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210BIBLIOGRAPHYContributorsJanBardsleyisassociateprofessorofJapanesehumanitiesattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill.
SheistheauthorofTheBluestockingsofJapan:NewWomenFictionandEssaysfromSeitk,1911–1916(AnnArbor,MI:CenterforJapaneseStudies,2006).
HercurrentbookprojectisDesignsonDemocracy:FashionandFeminisminPostwarJapan.
RebeccaCopelandisassociateprofessorofJapaneseliteratureatWashingtonUniversityinSt.
Louis,Missouri.
HerpublishedworksincludeTheSoundoftheWind:TheLifeandWorksofUnoChiyo(UniversityofHawai'iPress,1992),LostLeaves:WomenWritersofMeijiJapan(UniversityofHawai'iPress,2000),andTheFather-DaughterPlot:JapaneseLiteraryWomenandtheLawoftheFather(UniversityofHawai'iPress,2001),whichshecoeditedwithDr.
EsperanzaRamirez-ChristensenofUniversityofMichigan.
MelanieCzarneckiisalecturerinthefacultyofforeignstudiesatSophiaUniversityinTokyo.
SheiscurrentlycompletingherdoctoraldissertationatHokkaidoUniversityonthepoliticsofgenderinthewritingsofHiratsukaRaichkandotherMeijiandTaishkwomenwriters.
KellyForemanisalecturerinthedepartmentsofanthropologyandmusicatWayneStateUniversity,aswellasafreelancecomposerandaperformerofshamisen.
ShehaspublishedarticlesonJapanesemusicandgeishainJapanandauthoredlinernotesforJapanesetradi-tionalmusicrecordings.
HerforthcomingbookentitledTheGeiofGeisha:Music,Identity,andMeaningdetailstherelationshipbetweengeishaandmusic.
SarahFrederickisassistantprofessorofJapaneseliteratureatBostonUniversity.
Herfirstbook,forthcomingfromUniversityofHawai'iPress,isentitledTurningPages:ReadingandWritingWomen'sMagazinesinInterwarJapan.
SheiscurrentlyworkingonastudyofthelifeandworksofYoshiyaNobuko.
HirokoHirakawaisassistantprofessorofJapaneseandinterculturalstudiesatGuilfordCollegeinGreensboro,NorthCarolina.
ShehaspublishedarticlesonpopularcultureandgenderincontemporaryJapan.
HercurrentbookprojectisLostandFoundinTranslation:JapaneseWomenCrossingBorders.
GretchenI.
JonesisassistantprofessorofJapaneseliteratureattheUniversityofMaryland,wheresheteachesmodernJapaneseliteratureandlanguage.
Sheistheauthorof"SubversiveStrategies:Masochism,GenderandPowerinKonoTaeko's'Toddler-Hunting'"(EastAsia18:4,2000),and"Ladies'Comics:Japan'sNot-So-UndergroundMarketinPornographyforWomen,"U.
S.
-JapanWomen'sJournal(EnglishSupplement,Vol.
22,2002).
SheiscurrentlycompletingabookcalledWhipAppeal:TheAestheticsofMasochisminModernJapaneseNarrative,forthcomingfromUniversityofHawai'iPress.
SharonKinsellaisresearchassociateattheInstituteofSocialandCulturalAnthropology,OxfordUniversity.
Shehasworkedonmen'scomics,cutenessandinfantilism,otaku,corporateculture,culturalgovernanceandculturalproduction,andgirls'cultureincontemporaryJapan.
Alistofpreviouspublicationscanbefoundathttp://www.
kinsellaresearch.
com.
Thechapter"BlackFaces,WitchesandRacismagainstGirls"drawsfromsectionsofachapteronraceincludedinherforthcomingbookGirlsAsEnergy:FantasiesofRejuvenation.
ChristineMarranisassistantprofessorattheUniversityofMinnesota.
SheteachesandhaspublishedarticlesonmodernJapaneseliterature,gender,andfilm.
