Occupantprotectionwwwaaa13.com
wwwaaa13.com 时间:2021-04-08 阅读:()
YOUTHYOUNGADULTSCHILDRENFACTSMOTORVEHICLEOCCUPANTPROTECTIONThisFactBookwasinitiallyupdatedbyLauraDunn,MPH,aPublicHealthFellowinNHTSA'sOfficeofImpairedDrivingandOccupantProtectionfromAugust2013toDecember2014,andcompletedbyAlexandraHollidayandMariaVegegainNHTSA'sOccupantProtectionDivision.
SpecialthankstotheNationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis(NCSA)forupdatingthedatainthisFactBook.
SuggestedAPAFormatCitation:Dunn,L.
,Holliday,A.
,&Vegega,M.
(2016,March).
Motorvehicleoccupantprotectionfacts–Children,youth,youngadults(Factbook.
ReportNo.
DOTHS812251).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
IIITABLEOFCONTENTSINTRODUCTION1UsingThisBookletasaResource.
1Definitions.
1THENATIONALSCOPEOFMOTORVEHICLECRASHES2TheImportanceofOccupantRestraints.
2EconomicBurdens.
3THEIMPORTANCEOFOCCUPANTRESTRAINTUSEFORCHILDREN,YOUTH,ANDYOUNGADULTS4SeatBeltUseMakesaDifference.
5Exhibit1:DriverandChildRestraintUseinFatalCrashesInvolvingChildrenFromBirthto15YearsOld.
6RestraintsforAllAgeGroupsSaveLives.
6UseofCorrectRestraintTypes.
6BoosterSeatUseSavesLivesandReducestheRiskofInjury.
7ClosingtheGapsinOccupantRestraintLawsCanSaveYoungLives.
8Exhibit2:Map:AgeatWhichaChildMustBeinaChildRestraintoraBoosterSeat.
.
.
.
8PrimaryEnforcementLawsHelpProtectChildrenofAllAges.
9FACTSABOUTCHILDRENANDYOUTH10FactsAboutRestraintUse.
10FactsAboutMotor-Vehicle-RelatedDeathsandInjuries.
11FACTSABOUTYOUNGADULTS(AGES16TO20)12SELF-REPORTEDBEHAVIOR,ATTITUDES,ANDOPINIONSONSEATBELTUSE15SeatBeltUseBehavior.
15AttitudesTowardSeatBeltUse.
15OpinionsAboutSeatBeltUseLaws.
15TeensandDistraction.
15APPENDICES16AppendixA:PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalities,byStateandAgeGroup,2013.
17AppendixB:PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalities,byStateandRestraintUse,2013.
18APPENDIXC:StateRestraintLaws.
19FORADDITIONALINFORMATION20CHARTSChart1:PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalitiesin2013.
2Chart2:OccupantFatalityandInjuryRates,2004-2013.
4Chart3:OccupantFatalitiesin2013.
5Chart4:EstimatedOccupantInjuriesin2013.
5Chart5:PercentofOccupantFatalitiesin2013.
6Chart6:PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalitiesin2013.
10Chart7:OccupantsInjuredinPassengerVehiclesin2013byAgeandInjurySeverity.
11Chart8:PercentageofAllOccupantsFromBirthtoAge20KilledorInjuredin2013.
13Chart9:DriverFatalityRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013byAge.
13Chart10:DriverFatalityRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013byAgeandGender.
14Chart11:DriverInjuryRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013byAgeandGender.
14Chart12:DriverFatalities,16-to20-Year-Olds,byRestraintUseWhenKnown,2004-2013.
.
.
.
.
141INTRODUCTIONThroughouttheUnitedStates,manypeopleandorgani-zationsareworkingtopromotemotorvehicleoccupantprotectionforchildren,youth,andyoungadults.
Inspiteofthegreatstridesmadeinthiscountry,everyyear,thousandsofyoungpeopledieorexperienceseriousinjuriesthatcouldhavebeenpreventedhadtheybeenproperlyrestrainedinchildsafetyseats,boosterseats,orseatbelts.
TheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationhaspro-ducedthisbookletsince2002toexplaintheneedforlegislation,enforcement,education,andpublicawarenesscampaignsaboutprotectingchildren,youth,andyoungadultsinmotorvehicles.
Collectively,thisinformationunderscoreswhyprotect-ingyoungpeopleissoimportant.
Themajorityofdatainthisfactbookcomesfrom2013,themostrecentyeardatawasavailable.
IthasbeengeneratedfromtheFatalityAnalysisReportingSystem(FARS)andtheGeneralEstimatesSystem(GES)producedbytheNationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis(NCSA)atNHTSA.
DatafromNHTSA's2013NationalOccupantProtectionUseSurvey(NOPUS)isalsoincluded.
UsingThisBookletasaResourceThefactsinthisbookletcanbeusedtodevelopspeechesandpresentations,publicinformationandeducationpublica-tions,backgrounders,andnewsreleasesforthemedia,andtopromotetheuseofoccupantrestraintsinconjunctionwithlawenforcementofficials.
Statesandlocalcommunitieshavevitalrolestoplayincreatinganationalnormthatmakesitunaccept-abletorideunrestrainedinamotorvehicle.
Ournationalgoalmustbetomakechildsafetyseatsandseatbeltslifelonghabitsforeveryone.
Thediscussionreferstoyoungpeopleaccordingtotheseagegroups.
Children:newbornstoage7Youth:8to15(insomeStates15-year-oldsarepermittedtoobtainlearner'spermits,sotheyaresometimesincludedas"youngdrivers")Youngadults:16to20Thebooklethasfivemainsections.
ThenationalscopeofmotorvehiclecrashesTheneedforandimportanceofappropriatelysizedrestraintsystemsforeachagegroupFactsaboutrestraintuseforchildrenandyouthfrombirthto15yearsoldFactsaboutrestraintuseforyoungadults16to20BiennialtelephonesurveyfindingsfromNHTSA's2007MotorVehicleOccupantSafetySurvey(MVOSS)onthebehavior,attitudes,andopinionsaboutseatbeltsandseatbeltlaws,includingthoseof16-to20-year-olds.
ThreeappendicescoverState-specificinformationonfatalities,restraintuse,andchildrestraintlaws.
DefinitionsAsyoureviewtheinformationthatfollows,keepinmindthefollowingdefinitions:FatalCrash:Apolice-reportedcrashinvolvingamotorvehicleinwhichatleastonepersondieswithin30daysofthecrash(includingthedeathsofpeoplewhowerenotinthevehicle,suchaspedestriansandpedalcyclists).
FatalInjury:Anyinjurythatresultsindeathwithin30daysofthecrash.
IncapacitatingInjury:Anynonfatalinjurythatpreventsthepersonfromwalking,driving,ornormallycontinuingthoseactivitiesthepersonwascapableofbeforetheinjury.
Oftendefinedas"needinghelpfromthescene.
"InjuryCrash:Apolice-reportedcrashinvolvingamotorvehicleinwhichnoonediedbutatleastonepersonwasreportedtohave(1)anincapacitatinginjury,(2)avisiblebutnotincapacitat-inginjury,(3)apossiblebutnotvisibleinjury,or(4)aninjuryofunknownseverity.
NonincapacitatingInjury:Anyinjury,otherthanafatalinjuryoranincapacitatinginjury,whichisevidenttoobserversatthesceneofthecrash.
Examples:bruises,cuts,bloodynose.
PassengerVehicles:Includesallcars,SUVs,vansupto15-pas-sengercapacity,andlighttrucks(under10,000lbs.
grossvehicleweightrating)includingpickupsandtruck-basedstationwagons.
Motorcycles,buses,andlargetrucks(morethan10,000lbs.
GVWR)arenotincludedinthiscategory.
RestraintUse:Alltherestraintusepercentagesreportedinthisdocumentarebasedonknownrestraintuse;thatis,theoccupantswithanunknownrestraintstatushavenotbeenconsideredwhencalculatingthepercentages.
2In2013,nearly5.
7millionpolice-reportedmotorvehiclecrashesoccurredintheUnitedStates.
Inthissameyear,21,132occupantsofpassengervehicleswerekilledinmotorvehiclecrashes.
Over15percent(3,208)ofthesefatalitieswerechildren,youth,andyoungadults.
1Motorvehiclecrashfatalitiesrankthirdintermsofyearsoflifelost(thenumberofremainingyearsthatthepersonwouldbeexpectedtolivehadtheynotdied)behindonlycancerandheartdisease.
2Motorvehicletrafficcrashesweretheleadingcauseofdeathforchildrenage4andthesecondleadingcauseofdeathforchildrenage3andeveryage5through14in2013.
3However,motorvehiclecrashesweretheleadingcauseofdeathfor15-to20-year-oldsin2013.
4In2013,anaverageof3children14andyoungerwerekilledand470wereinjuredeverydayinmotorvehicletrafficcrashes.
5Oftheestimated2,046,000occupantsofpassengervehiclesinjuredintrafficcrashesin2013:45,000childrenunder5wereinjured;33,000children5to7wereinjured;49,000youth8to12wereinjured;36,000youth13to15wereinjured;and258,000youngadults16to20wereinjured.
TheImportanceofOccupantRestraintsOneofthemosteffectivemeasuresapersoncantaketopreventinjuryanddeathinacrashistobeappropriatelyrestrainedinrear-orforward-facingchildsafetyseats,boosterseats,orseatbelts.
NHTSAestimatesthatlap/shoulderseatbelts,whenusedcorrectly,reducetheriskoffatalinjurytofront-seatoccupantsofpassengercarsby45percentandtheriskofmoderate-to-criticalinjuryby50percent.
Forlight-truckoccupants,seatbeltsreducetheriskoffatalinjuryby60percentandmoderate-to-criticalinjuryby65percent.
Researchontheeffectivenessofchildsafetyseatshasfoundthemtoreducefatalinjuryby71percentforinfants(lessthan1yearold)andby54percentfortoddlers(1to4yearsold)inpassengercars.
6Forinfantsandtoddlersinlighttrucks,thecorrespondingreductionsare58percentand59percent,respectively.
7Thousandsoflivesaresavedeveryyearbecauseofchildrestraintsandseatbelts.
Amongpassengervehicleoccupantsin2013:Childrestraintssavedanestimated263childrenunder5;ifchildrestraintusehadbeen100percent,another56livescouldhavebeensaved.
8Seatbeltssavedanestimated12,584livesforthose5andolder.
9Ifallpassengervehicleoccupantsage5andolderhadwornseatbelts,15,384lives(thatis,anadditional2,800)wouldhavebeensavedin2013.
10Inspiteofthisevidence,themajorityoffatallyinjuredpeoplearenotproperlyrestrained.
In2013,21,132occupantsdiedinmotorvehicletrafficcrashes.
Ofthe21,132passengervehicleoccupantskilled,9,777(49%)wereknowntoberestrained.
Chart1comparesthepercentageoffatallyinjuredoccupantswhowererestrainedtothosewhowereunrestrainedinpassengervehiclecrasheswhenrestraintusewasknown.
Chart1PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalitiesin2013ByAgeandRestraintUseWhenKnownPercentAgeGroup1006040200.
080UNRESTRAINEDRESTRAINED<55-78-1213-1516-2021-2425-4445-6465-7475+THENATIONALSCOPEOFMOTORVEHICLECRASHES1Data2013,WashingtonDC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration2Subramanian,R.
(2012,May).
MotorvehicletrafficcrashesasleadingcauseofdeathintheUnitedStates,2008and2009.
(ReportNo.
DOTHS811620).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
3NationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis.
(2015a,June).
Children:2013data.
(TrafficSafetyFacts.
ReportNo.
DOTHS812154).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/Pubs/812154.
pdf4NationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis.
(2015b,October).
Youngdrivers:2013data.
(TrafficSafetyFacts.
ReportNo.
DOTHS812200).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableathttp://www-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/Pubs/812200.
pdf5NCSA,2015a.
6NationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis.
(2015c,May).
Occupantprotection:2013data.
(TrafficSafetyFactsDOTHS812153).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/Pubs/812153.
pdf7NCSA,2015a.
8NCSA,2015c.
9NCSA,2015c.
10NCSA,2015c.
3EconomicBurdensThecostofreportedaswellasnon-reportedmotorvehiclecrashestotaled$242billionin2010,thelatestyearforwhichthisdataisavailable.
Thistranslatestoanannualaverageof$784foreverypersonlivingintheUnitedStates.
Includedinthisfigureare$77billioninlostproductivity,$23.
4billioninmedicalexpenses,and$76.
1billioninpropertydamage.
Theaveragecostforacriticallyinjuredsurvivorofamotorvehiclecrashisestimatedat$1millionoveralifetime.
Conversely,theuseofseatbeltssavedsociety$1.
2trillioninmedicalcare,lostproduc-tivity,andotherinjury-relatedeconomiccostssince1975.
11In2010,seatbeltnonusealonecausedanestimated$10.
43billionineconomiccoststosociety.
Whenpeopledon'twearseatbelts,thepotentialcostsincreasebecauseunbeltedcrashvictimsreceiveworseinjuriesandmorefatalitiesthanbeltedcrashvictims.
11Blincoe,L.
J.
,Miller,T.
R.
,Zaloshnja,E.
,&Lawrence,B.
A.
(2015,May).
Theeconomicandsocietalimpactofmotorvehiclecrashes,2010(Revised)(ReportNo.
DOTHS812013).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableathttp://www-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/pubs/812013.
pdf12NCSA,2015c.
13NCSA,2015a.
14NCSA,2015c.
CHILDRENRestraintusesavedanestimated263livesofchildrenundertheageof5in2013.
12YOUNGADULTSIn2013,55percentofthepassengervehicleoccupantsage16to20withknownrestraintusewhowerekilledwerenotwearingseatbelts.
14YOUTHOfthe8-to14-year-oldpassengervehicleoccupantswithknownrestraintusekilledinfatalcrashesin2013,53percentwereunrestrained.
134Theuseofoccupantrestraintsmustbereinforcedatanearlyagetoreducethehighratesofdeathandinjurythatchildren,youth,andyoungadultsexperienceinmotorvehiclecrashes.
Butparentsshouldnothavetobeartheburdenbythemselves.
Incommunitiesacrossthecountry,healthpro-fessionals,lawenforcementofficers,educators,electedofficialsandpublicemployees,andeveryadultmustcontributetothesocialandlegalinfrastructuresnecessarytomakeseatbeltusealifelonghabit.
Whilefatalityandinjuryrates(per100millionvehiclemilestrav-eled,VMT)havedeclinedslightlyduringthepast10years(seeChart2),thousandsofchildrenandyoungadultsstillcontinuetobekilledandinjuredinmotorvehiclecrashes.
