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INTERNATIONALCOURTOFJUSTICECASECONCERNINGTHEHELIANHYACINTH(STATEOFADAWAv.
REPUBLICOFRASASA)ORDEROF20SEPTEMBER20192019COURINTERNATIONALEDEJUSTICEAFFAIRECONCERNANTLAJACINTHEHELIANE(ETATD'ADAWAc.
REPUBLIQUEDERASASA)ORDONNANCEDU20SEPTEMBRE2019INTERNATIONALCOURTOFJUSTICEYEAR201920September2019CASECONCERNINGTHEHELIANHYACINTH(STATEOFADAWAv.
REPUBLICOFRASASA)ORDERTheInternationalCourtofJustice,HavingregardtoArticle48oftheStatuteoftheCourtandtoArticles31,44,45(1),48,49,and80oftheRulesofCourt;HavingregardtotheApplicationfiledintheRegistryoftheCourton1July2019,wherebytheGovernmentoftheStateofAdawa("Adawa"or"Applicant")institutedproceedingsagainsttheRepublicofRasasa("Rasasa"or"Respondent")withregardtoadisputeconcerningallegedviolationsofinternationallawbyRespondent;WhereastheApplicationwascommunicatedtoRasasaonthedayitwasfiled;Whereas,on12July2019,RasasainformedtheRegistrarandtheAgentofAdawaofitsintentiontofileacounterclaimunderArticle80oftheRulesofCourt;WhereasAdawaandRasasahaveappointedtheirrespectiveAgents;Whereas,atameetingwiththePresidentoftheCourton22July2019,theAgentsofthePartiesagreedtohaveallclaimsandcounterclaimsheardtogetherinasinglesetofproceedings,andthatallissuesofjurisdictionandadmissibilitywouldbedeterminedalongsidethemerits;Whereas,afternegotiations,theAgentsofthePartiesjointlycommunicatedtheannexedStatementofAgreedFactson9September2019;201920SeptemberGeneralListNo.
72WhereastheAgentsofthePartieshaveagreedthattheyshalleachsubmitonewrittenMemorialandmakeoralpleadingssolelyontheclaimspresentedintheStatementofAgreedFacts;WhereastheAgentsofthePartieshaveagreedthata"dispute"existsbetweenthePartieswithrespecttoeachoftheaforementionedclaimsandcounterclaimandthatthecounterclaimis"directlyconnectedwiththesubjectmatter"ofatleastoneoftheclaimswithinthemeaningofArticle80oftheRulesofCourt;andWhereasthePartieshaveagreedthatthedesignationofAdawaasApplicantandRasasaasRespondentshallbewithoutprejudicetotheallocationoftheburdenofproof;TakingintoaccounttheagreementoftheParties,FixesthedatesforthefilingofthewrittenMemorialsandfortheoralpleadingsasthedatessetforthintheOfficialScheduleofthe2020PhilipC.
JessupInternationalLawMootCourtCompetition;andAdoptstheOfficialRulesofthe2020PhilipC.
JessupInternationalLawMootCourtCompetition.
DoneinEnglishandinFrench,theEnglishtextbeingauthoritative,atthePeacePalace,TheHague,thistwentiethdayofSeptembertwothousandnineteen,inthreecopies,oneofwhichwillbeplacedinthearchivesoftheCourtandtheotherstransmittedtotheGovernmentsofAdawaandRasasa.
(Signed)President(Signed)RegistrarSTATEMENTOFAGREEDFACTSCASECONCERNINGTHEHELIANHYACINTHAdawav.
Rasasa9September20191.
TheStateofAdawaandtheRepublicofRasasaareneighboringcountriesintheRegionofCrosinia("theRegion"),asubtropicalandsemi-aridinlandexpanseformedbyhillsandvalleyswherecitrusfruits,olives,grapes,dates,andspicesaregrown.
TheRegionisalsotheonlyplaceonEarthwheretheHelianhyacinth(Hyacinthussolaris)iscultivated.
TheHelianhyacinthisafloweringplantbestknownforproducingtheflavoringspiceHelian,whichisderivedfromitspollenandwhichhasaweight-to-valueratiocomparabletothatofsaffron.
Accordingtowell-establishedbotanicalscholarship,ittakesnolessthan20yearsfornewlyplantedHelianbulbstoproduceexport-qualityspice.