Herfirstbook,SheHadItComing:ThePoisonWomaninJapaneseModernityisforthcomingfromtheUniversityofMinnesotaPress.
KatherineMezurisassistantprofessorofdanceatMillsCollege,Oakland.
SheistheauthorofBeautifulBoys:PerformingFemale-likenessontheKabukiStage(PalgraveMacmillan,2005).
Sheiscompletinghersecondbook,CuteMutantGirls:RemappingtheFemaleBodyinContemporaryJapanesePerformanceandMedia,andher"mediaperformanceinstalla-tion"Skin,whichinvestigatesthepoliticsofscreenandkinaestheticperception.
LauraMillerisassociateprofessorofanthropologyatLoyolaUniversityChicago.
Shehaspublishedwidelyinthefieldsoflinguisticanthropology,popularculture,andgenderstud-ies.
Herbook,BeautyUp:ExploringContemporaryJapaneseBodyAesthetics,isforthcomingfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaPress.
MiriamSilverbergisprofessorofJapanesehistoryatUCLAwheresheteachescomparativethoughtandculture.
SheistheauthorofChangingSong:TheMarxistManifestosofNakanoShigeharu(PrincetonUniversityPress,1990;winneroftheJohnKingFairbankAward)andEroticGrotesqueNonsense:JapaneseModernTimes(UniversityofCaliforniaPress,forth-coming)andofrecentarticlessuchas"TransnationalWives'Tales:YonsamaasPostcolonialGhostandtheRevengeoftheObatarians"(ContemporaryWomen'sHistoryinAsia)and"WarResponsibilityRevisited:AuschwitzinJapan"(JournalofAsianandPacificStudies).
SheiscurrentlystudyingthegenderingofpostPacificWarJapanesewartimesentiment.
NobueSuzuki,professorofanthropologyatNagasakiWesleyanUniversity,isthecoeditorofMenandMasculinitiesinContemporaryJapan(Routledge,2003,withJamesE.
Roberson)andisworkingonabooktentativelyentitled,BattlefieldsofAffection:RomanscapesandFilipino-JapaneseFamilies.
Herrecentpublicationsinclude,"InsidetheHome:PowerandNegotiationinFilipina-JapaneseMarriages"(Women'sStudies,2004)and"TripartiteDesires:Filipina-JapaneseMarriagesandFantasiesofTransnationalTraversal"(inNicoleConstable,ed.
,Cross-BorderMarriages:GenderandMobilityinTransnationalAsia,UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress,2005).
212CONTRIBUTORS2/26Incident90AbeSada5,6,7,10,11,80,81–93,94n6,191abortion50,60Abu-Lughod,Lila4actresses40–41Adachi,Jiro6adoption52,56adultery9,52,81–82,83,92,104,166AdventuresofGokudk-kun(Nakamura)117agencyabject179,181–182female2,3,10ofFilipinawives161,170inJapanesegirlculture176,178–179,181,183,186ofladies'comicsreaders98,104,107Aguiar,Susan24AidaMakoto150,151,157n52AikawaNanase11AkasegawaGenpei150alcoholism85AlienCultureofChildren,The(Honda)149Altman,Dennis177Amaterasu(sungoddess)16,19,20,28,29n8,151Ando,Meiko14,28anime(animation)girlsportrayedin68,149,151,183shkjoinfluence66,69,78otherreferences117,134BabaAkiko24badgirls1–11AbeSadaas83,86–87,90badboysand93badgirlagency181–183brandshoppersas112–113,115–116,120Filipinasas160,169geishaas33,38,42–44goodgirl/badgirlduality2,72,76,77,83,87,130,191KanekoFumikoas193–194mythological16NakamuraUsagias115,117–118,123Noricoas175–176,178,180–181,183–188notsobad192photographyby128,131–132,133–134,136,139readersandwritersofladies'comicsas97,99–100,102schoolgirlsas49–50,68YoshiyaNobukoas65–67BadGirls(song)11Bashk118birthrate42,112,148BlackRose(magazine)75,76Blacker,Carmen19,26blacknessAmericanblackculture144,148,152,155,157n49blackAmericansoldiersandfearofracemixing153,157n49perceptionsofAfrica147,148,152racistimagery152,155n20seealsoganguroBluestockings66boardinghouses10,55,57–59,60–61bodikon(body-conscious)149IndexBoldfacelocatorsindicateillustrations;locatorsfollowedbynindicatefootnotes.