Amongpassengervehicleoccupantsin2013,therewere3,208youngpeoplefrombirthtoage20killed.
Anadditional421,000wereinjuredinpassengervehiclecrashes.
(SeeAppendixAforaState-by-Statebreakdownoffatalities.
)Chart2OccupantFatalityandInjuryRates,2004-2013Per100MillionVMT,inPassengerVehiclesYear2004200520062007200820092010201120122013FatalityRatePer100MillionVehicleMilesTraveledInjuryRatePer100MillionVehicleMilesTraveled10075500252.
01.
51.
00.
50.
0Year2004200520062007200820092010201120122013THEIMPORTANCEOFOCCUPANTRESTRAINTUSEFORCHILDREN,YOUTH,ANDYOUNGADULTS15Thereisastrongpositivecorrelationbetweentherestraintuseofanadultdriverandthatofyoungchildreninthevehicle.
15Fatalrestraintdataisbasedon"known"restraintusage.
5Chart3OccupantFatalitiesin2013ByAge,inPassengerVehiclesNumberofFatalities0AgeGroup1,0004,0002,0003,0005,0006,0007,000<513-155-78-1216-2021-2425-4445-6465-7475+Chart4EstimatedOccupantInjuriesin2013ByAge,inPassengerVehiclesNumberofPeopleInjured0AgeGroup100,000400,000200,000300,000500,000600,000700,000<513-155-78-1216-2021-2425-4445-6465-7475+16Pickrell,T.
M.
,&Liu,C.
(2015a,January).
Occupantrestraintusein2013:ResultsfromtheNOPUScontrolledintersectionstudy(ReportNo.
DOTHS812080).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Despitewidespreadpubliceducationcampaigns,asignificantpercentageofchildren,youth,andyoungadultswhowerekilledinpassengervehiclecrashesin2013wereunrestrained.
Therewere278fatalitiesamongchildrenundertheageof5;ofthosewithknownrestraintuse,31percentwereunrestrained.
Amongthe135fatalitiesforchildren5to7yearsoldwithknownrestraintuse,41percentwereunrestrained.
Forchildren8to12yearsoldtherewere225fatalities,ofwhich45percentwereunrestrained.
The13-to15-year-oldagegrouphadoneofthehighestknownpercentagesofunrestrainedoccupants,at61percent.
Amongthe246fatalitieswhererestraintusewasknownforyouth13to15yearsold,134wereknowntonotbewearingtheirseatbelts.
SeatBeltUseMakesaDifferenceResearchconductedbyNHTSAonoccupantprotectionusefrom2004to2013showsthatinvehicleswhereadultdriverswearseatbelts,childrenaremorelikelytoberestrainedaswell.
16Researchaboutfatallyinjuredchildrenandyouthfrombirthto15revealsthefollowing:Whendriversdidn'tweartheirseatbelts,55percentofchildrenuptoage4werealsounrestrained.
Butwhendriverswerewearingseatbelts,78percentofthechildrenwereproperlyrestrained.
Amongfatallyinjuredchildren5to7yearsold,71percentwereunrestrainedwhenthedriverswereunrestrained.
Butwhenthedriverswerewearingseatbelts,farfewerchildren(34%)5to7wereunrestrained.
Amongfatallyinjuredchildren8to12yearsold,83percentwereunrestrainedwhenthedriverswereunrestrained.
Whenthedriverswerewearingseatbeltsfarfewerchildren(36%)8to12wereunrestrained.
Amongfatallyinjuredchildren13to15yearsold,90percentwereunrestrainedwhenthedriverswereunrestrained.
Con-versely,whenthedriverswerewearingseatbeltsfarfewerchildren(48%)13to15wereunrestrained.
Charts3and4illustratethemotorvehiclefatalitiesandinjuriesforourchildren,youth,andyoungadults.
6Exhibit1illustratestherelationshipbetweendriverandchildrestraintuseincrashesinwhichachildwasfatallyinjured.
Exhibit1DriverandChildRestraintUseinPassengerVehiclesinFatalCrashesInvolvingChildrenFatallyInjuredFromBirthto15,2004-2013PercentageofChildPassengersUnrestrained,ByAgeGroup<55-78-1213-15DriverUnrestrained55718390DriverRestrained22343648Thisstrongassociationbetweenparentalandchildrestraintusespeakstotheimportanceofmaintainingprogramsandoutreachforchildren,youth,andparentstoencouragetheuseofoccupantrestraints.
NHTSA's2007MotorVehicleOccupantSafetySurveyfurtherillustratesthisneed.
Inthe2007MVOSS,researchersaskedpeopletheirlevelofagreementwiththestatement,"Ihaveahabitofwearingaseatbeltbecausemypar-entsinsistedIwearthemwhenIwasachild.
"Amongpeople16to24yearsold,80percenteitherstronglyagreedorsomewhatagreedwiththisstatement.
17RestraintsforAllAgeGroupsSaveLivesMostofthepeoplewhodieinmotorvehiclecrashesarevehicleoccupants;almostone-thirdoffatalitiescausedbycrashesinvolvepedestrians,pedalcyclists,andmotorcyclists.
Seatbeltsandchildsafetyseatshavebeendesignedtoprotectdriversandpassengersfromdeathandinjuryduringacrash.
Buttheserestraintscannotsavelivesiftheyarenotused.
(SeeAppendixB—PassengerVehicleOccupantsKilledinMotorVehicleCrashes,byStateandRestraintUse,2013.
)In2013,seatbeltssavedanestimated12,584livesamongpassengervehicleoccupants5andolder.
In2013,anestimated263livesweresavedbychildrestraintuseforchildrenunder5.
Overtheperiodfrom1975to2013,amongchildren4andyoungeranestimated10,421livesweresavedbychildsafetyseatsorseatbelts.
18Ejectionfromthevehicleisoneofthemostinjuriouseventsthatcanhappentoapersoninacrash.
In2013,79percentofpeopleinfatalcrasheswhowerecompletelyejectedfrompassengervehicleswerekilled.
Seatbeltsareeffectiveinpreventingtotalejections:Only1percentofpeoplewearingseatbeltsweretotallyejectedfrompassengervehicles,comparedwith31percentofunbeltedpeople.
19Infatalcrashesin2013,children,youth,andyoungadultsweremorelikelytobeejectedcomparedtopersonsofallages.
SeeChart5.
Chart5PercentofOccupantFatalitiesin2013ByAgeandEjectionStatus,inPassengerVehiclesTOTALLYEJECTEDPARTIALLYEJECTEDPercent30201004016-2013-158-125-7<5AllAges(0-75+)UseofCorrectRestraintTypesYoungchildrenwhoareeitherplacedinthewrongtypeofcarseat/boosterseatormovedprematurelyintoseatbeltsmeantforlargerchildrenandadultscontinuestobeaseriousproblem.
Toincreasecorrectrestraintuse,NHTSArequiredanewsystemtohelpmakechildsafetyseatinstallationeasier.
Thissystem,comprisedofloweranchorsandtoptethers,isrequiredonmostchildsafetyseatsandvehiclesmanufacturedafterSeptember1,2002.
NHTSArecommendsthatallinfantsshouldrideinthebackseat,inrear-facingchildsafetyseatsaslongaspossibleuptotheheightandweightlimitoftheparticularseat.
Bysupportingtheentireposteriortorso,neck,headandpelvis,arear-facingcarseatdistributescrashforcesovertheentirebodyratherthanfocusingthemonlyatthebeltcontactpoints.
17Boyle,J.
M.
,&Lampkin,C.
(2008,August).
2007MotorVehicleOccupantSafetySurvey,Volume2,Seatbeltreport.
(ReportNo.
DOTHS810975).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableathttp://www.
nhtsa.
gov/Driving+Safety/Research+&+Evaluation/National+Telephone+Surveys18NCSA,2015a.
19NCSA,2015c.
7Whenchildrenoutgrowtheserear-facingchildsafetyseatstheyshouldrideinforward-facingseats,inthebackseat,untiltheyreachtheheightorweightlimitoftheparticularseat.
Despitetheserecommendations,the2013NationalSurveyoftheUseofBoosterSeats(NSUBS)foundthat9percentofchildrenlessthan20poundswerenotrestrainedinrear-facingcarseatsin2013(7%wereprematurelygraduatedtoforward-facingcarseatsand2%wereunrestrained).
20NHTSAfoundthatmostofthe"prematuregraduation"forthesechildrenweretofront-facingchildsafetyseats,beforethechildrenwerereadyforthem.
In2011,NHTSAconductedanationalchildrestraintusestudywhichaddressedtheuseandmisuseofcarseatsandboosterseats.
Thedatawerecollectedfromanationalrepresentativesampleof24randomlyselectedgeographicareasthroughoutthecountry.
Thefocuswaschildrenfrombirthtoage8.
Resultsshowedthatoverallcarseatandboosterseatmisusewas46percent.
However,carseatmisusewas59percentwhileboosterseatmisusewas20percent.
Themostfrequentlyobservedmisusewasincorrectreclineforrearfacingseats,loosecarseatinstallationforforwardfacingseats,andimproperlapbeltpositionforboosterseats.
21Thereasonchildrenshouldrideintherearseatisthatchildreninthefrontseatsofcarswithairbagscanbekilledorseriouslyinjuredifthoseairbagsdeploy.
NHTSArecommendsthatchildrenandyouth12andyoungersitintherearseatawayfromtheforceofdeployingairbags.
Ifthevehiclehasside-impactairbags,NHTSArecommendsthatchildrenbeproperlyrestrainedandinaproperseatingpositionatalltimes.
Tominimizeinjuryrisks,childrenshouldnotleanorrestagainstside-impactairbagsthatarethechest-onlyorhead/chestcombinationtypes.
BoosterSeatUseSavesLivesandReducestheRiskofInjuryTheappropriaterestraintsystemforchildren4to7yearsoldiseitherafront-facingsafetyseatoraboosterseat,dependingonthechild'sheightandweight.
Boosterseatusesubstantiallyreducestheriskofinjuryforchildren;however,somechildreninthisagegrouparecurrently(andveryoftenincorrectly)restrainedonlybyseatbeltsdesignedforadults.
TheNationalSurveyoftheUseofBoosterSeats(NSUBS)surveyconductedin2013indicatedthatabout24percentofchildren4to7yearsoldwereprematurelygraduatedtoseatbeltsand46percentofchildreninthisagegroupwereridinginboosterseats.
22A2003studyconductedbytheChildren'sHospitalofPhiladel-phiafoundthattheuseofbelt-positioningboosterseatslowerstheriskofinjurytochildrenincrashesby59percentcomparedwiththeuseofvehicleseatbelts.
Thestudyalsofoundthatnoneofthe4-to7-year-oldswhowereinbelt-positioningboosterseatshadanyinjuriestotheabdomen,neck,spine,orback.
Yet,suchinjuriesdidoccurinchildrenwhoonlyusedseatbeltsbutwhoweretoosmallforthem.
23Persuadingparentstoplacetheirchildrenintheappropriateoccupantrestraintwillreducethenumberofchildrenkilledorseriouslyinjured.
The2013NationalSurveyoftheUseofBoosterSeats(NSUBS),24anationwidesurveyofobservedrestraintuseconductedbyNHTSA,foundthatamong4-to7-year-oldchildren:Boosterseatusewas46percent;24percentofchildrenwereinadultseatbelts;9percentofthechildrenwerecompletelyunrestrained;and20percentofthechildrenwereinchildsafetyseats.
Theseresultsindicatethatasmanyas33percentofchildren4to7intheUnitedStateswerenotbeingproperlyrestrained(24%prematurelyinseatbeltsand9%unrestrained).
Childrenwhohaveoutgrownchildsafetyseats,butaretoosmalltoridesafelyinadultseatbelts,shouldbeproperlyrestrainedinboosterseatsuntiltheadultbeltfitsproperly,i.
e.
,thelapbeltmustliesnuglyacrosstheupperthighs,notthestomach,andtheshoulderbeltshouldliesnugacrosstheshoulderandchestandnotcrosstheneckorface.
Ifplacedinanadultseatbeltprematurely,achildmaysufferseriousinternalinjuries,slipoutoftheseatbelt,orbeejectedfromthevehicleduringacrash.
20Pickrell,T.
M.
,&Choi,E-H.
(2014,June).
The2013nationalsurveyoftheuseofboosterseats(ReportNo.
DOTHS812037).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/Pubs/812037.
pdf21Greenwell,N.
K.
(2015,May).
Resultsofthenationalchildrestraintusespecialstudy(ReportNo.
DOTHS812142).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/Pubs/812142.
pdf22Pickrell&Choi,201423Durbin,D.
,Elliott,M.
,&Winston,F.
(2003).
Belt-positioningboosterseatsandreductioninriskofinjuryamongchildreninvehiclecrashes.
JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.
289(21),pp.
2835-2840.
24Pickrell&Choi,2014.
8Exhibit2Map:AgeatWhichaChildMustBeinaChildRestraintoraBoosterSeat264andyounger5andyounger6andyounger7andyounger8andyoungerHIVTNHMAAKCTRIDENJMDMEORCAMTIDNVAZNDSDNEKSTXNMCOWYOKUTARMOIAWIMNLAMIILINMSALGAFLSCNCVAPANYTNKYOHWVDCWAOnlyStateWITHOUTaboosterseatlaw–SouthDakota;Statesthatmandateboosterseatuse–allothers25Winston,F.
K.
,Kallan,M.
K.
,Elliot,M.
R.
,Xie,D.
,&Durbin,D.
R,.
(2007,March).
Effectofboosterseatlawsonappropriaterestraintusebychildren4to7yearsoldinvolvedincrashes.
ArchivesofPediatricandAdolescentMedicine,161(3).
26InsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety.
(2015).
Childsafety(maptakenfromwebpage).
Arlington,VA:Author.
Availableatwww.
iihs.
org/iihs/topics/laws/safetybeltuse/mapchildrestraintagereq-uirementstopicName=child-safetyClosingtheGapsinOccupantRestraintLawsCanSaveYoungLivesEveryStateexceptNewHampshirehasadultseatbeltlaws,andallStateshavechildrestraintlawsrequiringdriverstorestrainchildreninapproved,age-appropriatechildrestraintdevicesorseatbelts.
InsomeStates,though,theselawsdonotcoveralloccupantsinallseatingpositionssuchasintherearseat.
SeeAppendixCforinformationonStateRestraintLaws.
A2007studypublishedintheArchivesofPediatricandAdo-lescentMedicinerevealedthatchildren4to7inStateswithboosterseatlawsare39percentmorelikelytobeappropriatelyrestrainedinthoseboosterseatsorchildsafetyseatsthanchildreninStateswithoutsuchlaws.
