMay21–22,"MariettaJournal,May7,1937,3.
82.
EugeneBergmannandhiswifeattendedthespaghettidinnertocelebratetheopeningofTheHiredHusband.
Ibid.
;"TheatreGuildGivesSpaghettiSupperForCast,"MariettaJournal,May24,1937,3.
83.
D.
G.
NicholstoGayShepperson,November17,1936,NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—CommunityDrama,General.
"84.
"ChurchProgramsintheCityToday,"NewYorkTimes,July1,1934,p.
N6.
85.
"Obituary,"NewYorkTimes,September4,1935,19;"Rev.
MotherBlandine,"NewYorkTimes,May20,1937,21.
86.
Itisimportanttonotethatthesedataare,accordingtothecautionarynoteonthecensus,"seriouslyincomplete";hamperedbylackoffundsandcoopera-tionfromchurches,thesurveyresultsin"significantundercountsformanydenominationsthroughouttheSouth,"notingparticularlythestrangelylownumbersoftheSouthernBaptistConventionandtheMethodistEpiscopalChurch,South.
Thus,thereferencedpercentagesarelikelyatleastsomewhatlowerthanahistoricallyaccuratecountwouldhavebeen.
Incalculatingthesepercentages,Iexcludedallindividualsundertheageof14becausethenumbersprovidedbytheCensusofReligiousBodiesconsideredonlythoseindividualsNotes207whowereofageandofficialmembersofthechurch.
The1930U.
S.
CensuscalculatedthetotalpopulationofFloydCounty,Georgiaat48,667,andthepopulationofindividualsaged14oroverat33,146.
IhavealsocombinedthemanydifferentbranchesoftheBaptistandMethodistchurchesintoasinglepercentageforthesakeofclarity.
Forthecomplete,detailedresultsofthissur-vey,seeDepartmentofCommerceandLabor,BureauoftheCensus,UnitedStatesCensusofReligiousBodies,CountyFile,1936,AssociationofReligionDataArchives,accessedMarch12,2010,http://www.
thearda.
com/Archive/Files/Downloads/1936CENSCT_DL.
asp;U.
S.
CensusBureau,CensusofPopulationandHousing,Population—Georgia,Table13,CompositionofthePopulation,ByCounty,1930,accessedMarch12,2010,http://www.
census.
gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1930.
html.
87.
PriceimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesin1920attheageof18.
AttheonsetoftheDepression,hebeganworkincommunityentertainmentsandrecreation,servingastheentertainmentcoordinatorataCivilianConservationCorpscampbeforejoiningtheFTPin1935.
LikeJohnHouseman(animmigrantfromRomania),PriceexperiencedaseriesoffiringsandhiringsbytheFTPin1937becausehewasnotafullcitizenoftheUnitedStates;FlanaganandnumerousothersrepeatedlyrequestedspecialconsiderationforPricebecauseofhisexpertiseintheareaofcom-munitydrama.
HerbertStrattonPrice,"PersonalHistoryStatement,"November20,1935,NARA,E840,Box39,"Price,HerbertStratton—Personnel;"HerbertPricetoHallieFlanagan,"TheGeorgiaExperimentinCommunityDrama,"April5,1937,NARA,E839,Box5,"CommunityDrama—HerbertPrice;""HerbertStrattonPrice,"July17,1920,StatueofLiberty-EllisIslandFoundation,Inc.
,OriginalShipManifest,TheCeltic,1093-4,accessedFebruary10,2007,http://www.
ellisisland.
org/search/shipManifest.
aspMID=02805731590164062144&FNM=HERBERT&LNM=PRICE&PLNM=PRICE&CGD=M&bSYR=1901&bEYR=1903&first_kind=1&last_kind=0&RF=2&pID=103837020095&lookup=103837020095&show=%5C%5C192%2E168%2E4%2E227%5Cimages%5CT715%2D2800%5CT715%2D28001094%2ETIF&origFN=%5C%5C192%2E168%2E4%2E227%5CIMAGES%5CT715%2D2800%5CT715%2D28001093%2ETIF.
88.
HerbertPricetoHallieFlanagan,"TheGeorgiaExperimentinCommunityDrama,"April5,1937,NARA,E839,Box5,"CommunityDrama—HerbertPrice.
"89.
HerbertPricetoDorothyBraley,undatedmemo,NARA,E839,Box5,"CommunityDrama—HerbertPrice.
"90.
CharlotteHolttoMaryMcFarland,April29,1937,NARA,E839,Box5,"CommunityDrama—HerbertPrice.
"91.
HerbertPricetoHallieFlanagan,May4,1938,NARA,E839,Box5,"CommunityDrama—HerbertPrice.
"92.
HerbertPricetoHallieFlanagan,July15,1938,NARA,E839,Box5,"CommunityDrama—HerbertPrice,"4.
208Notes93.
FederalOnewasproducedbytheInstitutefortheFederalTheatreProjectatGeorgeMasonUniversity.
ThearticlePricerespondedtowasabriefexcerptofthestorytoldbyFlanaganinArenaandwasprintedfollowingthe"Curator'sColumn"intheOctober1976volume(1,no.
4,page16)ofFederalOne.
94.
HerbertPricetoLorraineBrownandLaraineCarroll,July31,1980,WPAOralHistoriesCollection,SpecialCollections&Archives,GeorgeMasonUniversityLibraries,"Price,Herbert.
"95.
ThomasPostlewait,"TheCriteriaforEvidence:AnecdotesinShakespeareanBiography,1709–2000,"inTheorizingPractice,RedefiningTheatreHistory,ed.
W.
B.
WorthenandPeterHolland(NewYork:PalgraveMacmillan,2003),65.
96.
ABriefHistoryoftheFederalTheatreintheSouthincludesasectionthatout-linestheproductionsofeachcityasanoverview;oneofthefeaturesisashortstatementabouttheaudiencereactiontotheshow.
IntheAtlantasection,themajorityoftheproductionsaredescribedas"excellent,""fair,"or"verygood.
"AltarsofSteelistheonlyproductionthatstandsoutinthisregard;itsaudiencereactionislabeled"veryinteresting.
"WritinginTheLeader,criticDudleyGlasssimilarlywrote,"Whether'AltarsofSteel,'givenitsfirstperformanceanywhereattheAtlantaTheatreThursdaynight,isagreatdrama,Idon'tknow.
[.
.
.
]I'veneverseenanythinglikeit.
Thiscanbesaidwithconviction:Itisintenselyinteresting.
"ABriefHistoryoftheFederalTheatreintheSouth,2,10.
4THEFADINGFRONTIER:EXCAVATINGTHEPORTLANDFEDERALTHEATREPROJECT1.
Anearlyversionofthischapterappearedin"DisappearingFrontiersandtheNationalStage:PlacingthePortlandFederalTheatreProject,"byElizabethOsborne,publishedinTheatreHistoryStudies,2009bytheUniversityofAlabamaPress;Flanagan,Arena,272.
2.
SeeBarryWitham'sTheFederalTheatreProject:ACaseStudyforanexcellent,in-depthstudyofFTPactivitiesinSeattle,Washington.
3.
Flanagan,Arena,271–73.
4.
Ibid.
,301.
5.
NARAcontainscorrespondenceregardingprojectproposalsandearlyfund-ingproblemsbetweenlate1935andearly1936,afewdocumentsfromlate1937centeringonalocalpoliticalconflict,someinformationfromthespringof1939onaproposedradioshowandthePaulBunyanfestival,oneAudienceSurveyReportandafewregionalreportsthatbrieflymentionthePortlandFTP.
TheLOCcollectionincludesseveralproductionbookswithvaryingdegreesofinformation,aswellasscrapsofpublicityinformation,playreaderreports,andascriptofE.
P.
Conkle'sPaulBunyanandtheBlueOx(thescriptproposedforthePaulBunyanfestival).
GeorgeMasonUniversitypossessesoneoralhistoryandbriefnotesfromanotheruntapedinterview.
ItisalsoworthnotingthatmanyofthePortlandFTPproductionscenteredondanceNotes209andmovement,acharacteristicthatmakesthesescriptslesstellingthandra-masormusicals.
WhileitiscertainlypossiblethatmoreinformationregardingthePortlandFTPisavailable,itisnoteasilylocatedinthearchivalcollectionsconnectedtotheFTP,nordocontemporaryhistoriesciteotherpersonalorprivatearchiveswhereadditionalsourcesmightbelocated.