bodyAbeSada'sviewsof84,89depictedinladies'comics98ethnicked189n21female17–21,24asfocusofperformanceart177,180,184–185asglobalizedcommodity176,184maternal152asphallicsymbol26–27prostitutes'bodiesasblockade153Brand(TVshow)113–114,116,121brandgoodsbigthreebrands120obsessiveloveof118,119personalauthenticityand114,116,117,120,122salesof111–112,120seealsoconsumers;consumption;shoppingbubbleeconomy109n19,111–112,118"bubblylife,"111Bubu180BuddhismdisplacementofShintk20misogynisticasceticism19,30n25womendepictedasevil21,22,26,27bunraku(puppettheater)34,38,44,46Burnett,FrancesHodgson66Butler,Judith106,189n22calligraphy136–137capitalism119,121,163,173n23,178censorship59,66,98Chalfen,Richard131chastityseepurity;virginitychildbirth18,19,21,61,138childhood10,50,69childlessness42Christianity41,52,72Cixous,Hélène193classdivisions41,43,50,144,176Filipinasand159,160,164,170,171,173n23genderand117inequities2,118middle12n9,51,136privilege53–54,69,162,192,193sexualrepressionand91,191upper11,44,50,51Clément,Catherine193colonialismganguroand146,148Japanese152,153,193inthePhilippines160–161comicsseeladies'comics;mangacompensateddating(enjokksai)114,152ConditionsforMarriage(Ogura)121conductmanuals4,7,50–51,58Confucianism7,38,41–42,52consumersdeserving113,115,118,119,120naive115,116seealsobrandgoods;consumption;shoppingconsumptionofbrandgoods111–112,120conspicuous111empty5,123ofpornography106corpses16–17,21,24,27,30n25Cosmetics(Hayashi)113,114–115Cowie,Elizabeth106,107crimeassassination(KanekoFumiko)193criminology86femalecriminals9,82,88,90gangs1murder(AbeSada)10,81cross-dressing43,91,183seealsodragcuteness128,131,133,144,149,178CutenessSyndrome(Masubuchi)149dancersFilipinahostesses162,164geisha32,34–37maiko32,35odoriko38–39,43,47n15seealsoKurosawaMika;MeikoAndodegenerateschoolgirls(darakujogakusei)2,6,50–51,54,58–61,68delinquentgirls(furykshkjo)68DemonWindsLoveWinds(Kosugi)49,54–58,59–60designergoodsseebrandgoods214INDEXdesireAbeSada'ssexualdesire83,84,87forbrandgoods9,118denial/repressionof27,30n25,191expressedinperformanceart179,180,184,185,186insatiable6,9,21,23,87ofladies'comicsreaders104–106malecapitulationtofemaledesire90–91formodernity162–165normalfemalesexualdesire86,88,89projectedontowomen23,27forsuccess42,118transgressivenatureof107womanasembodimentof16,23,27,118yamambaasincarnationof21–23divorce165,168,173n26Dkjkjimaiden6,10,16,25–27Dollase,HiromiTsuchiya73Dollhouse,The(Ibsen)192domesticfiction(kateishksetsu)66,77Don'tTakeHermèsLightlyOrYou'llBeSorry(Suzuki)113,115–116doublesuicide62n11,68,92,101Dower,John153drag177,180–181,183–188seealsocross-dressingDumbType(performanceartgroup)179–180,181economicindependenceforwomeneducatedwomen51,54,55geisha43ModernGirl9writers9,67,72,77economy36,91,166seealsobubbleeconomyeducation50–52,57,61,67–68,122seealsoschoolsEEOL(EqualEmploymentOpportunityLaw)105,113egg(magazine)140n20,144,146EmpireofMarriage(UenoandNobuta)119EnchiFumiko15,28Englishasmeansofempowerment160,166–167symbolizingmodernity53,164usedinJapanesetexts71,73,132,135,136enjokksai(compensateddating)114,152EqualEmploymentOpportunityLaw(EEOL)105,113ErinoMiya105–106ethnicityofgirls144,146–149,151,152,189n21performanceand184–186racialpurityand144,149,152,172n12evil,femalearchetypesof15,16–18,23–26,29n4fantasyfiction9,117,151geishaimagesin6,35women'ssexualfantasies101,103–107otherreferences73,148,154fearmen's,ofwomen15,23,24,57,154women's98,104femininevirtue50,65,77,112feminismfeministorientalism37Japanese30,179,180Japanesefeminists28,45,69,119,121,154,157n63ladies'comicsand98,107reclamationofderogatorylabels3–4,12n4Western37,160,179,181otherreferences23,154femininityhyper-9,65,67maleconstructionof184resistancetonormsof7,42,128,132–134,139,144traditional8,68,74,77,121,149,178FilipinasasAmerican/Western161,164–165,166–167asdaughters162,163,164ashanayome(brides)161,162,165,170asjapayukientertainers161,162,171relationshipswithJapanesemen160–161,165–168assinglemothers165,167stereotypesof6,161,162–163,168,169–170useofEnglish160,166–167INDEX215financialindependenceseeeconomicindependenceFiske,John133FlowerStories(Yoshiya)64,66,67,70foreignersinJapangeishaand36–37,45liaisonswithJapanesewomen152–153withcustodyofJapanesechildren168,172n7Forget-me-not(Yoshiya)66Freud,Sigmund86–87friendship68–69,128,140n5Frühstück,Sabine153Fudge,Rachel3FujimotoYukari104,105,106FukudaHideko5FukuzawaYukichi152FuruhashiTeiji180Futeisha(nihilistorganization)194Futon(Tayama)60ganguro(blackfacegirls)asanimalisticorprimitive10,146–147,153appearance7,8,9,143mediareactionto11,145–146Garfinkel,Tad147geishaAbeSadaas84,92,94n6career11,33,42,43defined3,6,34,46n1economics9,34asfeminists45identifiedwithprostitution33,36–37,44makeup10,35originsof38–39otherwomenand11,43–44,45ozashikiperformances34–35,43,45training32,34transgressingnorms11,38,40,42–43,46,47n26Westernmisperceptionsof5,6,33,35–36,37,45,46,191Geisha,ALife(Iwasaki)36genderboundaries72,106,118,160,161globalizationand177,184hierarchies161,167,179parody133,136,183politics2,69,117resistancetonorms65,128,131,133,136,137roles53,69,106,121,162,165,178,183GirlTheory(Honda)149girls'cultureinNorico'sperformanceart176,178,181,183,185–186,187photographyin128,130,131otherreferences9,66,77,144,148–151girls'fiction(shkjoshksetsu)9,65,66,68–74,77Girls'Studies149,150,153Girls'World(Shkjosekai)(magazine)67globalization176–179,184,185goddessesseeAmaterasu;IzanamiGolden,Arthur6,36,45goodwife,wisemother(ryksaikenbo)43,50,51–52,54,57,63n48,68,112–113GreaterLearningforWomen(Kaibara)7growingup10,74–75,77HamasakiAyumi132hanayome(brides)161,162,163,170handwriting136–137,149Hastings,Sally50HayashiFumiko66HayashiMariko111,115HayashiRazan41Hebdige,Dick5,146HibiyaPark(Tokyo)48,49,53,54HiratsukaRaichk28,51,62n11,69,192–193Hiromix[ToshikawaHiromi]127,130,134Hjorth,Larissa183HondaMasuko53,149,150IchikawaFusae5IharaSaikaku88ImaiMiki114imperialism83,90–91,153IntheRealmoftheSenses(film)90–92incest10,101inheritance52IwasakiMineko36Izanami(goddess)6,16–17,18,20,22japayuki(Japan-bound)161,162Jingl,Empress19,20,29n7Jones,Amelia175,183Juffer,Jane101,107216INDEXKabayamaSukenori51–52kabukitheaterwomen'sperformance34,38–42,44,45–46,47n36otherreferences8,35,82,109n16KaibaraEkken7kamakake(whitelie)165–166,167,171KanekoFumiko193–194KawamuraKunimitsu52,58,149Kelsky,Karen117KimuraIchirk82Kingston,MaxineHong8KiriyamaHideki108KishidaToshiko5kissing2,50,56,147KitamuraTokoku52Klein,Susan27kogyaru(littlegirl)120,143–148,153,178KohamaItsurk150Kojiki(RecordofAncientMatters)17,18,19,20,22KoshibaTetsuya147KosugiTengai49,54,57,58KurahashiYumiko28KurosawaMika179–180Kyupi-Kyupi(performancecollective)180ladies'comics(rediisukomikku)2,7,97–108,108n4,109n19,112Laing,David136languagebrands'useofJapanese111characteristicofgirls'fiction73–74,76,77girls'transgressiveusesof134,137,138,147,155n23globalizedAmericanslang185asinstrumentofmalecontrol16,20KanekoFumiko'suseof194useof"girl"3seealsoEnglish;namesLastSamurai,The(film)4lesbianrelationships59,65–66,68–69,74–75,77LittlePrincess,The(Burnett)66,72LivingPureandPoor(Nakano)118Lolitacomplex(rorikon)149–150LostParadise,A(Watanabe)90,92love52,56,74,101,105–106seealsosuicideluxurygoodsseebrandgoodsMaiden'sBody,The(Kawamura)58,149MainichiShimbunsha66Mami180manga(comics)badgirlculturein4,183costumeplaybasedon134ero-manga98girls'comics66,144influenceonphotograffiti133literaryinspirationfor,66men'scomics99,147,151readerinput103,105,109shkjomanga69,98,99,108n4yaoi108n8marriageageatfirst112careerand108,122ofFilipinasandJapanesemen159–161,162,165,168,170,172n7ladies'comics'depictionof98,99,105menunabletomarry162,168pressuretomarry73,75–76refusaltomarry11,34,38,43,67–68,111,113virginityand52,59,84otherreferences51,83,91,106,121seealsodivorceMarui,Mai131Marx,Karl192MasaokaGeiyk59masculinity88,90,121masochisminladies'comics10,97–98,100,102,103,105male90,91,93,95n26otherreferences6,83seealsosadism;sadomasochismmasturbation102,138,180MasubuchiSkichi149MatsukageHiroyuki150mediaseepressMeiji,Empress129MeijieraCivilCode58legalizationofwomen'sartisticperformance39–40literature5,8,54,59–60military62n15motherhood52racialtheories152INDEX217Meijiera—continuedschoolgirls8,11,50–51,53–54,57,58,68,192sexuality52Westernization36,151MemoirsofaGeisha(Golden)36,191menstruation18,84MichikoShkda(EmpressHeisei)191migrationofAsianwomentotheWest,159economicclassofmigrants162ofFilipinastoJapan160–161toJapanassubstituteforU.
S.
164motivationsfor163,164,170otherreferences163,177,194miko(shrinemaidens)10,20,26,29n8,38,149,151MiyakeToshio145MiyashitaMaki134,136MiyazakiHayao151ModernGirl(modanghru)2,7,9,67,144,154n3modernityAsianstereotypesasbasisforWesternideasof33,37Filipinaconceptionsof160–161,163–165,167,170–171Japaneseinferioritycomplexabout166inrelationships52,56,165,167,170schoolgirlassymbolof6,53,54,61otherreferences7,10,36,67,149,179seealsoModernGirlModernizationofSexuality,The(Kawamura)52modesty50,135,139Modleski,Tania105MonmaChiyo65,66,75,77MoriMariko151MoriNobuyuki148,150,156n37MoritaSkhei62,76MorphologyofGirls'Handwriting(Yamane)149motherhoodmilitarismand50,52,91racialpurityand149,152resistanceto46,113otherreferences61,77,112,138seealsogoodwife,wisemotherMrs.