InStateswithboosterseatlaws,children4and5yearsoldwere23percentmorelikelytobeappropriatelyrestrainedwhilethose6and7yearsoldweretwiceaslikelytobeinchildrestraints,suchasboosterseats,thantheywereinStateswithoutboosterseatlaws.
For6-and7-year-olds,theeffectwasmuchstrongerwhenthelawinclud-edthoseage4to7thanwhenitonlyincludedthose4and5yearsold.
25Asof2015,therewere49StatesandtheDistrictofColumbiathathadenactedprovisionsintheirchildrestraintlawsrequiringtheuseofboosterseatsorotherappropriaterestraintdevicesbychildrenwhohaveoutgrowntheirforward-facingchildsafetyseats,butwhoarestilltoosmalltouseanadultseatbeltsystemcorrectly.
TheonlyStatelackingthislifesavingprovisionisSouthDakota.
SeeExhibit2foramapofStaterequirementsforchildrestraintlaws.
9PrimaryEnforcementLawsHelpProtectChildrenofAllAgesSeatbeltlawshaveplayedanintegralroleinincreasingbeltuse,contributingtoanincreasefrom14percentin198327to87percentin2013.
Theextentofthiseffecthasbeeninpartrelatedtothetypeofenforcementallowedbylaw(primaryversussecondary).
Childrestraintlawsare"primary"laws(lawsthatallowlawenforcementofficerstostopvehiclesandissuecitationsforunrestraineddriversorpassengers).
AsofJuly2015,theseatbeltlawsin15Statesare"secondary"enforcementlaws,andNewHampshirehasnoadultseatbeltlaw(seeAppendixC,StateRestraintLaws).
Secondarylawsmeanthatpoliceofficerscannotstopdriversforthesolepurposeofenforcingtheuseofoccupantrestraints.
Rather,policeofficerscanwriteticketsfornotusingoccupantrestraintsonlyiftheystopvehiclesforotherdrivinginfractions.
Studieshavealsodocumentedthatprimaryenforcementseatbeltlawsaremoreeffectiveinincreasingseatbeltuse.
Forinstance,datafromthe2014NOPUSstudyshowedthattheseatbeltuseratewas11percentagepointslowerinsecondarylawStatescomparedtoprimarylawStates(79%versus90%respectively).
28Aspreviouslymentioned,studieshaveshownthatdriverswhouseseatbeltsaremorelikelytobuckleupthechildrentheytransport.
Forthisreason,itishypothesizedthatprimarylawsmayalsoindirectlyincreasechildpassengerrestraintuse.
29Primarylawspermitalawenforcementofficertostopavehicleandissueacitationforaseatbeltviolation,evenifthisistheonlyviolationtheofficernotices.
Asecondarylawallowsofficerstoissueseatbeltcitationstomotoristsonlyaftertheystopthedriversforotherviolations.
27Nichols,J.
,Tippetts,A.
,Fell,J.
,Auld-Owens,A.
,Wiliszowski,C.
,Haseltine,P.
,&Eichelberger,A.
(2010,November).
Strategiestoincreaseseatbeltuse:ananalysisoflevelsoffinesandthetypeoflaw(ReportNo.
DOTHS811413).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww.
nhtsa.
gov/staticfiles/nti/occupant_protection/pdf/811413.
pdf28Pickrell,T.
M.
,&Liu,C.
(2015b,February).
Seatbeltusein2014–Overallresults.
(TrafficSafetyFactsResearchNote.
ReportNo.
DOTHS812113).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
29Durbin,D.
,Smith,R.
,Kallan,M.
,Elliott,M.
,&Winston,F.
(2006).
Seatbeltuseamong13-15-year-oldsinprimaryandsecondaryenforcementlawStates.
AccidentAnalysisandPrevention;39,524-529.
In2013,seatbeltssavedanestimated12,584livesamongpassengervehicleoccupantsover4yearsold.
10Onaverage,3childrenwerekilledand470childrenwereinjuredeverydayintrafficcrashesin2013.
30FactsAboutRestraintUseAsstatedearlier,in2013theuseofchildrestraintssavedthelivesofanestimated263childrenunderage5.
From1975through2013,anestimated10,421livesofchildrenfrombirthtoage4weresavedbytheuseofoccupantrestraintsincludingchildsafetyseatsandseatbelts.
31During2013atotalof884childrenandyouthfrombirthtoage15werekilledinpassengervehiclecrashes.
Forty-fourpercentofchildfatalitieswithknownrestraintusewereunrestrained.
Amongoccupantswithknownrestraintuse,thebreakdownbyagegroupis:31percentofchildrenfrombirthto4wereunrestrained;41percentofchildren5to7wereunrestrained;45percentofchildren8to12wereunrestrained;and61percentofchildren13to15wereunrestrained.
Chart6showsdataontheuseandnonuseofoccupantrestraintsamongthosekilledinpassengervehiclecrashesin2013withknownrestraintuse.
Notethatmostoccupantsbetweentheagesof13and20whowerekilledwerenotrestrained.
Unfortunately,beingproperlyrestrainedcannotpreventallpassengersfrombeingfatallyinjured,especiallyinsomekindsofhigh-impactcrashes.
However,anumberofoccupantsinallagegroupswouldnothavebeenkilledhadtheybeenproperlyrestrained.
Aschildrengetolder,theyarelesslikelytobeproperlyrestrained(whencomparedtothe<5agegroup).
Thisdecreaseillustratesthecriticalneedforpublicinformationandeducationabouttheimportanceofrestraintuse,alongwiththeneedforongoingenforcementofexistinglaws.
Chart6PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalitiesin2013ByAgeandRestraintUse(whenknown)AgePercentRestrainedPercentUnrestrained<569315–759418–12554513–15396116–20455521–24396125–44406045–64544665–74663375+7426Total6931Whenviewingthechart,keepinmindthatevenwiththeuseofoccupantrestraints:Somecrashesaresoseverethatsomeoccupantsdonotsurviveevenwhenproperlyprotectedbychildsafetyseats,boosterseats,orseatbelts.
Thereareinstancesinwhichtheeffectivenessofachildrestraintorseatbeltiscompromisedbyincorrectuse,suchasimproperinstallationoruseofachildsafetyseat,orplac-ingachildinaseatbeltdesignedforanadult.
Occupantsintheyoungestagegroup,4andunder,andtheoldestagegroup,65andolder,aremorefragile.
Therefore,theyaremorevulnerabletodeathorseriousinjuryduringacrash.
Inrecentyears,everyStateexceptSouthDakotahasstrengtheneditschildrestraintlawtorequiretheuseofappropriatechildrestraintdevices(oftenspecificallydefinedasboosterseats)bychildrenwhohaveoutgrowntheircarseatsbutwhodonotyetfitproperlyinadultseatbeltsystems.
Inspiteofthis,accordingtothe2013NSUBSreport,only46percentof4-to7-year-oldchildrenwererestrainedinboosterseatsin2013.
Asaresult,manychildrenareinap-propriatelyplacedinadultbelts,orworse,allowedtoridecompletelyunrestrained.
32FACTSABOUTCHILDRENANDYOUTH30NCSA,2015a.
31NCSA,2015c.
32Pickrell&Choi(2014)11Chart7OccupantsInjuredinPassengerVehiclesin2013byAgeandInjurySeverityAgeGroupsInjurySeverityInjured,IncapacitatingInjured,Non-incapacitatingInjured,Other*TotalCountPercentCountPercentCountPercentCount<51,0002%10,00022%34,00076%45,0005-71,0003%10,00030%22,00067%33,0008-122,0004%12,00024%35,00071%49,00013-151,0003%10,00028%25,00069%36,00016-2015,0006%82,00032%160,00062%258,00021-2417,0007%68,00029%148,00064%232,00025-4440,0006%182,00027%459,00068%680,00045-6428,0005%133,00026%349,00068%510,00065-748,0007%31,00026%81,00068%120,00075+6,0007%25,00030%52,00063%83,000Total119,0006%563,00028%1,365,00067%2,046,000*InjuredOtherincludespossibleinjuriesandseverityunknown.
FactsAboutMotor-Vehicle-RelatedDeathsandInjuriesBasedonthe10-yearperiodbetween2004and2013anaverageof1,228childrenfrombirthtoage15diedandapproximately186,000wereinjuredinpassengervehiclecrasheseachyear.
EverydayintheUnitedStatesin2013,anaverageof3chil-drenyoungerthan15werekilledandanestimated470wereinjuredinmotorvehiclecrashes.
In2013atotalof884children15andyoungerwerekilledandanestimated163,000wereinjuredinpassengervehiclecrashes.
Approximately3percentoftheseinjuredoccupantshadincapacitatinginjuries.
In2013therewere:278crashfatalitiesandanestimated45,000injuredamongchildren5andunder;135crashfatalitiesandanestimated33,000occupantsinjuredamongchildren5to7;225crashfatalitiesandanestimated49,000occupantsinjuredamongchildren8to12;and246crashfatalitiesandanestimated36,000occupantsinjuredamongchildren13to15.
Chart7furtherhighlightsfactsaboutinjuryseverity.
12In2013,youngdrivers16to20madeup5.
76percent(12.
2million)ofthe212millionlicenseddriversintheUnitedStates.
Thisagegroupisgenerallyjustgettingtheirlicensesandmanyareunderagraduateddriverslicensingprogramastheylearndrivingskills.
33Eachyearatleast2millionpeople—mostlyteenagers—begindriving.
Atthesametime,motorvehiclecrasheskillmoreyoungadultsthananyothercause.
34Asignificantpercentageofyoungdriversareinvolvedintrafficcrashes,andtheyaretwiceaslikelyasadultdriverstobeinfatalcrashes.
Sixteen-year-olddrivershavecrashratesthatarethreetimesgreaterthan17-year-olds,fivetimesgreaterthan18-year-olds,andtwicetherateof85-year-olddrivers.
Thefactorscontributingtothesehighercrashratesincludealackofdrivingexperienceandinadequatedrivingskills;excessivedrivingduringnight-time;risk-takingbehavior;poordrivingjudgmentanddecisionmakingskills;drinkinganddriving;anddistractionsfromteenagepassengers.
35Inadditiontothedisproportionateharmteendriversexperiencefrommotorvehiclecrashes,considerthefollowing:Motorvehiclecrashesaretheleadingcauseofdeathforyoungadults16to20.
Moreyoungadults16to20arekilledorinjuredinmotorvehiclecrashesthanchildren15andunder.
In2013,ofthe3,208youngpeoplefrombirthtoage20killedintrafficcrashes,72percentwere16to20yearsold.
Oftheestimat-ed421,000youngpeoplewhowereinjuredincrashes,61percentwere16to20yearsold.
(SeeChart8.
)Driverfatalitiesfor16-to20-year-oldsdecreasedby57per-centbetween2004and2013,droppingfrom3,176in2004to1,373in2013.
During2013almosthalfoftheyoungpassengervehicleoccupants(16to20)diedinweekend(6p.
m.
Fridayto5:59a.
m.
Monday)trafficcrashes.
In2013atotalof742youngpeople16to20yearsolddiedwhentheyweretotallyorpartiallyejectedfrompassengervehicles.
FACTSABOUTYOUNGADULTS(AGES16TO20)33NCSA,2015b.
34Opiela,K.
S.
,Sant,B.
M.
,&Childers,J.
A.
(2006,September/October).
Turningyoungdriversintosurvivors.
InPublicRoads,Vol.
70,No.
2,pp.
12-17.
(WebPage,PublicationNo.
FHWA-HRT-2006-006).
Washington,DC:FederalHighwayAdministration.
Availableatwww.
fhwa.
dot.
gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/03.
cfm35NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
(2008,January).
GraduatedDriversLicensingSystem.
(TrafficSafetyFacts:Laws.
ReportNo.
DOTHS810888W).
Washington,DC:Author.
13Althoughyoungdriversmakeupabout6percentofthetotallicenseddrivingpopulation,10percent(3,537)ofalldriversinvolvedinfatalcrasheswereyoungdrivers16to20yearsold,and12percent(169,000)ofalldriversinvolvedininjurycrasheswereyoungdrivers.
In2013,16-to20-year-olddrivershadsomeofthehighestfatalityratesper100,000licenseddrivers.
Infact,thefatalityrateforyoungdrivers(11.
24)wassignificantlyhigherthantheratefordriversofallages(7.
27).
(SeeChart9.
)Chart8PercentageofAllOccupantsFromBirthtoAge20KilledorInjuredin2013ByAge,inPassengerVehicles11%8%12%9%61%INJURED9%4%7%8%72%KILLED<55-78-1213-1516-20AgeGroupChart9DriverFatalityRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013ByAge,inPassengerVehicles105015DriverFatalityRatePer100,000LicensedDriversAllages16-20In2013anestimated15,000people16to20yearsoldexperiencedincapacitatinginjuries.
Thisnumberrepresentsnearly13percent(119,000)ofallincapacitatinginjuriesfromtrafficcrashes.
In2013anestimated125,000youngadultsexperiencednon-incapacitatinginjuries.
Thisnumberrepresentsabout22percent(563,000)ofallpeoplewithnon-incapacitatinginjuriesfromtrafficcrashes.
Maleandfemaledrivers16to20havesomeofthehighestinvolvementratesforfatalitiesandinjuries(per100,000licenseddrivers)inpassengervehiclecrashes.
(SeeCharts10and11.
)14Chart10DriverFatalityRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013ByAgeandGender,inPassengerVehicles16-20AgeGroup21-2425-4445-6465-7475+DriverFatalityRatePer100,000LicensedDrivers20151050FEMALEMALEChart11DriverInjuryRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013ByAgeandGender,inPassengerVehicles16-20AgeGroup21-2425-4445-6465-7475+DriverInjuryRatePer100,000LicensedDrivers2,0001,5001,0005000FEMALEMALEYoungAdultsandSeatBeltUseFifty-fivepercentofthepassengervehicleoccupantsage16to20whowerekilledin2013werenotwearingseatbelts.
Despiteanimprovementinseatbeltusefor16-to20-year-olddrivers,thepercentageofdriverfatalitiesinwhichthedriverswerenotwearingseatbeltshasaveragedover55percentforthepast10years.
(SeeChart12.
)Driversarelesslikelytouserestraintswhentheyhavebeendrinking.
In2013,about46percentoftheyoungdriversofpassengervehiclesinvolvedinfatalcrasheswhohadbeendrinkingwereunrestrained.
Oftheyoungdrivers(16to20)whohadbeendrinkingandwerekilledincrashes,65percentwereunrestrained.