ThemosthelpfulsecondarysourcewaswrittenbyKarenWickre,oneofthestaffmembersinvolvedintheorganizationofwhatisnowtheLibraryofCongress'scollec-tionwhenitwasonloantoGeorgeMasonUniversity;AnInformalHistoryofOregon'sWPAFederalTheatreProjectisanunpublisheddocumentthatdescribesmanyofPortland'sproductions.
6.
Thenumbersofemployeesineachbranchduring1936and1939,respectively,wereasfollows:Maine(36to46),Colorado(26to44),Oregon(34to53),andLouisiana(50to114).
Thefiguresforthefifthstate,Georgia(0to13),aremisleadingbecausetheFTPdidnotbegininGeorgiauntilJanuary1937,whenallBirminghamFTPpersonnelweretransferred(alongwithAltarsofSteel)toAtlanta.
Flanagan,Arena,434–35.
7.
WorkersoftheWriters'ProgramoftheWorksProjectsAdministration,Oregon:EndoftheTrail(Portland:Binfords&Mort,1940;reprint,Portland:Binfords&Mort,1972),122–23.
8.
NickChaivoe,interviewbyShirleyTanzer,Portland,Oregon,transcript,WPAOralHistoriesCollection,SpecialCollectionsandArchives,GeorgeMasonUniversity,January18,1978,44.
9.
GuyWilliamstoR.
G.
Dieck,January6,1936,NARA,E850,Box69,"OR—ProjectProposals#1;"Flanagan,Arena,297;GlennHughestoR.
G.
Dieck,December9,1935,NARA,E850,Box69,"OR—ProjectProposals#1.
"10.
AliceHensonErnst,TroupingintheOregonCountry:AHistoryofFrontierTheatre(Portland:OregonHistoricalSociety,1961),175;Chaivoe,interview,43.
11.
GuyWilliamstoHallieFlanagan,January15,1936,NARA,E850,Box69,"OR—ProjectProposals#1.
"12.
Mathews,TheFederalTheatre:Plays,Relief,andPolitics,155.
13.
Chaivoe,interview,49.
14.
E.
J.
GriffithtoEvanRoberts,April20,1939,NARA,E839,Box17,"Oregon.
"15.
"Dumbacts"referredtoscenesorbitswithoutsound.
Thesepopularvaude-villepiecesweretypicallyperformedattheverybeginningsandendingsofshowsandallowednoisyaudiencestoenterandexitthetheatrewhileenjoy-ingabitofentertainment.
Thesescenesalsoallowednon-English-speakingimmigrantpopulationstoattendandenjoythetheatre.
16.
LesterLorenzoSchilling,Jr.
,"TheHistoryoftheTheatreinPortland,Oregon,1846–1959"(PhDdiss.
,UniversityofWisconsin,1961),454.
17.
"TamingoftheShrewProductionBulletin,"LOC,Box1079,"TamingoftheShrew,"8,15.
210Notes18.
Schilling,"TheHistoryoftheTheatreinPortland,Oregon,1846–1959,"454–5.
19.
HallieFlanagantoBessWhitcomb,March6,1939,NARA,E839,Box29,"WesternRegion#1.
"20.
BessWhitcombtoHallieFlanagan,November17,1937,NARA,E839,Box29,"WesternRegion#1;"BessWhitcombtoOleNess,December1,1937,NARA,E839,Box29,"WesternRegion#1.
"21.
MargeryHoffmanSmith,interviewbyLewisFerbrache,April10,1964,SanFrancisco,California,transcript,ArchivesofAmericanArt,SmithsonianInstitution,accessedAugust3,2010,http://www.
aaa.
si.
edu/collections/oral-histories/transcripts/smith64apr.
htm.
22.
OleNesstoHallieFlanagan,"WeeklyReportfor12March1938,"NARA,E856,Box100,"RegionV—1938&1939,"3.
23.
OleNesstoHallieFlanagan,"WeeklyReport,"undated,probablyJanuary1938,NARA,E856,Box100,"RegionV—1938&1939,"3.
24.
MillersenthislettertoMaryMcFarland;shesentanextendedquotationfromthelettertothenamedrecipients,whichisthesourceofthisquote.
MaryMcFarlandtoMr.
O'BrienandMr.
Krimont,May21,1936,NARA,E850,Box69,"OR—ProjectProposals.
"25.
OleNesstoHallieFlanagan,"WeeklyReport,"June2,1938,NARA,E856,Box100,"RegionV—1938&1939,"1–2.
26.
Ernst,TroupingintheOregonCountry,171–7.
27.
"OregonCreatesItsOwnPlays,"FederalTheatre2,no.
3(1937):11.
28.
SteveWyatt,"TheFlaxIndustryofLaneCounty,"TheLaneCountyHistoricalSociety35,no.
2(Summer1990),28;DonaldW.
Fishler,"FiberFlaxinOregon,"EconomicBotany3,no.
4(Oct–Dec.
1949),395–7;"OregonCreatesItsOwnPlays,"11.
29.
YellowHarvestisinexplicablycataloguedwiththeCCCscriptsatNARA(andunavailableanywhereelse).
Tothebestofmyknowledge,thisproductionwasnotlinkedtotheCCC,andwasperformedonlyduringtheflaxfestivalonMt.
Angel.
FrederickSchlick,YellowHarvest,NARA,E917,Box355,"YellowHarvest,"8.
30.
SteveM.
Wyatt,"FlaxandLinen:AnUncertainOregonIndustry,"OregonHistoricalQuarterly(1994):159–60;CharlesSumnerHoffman,Jr.
,"OregonLow-LandsSuitableforFlax,"EconomicGeography12,no.
2(April1936):164–6.
31.
Wyatt,"FlaxandLinen,"157–8.
32.
"NewFlaxPlantDedicatedToday,"Oregonian,September5,1936,1;StimsVernon,"CityCelebratesAdventofFlax,"Oregonian,September6,1936,10.
HarryHopkins'spresence,thoughunremarkedintheOregonian,isdocu-mentedinapictureoffestivalattendeespublishedinWyatt,"FlaxandLinen,"166.
33.
Schlick,YellowHarvest,1.
Notes21134.
ThescriptofYellowHarvestcontainsmanydashes,ellipses,misspellings,andotherwiseungrammaticalpunctuation.
Ihavereplicatedallofthesestylisticchoicesinmyquotationsofthetext.
Schlick,YellowHarvest,2.
35.
Ibid.
,8.
36.
Ibid.
,21–2.
37.
Ibid.
,22.
38.
"Oregon'sRecordtoDate,"FederalTheatre2,no.
5(1937):26.
39.
OleNesstoHallieFlanagan,"Report—Portland,SanFrancisco,Denver,"June2,1938,NARA,E856,Box100,"RegionV—1938&1939,"1.
40.
HoffmanSmith,interview.
41.
Griffith'sreportestimatedlocalcontributionsof$28,620,placingthetotalcostoftheprojectat$275,513.
WhenPresidentRooseveltdecidedtodedi-catethebuildingin1937,last-minuterushfundingpouredintotheproject;apparentlythereisnorecordofexactlyhowmuchmoneyarrivedandhowitwasspent,sothefinalcostofTimberlineLodgeisunavailable.
Theresultinginvestigationcametonoconclusions.
JeanBurwellWeir,"TimberlineLodge:AWPAExperimentinArchitectureandCrafts,VolumeOne,"(PhDdiss.
,UniversityofMichigan,1977),37,68–71,292.
42.
GuyWilliamstoHallieFlanagan,January15,1936,NARA,E850,Box69,"OR—ProjectProposals#1.
"43.
"DanceoftheSophisticates,"Oregonian,October4,1937,10.
44.
PoemattachedtoletterfromE.
J.
GriffithtoHallieFlanagan,December4,1937,NARA,E839,Box29,"WesternRegion#2.
"45.
HallieFlanagantoPhilipDavis,probablyFebruary1939,HallieFlanaganPapers,*T-Mss1964–002,BillyRoseTheatreCollection,TheNewYorkPublicLibraryforthePerformingArts,SeriesI:GeneralFiles,Sub-Series2,PersonalPapers,Box4,"ExcerptsfromFlanagan'sletters(1935–39).
"46.
"TimberlineTintypesProductionBook,"LOC,Box1081,"TimberlineTintypes,"program.