Ban(Yoshiya)66MuramatsuTsuneo84–85MurasakiShikibu192musicalinstrumentsgenderandclassdistinctions43–44koto44,47n34,47n35musicalcareersforwomen44shamisen32,34,39–40,42,43–44,45,47n33,91mythsarchetypes23–24Japanese16–22representationsofwomen9,16,17–18,24,27otherreferences16,22,29n2,151,195NagashimaYurie134NagataMikihiko88–89NakaharaJun'ichi64,66NakamoriAkino150NakamuraUsagi[NakamuraNoriko]5,9,110,113,117–123NakanoAiko134NakanoKkji118Nakano,Midori145NakasoneYasuhiro152namesgeishasurnames42,47n26gender-neutral78n18Norico'stransformationof11,181,185officialexistencebasedon193originof"kabuki"41powerofnaming3significanceofcharacters'names100,101Naruhito,Prince112nationgirlculturenation183–188nation-statesystem177,178,186sacrificefor112,153schoolgirlsand52,68,151womenandnationalidentity51,128otherreferences72,151NativeEthnologyofGirls(Ktsuka)149NatsumeSkseki66naturecivilizationasstruggleagainst,76women'sconnectionto19,26NewDay,A(Atarashikihi)66NewWomanmovement2,43Noble,Marianne107218INDEXNobutaSayoko119–121noh(nk)theater26,30n17,36,38,144Nolte,Sharon50Norico[SunayamaNoriko]175–188name11,180–181,185otherreferences2,7,8,9seealsoDumbType;OKGirlsnymphomania83,85occupationAmericanoccupationofJapan37,152–153,157n49,185JapaneseoccupationofKorea170officeladies(OL)5,7,117,123,148,149OgawaKazuma129OguraChikako113,121–122OguriFlyk60OhbaMinako28,154n2OKGirls179–186OkamotoKanoko66Okuni10,38oni(demon)24onibaba(demonhag)14,28KnumaShkji146,147KshimaNagisa90–91,93otaku(obsessivefan)149,150OtherSideofNewspaperCompanies,The(Masaoka)59KtsukaEiji149OtsukiHisako59KtsukiKenji85,87oyajigyaru(man-girls)149PakYeol193–194patriotism52,120–121penmanship136–137,149PeopleoftheAtakaFamily,The(Yoshiya)66performingartsmaledominationof38,180,183performanceart10,177–178Western36women'sartisticperformancebanned,38–41women'sartisticperformancelegalized,39–40seealsodancers;geisha;musicalinstruments;Norico;ryl;theaterperversionAbeSada's83,85,86–87normalized88–89associalcritique91,93otherreferences92,103,133seealsomasochism;nymphomania;sadism;sadomasochismPhilippinescolonizationof160,167culture164,165,166,171,173n26relationtoJapan160,163,164relationtoU.
S.