2.
TherearefourotherStatesintheRegion.
AllsixStatesaredominatedbythesameethnicgroup,speakthesamelanguageandsharemanyculturaltraditions.
ExportsofHelianspicecontributesignificantlytotheGDPsofallsixCrosinianStates.
Adawahasapopulationofapproximately5.
4millionandanominalGDPpercapitaofapproximately17,500.
Rasasahasapopulationofapproximately9.
9millionandanominalGDPpercapitaofapproximately21,000.
AdawaandRasasashareaborderthatis201kilometerslong.
3.
Until1928,allsixCrosinianStateswereprovincesoftheKingdomofCrosinia.
Whenthelastking,NarangIII,diedin1924withoutadirectmaledescendantasrequiredbyroyaltradition,theprovincesdividedovercompetingclaimantstothethrone.
Fouroftheprovinces,includingRasasa,backedthelatemonarch'sbrother,Taplup,whiletheothertwo,ZeitouniaandAdawa,soughttohaveNarang'seldestdaughter,Goleta,namedQueen.
4.
Scatteredviolenceandskirmishingoverthenextthreeyearsbecameafull-fledgedcivilwarin1927,withRasasaasthemainbelligerentonthesidefavoringTaplup.
Overthenextyear,eachofthethreeprovincesalliedwithRasasadeclaredindependenceandwithdrewfromthehostilities.
5.
On29October1929,representativesoftheremainingbelligerents–Adawa,Zeitounia,andRasasa–metintheRasasancapitalofBotegaandconcludednegotiationsendingthebloodshed.
Rasasadeclareditselfanindependentrepublic,andtheprovincesofAdawaandZeitouniaunitedtoformtheAdawa-ZeitouniaUnion(AZU),anindependentmonarchy,asofthatdate.
ThenewlyinstalledPresidentofRasasaandQueenGoletaoftheAZUsignedtheTreatyofBotegaonArmisticeandPacification("theTreatyofBotega")severaldayslater.
TherelevantportionsoftheTreatyofBotegaareattachedtothisStatementofAgreedFactsasAnnexA.
6.
ThefiveindependentCrosinianStatespromptlyappliedforandweregrantedmembershipintheLeagueofNations,andallbecamepartiestotheStatuteofthePermanentCourtofInternationalJustice.
7.
Duringthe1930s,theAZUencounteredsignificanteconomicandsocialstresses.
AdawabecamemoreurbanizedandindustrializedwhileZeitouniadidnot,andthecentralgovernment,underheavyZeitounianinfluence,opposedwhatitconsideredtobedemandsthatitinvestdisproportionatelyininfrastructureinAdawa.
Effective1January1939,thetwoprovincesamicablyagreedtodissolvetheirUnion,andeachdeclareditsindependenceasofthatdate.
Adawaadoptedarepublicanformofgovernment,whileZeitouniaretainedQueenGoletaasmonarch.
8.
BothAdawaandRasasajoinedtheUnitedNationsin1947andaccededtotheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice.
NeitherStatehasfiledadeclarationacceptingtheCourt'scompulsoryjurisdictionunderArticle36(2)oftheStatute.
9.
InthedecadesfollowingtheSecondWorldWar,Rasasabecameasubstantialparticipantintheinternationaltechnologysector,eventuallydevelopingarobustroboticsindustry.
Adawa'seconomywasandremainsprimarilyfocusedontheexploitationofnaturalresources.
AlloftheCrosinianStatesengagedinthehighlyprofitableactivitiesofgrowing,harvesting,andprocessingHelianhyacinthpollenandexportingHelianspice.
10.
InlightoftheveryspecificequipmentandexactingproceduresneededforsuccessfulcultivationoftheHelianhyacinth,andtheneedforongoingresearchanddevelopment,theAgricultureMinistriesofthesixCrosinianStatesin1964formedanunofficialroundtable,meetingtwiceperyeartodiscusstechnicalandeconomicissuesspecifictotheHelianindustry.
Fiveyearslater,thatarrangementwasformalizedinatreaty,signedon20June1969andpromptlyratifiedbyallsixMemberStates,declaringtheformationoftheCrosinianHelianCommunity(CHC).
ThepartiestotheCHCagreedtoimposenocustomsdutieswithintheCHConHelianspiceortheequipmentandmaterialsusedtoharvestorprocesstheHelianhyacinth.