47.
Frank'shugelysuccessfulmarionetteadaptationofPinocchioplayedinLosAngeles,Portland,Boston,andmanyothercitiesnationwide.
Itwasthispro-ductionofPinocchio,infact,thatplayedonBroadwayinoneofthelastper-formancesoftheFTP.
InsteadofthetraditionalendinginwhichPinocchiotransformsintoarealboy,FrankrewrotetheendingsothatshotsoffstageinterruptedPinocchio'schange.
Avoiceannounced"Pinocchioisdead,"andproceededtolistthenamesofalloftheCongressmenwhovotedagainsttheFTPappropriations.
ThecastcollectedaroundthebodyofPinocchioonstage,mourninghisdemise.
Lifemagazinephotographedtheevent,andthedeadPinocchiobecamethesymbolforthedeathoftheFTP.
LowellSwortzell,ed.
,SixPlaysforYoungPeoplefromtheFederalTheatreProject(NewYork:GreenwoodPress,1986),3;"PinocchioDiesinNewYorkasFederalTheatreDropsCurtain,"Life(July17,1930):20.
48.
C.
A.
S.
,"TimberlineShowScheduled,"LaborNewdealer,August25,1938,2.
212Notes49.
Logbuckingistheprocessofcuttingafelledtreeintosmallerpieces.
Historically,itwasapopularcompetitivesportinwhichapairofloggerswouldracetocompletethecuttingfirstandcolleagueswouldwagerontheoutcome.
50.
"TimberlineTintypesProductionBook,"LOC,Box1081,"TimberlineTintypes,"25.
51.
HughAntoineD'Arcy's"TheFaceontheBarroomFloor"providedthebasisforashort1914CharlieChaplinfilmbythesamename.
The"face"isonethatthestoryteller,aformerpainter,attemptstodrawonthefloorofthebartoshowthesailorswithwhomheisdrinkingthebeautyofhislostlove.
Inboththeballadandthefilm(andTimberlineTintypes),thestorytellerdiesbeforecompletinghisdrawing.
52.
YashaFrank,TimberlineTintypes,NARA,E914,Box332,"TimberlineTintypes.
"53.
Frank,TimberlineTintypes,11–13.
54.
TheprogramstatesthatMargaretBarneydirectedTimberlineTintypes,andcreditsYashaFrankwiththearrangementofthepiece.
TheDirector'sReportisunsigned.
ThoughKarenWickreattributesthereporttoFrankinherInformalHistoryofOregon'sWPAFederalTheatreProject,thetenorofthewritingandthefactthatBarneyislistedasdirectorsuggestthatBarneywrotethisreportfortheproductionbook.
"Director'sReport,""TimberlineTintypesProductionBook,"LOC,Box1081,"TimberlineTintypes,"7.
55.
Createdinthemid-nineteenthcentury,tintypephotographswereproducedonametallicsheet.
Thischeapandsimpleformofphotographyremainedpopularinmanyrurallocalesthroughtheearlytwentiethcentury,andwouldhavebeenanotherwaytoevokethenostalgiathatTimberlineTintypessocon-sciouslycreatedinperformance.
56.
HerbertL.
Larson,"WPAPlayersScoreBigHit,"Oregonian,August15,1938,4.
57.
"'Tintypes'PleasedFirstNightCrowdatWPATheatre,"OregonJournal,April25,1938,16.
58.
C.
A.
S.
,"TimberlineShowScheduled,"2.
59.
HallieFlanagan,"DesignfortheFederalTheatre'sSeason,"NewYorkTimes,September4,1938,99.
60.
"SummerPlansSetforWPATheatre,"NewYorkTimes,June11,1939,47.
61.
"MinutesofMeetingofPaulBunyanCelebrationCommittee,"recordedbyBernadineWhitfield,March1,1939,NARA,E839,Box17,"Oregon.
"62.
Flanagan,Arena,302.
63.
Ibid.
,302.
64.
"NotedCriticPaysBriefVisitWhileonLectureTour,"OregonJournal,March16,1939,21.
65.
ChaivoewentontoearnalawdegreefromNorthwesternUniversityandpracticedlawinPortlandintothe1990s.
Chaivoe,interview,61.
Notes2135THEATRE"INTHEWILDERNESS":THEFEDERALTHEATREPROJECTTOURSAMERICA1.
"CCCMurderMysteryin189Camps,"FederalTheatre2,no.
5(1937),18.
2.
Flanagan,Arena,78.
3.
JohnFrick,"AChangingTheatre:NewYorkandBeyond,"inTheCambridgeHistoryofAmericanTheatre,VolumeII:1870–1945,ed.
DonB.
WilmethandChristopherBigsby(NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,1999),217–8.
4.
"FederalTheatre:SeventhMonth,"FederalTheatre1,no.
5(April1936):5.
5.
Ibid.
,5.
6.
QuotedinMcDonald,FederalReliefAdministrationandtheArts,559.
7.
B.
A.
Holway,"CCCMurderMysteryBookings,March4thtoDecember31,1936,"January15,1937,NARA,E839,Box4,"CCC.
"8.
AccurateasofJune15,1937,thesefiguresincludeperformancesthrough-outNewYork,NewJersey,Pennsylvania,Delaware,Maryland,Virginia,Vermont,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,andMaine.
"CCCMurderMysteryin189Camps,"FederalTheatre2,no.
5(1937),18;NilesG.
Moren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,NARA,E873,Box127,"CCCDivision—NilesG.
Moren,June1937,"6.
9.
TheDepressiondevastatedtheyoungadultworkforce.
Nearly40percentofAmericansundertheageof25wereunemployedorunderemployedatthetimethe1940censuswascompleted.
Mitchell,DepressionDecade,328;JohnC.
Paige,TheCivilianConservationCorpsandtheNationalParkService,1933–1942:AnAdministrativeHistory(Washington[]:NationalParkService,DepartmentoftheInterior,1985),accessedMay8,2010,http://www.
nps.
gov/history/history/online_books/ccc/ccc5.
htm.
10.
PresidentRoosevelt'seffortstopreservenationalresourcesarefrequentlynotedasanearlystepinconservationintheUnitedStates,particularlyviatheCCC.
Mitchell,DepressionDecade,328–30;Guy-HaroldSmith,ConservationofNaturalResources(NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,1950),19;HenryJarrett,PerspectivesonConservation:EssaysonAmerica'sNaturalResources(Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1958),14.
11.
TheCCC'sachievementsincludedplantingmorethan2billiontrees,develop-ing800stateparks,constructing46,000bridgesand13,000milesofhikingtrails,eliminating400,000predatoryanimals,andmuchmore.
CCCdirec-torRobertFechner'sAnnualReportoftheDirectoroftheCivilianConservationCorps:FiscalYearEndedJune30,1939isquotedinNeilM.
Maher,"ANewDealBodyPolitic:Landscape,Labor,andtheCivilianConservationCorps,"EnvironmentalHistory7,no.
3(July2002),437.
12.
HadleyCantrilandMildredStrunk,eds.
,PublicOpinion,1935–1946(Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,1951),111,405.
13.
FreeshowsforschoolsandotherinstitutionsoriginallybeganwithagrantthroughtheCivilWorksAdministration.
Theprogrameventually214NotestransferredovertothePublicWorksDivisionofNewYork'sEmergencyReliefAdministration,andthentoFERA.
AccordingtoVariety,theCCCprogramsweresopopularthattheywerevirtuallyassuredautomaticexten-sionsuntilmorepermanentreliefmeasurescouldbetaken.
Mathews,TheFederalTheatre,5–6;JackPulaski,"TheYearinLegit,"Variety,January1,1935,134;"CCCFreeDramaUnitsContinue;MoreShows,TalentMayBeAdded,"Variety,January22,1935,53;"$5,000,000ReliefProgram,EquityFilesBidinWash.
,"Variety,February27,1935,59;Witham,FederalTheatreProject:ACaseStudy,37.
14.
SusanQuinn,FuriousImprovisation:HowtheWPAandaCastofThousandsMadeHighArtoutofDesperateTimes(NewYork:WalkerPublishing,2008),85.
15.
QuotedinFlanagan,Arena,242.
16.
Moren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,2;"SpecialFeatureReleaseforNewYorkCity,"July24,1936,NARA,E873,Box126,"CCCPressReleases,"3.
17.
NormanR.
FeusiertoEarlHouse,May25,1936,NARA,E873,Box127,"Bookings.
"18.
"SpecialFeatureReleaseforNewYorkCity,"July24,1936,NARA,E873,Box126,"CCCPressReleases,"5–6.
19.
"SpecialRelease,NewYorkStatePapers,"December18,1936,LOC,Box989,"CCCMurderMysteryPublicity.
"20.
"NovelPlayUtilizesAudience,MakesBigHitwithCCCBoys,"SyracusePost-Standard,September11,1936,NARA,E873,Box124,"Bookings.
"21.
AtHouse'srequest,Haywardlaterrevisedthescripttoreducethenumberofactorsfrom12toeight.
Thiswouldallowthetouringcompaniestotravelwithonlyoneautomobile,ratherthanthetworequiredtotransportthecastof12.
Thisversionofthescriptappearstohavegoneintoproductioninthelatespringorearlysummerof1937.
Allreferencestothescriptinthisanalysisarefromthe12-actorversion,whichismorereadilyavailableandappearstohavebeenproducedmorefrequently.
22.
Flanagan,Arena,242.
23.
GraceHayward,CCCMurderMystery,NARA,E917,Box354,"CCCMurderMystery,"iv.
24.
GraceHayward,"PartDesignatedintheScriptasArthurAdams,"LOC,Box862,"CCCMurderMysteryFragments.
"25.
Hayward,CCCMurderMystery,xi.
26.
Ibid.
,ix–x.
27.
MyronB.
FarwelltoArthurRoberts,September19,1936,NARA,E839,Box4,"CCC.
"28.
CharlesM.
CormacktoFederalTheatreProjectofficesinSyracuse,February17,1936,NARA,E839,Box4,"CCC.
"29.
RobertH.
Fava,quotedinNilesMoren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,NARA,E873,Box127,"Report—'FederalTheatreProjectandtheCivilianConservationCorps,'"26.
Notes21530.
Hayward,CCCMurderMystery,vii.
31.
Basedonthewell-likedcomicstripofthesamenameandsubtitled"She'snotasdumbasshelooks,""DumbDora"wasslangforasweet,silly,addle-headedwomanduringthe1920sand1930s.
GracieAllenplayedaparticularlypopu-larversionofthe"DumbDora"characterinhervaudevilleactwithGeorgeBurns;Allen'sversionofthe"DumbDora"characterwasoneofhertrade-markroles,whichshecreatedfortelevision,radio,andfilm.
32.
Hayward,CCCMurderMystery,32.
33.
Ihaveomittedthemajorityofthestagedirectionsinthisquote.
Emphasisisfromthescript.
Ibid.
,9.
34.
Ibid.
,17.
35.
Ibid.
,25.
36.
Emphasisfromthescript.
Ibid.
,19.
37.
Ibid.
,53.
38.
Ibid.
,58.
39.
"ThrillsoftheCCC,"SyracuseAmerican,September20,1936,NARA,E839,Box4"CCC.
"40.
CharlesHopkinstoHallieFlanagan,September17,1936,NARA,E839,Box4,"CCC.
"1.
41.
Moren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,24.
42.
LieutenantMartinA.
PrimoschictoGraceHayward,January6,1937,NARA,E839,Box4,"CCC.
"43.
Moren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,19.
44.
"SpecialFeatureReleaseforNewYorkCity,"July24,1936,NARA,E873,Box126,"CCCPressReleases,"4.
45.
Moren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,1.
46.
QuotedinHallieFlanagan,"MenatWork:Southeast,"FederalTheatre1,no.
5(April1936):12.
47.
Moren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,5.
48.
Thewinningplay,P.
WashingtonPorter'sReturntoLife,earnedasmallcashprize,asix-weekintensiveworkshopwithaBroadwayplaywrightinNewYorkCity,andaproductioninHolyoke,Massachusetts.
BernardWinstockandGeorgeGill'smusicalCCCtooksecondplace.
Flanagan,Arena,233;Moren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,4;"CCCPlaywrightsWelcomedHere,"NewYorkTimes,April3,1937,21.
49.
MinstrelshowsweresomeofthemostpopularentertainmentsinCCCcampsnationwide.
InadditiontotheFTPtroupesthattouredwithvariousminstrelshows,minstrelsyscriptsdistributedtocampsoftencamewithspecificdirec-tionsonhowtorecreatethehumorandaddlocalflavor.
Moren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,8–10.
216Notes50.
Flanagan,Arena,420–1;McDonald,FederalReliefAdministrationandtheArts,560.
51.
Flanagan,Arena,174.
52.
Muchofthissectionwasoriginallypublishedinmyarticle,"ANationinNeed:DisasterReliefandtheFederalTheatreProject,"JournalofAmericanDramaandTheatre22.
2(Spring2008).
Copyright2008MartinE.
SegalTheatreCenter.
Reproducedbypermission.
53.
"Floodof'97:InfamousFloods,"CincinnatiEnquirer,CommemorativeSpecialSection,"RiversUnleashed,"accessedJuly20,2007,http://www.
enquirer.
com/flood_of_97/history5.
html.
54.
Inthemid-1930s"concentrationcamp"wasnotyetatermloadedwiththehorrorsofWorldWarII.
Instead,itwasthetermofchoiceforlocationsthatharboredrefugees.
55.
AvisD.
Carlson,"Dust,"NewRepublic,May1,1935,332–3;R.
DouglasHurt,TheDustBowl:AnAgriculturalandSocialHistory(Chicago:Nelson-Hall,Inc.
,1984),2–3;SeanDennisCashman,AmericaintheTwentiesandThirties:TheOlympianAgeofFranklinDelanoRoosevelt(NewYork:NewYorkUniversityPress,1989),176.
56.
R.
L.
Duffus,"WhenWindandWaterStrikeatMan,"NewYorkTimes,February7,1937,125;"10Die,LossHeavyasRainsLashEast,"NewYorkTimes,September21,1938,27;WarrenMoscow,"FloodsAddPeriltoNewEngland,"NewYorkTimes,September23,1938,22;"TornadoesKill27,InjureHundreds;5StatesStricken,"NewYorkTimes,March31,1938,1;"LongBeachGrippedinTerrorofShock,"NewYorkTimes,March11,1933,1.
57.
Carlson,"Dust,"332–3.
58.
"TheGreatFloodof1936,"October18,2006,accessedNovember22,2008,http://www.
wgby.
org/localprograms/flood.
59.
RenownedfilmmakerPareLorentzimmortalizedtheFloodof1937inhis1938WPAfilmTheRiver.
ItisinterestingtonotethatLorentz'sfilmactuallydealswiththe1936floodandtheresultinglegislation,butsincehewasfilm-inginthemidstoftheFloodof1937(andhadsignificantbudgetconstraints),hesimplyshotfootageofthe1937floodanduseditinthefilminstead.
60.
AmericanRedCross,TheOhio-MississippiValleyFloodDisasterof1937ReportofOperations,(Washington,DC:AmericanRedCross,1937),10–11.
61.
Quotedin"ABusinessSurveyoftheFlood,"Barron's,February1,1937,17.
62.
"Floodof'97:InfamousFloods,"CincinnatiEnquirer.
63.
"Catastrophe:YellowWaters,"Time,February8,1937,accessedFebruary11,2010,http://www.
time.
com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883569,00.
html.
64.
AmericanRedCross,TheOhio-MississippiValleyFloodDisasterof1937,17.
65.
Ibid.
,78.
66.
E.
E.
McCleishtoLawrenceMorrisandMrs.
CharlesTiddCole,February17,1937,NARA,E839,Box10,"FloodAreaTruckTour—1937,"1.
67.
"FloodFundat$20,375,000,"NewYorkTimes,February13,1937,28.
Notes21768.
AmericanRedCross,TheOhio-MississippiValleyFloodDisasterof1937,121.
69.
Moren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,7–8.
70.
Ibid.
,11–2.
71.
HerbertS.
PricetoHallieFlanagan,February5,1937,NARA,E839,Box10,"FloodAreaTruckTour—1937,"1.
72.
Ibid.
,1.
73.
EllenS.
WoodwardtoHallieFlanagan,February5,1937,NARA,E839,Box10,"FloodAreaTruckTour—1937,"1;McF(probablyMaryMcFarland)toWPF(probablyWilliamP.