36Chart12DriverFatalities,16-to20-Year-Olds,byRestraintUseWhenKnown,2004-2013YearPercent4060801002002004200520062007200820092010201120122013UNRESTRAINEDRESTRAINED36Data2013,WashingtonDC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration15SELF-REPORTEDBEHAVIOR,ATTITUDES,ANDOPINIONSONSEATBELTUSEThefollowinginformationwasreportedinthe2007MotorVehicleOccupantSafetySurvey(MVOSSreport).
37Thistelephonesurveywasadministeredtoarandomlyselect-ednationalsampleof6,000people16andolder(withyoungeragesover-sampled).
SeatBeltUseBehaviorEighty-twopercentof16-to20-year-oldsreportedtheyweartheirseatbeltsallthetime.
About11percentreportedthattheyweartheirseatbeltsmostofthetime.
Mostdrivers(89%)reportedthatwhentheywereridingaspassengers,theyusuallyrodeinthefrontseat.
However,only58percentsaidtheyalwaysworeseatbeltswhenridinginthebackseat,while11percentsaidtheyneverworetheirseatbeltswhenridinginthebackseat.
AttitudesTowardSeatBeltUseAmongpeople16to24,62percentstronglyagreedand18percentsomewhatagreed(80percentwhencombined)withthestatement,"IhaveahabitofwearingaseatbeltbecausemyparentsinsistedIwearthemwhenIwasachild.
"Thenumberdroppedto59percentamongpeople25to34andto33percentamongpeople35to44,reflectingthelowerusageratesduringtheirchildhoodyears.
Thevastmajorityof16-to20-year-olds(94%)eitherstronglyagreedorsomewhatagreedwiththestatement,"IfIwereinanaccident,Iwouldwanttohavemyseatbelton.
"However,aboutone-half(44%)of16-to20-year-oldsalsoagreedwiththestatement,"Seatbeltsarejustaslikelytoharmyouashelpyou.
"Twenty-sevenpercentof16-to20-year-oldsagreedwiththestatement,"Iwouldfeelself-consciousaroundmyfriendsifIworeaseatbeltandtheydidnot.
"Avoidingseriousinjurywasthemostfrequentreasongivenforwearingaseatbelt.
Themostcommonreasonsgivenbydriversinthe16-to-20agegroupfornotwearingseatbeltswerethattheyforgot(68%)orweredrivingashortdistance(61%).
Twenty-eightpercentof16-to20-year-oldsagreedwiththestatementthatacrashclosetohomewasusuallynotasserious,and26percentagreedthatputtingonaseatbeltmakesthemworrymoreaboutbeinginacrash.
OpinionsAboutSeatBeltUseLawsWhenaskedhowtheyfeltaboutlawsthatrequiredriversandfront-seatpassengerstowearseatbelts,80percentof16-to20year-oldssaidtheyfavorthem.
Many(68%)16-to20-year-oldsanswered"yes"whenaskedwhetherpoliceshouldbeallowedtostopvehiclesiftheyobserveseatbeltviolationswhennoothertrafficlawsarebeingbroken.
Many(70%)16-to20-year-oldsfavoredfinesfordriverswhodonotwearseatbelts.
About41percentof16-to20-year-oldsfavoredpointsagainstalicenseasapenaltyforseatbeltviolations.
TeensandDistractionTenpercentofalldrivers15to19yearsoldinvolvedinfatalcrasheswerereportedasdistractedatthetimeofthecrash.
Thisagegrouphasthelargestproportionofdriverswhoweredistractedatthetimeofthecrashes.
38Therewere244teens15to19yearsoldkilledindistrac-tion-affectedcrashesin2013.
39Theriskofacrashornear-crashamongnovicedriversincreaseswiththeperformanceofmanysecondarytasks,includingtextinganddialingcellphones.
40Comparedtotheirparents,teens16to18reportedsignifi-cantlymorefrequentinvolvementinreadingorsendingatextmessage,usinganelectronicdeviceformusic,checkingtheinternetorsocialmedia,andlookingforsomethinginthevehicle.
41Twentypercentofteensadmitthattheyhaveextendedmulti-messagetextconversationswhiledriving.
42About20percentofyoungdrivers18to20yearsoldthoughtsendingtextmessagesore-mailsmadenodifferenceontheirdriving,comparedto27-29percentfordrivers21to34.
4337Boyle&Lampkin(2008)38NationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis.
(2015d,April).
DistractedDriving2013.
(TrafficSafetyFactsResearchNote,DOTHS812132).
,Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww.
distraction.
gov/downloads/pdfs/Distracted_Driving_2013_Research_note.
pdf39NCSA,2015d.
40Klauer,S.
G.
,Guo,F.
,Simons-Morton,B.
G.
,Ouimet,M.
C.
,Lee,S.
E.
,&Dingus,T.
A.
(2014).
Distracteddrivingandriskofroadcrashesamongnoviceandexperienceddrivers.
NewEnglandJournalofMedicine;370:pp.
54-5941Bingham,C.
R.
,Zakrajsek,J.
S.
,Almani,F.
,Shope,J.
T.
&Sayer,T.
B.
(2015).
DoasIsay,notasIdo:Distracteddrivingbehaviorofteensandtheirparents.
JournalofSafetyResearch;55pp.
21-29.
42ToyotaMotorSales,USA(2012,November27).
TeenDriverDistractionStudyRelease.
(WebpagepressreleasefromToyotaCollaborativeSafetyResearchCenteraboutanUMTRIreport).
RetrievedfromtheToyotawebsiteatwww.
toyota.
com/csrc/teen-driver-distraction-study-release.
html43NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
(2012,April).
Youngdriversreportthehighestlevelofphoneinvolvementincrashornear-crashincidences.
(TrafficSafetyFactsResearchNote,.
ReportNo.
DOTHS811611).
Washington,DC:Author.
Availableathttp://www.
distraction.
gov/downloads/pdfs/traffic-safety-facts-04-2012.
pdf16APPENDICESThemostcommonreasonsgivenbydriversinthe16-to-20agegroupfornotwearingseatbeltswerethattheyforgotorweredrivingashortdistance.
17APPENDIXAPassengerVehicleOccupantFatalities,byStateandAgeGroup,2013StateAgeGroupTotal<55-78-1213-1516-2021-2425-4445-6465-7475+UnknownAlabama1661010687323715738491665Alaska00004311621027Arizona94108433912411548501451Arkansas648336271127830360340California1414211519124451035111313711,611Colorado83344431928124270317Connecticut31122623653111181182Delaware110034151538050DistofColumbia000001400106Florida8818711114636129210516021,218Georgia145812967524520475761811Hawaii20116612923042Idaho21412321394215110159Illinois8277766519016552780650Indiana10366696416612334630544Iowa21132536585621340237Kansas42253131744923440265Kentucky2254383713413951530465Louisiana6346465016812436321476Maine10011510252915160112Maryland64153231738024221279Massachusetts30002534523622340206Michigan71610695715314362930601Minnesota34152525735727390259Mississippi6361544014915633410489Missouri331110856116511244650559Montana13021724503116170161Nebraska103825245041890169Nevada2013914423012100123NewHampshire000081226211212091NewJersey51332336976539570329NewMexico6214292254479140188NewYork10312827115813059953614NorthCarolina1559107910025821991850871NorthDakota200111154530620112Ohio6389706820819056810699Oklahoma105811434414712139460474Oregon00322318685623230216Pennsylvania1065481100210202611191799RhodeIsland00005764312037SouthCarolina4133535916312439390488SouthDakota0002810342212120100Tennessee7495647523416878750719Texas4018213326829071449615416832,205Utah30101412383716190140Vermont000068815311051Virginia2252546317412862570549Washington21374636756618330287WestVirginia33342623697222220247Wisconsin233129451298233490376Wyoming3014105261214066National2781352252462,3242,4156,3905,0591,7822,2621621,132PuertoRico10032221574615196190Note:Passengervehiclesincludepassengercars,SUVs,pickuptrucks,vans,andotherlighttrucks18APPENDIXBPassengerVehicleOccupantFatalities,byStateandRestraintUse,2013StateRestraintUseTotalPercent"Known"RestrainedPercent"Known"UnrestrainedRestrainedUnrestrainedUnknownNumberPercentNumberPercentNumberPercentNumberPercentAlabama27141369552546651004258Alaska1348124427271005248Arizona175392275049114511004456Arkansas13540174513193401004456California986615003112581,6111006634Colorado12439177561653171004159Connecticut8044754127151821005248Delaware2652234612501005347DistofColumbia6100000061001000Florida60149553456451,2181005248Georgia350433764685108111004852Hawaii15362355410421003961Idaho54349862741591003664Illinois292452764282136501005149Indiana279512013764125441005842Iowa108461024327112371005149Kansas10339146551662651004159Kentucky2204724553004651004753Louisiana19741248523174761004456Maine55495650111121005050Maryland15355108391862791005941Massachusetts5929964751252061003862Michigan329551833089156011006436Minnesota14958803130122591006535Mississippi2014128458414891004159Missouri19234325584285591003763Montana503110867321611003268Nebraska44261056220121691003070Nevada564657461081231005050NewHampshire3538566200911003862NewJersey17453141431443291005545NewMexico7238965120111881004357NewYork337551863091156141006436NorthCarolina45352355416378711005644NorthDakota2825665918161121003070Ohio28841352505986991004555Oklahoma20042248522654741004555Oregon13864542524112161007228Pennsylvania282354195298127991004060RhodeIsland1746195113371004753SouthCarolina21444242503274881004753SouthDakota32326161771001003466Tennessee294413514974107191004654Texas1,107509004119892,2051005545Utah705057411391401005545Vermont2855214124511005743Virginia2484530055105491004555Washington16457893134122871006535WestVirginia95381134639162471004654Wisconsin15842186493293761004654Wyoming2030416258661003367National9,777469,580451,775821,1321005149PuertoRico72381176211190100386219APPENDIXCStateRestraintLawsThefirstmandatorychildrestraintuselawwasimplementedinTennesseein1978.
Since1985,all50StatesandtheDistrictofColumbiahavehadchildrestraintuselawsineffect.
However,theselawsdifferintermsoftheagesofchildrencovered,aswellasinotherimportantways,includingheightandweightlim-its,seatingpositionrequirementsandthepresenceofvaryingexemptionsandexceptions.
ThefirstmandatorybeltuselawwasenactedinNewYorkin1984.
Adultbeltuselawsarenowineffectin49States,theDistrictofColumbia,andPuertoRico.
ThelawsdifferfromStatetoState,accordingtothetypeandageofthevehicle,occupantageandseatingposition,etc.
Thegoaloftheselawsistopro-motebeltuseandtherebyreducedeathsandinjuriesinmotorvehiclecrashes.
AsofJuly2015,therewere34States,theDistrictofColumbiaandPuertoRicothathaveprimaryseatbeltlaws,enablinglawenforcementofficerstostopvehiclesandwritecitationswhentheyobserveviolationsoftheseatbeltlaw.
In15States,thelawspecifiessecondaryenforcement,meaningthatpoliceofficersarepermittedtowriteacitationonlyafteravehicleisstoppedforsomeothertrafficinfraction.
NewHampshireistheonlyStatewithoutaseatbeltlawforadults,althoughitdoeshaveaprimarychildpassengersafetylawthatcoversalldriversandpassengersunder18.
Themostcurrentinformationonseatbeltlawsandchildpas-sengersafetylawsisavailableattheGovernors'HighwaySafetyAssociation'swebsite.
Forseatbeltlawswww.
ghsa.
org/html/stateinfo/laws/seatbelt_laws.
htmlForchildpassengersafetylawswww.
ghsa.
org/html/stateinfo/laws/childsafety_laws.
html20NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration1200NewJerseyAvenueSE.
Washington,DC20590888-327-4236HearingImpairedTTY:800-424-9153www.
nhtsa.
govNationalTransportationSafetyBoard490L'EnfantPlazaSWWashington,DC20594202-314-6000www.
ntsb.
govGovernorsHighwaySafetyAssociation444N.
CapitolSt.
NW.
,Suite722Washington,DC20001202-789-0942Fax:202-789-0946www.
ghsa.
orgNationalSafetyCouncil1121SpringLakeDriveItasca,IL60143-3201630-285-1121www.
nsc.
orgAAAFoundationforTrafficSafety60714thStreetNW,Suite201Washington,DC20005202-638-5944www.
aaafoundation.
org/homeInsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety1005NorthGlebeRoad,Suite800Arlington,Virginia22201703-247-1500Fax:703-247-1588www.
iihs.
orgSafeKidsWorldwide1301PennsylvaniaAvenueNW.
,Suite1000Washington,DC20004-1707202-662-0600www.
safekids.
orgAdvocatesforHighwayandAutoSafety750FirstStreetNESuite1130Washington,DC20002202-408-1711Fax:202-408-1699www.
saferoads.
orgChildren'sHospitalofPhiladelphia–ResearchInstituteCenterforInjuryResearchandPrevention34thStreetandCivicCenterBlvd.
Philadelphia,PA19104215-590-1000http://injury.
research.
chop.
edu/AutomotiveSafetyProgramatIndianaUniversitySchoolofMedicineAffiliatedwithRileyHospitalforChildren1130WestMichiganFeslerHallRoom207Indianapolis,IN46202Localtel:317-274-2977Tel:1-800-543-6227Fax:317-274-6710www.
preventinjury.
orgFORADDITIONALINFORMATIONThispagelistsorganizationsandagenciesthathaveadditionalinformationonoccupantrestraintuseandotheroccupantprotectionissues.
22Pageintentionallyleftblank.
DOTHS812251March201611313-030116-v6
SpecialthankstotheNationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis(NCSA)forupdatingthedatainthisFactBook.
SuggestedAPAFormatCitation:Dunn,L.
,Holliday,A.
,&Vegega,M.
(2016,March).
Motorvehicleoccupantprotectionfacts–Children,youth,youngadults(Factbook.
ReportNo.
DOTHS812251).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
IIITABLEOFCONTENTSINTRODUCTION1UsingThisBookletasaResource.
1Definitions.
1THENATIONALSCOPEOFMOTORVEHICLECRASHES2TheImportanceofOccupantRestraints.
2EconomicBurdens.
3THEIMPORTANCEOFOCCUPANTRESTRAINTUSEFORCHILDREN,YOUTH,ANDYOUNGADULTS4SeatBeltUseMakesaDifference.
5Exhibit1:DriverandChildRestraintUseinFatalCrashesInvolvingChildrenFromBirthto15YearsOld.
6RestraintsforAllAgeGroupsSaveLives.
6UseofCorrectRestraintTypes.
6BoosterSeatUseSavesLivesandReducestheRiskofInjury.
7ClosingtheGapsinOccupantRestraintLawsCanSaveYoungLives.
8Exhibit2:Map:AgeatWhichaChildMustBeinaChildRestraintoraBoosterSeat.