160,164,166photographyofganguro146girls'2,7,8,10,127–128historyof,inJapan129–130lawsabout129self-nudegenre134seealsopurikuraPimiko(queen)5,19,20Pitchford,Nicola107poisonwoman82Popteen(magazine)130,140n20,146pornographycaricaturedinero-porn176,181,182,186caricaturedineropuri136ganguroin145formen98,102,146–147useofAsianwomenin37women'suseof101,106,107seealsoladies'comicspowerofBuddhism,20,22,25female16,18,19,20,24,28,91girl133,178,191oflanguage16,20,23,160,166malerejectionof90,93patriarchal27,90,160,165,179ofyamamba16,21,23,28,154n2otherreferences5,8,23,60,161,170–171,186pregnancy21,26,29n7,50,61pressbadgirlsin4,11body/mediaperformanceart177,180,183–186criticismofgirls67,143–148,153–154depictionofschoolgirls50–51,54,60,61failuretocomprehendgirls'expression134–136influenceonshkjoculture67,69,75promotionofbrandgoods111,115INDEX219press—continuedrecuperationofsubcultures5representationofFilipinas161,163sensationalism4,11,59,82sexualization/commodificationofgirls61,133,139otherreferences4,59,74,108,157n61prostitutesactivistsforrightsof180blackmenand152,153,154,156comfortwomen153,162Filipinasstereotypedas6,162,164,168,170geishaperceivedas33,34,37karayuki(China-bound)162shkgi(licensedprostitutes)34prostitutionamongactresses40–41amongschoolgirls55,61,145economiccauses36,61enjokksai(compensateddating)114,152forced39,83–84,92,153,162,164governmentcontrolof38,152inliterature54,88ProstitutionPreventionLawof19564,12n9,37racialpurityand152–153recruitmentfor99,145otherreferences9,101,106,135psychoanalysis85–87PsychoanalyticDiagnosisofAbeSada,The(Ktsuki)85–87purikura(printclub)130–139eropuri(eroticprintclub)133–136,139graffiti6,9,128,131–133,134,136–139hkrapuri(horrorprintclub)132kimopuri(creepyprintclub)132kosupuri(costumeplayprintclub)134okinipuri(thanksprintclub)130purikome(printclubcommentary)138rabupuri(loveprintclub)131yabapuri(repulsiveprintclub)126,132,139purityfeminineidealof50,51,65,77,144male27mockedingirls'photography135,137notimplyingsexualinexperience74–77racial52,144,149,152–153asrebellion75–76inshkjoculture68,77,144womenasimpure17,18,19seealsovirginityraceJapaneseracialpurity144,149,152–153racializedviewofgirls143–145,146–147,148,151,154racism147,151–152,153,156n38theoriesof147,152,155n19otherreferences178,187–188,191RadwayJanice105rapeofAbeSada83–84,94n6fantasies104,105,107ideologyofpornography102inladies'comics97,99,100,101–102,104–105otherreferences55,153Robertson,Jennifer68,147,152rorikon(Lolitacomplex)149–150Russell,John152ryl(artisticguilds)34,42,45,46,47n26sadism83,85,91,93,102seealsomasochism;sadomasochismsadomasochism2,11,89,100,103,187seealsomasochism;sadismSaekiJunko56Saigyk118SakaguchiAngo82,89SakamotoMimei105–106same-sexrelationshipsseelesbianrelationshipsSamuraHiroaki151Sapir,David127SasakiMiho130SawadaTomoko146schoolgirlsasanimal/primitive150–151,156n37good-girlnormsfor50,51–52,53–54,61,135asiconsofmodernity53,54leisureactivitiesof2,8,116,130–131inliterature54–58,60–61asnationalsymbol68,151,152asprivilegedelite49–50,53–54,192sexualized61,128,135seealsodegenerateschoolgirls220INDEXschoolscontrolofgirls68,71–72,150Girls'HigherSchoolOrder(1899)49,50,51girls'higherschools49–50,51,52,53,61girls'lowerschools62n16ImperialGirls'College(TeikokuJoshiGakuin)54,58seealsodegenerateschoolgirls;education;schoolgirlsSeiShknagon7,192,195n7Seishun(Oguri)60Seitk(magazine)192SekineHiroshi90selfishness11,24,27,42,121self-mutilation82Sellek,Yoko162sexology68,83,85,87sexualityambiguoussexualityofshkjo67–68FreudiananalysisofAbeSada's84–87globalizationand177–178normsof68,86,131representedinladies'comics97,102–108otherreferences2,7,24,27,66,74–77,144,153shamanismBuddhistusurpationoffemalepower,19,20female18,19,26,29n8,150,151shame18,23,24,44,51Shintk20,38,151ShiraiSatomi134shkjo(younggirl)asambiguousfigure67–69comparedtoothergirls'cultures144inliterature67–78manga98–99publishing75–76studiesofsubculture149–150otherreferences70,149–150shoppingbadly112,113,115,116,117,120–121,191asleisureactivity9,112literature110,111,118asself-actualization121tours111,115virtuously112,113seealsobrandgoods;consumers;consumptionShoppingQueen(Nakamura)110,117shrinemaidensseemikosnake16,25–27SomehowCrystal(Tanaka)111SonoShion150Sontag,Susan135Spears,Britney77STDs58,84,85,102stereotypesofFilipinas6,61,162–163,168,169–170ofgirls58,65,145,185inlanguage12n4ofwomen3,97,107otherreferences156n38,176,178StormyRose,The(Yoshiya)72strength,female16,19,20,24,27,29n2StructureoftheGirl(Yamane)149,150SuicideClub(film)150suicide,double62n11,68,92,101SumireHoshino58–59Suzuki,Michiko75SuzukiRumiko113,115–116,119swordsimagery75–76inkabuki41womenand10,38syphilis58,84,85Tabaimo145taboosprotectingmenfromwomen18,29n4otherreferences3,6,7,10,51–52,104TakahashiRumiko151TakahashiTetsu85–87TalesofDegenerateSchoolgirls60TanabeSeiko66TanakaNoboru90,91,93TayamaKatai60tayl(courtesans)38,40teachersarts34,39,42,44criticismof139statusof167technologygirls'useofandinfluenceon128,130–131,137,138otherreferences129,151,163,177theaterAbeSadain83,88developmentof38–40INDEX221theater—continuedTakarazuka66seealsobunraku;kabuki;nohTodd,Rebecca28TokudaShlsei66Tokugawa(Edo)periodConfuciansocialcontrol38,41restrictionsonwomen7,8–9,191otherreferences43,52,82TokyoHighSchoolGirlUniformFieldbook,The(Mori)148,150,156n37Transmigration(Morita)76Trinh,T.
Minh-ha177TrueStoryofAbeSada,The(film)90–92TsushimaYlko28TwoVirginsintheAttic(Yoshiya)66,67,69–77UenoChizuko119–121violencedomestic168,169inladies'comics7,97,100–101,103,104,107otherreferences4,145,178virginitypatriarchaloversightof58,60prerequisiteformarriage59,84racialpurityand52,144,149,152–153,157n52asWesterndoctrine52seealsopurityViswanathan,Meera22warPacificWar152,153performanceartcritiqueof184,187responseto90–91,93Russo-Japanese50,53,60Sino-Japanese50,51WorldWarII72,162,164,187WatanabeJun'ichi90,92–93WatanabeYayoi10,96,99–102weaknessattributedtowomen23,27ofJapanesenation51–52Westerninfluenceinarchitecture67,72,73inartsandliterature36,66,180,186infashionanddesign67,100,101ingirls'culture53,144inlanguage71,166–167inrelationships52,56,154n3,167otherreferences52,72,117,118,148,151Wicke,Jennifer106Williams,Linda98,104Willis,Ellen107Wilson,Elizabeth19,26–27womencareerwoman112–117,119,120,121,122childless42newhousewifeorientation121–122old21–22inpublicsectors8,61,139,178socialroles1,42–43,50,51,53,61,121,162seealsoeconomicindependence;goodwife,wisemotherwork69,116,121–122,159,162,163–164seealsoEqualEmploymentOpportunityLawworkingclass69,144,191Wright,Diana9yamamba(mountainwitch)innohtheater,30n17,144origins21–22power16,21,23,28termforcontemporarygirls'subculture143–144,145,146,148,153–154,154n2otherreferences6,10,22,25YamaneKazuma149,150–151YamawakiFusako43YanagitaKunio149,151yomi(underworld)16–17,18,20,23YosanoAkiko30n31,43YoshidaKichizk81–82,83,84,90–93YoshiyaNobukogendertheory75–76relationshipwithMonmaChiyo65–66salary9,67travels72Westerninfluence67otherreferences2,6,67,71Zonana,Joyce37222INDEX