Farnsworth),February6,1937,NARA,E839,Box10,"FloodAreaTruckTour—1937.
"74.
"ProposedIntimateRevue,"NARA,E938,Box10,"FloodAreaTruckTour—1937,"2.
75.
Moren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,12.
76.
E.
E.
McCleishtoLawrenceMorrisandMrs.
CharlesTiddCole,February17,1937,NARA,E839,Box10,"FloodAreaTruckTour—1937,"2.
77.
"EntertainingFloodSufferers:FederalTheatreTroupesBringCheertoThousandsofHomeless,"FederalTheatre2,no.
4(1937):13.
78.
HerbertPrice,"FederalTheatreMobileVarietyUnit:PlayersEntertainFloodRefugees,"NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—FloodAreaMaterial,"2;"EntertainingFloodSufferers:FederalTheatreTroupesBringCheertoThousandsofHomeless,"13.
79.
ValerieGrim,"AfricanAmericanRuralCulture,1900–1950,"RuralSouth,1900–1950,ed.
R.
DouglasHurt,(Columbia:UniversityofMissouriPress,2003),108–111.
80.
HerbertPrice,"FederalTheatreMobileVarietyUnit:PlayersEntertainFloodRefugees,"NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—FloodAreaMaterial,"2.
81.
Ibid.
,9.
82.
Moren,TheFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,12.
83.
Thoughtherearemanysongscalled"Goin'Home,"itislikelythatPriceisreferringtoaspiritualbasedonthesecondmovementofAntoninDvoák'sSymphonyNo.
9.
Frequentlyrequestedatfunerals,somerankitsecondonlyto"AmazingGrace"asahymnforsolemnoccasions.
84.
HerbertPrice,"FederalTheatreMobileVarietyUnit:PlayersEntertainFloodRefugees,"NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—FloodAreaMaterial,"2–6.
85.
ArmitaSchaumburgtoHerbertS.
Price,March1,1937,NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—FloodAreaMaterial,"1.
86.
RuthRaytoHallieFlanagan,March8,1937,NARA,E952,Box523,"PriceFile—FloodAreaMaterial,"1.
87.
E.
E.
McCleishtoLawrenceMorrisandMrs.
CharlesTiddCole,February17,1937,NARA,E839,Box10,"FloodAreaTruckTour—1937,"3.
218Notes88.
OneimportantexceptiontothegeneralizationofscholarsskippingovertheactivitiesoftheCCCDivisionisBarryWitham'sTheFederalTheatreProject:ACaseStudy,inwhichheexplorestheFTP'stoursfortheCCCinthestateofWashington.
EPILOGUE:ANAMERICANAUDIENCEFORTHE"PEOPLE'STHEATRE"1.
HallieFlanagan,"TestimonybeforetheHouseCommitteeonUn-AmericanActivities,1938,"quotedinEricBentley,ed.
,ThirtyYearsofTreason.
ExcerptsfromHearingsbeforetheHouseCommitteeonUn-AmericanActivities,1938–1968,(NewYork:TheVikingPress,1971),24.
2.
BarryB.
Witham,"BackstageatTheCradleWillRock,"TheatreHistoryStudies12(1992):213–220;"TheCradleWillRock,"InternetMovieDatabase,accessedSeptember21,2010,http://www.
imdb.
com/title/tt0150216.
3.
MildredSeydell,"AltarsofSteelAidsCommunismwithTaxMoney,"AtlantaGeorgian,April4,1937,4D.
4.
Flanagan,Arena,368–73;Bentley,HallieFlanagan:ALifeintheAmericanTheatre,351–2.
5.
Flanagan,Arena,23,435.
6.
Flanagan,Arena,267-9;AlanKreizenbeck,"TheRadioDivisionoftheFederalTheatreProject,"NewEnglandTheatreJournal2,no.
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Abel,Don,189n11abolitionmovement,71acting,qualityof,126,127–29,141Adams,Harriett,97AfricanAmericansinCreatedEqual,54,57,62–66inrefugeecamps,175–76agitationalpropaganda(agitprop)theatre,95,103,118,182Allswang,John,29AlltheWearyPeople,139AltarsofSteel(Hall-Rogers),88–104,103asagitproptheatre,95,103developmentof,94–95epigraphof,90–91historicalparallelsin,90,99–101identityofHall-Rogers,92–93,184–85NationalPlayBureaucriticismof,94originsof,92–93receptionof,91–92,94,203n34,208n96relevanceof,117–18,119,182removalfromBirminghamFTP,95–98setdesignof,92,95,203n35Southernpridein,102–4synopsis,87,98–99versionsof,205n59AmericanExodus(MyraKinchdancetroupe),146AmericanFederationofLabor(AFL),118AmericanNegroInterlude,139AmericanRedCross(ARC),169,171–72,173,175AmericanSocialHygieneAssociation(ASHA),34–35AmericaSings,1–2amphitheatreatTimberlineLodge,139–41,140Anderson,Maxwell,51seealsoValleyForge(Anderson)Andrews,Esther,81archivalmaterialslackof,183–85organizationof,185–87PortlandFTP,123,124–25,131,149,208n5oftouringproductionsoftheFTP,172–73,185Arena(Flanagan),49,92,116,121,186ArkansasFTP,1Asbury,Herbert,19AtlantaLittleTheatreGuild,97AtlantaTheatreGuild,109audienceschallengeoflocating,48ascharacterinCreatedEqual,59–60ChicagoFTPand,16,47forCreatedEqual,69locatingnew,6–7,182–83,186–87"People'sTheatre"and,1,2,6–7,54,116–17,154,176,181,187–88PortlandFTP,126reactiontoAltarsofSteel,208n96rural,87,104–5,152,179–80oftheSouthernFTP,87,116–19oftouringproductionsoftheFTP,152,178workingclass,6–7,25–26,43,53–55,59–60,62,69–70,84,104,118,183AudienceSurveyDepartment,7,96Azaria,Hank,181Baker,GeorgePierce,3Bancroft,JosiahW.
,93–94,95,185seealsoAltarsofSteel(Hall-Rogers);Hall-Rogers,Thomas"BannedinBoston,"51–52IndexBoldedpagenumbersrefertoillustrations.
232IndexBaptistChurch,113,206n86Barney,Margaret,143,212n54Bergmann,Eugene,106,112,113BessWhitcombPlayers,127seealsoWhitcomb,Bess"BigSteel,"seeU.
S.
SteelBirmingham,Alabama,88–90,95–98,118,119BirminghamFTP,95–97seealsoAltarsofSteel(Hall-Rogers)Birminghampolicedepartment,90BirminghamPublicLibrary,184Blackwell,AliceStone,71,73,83Blackwell,Henry,71,75–78Blitzstein,Marc,2,98seealsoCradleWillRock,The(Blitzstein)Blocki,Fritz,21bloodtests,35–36,37,45,195n55BonnevilleDam,139,145Booth,JohnHunter,50,56,57,58,61–62,63,67,83seealsoCreatedEqual(Booth)Bostonhistoryand,70,74,83,84politicalstigmaofWPAin,52–53politicsin,52–53,60,61,80–81,82taxesin,61BostonFTP,49–84censorshipand,50,51–52,56inCopleyTheatre,53–54historicaldramasand,55NegroandItalianUnits,55,62overshadowedbyNewYorkCityprojects,49–50requestfordiscontinuationof,49,83seealsoCreatedEqual(Booth);LucyStone(Park)BriefHistoryoftheFederalTheatreintheSouth,A(scrapbook),85,208n96BroadwayTemplePlayers,113BrokenDishes,18Brown,Lorraine,115,184Bundesen,HermanN.