.
.
.
8PrimaryEnforcementLawsHelpProtectChildrenofAllAges.
9FACTSABOUTCHILDRENANDYOUTH10FactsAboutRestraintUse.
10FactsAboutMotor-Vehicle-RelatedDeathsandInjuries.
11FACTSABOUTYOUNGADULTS(AGES16TO20)12SELF-REPORTEDBEHAVIOR,ATTITUDES,ANDOPINIONSONSEATBELTUSE15SeatBeltUseBehavior.
15AttitudesTowardSeatBeltUse.
15OpinionsAboutSeatBeltUseLaws.
15TeensandDistraction.
15APPENDICES16AppendixA:PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalities,byStateandAgeGroup,2013.
17AppendixB:PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalities,byStateandRestraintUse,2013.
18APPENDIXC:StateRestraintLaws.
19FORADDITIONALINFORMATION20CHARTSChart1:PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalitiesin2013.
2Chart2:OccupantFatalityandInjuryRates,2004-2013.
4Chart3:OccupantFatalitiesin2013.
5Chart4:EstimatedOccupantInjuriesin2013.
5Chart5:PercentofOccupantFatalitiesin2013.
6Chart6:PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalitiesin2013.
10Chart7:OccupantsInjuredinPassengerVehiclesin2013byAgeandInjurySeverity.
11Chart8:PercentageofAllOccupantsFromBirthtoAge20KilledorInjuredin2013.
13Chart9:DriverFatalityRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013byAge.
13Chart10:DriverFatalityRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013byAgeandGender.
14Chart11:DriverInjuryRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013byAgeandGender.
14Chart12:DriverFatalities,16-to20-Year-Olds,byRestraintUseWhenKnown,2004-2013.
.
.
.
.
141INTRODUCTIONThroughouttheUnitedStates,manypeopleandorgani-zationsareworkingtopromotemotorvehicleoccupantprotectionforchildren,youth,andyoungadults.
Inspiteofthegreatstridesmadeinthiscountry,everyyear,thousandsofyoungpeopledieorexperienceseriousinjuriesthatcouldhavebeenpreventedhadtheybeenproperlyrestrainedinchildsafetyseats,boosterseats,orseatbelts.
TheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationhaspro-ducedthisbookletsince2002toexplaintheneedforlegislation,enforcement,education,andpublicawarenesscampaignsaboutprotectingchildren,youth,andyoungadultsinmotorvehicles.
Collectively,thisinformationunderscoreswhyprotect-ingyoungpeopleissoimportant.
Themajorityofdatainthisfactbookcomesfrom2013,themostrecentyeardatawasavailable.
IthasbeengeneratedfromtheFatalityAnalysisReportingSystem(FARS)andtheGeneralEstimatesSystem(GES)producedbytheNationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis(NCSA)atNHTSA.
DatafromNHTSA's2013NationalOccupantProtectionUseSurvey(NOPUS)isalsoincluded.
UsingThisBookletasaResourceThefactsinthisbookletcanbeusedtodevelopspeechesandpresentations,publicinformationandeducationpublica-tions,backgrounders,andnewsreleasesforthemedia,andtopromotetheuseofoccupantrestraintsinconjunctionwithlawenforcementofficials.
Statesandlocalcommunitieshavevitalrolestoplayincreatinganationalnormthatmakesitunaccept-abletorideunrestrainedinamotorvehicle.
Ournationalgoalmustbetomakechildsafetyseatsandseatbeltslifelonghabitsforeveryone.
Thediscussionreferstoyoungpeopleaccordingtotheseagegroups.
Children:newbornstoage7Youth:8to15(insomeStates15-year-oldsarepermittedtoobtainlearner'spermits,sotheyaresometimesincludedas"youngdrivers")Youngadults:16to20Thebooklethasfivemainsections.
ThenationalscopeofmotorvehiclecrashesTheneedforandimportanceofappropriatelysizedrestraintsystemsforeachagegroupFactsaboutrestraintuseforchildrenandyouthfrombirthto15yearsoldFactsaboutrestraintuseforyoungadults16to20BiennialtelephonesurveyfindingsfromNHTSA's2007MotorVehicleOccupantSafetySurvey(MVOSS)onthebehavior,attitudes,andopinionsaboutseatbeltsandseatbeltlaws,includingthoseof16-to20-year-olds.
ThreeappendicescoverState-specificinformationonfatalities,restraintuse,andchildrestraintlaws.
DefinitionsAsyoureviewtheinformationthatfollows,keepinmindthefollowingdefinitions:FatalCrash:Apolice-reportedcrashinvolvingamotorvehicleinwhichatleastonepersondieswithin30daysofthecrash(includingthedeathsofpeoplewhowerenotinthevehicle,suchaspedestriansandpedalcyclists).
FatalInjury:Anyinjurythatresultsindeathwithin30daysofthecrash.
IncapacitatingInjury:Anynonfatalinjurythatpreventsthepersonfromwalking,driving,ornormallycontinuingthoseactivitiesthepersonwascapableofbeforetheinjury.
Oftendefinedas"needinghelpfromthescene.
"InjuryCrash:Apolice-reportedcrashinvolvingamotorvehicleinwhichnoonediedbutatleastonepersonwasreportedtohave(1)anincapacitatinginjury,(2)avisiblebutnotincapacitat-inginjury,(3)apossiblebutnotvisibleinjury,or(4)aninjuryofunknownseverity.
NonincapacitatingInjury:Anyinjury,otherthanafatalinjuryoranincapacitatinginjury,whichisevidenttoobserversatthesceneofthecrash.
Examples:bruises,cuts,bloodynose.
PassengerVehicles:Includesallcars,SUVs,vansupto15-pas-sengercapacity,andlighttrucks(under10,000lbs.
grossvehicleweightrating)includingpickupsandtruck-basedstationwagons.
Motorcycles,buses,andlargetrucks(morethan10,000lbs.
GVWR)arenotincludedinthiscategory.
RestraintUse:Alltherestraintusepercentagesreportedinthisdocumentarebasedonknownrestraintuse;thatis,theoccupantswithanunknownrestraintstatushavenotbeenconsideredwhencalculatingthepercentages.
2In2013,nearly5.
7millionpolice-reportedmotorvehiclecrashesoccurredintheUnitedStates.
Inthissameyear,21,132occupantsofpassengervehicleswerekilledinmotorvehiclecrashes.
Over15percent(3,208)ofthesefatalitieswerechildren,youth,andyoungadults.
1Motorvehiclecrashfatalitiesrankthirdintermsofyearsoflifelost(thenumberofremainingyearsthatthepersonwouldbeexpectedtolivehadtheynotdied)behindonlycancerandheartdisease.
2Motorvehicletrafficcrashesweretheleadingcauseofdeathforchildrenage4andthesecondleadingcauseofdeathforchildrenage3andeveryage5through14in2013.
3However,motorvehiclecrashesweretheleadingcauseofdeathfor15-to20-year-oldsin2013.
4In2013,anaverageof3children14andyoungerwerekilledand470wereinjuredeverydayinmotorvehicletrafficcrashes.
5Oftheestimated2,046,000occupantsofpassengervehiclesinjuredintrafficcrashesin2013:45,000childrenunder5wereinjured;33,000children5to7wereinjured;49,000youth8to12wereinjured;36,000youth13to15wereinjured;and258,000youngadults16to20wereinjured.
TheImportanceofOccupantRestraintsOneofthemosteffectivemeasuresapersoncantaketopreventinjuryanddeathinacrashistobeappropriatelyrestrainedinrear-orforward-facingchildsafetyseats,boosterseats,orseatbelts.
NHTSAestimatesthatlap/shoulderseatbelts,whenusedcorrectly,reducetheriskoffatalinjurytofront-seatoccupantsofpassengercarsby45percentandtheriskofmoderate-to-criticalinjuryby50percent.
Forlight-truckoccupants,seatbeltsreducetheriskoffatalinjuryby60percentandmoderate-to-criticalinjuryby65percent.
Researchontheeffectivenessofchildsafetyseatshasfoundthemtoreducefatalinjuryby71percentforinfants(lessthan1yearold)andby54percentfortoddlers(1to4yearsold)inpassengercars.
6Forinfantsandtoddlersinlighttrucks,thecorrespondingreductionsare58percentand59percent,respectively.
7Thousandsoflivesaresavedeveryyearbecauseofchildrestraintsandseatbelts.
Amongpassengervehicleoccupantsin2013:Childrestraintssavedanestimated263childrenunder5;ifchildrestraintusehadbeen100percent,another56livescouldhavebeensaved.
8Seatbeltssavedanestimated12,584livesforthose5andolder.
9Ifallpassengervehicleoccupantsage5andolderhadwornseatbelts,15,384lives(thatis,anadditional2,800)wouldhavebeensavedin2013.
10Inspiteofthisevidence,themajorityoffatallyinjuredpeoplearenotproperlyrestrained.
In2013,21,132occupantsdiedinmotorvehicletrafficcrashes.
Ofthe21,132passengervehicleoccupantskilled,9,777(49%)wereknowntoberestrained.
Chart1comparesthepercentageoffatallyinjuredoccupantswhowererestrainedtothosewhowereunrestrainedinpassengervehiclecrasheswhenrestraintusewasknown.
Chart1PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalitiesin2013ByAgeandRestraintUseWhenKnownPercentAgeGroup1006040200.
080UNRESTRAINEDRESTRAINED<55-78-1213-1516-2021-2425-4445-6465-7475+THENATIONALSCOPEOFMOTORVEHICLECRASHES1Data2013,WashingtonDC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration2Subramanian,R.
(2012,May).
MotorvehicletrafficcrashesasleadingcauseofdeathintheUnitedStates,2008and2009.
(ReportNo.
DOTHS811620).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
3NationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis.
(2015a,June).
Children:2013data.
(TrafficSafetyFacts.
ReportNo.
DOTHS812154).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/Pubs/812154.
pdf4NationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis.
(2015b,October).
Youngdrivers:2013data.
(TrafficSafetyFacts.
ReportNo.
DOTHS812200).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableathttp://www-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/Pubs/812200.
pdf5NCSA,2015a.
6NationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis.
(2015c,May).
Occupantprotection:2013data.
(TrafficSafetyFactsDOTHS812153).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/Pubs/812153.
pdf7NCSA,2015a.
8NCSA,2015c.
9NCSA,2015c.
10NCSA,2015c.
3EconomicBurdensThecostofreportedaswellasnon-reportedmotorvehiclecrashestotaled$242billionin2010,thelatestyearforwhichthisdataisavailable.
Thistranslatestoanannualaverageof$784foreverypersonlivingintheUnitedStates.
Includedinthisfigureare$77billioninlostproductivity,$23.
4billioninmedicalexpenses,and$76.
1billioninpropertydamage.
Theaveragecostforacriticallyinjuredsurvivorofamotorvehiclecrashisestimatedat$1millionoveralifetime.
Conversely,theuseofseatbeltssavedsociety$1.
2trillioninmedicalcare,lostproduc-tivity,andotherinjury-relatedeconomiccostssince1975.
11In2010,seatbeltnonusealonecausedanestimated$10.
43billionineconomiccoststosociety.
Whenpeopledon'twearseatbelts,thepotentialcostsincreasebecauseunbeltedcrashvictimsreceiveworseinjuriesandmorefatalitiesthanbeltedcrashvictims.
11Blincoe,L.
J.
,Miller,T.
R.
,Zaloshnja,E.
,&Lawrence,B.
A.
(2015,May).
Theeconomicandsocietalimpactofmotorvehiclecrashes,2010(Revised)(ReportNo.
DOTHS812013).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableathttp://www-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/pubs/812013.
pdf12NCSA,2015c.
13NCSA,2015a.
14NCSA,2015c.
CHILDRENRestraintusesavedanestimated263livesofchildrenundertheageof5in2013.
12YOUNGADULTSIn2013,55percentofthepassengervehicleoccupantsage16to20withknownrestraintusewhowerekilledwerenotwearingseatbelts.
14YOUTHOfthe8-to14-year-oldpassengervehicleoccupantswithknownrestraintusekilledinfatalcrashesin2013,53percentwereunrestrained.
134Theuseofoccupantrestraintsmustbereinforcedatanearlyagetoreducethehighratesofdeathandinjurythatchildren,youth,andyoungadultsexperienceinmotorvehiclecrashes.
Butparentsshouldnothavetobeartheburdenbythemselves.
Incommunitiesacrossthecountry,healthpro-fessionals,lawenforcementofficers,educators,electedofficialsandpublicemployees,andeveryadultmustcontributetothesocialandlegalinfrastructuresnecessarytomakeseatbeltusealifelonghabit.
Whilefatalityandinjuryrates(per100millionvehiclemilestrav-eled,VMT)havedeclinedslightlyduringthepast10years(seeChart2),thousandsofchildrenandyoungadultsstillcontinuetobekilledandinjuredinmotorvehiclecrashes.
Amongpassengervehicleoccupantsin2013,therewere3,208youngpeoplefrombirthtoage20killed.
Anadditional421,000wereinjuredinpassengervehiclecrashes.
(SeeAppendixAforaState-by-Statebreakdownoffatalities.
)Chart2OccupantFatalityandInjuryRates,2004-2013Per100MillionVMT,inPassengerVehiclesYear2004200520062007200820092010201120122013FatalityRatePer100MillionVehicleMilesTraveledInjuryRatePer100MillionVehicleMilesTraveled10075500252.
01.
51.
00.
50.
0Year2004200520062007200820092010201120122013THEIMPORTANCEOFOCCUPANTRESTRAINTUSEFORCHILDREN,YOUTH,ANDYOUNGADULTS15Thereisastrongpositivecorrelationbetweentherestraintuseofanadultdriverandthatofyoungchildreninthevehicle.
15Fatalrestraintdataisbasedon"known"restraintusage.
5Chart3OccupantFatalitiesin2013ByAge,inPassengerVehiclesNumberofFatalities0AgeGroup1,0004,0002,0003,0005,0006,0007,000<513-155-78-1216-2021-2425-4445-6465-7475+Chart4EstimatedOccupantInjuriesin2013ByAge,inPassengerVehiclesNumberofPeopleInjured0AgeGroup100,000400,000200,000300,000500,000600,000700,000<513-155-78-1216-2021-2425-4445-6465-7475+16Pickrell,T.
M.
,&Liu,C.
(2015a,January).
Occupantrestraintusein2013:ResultsfromtheNOPUScontrolledintersectionstudy(ReportNo.
DOTHS812080).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Despitewidespreadpubliceducationcampaigns,asignificantpercentageofchildren,youth,andyoungadultswhowerekilledinpassengervehiclecrashesin2013wereunrestrained.
Therewere278fatalitiesamongchildrenundertheageof5;ofthosewithknownrestraintuse,31percentwereunrestrained.
Amongthe135fatalitiesforchildren5to7yearsoldwithknownrestraintuse,41percentwereunrestrained.
Forchildren8to12yearsoldtherewere225fatalities,ofwhich45percentwereunrestrained.
The13-to15-year-oldagegrouphadoneofthehighestknownpercentagesofunrestrainedoccupants,at61percent.
Amongthe246fatalitieswhererestraintusewasknownforyouth13to15yearsold,134wereknowntonotbewearingtheirseatbelts.
SeatBeltUseMakesaDifferenceResearchconductedbyNHTSAonoccupantprotectionusefrom2004to2013showsthatinvehicleswhereadultdriverswearseatbelts,childrenaremorelikelytoberestrainedaswell.
16Researchaboutfatallyinjuredchildrenandyouthfrombirthto15revealsthefollowing:Whendriversdidn'tweartheirseatbelts,55percentofchildrenuptoage4werealsounrestrained.
Butwhendriverswerewearingseatbelts,78percentofthechildrenwereproperlyrestrained.
Amongfatallyinjuredchildren5to7yearsold,71percentwereunrestrainedwhenthedriverswereunrestrained.
Butwhenthedriverswerewearingseatbelts,farfewerchildren(34%)5to7wereunrestrained.
Amongfatallyinjuredchildren8to12yearsold,83percentwereunrestrainedwhenthedriverswereunrestrained.
Whenthedriverswerewearingseatbeltsfarfewerchildren(36%)8to12wereunrestrained.
Amongfatallyinjuredchildren13to15yearsold,90percentwereunrestrainedwhenthedriverswereunrestrained.
Con-versely,whenthedriverswerewearingseatbeltsfarfewerchildren(48%)13to15wereunrestrained.
Charts3and4illustratethemotorvehiclefatalitiesandinjuriesforourchildren,youth,andyoungadults.
6Exhibit1illustratestherelationshipbetweendriverandchildrestraintuseincrashesinwhichachildwasfatallyinjured.
Exhibit1DriverandChildRestraintUseinPassengerVehiclesinFatalCrashesInvolvingChildrenFatallyInjuredFromBirthto15,2004-2013PercentageofChildPassengersUnrestrained,ByAgeGroup<55-78-1213-15DriverUnrestrained55718390DriverRestrained22343648Thisstrongassociationbetweenparentalandchildrestraintusespeakstotheimportanceofmaintainingprogramsandoutreachforchildren,youth,andparentstoencouragetheuseofoccupantrestraints.
NHTSA's2007MotorVehicleOccupantSafetySurveyfurtherillustratesthisneed.
Inthe2007MVOSS,researchersaskedpeopletheirlevelofagreementwiththestatement,"Ihaveahabitofwearingaseatbeltbecausemypar-entsinsistedIwearthemwhenIwasachild.
"Amongpeople16to24yearsold,80percenteitherstronglyagreedorsomewhatagreedwiththisstatement.
17RestraintsforAllAgeGroupsSaveLivesMostofthepeoplewhodieinmotorvehiclecrashesarevehicleoccupants;almostone-thirdoffatalitiescausedbycrashesinvolvepedestrians,pedalcyclists,andmotorcyclists.
Seatbeltsandchildsafetyseatshavebeendesignedtoprotectdriversandpassengersfromdeathandinjuryduringacrash.
Buttheserestraintscannotsavelivesiftheyarenotused.
(SeeAppendixB—PassengerVehicleOccupantsKilledinMotorVehicleCrashes,byStateandRestraintUse,2013.
)In2013,seatbeltssavedanestimated12,584livesamongpassengervehicleoccupants5andolder.
In2013,anestimated263livesweresavedbychildrestraintuseforchildrenunder5.
Overtheperiodfrom1975to2013,amongchildren4andyoungeranestimated10,421livesweresavedbychildsafetyseatsorseatbelts.
18Ejectionfromthevehicleisoneofthemostinjuriouseventsthatcanhappentoapersoninacrash.
In2013,79percentofpeopleinfatalcrasheswhowerecompletelyejectedfrompassengervehicleswerekilled.
Seatbeltsareeffectiveinpreventingtotalejections:Only1percentofpeoplewearingseatbeltsweretotallyejectedfrompassengervehicles,comparedwith31percentofunbeltedpeople.
19Infatalcrashesin2013,children,youth,andyoungadultsweremorelikelytobeejectedcomparedtopersonsofallages.
SeeChart5.
Chart5PercentofOccupantFatalitiesin2013ByAgeandEjectionStatus,inPassengerVehiclesTOTALLYEJECTEDPARTIALLYEJECTEDPercent30201004016-2013-158-125-7<5AllAges(0-75+)UseofCorrectRestraintTypesYoungchildrenwhoareeitherplacedinthewrongtypeofcarseat/boosterseatormovedprematurelyintoseatbeltsmeantforlargerchildrenandadultscontinuestobeaseriousproblem.
Toincreasecorrectrestraintuse,NHTSArequiredanewsystemtohelpmakechildsafetyseatinstallationeasier.
Thissystem,comprisedofloweranchorsandtoptethers,isrequiredonmostchildsafetyseatsandvehiclesmanufacturedafterSeptember1,2002.
NHTSArecommendsthatallinfantsshouldrideinthebackseat,inrear-facingchildsafetyseatsaslongaspossibleuptotheheightandweightlimitoftheparticularseat.
Bysupportingtheentireposteriortorso,neck,headandpelvis,arear-facingcarseatdistributescrashforcesovertheentirebodyratherthanfocusingthemonlyatthebeltcontactpoints.
17Boyle,J.
M.
,&Lampkin,C.
(2008,August).
2007MotorVehicleOccupantSafetySurvey,Volume2,Seatbeltreport.
(ReportNo.
DOTHS810975).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableathttp://www.
nhtsa.
gov/Driving+Safety/Research+&+Evaluation/National+Telephone+Surveys18NCSA,2015a.
19NCSA,2015c.
7Whenchildrenoutgrowtheserear-facingchildsafetyseatstheyshouldrideinforward-facingseats,inthebackseat,untiltheyreachtheheightorweightlimitoftheparticularseat.
Despitetheserecommendations,the2013NationalSurveyoftheUseofBoosterSeats(NSUBS)foundthat9percentofchildrenlessthan20poundswerenotrestrainedinrear-facingcarseatsin2013(7%wereprematurelygraduatedtoforward-facingcarseatsand2%wereunrestrained).
20NHTSAfoundthatmostofthe"prematuregraduation"forthesechildrenweretofront-facingchildsafetyseats,beforethechildrenwerereadyforthem.
In2011,NHTSAconductedanationalchildrestraintusestudywhichaddressedtheuseandmisuseofcarseatsandboosterseats.
Thedatawerecollectedfromanationalrepresentativesampleof24randomlyselectedgeographicareasthroughoutthecountry.
Thefocuswaschildrenfrombirthtoage8.
Resultsshowedthatoverallcarseatandboosterseatmisusewas46percent.
However,carseatmisusewas59percentwhileboosterseatmisusewas20percent.
Themostfrequentlyobservedmisusewasincorrectreclineforrearfacingseats,loosecarseatinstallationforforwardfacingseats,andimproperlapbeltpositionforboosterseats.
21Thereasonchildrenshouldrideintherearseatisthatchildreninthefrontseatsofcarswithairbagscanbekilledorseriouslyinjuredifthoseairbagsdeploy.
NHTSArecommendsthatchildrenandyouth12andyoungersitintherearseatawayfromtheforceofdeployingairbags.
Ifthevehiclehasside-impactairbags,NHTSArecommendsthatchildrenbeproperlyrestrainedandinaproperseatingpositionatalltimes.
Tominimizeinjuryrisks,childrenshouldnotleanorrestagainstside-impactairbagsthatarethechest-onlyorhead/chestcombinationtypes.
BoosterSeatUseSavesLivesandReducestheRiskofInjuryTheappropriaterestraintsystemforchildren4to7yearsoldiseitherafront-facingsafetyseatoraboosterseat,dependingonthechild'sheightandweight.
Boosterseatusesubstantiallyreducestheriskofinjuryforchildren;however,somechildreninthisagegrouparecurrently(andveryoftenincorrectly)restrainedonlybyseatbeltsdesignedforadults.
TheNationalSurveyoftheUseofBoosterSeats(NSUBS)surveyconductedin2013indicatedthatabout24percentofchildren4to7yearsoldwereprematurelygraduatedtoseatbeltsand46percentofchildreninthisagegroupwereridinginboosterseats.
22A2003studyconductedbytheChildren'sHospitalofPhiladel-phiafoundthattheuseofbelt-positioningboosterseatslowerstheriskofinjurytochildrenincrashesby59percentcomparedwiththeuseofvehicleseatbelts.
Thestudyalsofoundthatnoneofthe4-to7-year-oldswhowereinbelt-positioningboosterseatshadanyinjuriestotheabdomen,neck,spine,orback.
Yet,suchinjuriesdidoccurinchildrenwhoonlyusedseatbeltsbutwhoweretoosmallforthem.
23Persuadingparentstoplacetheirchildrenintheappropriateoccupantrestraintwillreducethenumberofchildrenkilledorseriouslyinjured.
The2013NationalSurveyoftheUseofBoosterSeats(NSUBS),24anationwidesurveyofobservedrestraintuseconductedbyNHTSA,foundthatamong4-to7-year-oldchildren:Boosterseatusewas46percent;24percentofchildrenwereinadultseatbelts;9percentofthechildrenwerecompletelyunrestrained;and20percentofthechildrenwereinchildsafetyseats.
Theseresultsindicatethatasmanyas33percentofchildren4to7intheUnitedStateswerenotbeingproperlyrestrained(24%prematurelyinseatbeltsand9%unrestrained).
Childrenwhohaveoutgrownchildsafetyseats,butaretoosmalltoridesafelyinadultseatbelts,shouldbeproperlyrestrainedinboosterseatsuntiltheadultbeltfitsproperly,i.
e.
,thelapbeltmustliesnuglyacrosstheupperthighs,notthestomach,andtheshoulderbeltshouldliesnugacrosstheshoulderandchestandnotcrosstheneckorface.
Ifplacedinanadultseatbeltprematurely,achildmaysufferseriousinternalinjuries,slipoutoftheseatbelt,orbeejectedfromthevehicleduringacrash.
20Pickrell,T.
M.
,&Choi,E-H.
(2014,June).
The2013nationalsurveyoftheuseofboosterseats(ReportNo.
DOTHS812037).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/Pubs/812037.
pdf21Greenwell,N.
K.
(2015,May).
Resultsofthenationalchildrestraintusespecialstudy(ReportNo.
DOTHS812142).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww-nrd.
nhtsa.
dot.
gov/Pubs/812142.
pdf22Pickrell&Choi,201423Durbin,D.
,Elliott,M.
,&Winston,F.
(2003).
Belt-positioningboosterseatsandreductioninriskofinjuryamongchildreninvehiclecrashes.
JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.
289(21),pp.
2835-2840.
24Pickrell&Choi,2014.
8Exhibit2Map:AgeatWhichaChildMustBeinaChildRestraintoraBoosterSeat264andyounger5andyounger6andyounger7andyounger8andyoungerHIVTNHMAAKCTRIDENJMDMEORCAMTIDNVAZNDSDNEKSTXNMCOWYOKUTARMOIAWIMNLAMIILINMSALGAFLSCNCVAPANYTNKYOHWVDCWAOnlyStateWITHOUTaboosterseatlaw–SouthDakota;Statesthatmandateboosterseatuse–allothers25Winston,F.
K.
,Kallan,M.
K.
,Elliot,M.
R.
,Xie,D.
,&Durbin,D.
R,.
(2007,March).
Effectofboosterseatlawsonappropriaterestraintusebychildren4to7yearsoldinvolvedincrashes.
ArchivesofPediatricandAdolescentMedicine,161(3).
26InsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety.
(2015).
Childsafety(maptakenfromwebpage).
Arlington,VA:Author.
Availableatwww.
iihs.
org/iihs/topics/laws/safetybeltuse/mapchildrestraintagereq-uirementstopicName=child-safetyClosingtheGapsinOccupantRestraintLawsCanSaveYoungLivesEveryStateexceptNewHampshirehasadultseatbeltlaws,andallStateshavechildrestraintlawsrequiringdriverstorestrainchildreninapproved,age-appropriatechildrestraintdevicesorseatbelts.
InsomeStates,though,theselawsdonotcoveralloccupantsinallseatingpositionssuchasintherearseat.
SeeAppendixCforinformationonStateRestraintLaws.
A2007studypublishedintheArchivesofPediatricandAdo-lescentMedicinerevealedthatchildren4to7inStateswithboosterseatlawsare39percentmorelikelytobeappropriatelyrestrainedinthoseboosterseatsorchildsafetyseatsthanchildreninStateswithoutsuchlaws.
InStateswithboosterseatlaws,children4and5yearsoldwere23percentmorelikelytobeappropriatelyrestrainedwhilethose6and7yearsoldweretwiceaslikelytobeinchildrestraints,suchasboosterseats,thantheywereinStateswithoutboosterseatlaws.
For6-and7-year-olds,theeffectwasmuchstrongerwhenthelawinclud-edthoseage4to7thanwhenitonlyincludedthose4and5yearsold.
25Asof2015,therewere49StatesandtheDistrictofColumbiathathadenactedprovisionsintheirchildrestraintlawsrequiringtheuseofboosterseatsorotherappropriaterestraintdevicesbychildrenwhohaveoutgrowntheirforward-facingchildsafetyseats,butwhoarestilltoosmalltouseanadultseatbeltsystemcorrectly.
TheonlyStatelackingthislifesavingprovisionisSouthDakota.
SeeExhibit2foramapofStaterequirementsforchildrestraintlaws.
9PrimaryEnforcementLawsHelpProtectChildrenofAllAgesSeatbeltlawshaveplayedanintegralroleinincreasingbeltuse,contributingtoanincreasefrom14percentin198327to87percentin2013.
Theextentofthiseffecthasbeeninpartrelatedtothetypeofenforcementallowedbylaw(primaryversussecondary).
Childrestraintlawsare"primary"laws(lawsthatallowlawenforcementofficerstostopvehiclesandissuecitationsforunrestraineddriversorpassengers).
AsofJuly2015,theseatbeltlawsin15Statesare"secondary"enforcementlaws,andNewHampshirehasnoadultseatbeltlaw(seeAppendixC,StateRestraintLaws).
Secondarylawsmeanthatpoliceofficerscannotstopdriversforthesolepurposeofenforcingtheuseofoccupantrestraints.