,35–36,37Bunyan,Paul,138,142Burke,Dee,146burlesque,27–28BurningtheMortgage,18Cambridge,John,6–7CanYouHearTheirVoices(CliffordandFlanagan),3Capone,Al,15,18–19,26Carey,Charles,107Carlson,Avis,170Carson,Joe,134CCC(CivilianConservationCorps)achievementsof,213n11inCCCMurderMystery,164–65disbandingof,155dramagroupsin,160,167entertainmentinbeforetheFTP,155–56,213n13publicsupportof,155relationshipwithFTP,127,173Roosevelt'sfoundingof,154–55CCC(musical),215n48CCCDivisionoftheFTP,152–69creationof,127,156–57discontinuationof,168,180,186lackofscholarlyattentionto,180,218n88programmingforoodrelieftour,174CCCMurderMystery(Hayward),152–69,163,177adaptabilityof,165,180fundingfor,166–67intendedaudiencefor,157–58,168–69,182–83asparticipatorytheatre,153,157,158–64portrayalofCCCin,164–65reviewsof,165–66synopsis,158vaudevillein,161–63CCCPlaywritingContest,167,215n48censorshipBostonFTP,50,51–52,56ChicagoFTP,15,16,18,20–22,29,32ofCradleWillRock,181PortlandFTP,122,130–31CenturyofProgressExposition(1933–1934),19–20,28Cermak,Anton,19Chaivoe,Nick,126,127,148,212n65Charig,Phil,23seealsoOSayCanYouSing(Kuller,Golden,andCharig)CharityBuilding(Boston),52Chicagocensorshipin,15GreatDepressionand,18–20immigrantpopulationof,25–26,193n31,194n44prostitutionin,26syphilisand,33–47Index233ChicagoFTP,15–48audiencesand,47censorshipand,18,20–22,29,32experimentalworksand,15,16,34seealsoOSayCanYouSing(Kuller,Golden,andCharig);Spirochete(Sundgaard)children'stheatre,125Chipman,GraceD.
,80churchandstateinYellowHarvest,135–36CincinnatiFTP,174–75CivilianConservationCorps,seeCCC(CivilianConservationCorps)classinCreatedEqual,54,55,57,58,67inFTPaudiences,176inGeorgiaExperiment,110seealso"People'sTheatre"Clifford,MargaretEllen,3Columbus,Christopher,196n71CommunisminAlabama,89,90,97inAltarsofSteel,101–2FTPand,7,30–31,148inOSayCanYouSing,30–31community-baseddisasterrelief,169CommunityDramaGroups,106,107CommunityDramaPlayersofRome,109communitysings,178"concentrationcamps,"seerefugeecampsCongressofIndustrialOrganizations(CIO),88–89Conkle,E.
P.
,146Connolly,Donald,189n11cooperatives,ax,135CopleyTheatre(Boston),53–54Cormack,Charles,160CradleWillRock,The(1999lm),181–82CradleWillRock,The(Blitzstein),2,97,98,118,125,179,181–82,187CreatedEqual(Booth),54–70,68audienceascharacterin,59–60authorityofthegovernmentin,59censorshipand,52,56classin,60,61,84comparisonofversions,57,58,59,61,62–66FTPintentionfor,55–56historyin,54–55,58–60,61–62madeforBoston,69–70mobsandcrowdsin,57–58,60publicityfor,55–56slaveryin,66,69assuccess,73synopsisof,50WPAin,67–69critiquesofFTP,7,139Crum,MadgeWynne,142CryforLife,A,18Curley,JamesMichael,52–53,60,61,81Cusack,Joan,181Cusack,John,181DanceoftheFlax-ScutchingMachines,139DanceoftheSophisticates,139DanceoftheW.
P.
A.
Workers,139D'Arcy,HughAntoine,212n51DarkHarvest(Sundgaard),44seealsoSpirochete(Sundgaard)deKruif,Paul,37,38,42,43,47deRohan,Pierre,172"DesignfortheFederalTheatre'sSeason"(Flanagan),145–46Deutsch,Sara,81Dieck,R.
G.
,126Dies,Martin,6DiesCommittee,148Dirnberger,Mary,107,113,205n65disasterrelief,169–80seealsoAmericanRedCross(ARC);oodrelieftour(1937)DivisionofRecreationProjects,106,107,178DivisionofWomen's,ServiceandProfessionalProjects,106,107,146,174DownsOrdinance(1935),88,90DramaCommitteeofRome,112DredScottTrial(1857),65–66Duffy,Susan,92–93,184Dunham,Robert,21DustBowl,169–70Duvey,Eliot,82Eagan,John,204n56Edmonds,T.
J.
,146Edwards,Paul,50,52Elliott,R.
H.
,108–9,110employmentbyFTP,2,4,5,123–24,126,209n6EndoftheRow,18Enemy,The(Pollock),111,112Ethiopia,98Europeannationaltheatres,3Everyman,18234Indexexperimentaltheatre,3,15,16–17,31,34seealsoAltarsofSteel(Hall-Rogers);ModelTenement(Levin);Spirochete(Sundgaard)ExperimentalTheatre(VassarCollege),3"FaceontheBarroomFloor,The"(D'Arcy),142,212n51Fara,Robert,160FederalDepositInsuranceCorporation(FDIC),155FederalEmergencyReliefAdministration(FERA),155–56FederalMusicProject,1,146FederalOne,3,189n6FederalOne(magazine),115,208n93FederalPlayers,124FederalProjectNumberOne,seeFederalOneFederalTheatre(magazine),151FederalTheatreProject(FTP)accusationsofcommunistleanings,30–31achievementsof,5–7,186–88administrationof,2–4,189n9AmericanRedCrossand,172,173BroadwayTheatreagreement,190n12cancellationofproductions,20–21,97–98criticalperceptionof,7,139,179–80disasterreliefand,169–80disconnectbetweenlocalunitsandnational,8–9,124,148–49employmentand,2,4,5,123–24,126,209n6failuretomarketitsefforts,180as"federationoftheatres,"3,33,104,124,171,187festivalsand,131–37,138,149Flanagan'sgoalsfor,6,13fundingof,4,71–72,97,117,186,189n9limitationsof,3–5organizationofarchivalmaterials,185–87as"People'sTheatre,"1,2,6–7,54,116–17,154,176,181,187–88playapprovaland,203n37aspoliticaltarget,70,71–72publichealthand,10,33–38,42–44radioproductions,187regionalcentersof,5–6,123–24relationshipwithWPA,3,4,12,174,189n11asareliefagency,5,126,187ruralareasand,104,152seealsoaudiences;CCCDivisionoftheFTP;Flanagan,Hallie;oodrelieftour(1937);GeorgiaExperimentoftheFTP;NegroUnits;touringproductionsoftheFTP;WorksProgressAdministration(WPA);individualFTPunits;individualtitlesFederalTheatreProjectoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandtheCCC,The(report),166FederalWriters'Program,125Feldman,Glenn,89festivalsandpageants,131–37,138,149Fetsch,Joseph,107Feusier,Norman,156–57Finch,Robert,72,73–74,199n62seealsoLucyStone(Park)Flanagan,HallieonAltarsofSteel,87,91,92,95onBostonFTP,49,83onCCCDivisionoftheFTP,156,168onCCCMurderMystery,157–58,168onChicagoFTP,15,17aschoicefornationaldirector,3defenseofFTP,29ondisconnectbetweenlocalunitsandnationalFTP,8–9,151FTParchivingprocess,186–87onFTPaudiences,7,181onFTPintheSouth,85–86goalsforFTP,5–6,13onLucyStone,73onModelTenement,20–21parallelsofinOSayCanYouSing,28–29onPaulBunyanFestival,146–47playapprovaland,203n37onPortlandFTP,129,141onregionalFTPunits,1onrelationshipbetweenTimberlineLodgeandPortlandFTP,139onSpirochete,38studyofRussiantheatre,31testimonybeforeU.
S.
Congress,3,4,181TimberlineLodgeand,145–46ontouringproductions,152onWesternRegionofFTP,121–22FlaxFestival,Mt.
Angel,Oregon,132–37axindustryinOregon,132–37FloodControlAct(1936),170Floodof1936,170Floodof1937,169–71,216n59seealsooodrelieftour(1937)Index235oodrelieftour(1937),169–80discontinuationof,186overlapwithGeorgiaExperiment,108,113,174,178–79Price'splansfor,173–74seealsorefugeecamps;touringproductionsoftheFTP"yingsquadron"method,86,87,104,114Fool,The(Pollock),109,110,11147Workshop,3Frank,Yasha,49–50,125,141,143–45,212n54seealsoPinocchio(Frank);TimberlineTintypes(Frank)FTP,seeFederalTheatreProject(FTP)fundingBirminghamFTP,97BostonFTP,83CCCDivision,168,186CCCMurderMystery,166–67FTP,4,29,71–72,97,186,189n9GeorgiaExperiment,117,119,186,205n69PortlandFTP,126Gallagher,Leonard,49Gantier,Howard,107Garner,Hope,129Garrison,WilliamLloyd,71Gary,Elbert,99Gelders,Joseph,102GeorgeMasonUniversityOralHistoryProject,115,184GeorgiaExperimentoftheFTP,104–19administrationof,106–7,108,205n9assessmentof,113–14classin,110discontinuationof,117,119,186goalsof,107–8interestin,108–9inMarietta,Georgia,111–12mythologyof,115–17innewspapers,109–10NewYorkCommunityDramaPrograminvolvementin,107,113overlapwithoodrelieftour,108,113,174,178–79inRome,Georgia,107–13ruralaudiencesand,87,182similarprogramsinotherstates,114Gill,George,215n48Glaspell,Susan,16,33,34,36,194nn47–48Glass,Dudley,208n96Golden,Ray,23seealsoOSayCanYouSing(Kuller,Golden,andCharig)"GoldenRule"philosophy,102,204n56Goodrich,F.