Rather,policeofficerscanwriteticketsfornotusingoccupantrestraintsonlyiftheystopvehiclesforotherdrivinginfractions.
Studieshavealsodocumentedthatprimaryenforcementseatbeltlawsaremoreeffectiveinincreasingseatbeltuse.
Forinstance,datafromthe2014NOPUSstudyshowedthattheseatbeltuseratewas11percentagepointslowerinsecondarylawStatescomparedtoprimarylawStates(79%versus90%respectively).
28Aspreviouslymentioned,studieshaveshownthatdriverswhouseseatbeltsaremorelikelytobuckleupthechildrentheytransport.
Forthisreason,itishypothesizedthatprimarylawsmayalsoindirectlyincreasechildpassengerrestraintuse.
29Primarylawspermitalawenforcementofficertostopavehicleandissueacitationforaseatbeltviolation,evenifthisistheonlyviolationtheofficernotices.
Asecondarylawallowsofficerstoissueseatbeltcitationstomotoristsonlyaftertheystopthedriversforotherviolations.
27Nichols,J.
,Tippetts,A.
,Fell,J.
,Auld-Owens,A.
,Wiliszowski,C.
,Haseltine,P.
,&Eichelberger,A.
(2010,November).
Strategiestoincreaseseatbeltuse:ananalysisoflevelsoffinesandthetypeoflaw(ReportNo.
DOTHS811413).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww.
nhtsa.
gov/staticfiles/nti/occupant_protection/pdf/811413.
pdf28Pickrell,T.
M.
,&Liu,C.
(2015b,February).
Seatbeltusein2014–Overallresults.
(TrafficSafetyFactsResearchNote.
ReportNo.
DOTHS812113).
Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
29Durbin,D.
,Smith,R.
,Kallan,M.
,Elliott,M.
,&Winston,F.
(2006).
Seatbeltuseamong13-15-year-oldsinprimaryandsecondaryenforcementlawStates.
AccidentAnalysisandPrevention;39,524-529.
In2013,seatbeltssavedanestimated12,584livesamongpassengervehicleoccupantsover4yearsold.
10Onaverage,3childrenwerekilledand470childrenwereinjuredeverydayintrafficcrashesin2013.
30FactsAboutRestraintUseAsstatedearlier,in2013theuseofchildrestraintssavedthelivesofanestimated263childrenunderage5.
From1975through2013,anestimated10,421livesofchildrenfrombirthtoage4weresavedbytheuseofoccupantrestraintsincludingchildsafetyseatsandseatbelts.
31During2013atotalof884childrenandyouthfrombirthtoage15werekilledinpassengervehiclecrashes.
Forty-fourpercentofchildfatalitieswithknownrestraintusewereunrestrained.
Amongoccupantswithknownrestraintuse,thebreakdownbyagegroupis:31percentofchildrenfrombirthto4wereunrestrained;41percentofchildren5to7wereunrestrained;45percentofchildren8to12wereunrestrained;and61percentofchildren13to15wereunrestrained.
Chart6showsdataontheuseandnonuseofoccupantrestraintsamongthosekilledinpassengervehiclecrashesin2013withknownrestraintuse.
Notethatmostoccupantsbetweentheagesof13and20whowerekilledwerenotrestrained.
Unfortunately,beingproperlyrestrainedcannotpreventallpassengersfrombeingfatallyinjured,especiallyinsomekindsofhigh-impactcrashes.
However,anumberofoccupantsinallagegroupswouldnothavebeenkilledhadtheybeenproperlyrestrained.
Aschildrengetolder,theyarelesslikelytobeproperlyrestrained(whencomparedtothe<5agegroup).
Thisdecreaseillustratesthecriticalneedforpublicinformationandeducationabouttheimportanceofrestraintuse,alongwiththeneedforongoingenforcementofexistinglaws.
Chart6PassengerVehicleOccupantFatalitiesin2013ByAgeandRestraintUse(whenknown)AgePercentRestrainedPercentUnrestrained<569315–759418–12554513–15396116–20455521–24396125–44406045–64544665–74663375+7426Total6931Whenviewingthechart,keepinmindthatevenwiththeuseofoccupantrestraints:Somecrashesaresoseverethatsomeoccupantsdonotsurviveevenwhenproperlyprotectedbychildsafetyseats,boosterseats,orseatbelts.
Thereareinstancesinwhichtheeffectivenessofachildrestraintorseatbeltiscompromisedbyincorrectuse,suchasimproperinstallationoruseofachildsafetyseat,orplac-ingachildinaseatbeltdesignedforanadult.
Occupantsintheyoungestagegroup,4andunder,andtheoldestagegroup,65andolder,aremorefragile.
Therefore,theyaremorevulnerabletodeathorseriousinjuryduringacrash.
Inrecentyears,everyStateexceptSouthDakotahasstrengtheneditschildrestraintlawtorequiretheuseofappropriatechildrestraintdevices(oftenspecificallydefinedasboosterseats)bychildrenwhohaveoutgrowntheircarseatsbutwhodonotyetfitproperlyinadultseatbeltsystems.
Inspiteofthis,accordingtothe2013NSUBSreport,only46percentof4-to7-year-oldchildrenwererestrainedinboosterseatsin2013.
Asaresult,manychildrenareinap-propriatelyplacedinadultbelts,orworse,allowedtoridecompletelyunrestrained.
32FACTSABOUTCHILDRENANDYOUTH30NCSA,2015a.
31NCSA,2015c.
32Pickrell&Choi(2014)11Chart7OccupantsInjuredinPassengerVehiclesin2013byAgeandInjurySeverityAgeGroupsInjurySeverityInjured,IncapacitatingInjured,Non-incapacitatingInjured,Other*TotalCountPercentCountPercentCountPercentCount<51,0002%10,00022%34,00076%45,0005-71,0003%10,00030%22,00067%33,0008-122,0004%12,00024%35,00071%49,00013-151,0003%10,00028%25,00069%36,00016-2015,0006%82,00032%160,00062%258,00021-2417,0007%68,00029%148,00064%232,00025-4440,0006%182,00027%459,00068%680,00045-6428,0005%133,00026%349,00068%510,00065-748,0007%31,00026%81,00068%120,00075+6,0007%25,00030%52,00063%83,000Total119,0006%563,00028%1,365,00067%2,046,000*InjuredOtherincludespossibleinjuriesandseverityunknown.
FactsAboutMotor-Vehicle-RelatedDeathsandInjuriesBasedonthe10-yearperiodbetween2004and2013anaverageof1,228childrenfrombirthtoage15diedandapproximately186,000wereinjuredinpassengervehiclecrasheseachyear.
EverydayintheUnitedStatesin2013,anaverageof3chil-drenyoungerthan15werekilledandanestimated470wereinjuredinmotorvehiclecrashes.
In2013atotalof884children15andyoungerwerekilledandanestimated163,000wereinjuredinpassengervehiclecrashes.
Approximately3percentoftheseinjuredoccupantshadincapacitatinginjuries.
In2013therewere:278crashfatalitiesandanestimated45,000injuredamongchildren5andunder;135crashfatalitiesandanestimated33,000occupantsinjuredamongchildren5to7;225crashfatalitiesandanestimated49,000occupantsinjuredamongchildren8to12;and246crashfatalitiesandanestimated36,000occupantsinjuredamongchildren13to15.
Chart7furtherhighlightsfactsaboutinjuryseverity.
12In2013,youngdrivers16to20madeup5.
76percent(12.
2million)ofthe212millionlicenseddriversintheUnitedStates.
Thisagegroupisgenerallyjustgettingtheirlicensesandmanyareunderagraduateddriverslicensingprogramastheylearndrivingskills.
33Eachyearatleast2millionpeople—mostlyteenagers—begindriving.
Atthesametime,motorvehiclecrasheskillmoreyoungadultsthananyothercause.
34Asignificantpercentageofyoungdriversareinvolvedintrafficcrashes,andtheyaretwiceaslikelyasadultdriverstobeinfatalcrashes.
Sixteen-year-olddrivershavecrashratesthatarethreetimesgreaterthan17-year-olds,fivetimesgreaterthan18-year-olds,andtwicetherateof85-year-olddrivers.
Thefactorscontributingtothesehighercrashratesincludealackofdrivingexperienceandinadequatedrivingskills;excessivedrivingduringnight-time;risk-takingbehavior;poordrivingjudgmentanddecisionmakingskills;drinkinganddriving;anddistractionsfromteenagepassengers.
35Inadditiontothedisproportionateharmteendriversexperiencefrommotorvehiclecrashes,considerthefollowing:Motorvehiclecrashesaretheleadingcauseofdeathforyoungadults16to20.
Moreyoungadults16to20arekilledorinjuredinmotorvehiclecrashesthanchildren15andunder.
In2013,ofthe3,208youngpeoplefrombirthtoage20killedintrafficcrashes,72percentwere16to20yearsold.
Oftheestimat-ed421,000youngpeoplewhowereinjuredincrashes,61percentwere16to20yearsold.
(SeeChart8.
)Driverfatalitiesfor16-to20-year-oldsdecreasedby57per-centbetween2004and2013,droppingfrom3,176in2004to1,373in2013.
During2013almosthalfoftheyoungpassengervehicleoccupants(16to20)diedinweekend(6p.
m.
Fridayto5:59a.
m.
Monday)trafficcrashes.
In2013atotalof742youngpeople16to20yearsolddiedwhentheyweretotallyorpartiallyejectedfrompassengervehicles.
FACTSABOUTYOUNGADULTS(AGES16TO20)33NCSA,2015b.
34Opiela,K.
S.
,Sant,B.
M.
,&Childers,J.
A.
(2006,September/October).
Turningyoungdriversintosurvivors.
InPublicRoads,Vol.
70,No.
2,pp.
12-17.
(WebPage,PublicationNo.
FHWA-HRT-2006-006).
Washington,DC:FederalHighwayAdministration.
Availableatwww.
fhwa.
dot.
gov/publications/publicroads/06sep/03.
cfm35NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
(2008,January).
GraduatedDriversLicensingSystem.
(TrafficSafetyFacts:Laws.
ReportNo.
DOTHS810888W).
Washington,DC:Author.
13Althoughyoungdriversmakeupabout6percentofthetotallicenseddrivingpopulation,10percent(3,537)ofalldriversinvolvedinfatalcrasheswereyoungdrivers16to20yearsold,and12percent(169,000)ofalldriversinvolvedininjurycrasheswereyoungdrivers.
In2013,16-to20-year-olddrivershadsomeofthehighestfatalityratesper100,000licenseddrivers.
Infact,thefatalityrateforyoungdrivers(11.
24)wassignificantlyhigherthantheratefordriversofallages(7.
27).
(SeeChart9.
)Chart8PercentageofAllOccupantsFromBirthtoAge20KilledorInjuredin2013ByAge,inPassengerVehicles11%8%12%9%61%INJURED9%4%7%8%72%KILLED<55-78-1213-1516-20AgeGroupChart9DriverFatalityRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013ByAge,inPassengerVehicles105015DriverFatalityRatePer100,000LicensedDriversAllages16-20In2013anestimated15,000people16to20yearsoldexperiencedincapacitatinginjuries.
Thisnumberrepresentsnearly13percent(119,000)ofallincapacitatinginjuriesfromtrafficcrashes.
In2013anestimated125,000youngadultsexperiencednon-incapacitatinginjuries.
Thisnumberrepresentsabout22percent(563,000)ofallpeoplewithnon-incapacitatinginjuriesfromtrafficcrashes.
Maleandfemaledrivers16to20havesomeofthehighestinvolvementratesforfatalitiesandinjuries(per100,000licenseddrivers)inpassengervehiclecrashes.
(SeeCharts10and11.
)14Chart10DriverFatalityRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013ByAgeandGender,inPassengerVehicles16-20AgeGroup21-2425-4445-6465-7475+DriverFatalityRatePer100,000LicensedDrivers20151050FEMALEMALEChart11DriverInjuryRatesper100,000LicensedDriversin2013ByAgeandGender,inPassengerVehicles16-20AgeGroup21-2425-4445-6465-7475+DriverInjuryRatePer100,000LicensedDrivers2,0001,5001,0005000FEMALEMALEYoungAdultsandSeatBeltUseFifty-fivepercentofthepassengervehicleoccupantsage16to20whowerekilledin2013werenotwearingseatbelts.
Despiteanimprovementinseatbeltusefor16-to20-year-olddrivers,thepercentageofdriverfatalitiesinwhichthedriverswerenotwearingseatbeltshasaveragedover55percentforthepast10years.
(SeeChart12.
)Driversarelesslikelytouserestraintswhentheyhavebeendrinking.
In2013,about46percentoftheyoungdriversofpassengervehiclesinvolvedinfatalcrasheswhohadbeendrinkingwereunrestrained.
Oftheyoungdrivers(16to20)whohadbeendrinkingandwerekilledincrashes,65percentwereunrestrained.
36Chart12DriverFatalities,16-to20-Year-Olds,byRestraintUseWhenKnown,2004-2013YearPercent4060801002002004200520062007200820092010201120122013UNRESTRAINEDRESTRAINED36Data2013,WashingtonDC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration15SELF-REPORTEDBEHAVIOR,ATTITUDES,ANDOPINIONSONSEATBELTUSEThefollowinginformationwasreportedinthe2007MotorVehicleOccupantSafetySurvey(MVOSSreport).
37Thistelephonesurveywasadministeredtoarandomlyselect-ednationalsampleof6,000people16andolder(withyoungeragesover-sampled).
SeatBeltUseBehaviorEighty-twopercentof16-to20-year-oldsreportedtheyweartheirseatbeltsallthetime.
About11percentreportedthattheyweartheirseatbeltsmostofthetime.
Mostdrivers(89%)reportedthatwhentheywereridingaspassengers,theyusuallyrodeinthefrontseat.
However,only58percentsaidtheyalwaysworeseatbeltswhenridinginthebackseat,while11percentsaidtheyneverworetheirseatbeltswhenridinginthebackseat.
AttitudesTowardSeatBeltUseAmongpeople16to24,62percentstronglyagreedand18percentsomewhatagreed(80percentwhencombined)withthestatement,"IhaveahabitofwearingaseatbeltbecausemyparentsinsistedIwearthemwhenIwasachild.
"Thenumberdroppedto59percentamongpeople25to34andto33percentamongpeople35to44,reflectingthelowerusageratesduringtheirchildhoodyears.
Thevastmajorityof16-to20-year-olds(94%)eitherstronglyagreedorsomewhatagreedwiththestatement,"IfIwereinanaccident,Iwouldwanttohavemyseatbelton.
"However,aboutone-half(44%)of16-to20-year-oldsalsoagreedwiththestatement,"Seatbeltsarejustaslikelytoharmyouashelpyou.