W.
,146GovernmentCamp,137Graham,HedleyGordon,97,193n25Graves,JohnTemple,II,92–93,184–85Grayson,CaryT.
,170GreatDepressioninBirmingham,88,118inChicago,15,18–20naturaldisastersduring,169–71,216n59unemploymentduring,61,213n9GreatNewEnglandHurricane(1938),170Green,FrancisNimmo,93,94,107Green,Paul,21Grifth,E.
J.
censorshipand,122,131axprocessingplantsand,133–34onlackofactingquality,127–28,129personalinterestinPortlandFTP,124,130–31,147requestsforspecialFTPproductions,132TimberlineLodgeand,137–41useofalternatenamesforlocalFTP,124Guibault,Leo,166Haldene,Verner,95,96,97,203n37Hale,Philip,49,53Hall-Rogers,Thomas,92–93,184–85seealsoAltarsofSteel(Hall-Rogers);Bancroft,JosiahW.
Hamilton,Alexander,61HappyDays(CCCnewspaper),156Harris,MildredGleason,81Hayes,AnnaM.
,113Hayes,EdwardJ.
,107,108–13,118Hayes,ThomasJ.
,113Hayward,Grace,152,153,157,160,164–65,214n21seealsoCCCMurderMystery(Hayward)HeisRisen(religiousdrama),110–11HighSchoolMurderMystery,165HiredHusband,The(Stern),112HistoricalRecordsSurvey,189n6history,dramatizationof,50–51,54,55,70,84homosexuality,7,97Hopkins,Charles,166236IndexHopkins,Harry,3,4,134,203House,EarlL.
,156–57,167,169,173,174,177,178HouseCommitteeonUn-AmericanActivities,6Houseman,John,2,181Howell,Aline,146Hughes,Elinor,82Hughes,Glenn,126Hunter,Howard,37HymntotheRisingSun(Green),18,21,32,97Hyslop,G.
J.
,134immigrantsinChicago,25–26,193n31,194n44inuenceonOSayCanYouSing,30immoralityintheatre,15IndianCelebrationDance,The,139InternationalGrenfellAssociation,115InternationalLaborDefenseFund,89ItalianUnits,55,62ItCan'tHappenHere(Lewis),2,7,18,34,96,151Jerz,Dennis,102Jewett,Henry,53Jones,Cherry,181Joyner,H.
F.
,112JuniorLeague-CivicTheatre,130Kahn,Reuben,37KahnTest,35,45,195n55Kansas-NebraskaAct(1854),64Kelley,RobinD.
G.
,88Kelly,Edward,19–22,28,29,32Kerr,Florence,37Kinch,Myra,146Kondolf,George,17–18,20,24,32,192n17seealsoChicagoFTPKuKluxKlan(KKK),89–90,102Kuller,Sid,23seealsoOSayCanYouSing(Kuller,Golden,andCharig)laborunions,53,88–90,98,99,118,182Laman,Thomas,146Lavery,Emmet,38,72LeagueofWomenVoters(Boston),81L'Ecuyer,Eleanor,81Lentz,Josef,85,95,96–97,203n35Levin,Meyer,20–21,192n17,192n19seealsoModelTenement(Levin)Lewis,JohnL.
,89Lewis,Sinclair,96seealsoItCan'tHappenHere(Lewis)LittleRock,Arkansas,1LivingChrist,The,111livingnewspapersarchivalrecordsfor,125,179BonnevilleDam,139OregonFTPand,122,126Spirochete,33,36–37,38,46,48YellowHarvest,132,133Lorentz,Pare,216n59LucyStone(Park),70–84,80criticalresponseto,82femininequalitiesin,82,84FTPgoalof,83marriagein,78–80NationalServiceBureauevaluationof,71relationshipbetweenStoneandHenryBlackwellin,75–78revisionsto,72,74–82synopsisof,50LucyStone:PioneerofWoman'sRights(AliceStoneBlackwell),73,82Mack,JonB.
,53,56Madison,James,63Mantle,Burns,6,148Marietta,Georgia,111–12Marsh,W.
H.
,146Martin,Charles,133,134Mathews,JanedeHart,92,127McCleish,E.
E.
,171,179McGee,JohnonBancroft'sidentity,93–94decisiontocutproductionofAltarsofSteel,95,96–97ringof,18,191n7"yingsquadron"methodand,86onneedsoflocalaudiences,87ontheatreintheSouth,85MemorialDayMassacre(1937),90,182Merchal,Lillian,82Meredith,Burgess,189n9MethodistEpiscopalChurch,113,206n86MidwesternPlayBureau,16Miller,J.
Howard,130–31minstrelshows,152,215n49Index237Minturn,Harry,15,18,36,38,39,191n2MissouriCompromise(1820),64ModelTenement(Levin),18,20–21,22,32,97,192nn16–17,192n19monopolies,100MooreandSchleybrokeragerm,100moralitysyphilisand,40–43theatreand,15Moren,NilesG.
,167,173MorganMemorial(Boston),83Morris,Gouverneur,63Mother'sMemories,A(religiousdrama),110Motherwell,Hiram,51MotionPictureDivision,157MountHood(Oregon),137,138Mt.
Angelaxfacility,132,133–34Mt.
AngelFlaxFestival,132–37Murray,Bill,181mythologyofCradleWillRock,181–82ofGeorgiaExperiment,115–17NAACP(NationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople),89NationalCCCScriptService,167nationalisminAltarsofSteel,102–4inOSayCanYouSing,32–33seealsopatriotismNationalPlayBureau,94NationalRelationsAct(1935),88NationalServiceBureau,71naturaldisasters,169–71,216n59seealsooodrelieftour(1937)NegroUnitsBostonFTP,55,62ChicagoFTP,18,21Ness,Ole,124,130,131,189n11NewDealprograms,66,155seealsoCCC(CivilianConservationCorps);FederalTheatreProject(FTP);WorksProgressAdministration(WPA)NewEnglandSocietyoftheSuppressionofVice,51NewProductionsDepartment,167–68newspapers,53,109–10,191n3NewYorkCommunityDramaProgram,107,205n65,205n69Nichols,D.
G.
,107,112Nichols,Malcolm,51–52NightofJanuary16th,The(Rand),97NineteenthAmendment(1920),72–73NoAngelsSinging,18Norton,Elliot,82O'Connor,Edwin,189n11O'Connor,William,51Odets,Clifford,182O'Neill,Eugene,51–52OneNightwithVenusandSevenYearswithMercury,35seealsoSpirochete(Sundgaard)One-ThirdofaNation,38,187Oregon:EndoftheTrail(FederalWriters'Program),125–26OregonWPA,189n11seealsoGrifth,E.
J.
OSayCanYouSing(Kuller,Golden,andCharig),22–33,27,48,193n25costsof,193n26nationalismin,16,32–33parallelsofFlanaganin,28–29parodyofUncleTom'sCabinin,30–31politicalhumorinOSayCanYouSing,29reviewsof,24revisionsto,23–24,25–26,27–29,30–32,47O'Shea,Madalyn,107outdoortheatre,131–37pageants,seefestivalsPark,MaudWood,50,70,71,72–73,83–84seealsoLucyStone(Park)Parran,Thomas,33,35,36participatorytheatre,153,156,157,158–64,174,178patriotism,27,51,52seealsonationalismPaulBunyan(Burke),146PaulBunyanCelebrationCommittee,146PaulBunyanFestival,123,146–47"People'sTheatre,"1,2,6–7,54,116–17,154,176,181,187–88seealsoFederalTheatreProject(FTP)Pierce,NealR.
,88Pinocchio(Frank),49–50,73,130,141,211n47PlayPolicyBoard,203n37politicians,female,80–81,82238IndexPollock,Channing,109,111,112Porter,P.
Washington,215n48PortlandCivicTheatre,127,132PortlandFTP(Oregon),121–49actingand,126,127–29,141audiences,126availabilityofresources,123–24relationshipwithTimberlineLodge,138–39,145–46relationshipwithWPA,122,124,126,127,129–31,132–33,137,139,145,147,148scarcityofarchivalmaterials,123,124–25,131,149,208n5shiftfromvaudevilletolegitimatetheatre,128–29seealsoTimberlineTintypes(Frank);YellowHarvest(Schlick)Postlewait,Thomas,116Price,Herbert,115–16Price,HerbertStrattonGeorgiaExperimentand,104,106–7,113–14asimmigrant,207n87overlapofoodtourandGeorgiaExperiment,108,113,174,178–79plansfortheoodrelieftour,169,173–74puppetanecdoteand,105,115reportsofoodrelieftour,172–73segregationinrefugeecampsand,175–76Primoschic,Martin,166PrisonMurderMystery,165ProdigalSon,The,111Prohibition,194n44ProloguetoGlory(Conkle),146prostitution,26publichealth,roleofFTPin,33–34publicityforCreatedEqual,55–56publicsupportofCCC,155PublicWorksDivision,155puppets,105,115,116Quagmire,18raceinAlabama,89inCreatedEqual,55,57,62–66onFTPstages,55inGeorgiaExperiment,110segregationinrefugeecamps,175–76seealsoAfricanAmericans;NegroUnits;slaveryradioplays,109,110–11,187Ralston,Blanche,96–97Rand,Ayn,97Redgrave,Vanessa,181refugeecamps,169,171–72,175–76,216n54religiousdramas,109,110–11,112–13ResidentDramaDivision,157ReturntoLife(Porter),215n48Rimassa,John,203n34River,The(1938lm),216n59Robbins,Tim,181Rogers,Will,51Rome,Georgia,GeorgiaExperimentin,107–13,118Roosevelt,FranklinD.
,1,2,68,139,154–55,211n41Roosevelt,Theodore,100RoyalFamily,The,18ruralareas,104–5,106,152Russak,Ben,71,74Saltiel,EdwardP.
,37SaltielHygienicMarriageLaw(1937),35Sarandon,Susan,181scandal,18,50,52,97Schaudinn,Fritz,41Schilling,Lester,128Schlick,Frederick,127,132,134,138seealsoYellowHarvest(Schlick)Schmidt,Louis,35,37Schuyler,Phillip,198n32Scott,Dred,55,65–66ScottsboroBoys(1931),89segregationinrefugeecamps,175–76setdesignofAltarsofSteel,92,95Seydell,Mildred,91ShadowontheLand:Syphilis(Parran),36Shepperson,Gay,107"ShortOutlineoftheTechniqueofPlaywriting"(FTPpublication),167Shuberttheatricaldynasty,152SlashPineFestival,112slavery,30,54,62–66,69Sloan,Blanding,52Smith,MargeryHoffman,137–38Solomon,Louis,203n34SouthernFTP,85–119audiencesand,87Index239BirminghamFTP,95–97difcultieswith,85–87"yingsquadron"method,86,87,104,114seealsoAltarsofSteel(Hall-Rogers);GeorgiaExperimentoftheFTPSouthernPlayBureau,93Spirochete(Sundgaard),33–47,41,194n48FTPattentionto,125premiereof,39,196n71relevanceof,16–17,38,47–48,182socialresponsibilityin,42synopsis,39–47sports,winter,137Stanley,Stan,173,174steelindustry,87–88,93,95,98,99–102,182SteelWorkersOrganizingCommittee(SWOC),89,90Stern,AugustL.
,112Stevens,ThomasWood,17,20,22,32Stone,Lucy,11,50,70–71,75–78,82–83seealsoLucyStone(Park)Stooge,The,175StrangeInterlude(O'Neill),51–52StrangerattheGate,The,111Sundgaard,Arnold,34,39,40–43,46,194nn47–48,196n71seealsoSpirochete(Sundgaard)SwingMikado,The,15,18,151,191n7syphilis,33–47bloodtestsfor,35–36historyof,39–40,196n71testingstations,38treatmentsfor,196n62seealsoSpirochete(Sundgaard)TamingoftheShrew,The(Shakespeare),127,129Taylor,Myron,89TennesseeCoal&Iron(TCI),90,100–1,102,204n56theatreexperimental,3,15,16–17,31,34legitimate,128,147outdoor,131–37participatory,153,156,157,158–64,174,178roleofanecdotesin,116seealsovaudeville"TheatreoftheWilderness,"seeCCCDivisionoftheFTPTheatricalSyndicate,152Thompson,William"BigBill,"18–19Three-FifthsCompromise(1787),63TimberlineLodgeamphitheatreat,139–41,140costof,211n41dedicationof,139,148openingof,137–38relationshipwithPortlandFTP,123,126,138–39,145–46,147TimberlineTintypesat,142,143–45TimberlineTintypes(Frank),12,123,126,141–46,144,147,149,212nn54–55TobaccoRoad,20–21Toller,Ernst,1TouringCompanies(CCCDivisionofFTP),157touringproductionsoftheFTP,151–80audiencesand,152,178ignoredbyscholars,180,218n88lackofarchivalmaterial,172–73,185moraleinrefugeecampsand,171–72seealsoCCCDivisionoftheFTP;CCCMurderMystery(Hayward);oodrelieftour(1937)Turturro,John,181Tyler,Converse,71UncleTom'sCabin(Aiken,etal.
),parodiedinOSayCanYouSing,30–31UncleTom'sCabin(Stowe),91,118,182unemployment,3,5,19,52,61,90,154–55,213n9unionizationofworkingclass,53,88–90,98,99,101–2,118,182unionrallies,89–90UnitedSteelworkersofAmerica,90UniversityofOregon,132U.
S.
Army,154U.
S.
EmployeesCompensationCommission,99U.
S.
ForestryService,138,154U.
S.
SteelBirminghameconomyand,88purchaseofTCI,100–1referenceinAltarsofSteel,90,99–100,118ValleyForge(Anderson),51,52,53,83vaudevillearchivalrecordsfor,179,185inuenceinCCCMurderMystery,161–63legitimatetheatrevs.
,127,128,209n15240Indexvaudeville—ContinuedintheNorthwest,126inruralareas,152TimberlineTintypesand,141–43,147venerealdisease,seesyphilis"Voodoo"MacBeth,The(Welles),151,187votingfraud,29WagnerAct(1935),88,99–100WaitingforLefty(Odets),118,182Washington,George,51,54,64WassermannTest,45,195n55WatchandWardSociety(Boston),51Weissman,David,6Welles,Orson,2,5,151,181,182Wenger,OscarC.
,37,38WesternFTP,121–22,126seealsoPortlandFTPWexley,John,203n34WhiskeyRebellion(1794),55,61,66Whitcomb,Bess,127,128,129,130,131,141,146whiteethnics,25–26,193n31Wickre,Karen,208n5,212n54Widow'sMite,The,111,113Williams,Aubrey,174Williams,Guy,138,146Williamson,Hugh,63Wilson,James,63Winstock,Bernard,215n48Witham,Barry,9,181–82,187,189n11,218n88womeninBostonpolitics,80–81,82women'srights,50,70–71,75–78,82–83Wood,JohnH.
,112Woodward,Ellen,174workerrights,88,98,99workingclassinBirmingham,118inBoston,61inCreatedEqual,57–58,60,84slaveryasmetaphorfor,69unionizationof,53,88–90,98,99,101–2,182seealsoaudiences;"People'sTheatre"WorksProgressAdministration(WPA)inBoston,50,52–53,54censorshipofModelTenement,192n19constructionofaxfacilities,133–34inCreatedEqual,67–69FTPand,3,4,12,174,189n11GeorgiaExperimentand,106–7,114,115PortlandFTPand,122,124,126,127,129–33,137,139,145,147,148WPAPlayers,124WPATheatre,124YellowHarvest(Schlick),12,123,132–37,145,147,149,210n29,211n34Young,ArthurH.
,99–100YouthThroughtheAges,18