"Twenty-sevenpercentof16-to20-year-oldsagreedwiththestatement,"Iwouldfeelself-consciousaroundmyfriendsifIworeaseatbeltandtheydidnot.
"Avoidingseriousinjurywasthemostfrequentreasongivenforwearingaseatbelt.
Themostcommonreasonsgivenbydriversinthe16-to-20agegroupfornotwearingseatbeltswerethattheyforgot(68%)orweredrivingashortdistance(61%).
Twenty-eightpercentof16-to20-year-oldsagreedwiththestatementthatacrashclosetohomewasusuallynotasserious,and26percentagreedthatputtingonaseatbeltmakesthemworrymoreaboutbeinginacrash.
OpinionsAboutSeatBeltUseLawsWhenaskedhowtheyfeltaboutlawsthatrequiredriversandfront-seatpassengerstowearseatbelts,80percentof16-to20year-oldssaidtheyfavorthem.
Many(68%)16-to20-year-oldsanswered"yes"whenaskedwhetherpoliceshouldbeallowedtostopvehiclesiftheyobserveseatbeltviolationswhennoothertrafficlawsarebeingbroken.
Many(70%)16-to20-year-oldsfavoredfinesfordriverswhodonotwearseatbelts.
About41percentof16-to20-year-oldsfavoredpointsagainstalicenseasapenaltyforseatbeltviolations.
TeensandDistractionTenpercentofalldrivers15to19yearsoldinvolvedinfatalcrasheswerereportedasdistractedatthetimeofthecrash.
Thisagegrouphasthelargestproportionofdriverswhoweredistractedatthetimeofthecrashes.
38Therewere244teens15to19yearsoldkilledindistrac-tion-affectedcrashesin2013.
39Theriskofacrashornear-crashamongnovicedriversincreaseswiththeperformanceofmanysecondarytasks,includingtextinganddialingcellphones.
40Comparedtotheirparents,teens16to18reportedsignifi-cantlymorefrequentinvolvementinreadingorsendingatextmessage,usinganelectronicdeviceformusic,checkingtheinternetorsocialmedia,andlookingforsomethinginthevehicle.
41Twentypercentofteensadmitthattheyhaveextendedmulti-messagetextconversationswhiledriving.
42About20percentofyoungdrivers18to20yearsoldthoughtsendingtextmessagesore-mailsmadenodifferenceontheirdriving,comparedto27-29percentfordrivers21to34.
4337Boyle&Lampkin(2008)38NationalCenterforStatisticsandAnalysis.
(2015d,April).
DistractedDriving2013.
(TrafficSafetyFactsResearchNote,DOTHS812132).
,Washington,DC:NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
Availableatwww.
distraction.
gov/downloads/pdfs/Distracted_Driving_2013_Research_note.
pdf39NCSA,2015d.
40Klauer,S.
G.
,Guo,F.
,Simons-Morton,B.
G.
,Ouimet,M.
C.
,Lee,S.
E.
,&Dingus,T.
A.
(2014).
Distracteddrivingandriskofroadcrashesamongnoviceandexperienceddrivers.
NewEnglandJournalofMedicine;370:pp.
54-5941Bingham,C.
R.
,Zakrajsek,J.
S.
,Almani,F.
,Shope,J.
T.
&Sayer,T.
B.
(2015).
DoasIsay,notasIdo:Distracteddrivingbehaviorofteensandtheirparents.
JournalofSafetyResearch;55pp.
21-29.
42ToyotaMotorSales,USA(2012,November27).
TeenDriverDistractionStudyRelease.
(WebpagepressreleasefromToyotaCollaborativeSafetyResearchCenteraboutanUMTRIreport).
RetrievedfromtheToyotawebsiteatwww.
toyota.
com/csrc/teen-driver-distraction-study-release.
html43NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.
(2012,April).
Youngdriversreportthehighestlevelofphoneinvolvementincrashornear-crashincidences.
(TrafficSafetyFactsResearchNote,.
ReportNo.
DOTHS811611).
Washington,DC:Author.
Availableathttp://www.
distraction.
gov/downloads/pdfs/traffic-safety-facts-04-2012.
pdf16APPENDICESThemostcommonreasonsgivenbydriversinthe16-to-20agegroupfornotwearingseatbeltswerethattheyforgotorweredrivingashortdistance.
17APPENDIXAPassengerVehicleOccupantFatalities,byStateandAgeGroup,2013StateAgeGroupTotal<55-78-1213-1516-2021-2425-4445-6465-7475+UnknownAlabama1661010687323715738491665Alaska00004311621027Arizona94108433912411548501451Arkansas648336271127830360340California1414211519124451035111313711,611Colorado83344431928124270317Connecticut31122623653111181182Delaware110034151538050DistofColumbia000001400106Florida8818711114636129210516021,218Georgia145812967524520475761811Hawaii20116612923042Idaho21412321394215110159Illinois8277766519016552780650Indiana10366696416612334630544Iowa21132536585621340237Kansas42253131744923440265Kentucky2254383713413951530465Louisiana6346465016812436321476Maine10011510252915160112Maryland64153231738024221279Massachusetts30002534523622340206Michigan71610695715314362930601Minnesota34152525735727390259Mississippi6361544014915633410489Missouri331110856116511244650559Montana13021724503116170161Nebraska103825245041890169Nevada2013914423012100123NewHampshire000081226211212091NewJersey51332336976539570329NewMexico6214292254479140188NewYork10312827115813059953614NorthCarolina1559107910025821991850871NorthDakota200111154530620112Ohio6389706820819056810699Oklahoma105811434414712139460474Oregon00322318685623230216Pennsylvania1065481100210202611191799RhodeIsland00005764312037SouthCarolina4133535916312439390488SouthDakota0002810342212120100Tennessee7495647523416878750719Texas4018213326829071449615416832,205Utah30101412383716190140Vermont000068815311051Virginia2252546317412862570549Washington21374636756618330287WestVirginia33342623697222220247Wisconsin233129451298233490376Wyoming3014105261214066National2781352252462,3242,4156,3905,0591,7822,2621621,132PuertoRico10032221574615196190Note:Passengervehiclesincludepassengercars,SUVs,pickuptrucks,vans,andotherlighttrucks18APPENDIXBPassengerVehicleOccupantFatalities,byStateandRestraintUse,2013StateRestraintUseTotalPercent"Known"RestrainedPercent"Known"UnrestrainedRestrainedUnrestrainedUnknownNumberPercentNumberPercentNumberPercentNumberPercentAlabama27141369552546651004258Alaska1348124427271005248Arizona175392275049114511004456Arkansas13540174513193401004456California986615003112581,6111006634Colorado12439177561653171004159Connecticut8044754127151821005248Delaware2652234612501005347DistofColumbia6100000061001000Florida60149553456451,2181005248Georgia350433764685108111004852Hawaii15362355410421003961Idaho54349862741591003664Illinois292452764282136501005149Indiana279512013764125441005842Iowa108461024327112371005149Kansas10339146551662651004159Kentucky2204724553004651004753Louisiana19741248523174761004456Maine55495650111121005050Maryland15355108391862791005941Massachusetts5929964751252061003862Michigan329551833089156011006436Minnesota14958803130122591006535Mississippi2014128458414891004159Missouri19234325584285591003763Montana503110867321611003268Nebraska44261056220121691003070Nevada564657461081231005050NewHampshire3538566200911003862NewJersey17453141431443291005545NewMexico7238965120111881004357NewYork337551863091156141006436NorthCarolina45352355416378711005644NorthDakota2825665918161121003070Ohio28841352505986991004555Oklahoma20042248522654741004555Oregon13864542524112161007228Pennsylvania282354195298127991004060RhodeIsland1746195113371004753SouthCarolina21444242503274881004753SouthDakota32326161771001003466Tennessee294413514974107191004654Texas1,107509004119892,2051005545Utah705057411391401005545Vermont2855214124511005743Virginia2484530055105491004555Washington16457893134122871006535WestVirginia95381134639162471004654Wisconsin15842186493293761004654Wyoming2030416258661003367National9,777469,580451,775821,1321005149PuertoRico72381176211190100386219APPENDIXCStateRestraintLawsThefirstmandatorychildrestraintuselawwasimplementedinTennesseein1978.
Since1985,all50StatesandtheDistrictofColumbiahavehadchildrestraintuselawsineffect.
However,theselawsdifferintermsoftheagesofchildrencovered,aswellasinotherimportantways,includingheightandweightlim-its,seatingpositionrequirementsandthepresenceofvaryingexemptionsandexceptions.
ThefirstmandatorybeltuselawwasenactedinNewYorkin1984.
Adultbeltuselawsarenowineffectin49States,theDistrictofColumbia,andPuertoRico.
ThelawsdifferfromStatetoState,accordingtothetypeandageofthevehicle,occupantageandseatingposition,etc.
Thegoaloftheselawsistopro-motebeltuseandtherebyreducedeathsandinjuriesinmotorvehiclecrashes.
AsofJuly2015,therewere34States,theDistrictofColumbiaandPuertoRicothathaveprimaryseatbeltlaws,enablinglawenforcementofficerstostopvehiclesandwritecitationswhentheyobserveviolationsoftheseatbeltlaw.
In15States,thelawspecifiessecondaryenforcement,meaningthatpoliceofficersarepermittedtowriteacitationonlyafteravehicleisstoppedforsomeothertrafficinfraction.
NewHampshireistheonlyStatewithoutaseatbeltlawforadults,althoughitdoeshaveaprimarychildpassengersafetylawthatcoversalldriversandpassengersunder18.
Themostcurrentinformationonseatbeltlawsandchildpas-sengersafetylawsisavailableattheGovernors'HighwaySafetyAssociation'swebsite.
Forseatbeltlawswww.
ghsa.
org/html/stateinfo/laws/seatbelt_laws.
htmlForchildpassengersafetylawswww.
ghsa.
org/html/stateinfo/laws/childsafety_laws.
html20NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration1200NewJerseyAvenueSE.
Washington,DC20590888-327-4236HearingImpairedTTY:800-424-9153www.
nhtsa.
govNationalTransportationSafetyBoard490L'EnfantPlazaSWWashington,DC20594202-314-6000www.
ntsb.
govGovernorsHighwaySafetyAssociation444N.
CapitolSt.
NW.
,Suite722Washington,DC20001202-789-0942Fax:202-789-0946www.
ghsa.
orgNationalSafetyCouncil1121SpringLakeDriveItasca,IL60143-3201630-285-1121www.
nsc.
orgAAAFoundationforTrafficSafety60714thStreetNW,Suite201Washington,DC20005202-638-5944www.
aaafoundation.
org/homeInsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety1005NorthGlebeRoad,Suite800Arlington,Virginia22201703-247-1500Fax:703-247-1588www.
iihs.
orgSafeKidsWorldwide1301PennsylvaniaAvenueNW.
,Suite1000Washington,DC20004-1707202-662-0600www.
safekids.
orgAdvocatesforHighwayandAutoSafety750FirstStreetNESuite1130Washington,DC20002202-408-1711Fax:202-408-1699www.
saferoads.
orgChildren'sHospitalofPhiladelphia–ResearchInstituteCenterforInjuryResearchandPrevention34thStreetandCivicCenterBlvd.
Philadelphia,PA19104215-590-1000http://injury.
research.
chop.
edu/AutomotiveSafetyProgramatIndianaUniversitySchoolofMedicineAffiliatedwithRileyHospitalforChildren1130WestMichiganFeslerHallRoom207Indianapolis,IN46202Localtel:317-274-2977Tel:1-800-543-6227Fax:317-274-6710www.
preventinjury.
orgFORADDITIONALINFORMATIONThispagelistsorganizationsandagenciesthathaveadditionalinformationonoccupantrestraintuseandotheroccupantprotectionissues.
22Pageintentionallyleftblank.
DOTHS812251March201611313-030116-v6
- Occupantprotectionwwwaaa13.com相关文档
- circleswwwaaa13.com
- Nationalwwwaaa13.com
- BBwwwaaa13.com
- importationwwwaaa13.com
- regularwwwaaa13.com
- groupedwwwaaa13.com
RAKsmart：美国洛杉矶独服,E3处理器/16G/1TB,$76.77/月;美国/香港/日本/韩国站群服务器,自带5+253个IPv4
RAKsmart怎么样？RAKsmart机房即日起开始针对洛杉矶机房的独立服务器进行特别促销活动：低至$76.77/月，最低100Mbps带宽，最高10Gbps带宽，优化线路，不限制流量，具体包括有：常规服务器、站群服务器、10G大带宽服务器、整机机柜托管。活动截止6月30日结束。RAKsmart，美国华人老牌机房，专注于圣何塞服务器，有VPS、独立服务器等。支持PayPal、支付宝付款。点击直达...
A400：36元/季，16.8/月kvm架构，线路优质，延迟低
A400互联是一家成立于2020年的商家，主要推行洛杉矶服务器采用kvm架构，线路优质，延迟低，稳定性高！全场产品对标腾讯云轻量，服务器线路有有美国洛杉矶cn2_gia、香港cn2+cmi，目前推行的vps服务器均为精心挑选的优质线路机房，A400互联推出了夏季优惠洛杉矶5折、香港7折促销活动，质量可靠，价格实惠！二：优惠码洛杉矶五折优惠码：20210620香港cn2七折优惠码：0710三、优惠方...
UCloud年度大促活动可选香港云服务器低至年134元
由于行业需求和自媒体的倾向问题，对于我们个人站长建站的方向还是有一些需要改变的。传统的个人网站建站内容方向可能会因为自媒体的分流导致个人网站很多行业不再成为流量的主导。于是我们很多个人网站都在想办法进行重新更换行业，包括前几天也有和网友在考虑是不是换个其他行业做做。这不有重新注册域名重新更换。鉴于快速上手的考虑还是采用香港服务器，这不腾讯云和阿里云早已不是新账户，考虑到新注册UCLOUD账户还算比...
wwwaaa13.com为你推荐
-
sonicchat深圳哪里有卖汽车模型？18comic.funAnime Comic Fun是什么意思啊 我不懂英文地陷裂口地陷前期会有什么征兆吗？www.e12.com.cn有什么好的高中学习网？ip在线查询通过对方的IP地址怎么样找到他的详细地址?百度指数词百度指数我创建的新词bbs2.99nets.com这个"风情东南亚"网站有78kg.cn做网址又用bbs.风情东南亚.cn那么多此一举啊!66smsm.comwww.zpwbj.com 这个网址是真的吗?我想知道它的真实性.......谢谢 我就剩50了，都给你了..............www.diediao.com这是什么电影dpscycleDPScycle插件为什么没有猎人模块 最好详细点