RelevantportionsoftheCHCTreatyareattachedasAnnexB.
11.
Between1969and1979,thenetvalueofHelianspiceexportsacrossthesixCHCMemberStatesincreasedbyanaverageof12.
3%peryear,andemploymentinHelian-relatedactivitiesincreasedby8%peryear.
In1979,tomarkthetenthanniversaryoftheCommunity,headsofgovernmentoftheCHCMemberStateswereinvitedtoparticipateinthesemi-annualmeeting.
Theyissuedajointcommuniquéatitsconclusion,proclaimingwhattheycalled"theremarkableachievementsoftheCrosinianHelianCommunityinimprovingrevenue,employment,andthequalityoflifeforallofthepeopleofourRegion.
"12.
In1982and1985,respectively,RasasaandAdawaaccededtotheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT).
BothStatesbecameoriginalmembersoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)in1995andremainmembers.
WhentheyjoinedtheGATT,bothStatessubmittedtheirthen-applicabletariffschedules,andagreedthatthesewouldbe"boundrates"applicableonamostfavorednation(MFN)basis.
WithrespecttoHelianplants,bulbs,pollen,spice,andothermaterial,theboundrateswerezero.
13.
In1998,AdawabecameanoriginalpartytotheRomeStatuteestablishingtheInternationalCriminalCourt,andremainsapartytothattreaty.
RasasaisnotapartytotheRomeStatute.
14.
Ms.
DarianGreywas(andremains)oneofthewealthiestcitizensofRasasa.
From1979to2016,sheservedasfounderandchiefexecutiveofficeroftheRasasanRoboticsCorporation(RRC),aprivately-heldcompanyheadquarteredinBotega.
RRCadvisesgovernmentsoncomputerizedandautonomousdefenseandsecuritysystems;designs,developsandimplementsthesesystemsinconflictzonesaroundtheworld;andprovidestrainingintheiruse.
Ms.
Greyandhercompanyhavebeenthesubjectsofmixedpublicity.
In1998,ForbesMagazinenamedheroneof"The20WomenWhoWillMakeaMarkinthe21stCentury.
"In2000,HumanRightsWatchaccusedMs.
GreyandRRCof"activecomplicityinkeepingsomeoftheworstdespoticregimesintheworldsecurelyinpower.
"15.
InFebruary2009,theremoteislandRepublicofGarantia(notapartytothiscaseorotherwiseinvolvedinthisdispute)formallyreferredasituationtotheProsecutoroftheInternationalCriminalCourtconcerningwarcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanitythatwereallegedtohaveoccurredduringthe2007-2009civilwarinthatState.
Thereferralnotedthat"severalprivateforeignenterprisessoldweaponssystemsandprovidedtrainingtogovernmentmilitias,andsuchsystemsandtrainingmateriallyaidedthe[regimetheninpower]initsunlawfulconduct.
"ThereferralspecificallymentionedRRCasoneoftheaccusedforeigncontractors,andcitedMs.
Greyashavingbeenpersonallyresponsibleforitsactivities.
InaccordancewithICCprocedures,theOfficeoftheProsecutoropenedaninvestigationinAugust2009.
16.
On14July2012,anunprecedentedandcatastrophictropicalcyclone,HurricaneMakan,strucktheentireRegion.
Thedeathtollfromthecycloneexceeded8,000and,ineachofthesixStates,entiretownswereinundated,roadsandpowerlinesweredestroyed,andmajorurbancenterssufferedhistoricflooding.
Morethan60%oftheHelianhyacinthsinRasasa,20%ofthoseinAdawa,andbetween15%and20%ofthoseintheotherfourStatesweredestroyed.
UnemploymentbegantoincreaseacrosstheRegionasfarms,theirsuppliers,andthebusinessesthatdependedonthembecamenolongerviable.
17.
Intheweeksandmonthsfollowingthestorm,crimeratesskyrocketedthroughouttheRegion.
Armedgangsroamedthecountryside,stealingsalvageableHelianplantsandharvestingandprocessingequipmentfromthedevastatedfarms.
AccordingtotheoverwhelmedpoliceforcesofthesixStates,manyofthegangmemberswereformerHelianfarmerswhosewayoflifehadbeendisruptedbythecyclone.
Officialreportsdescribedthemas"simplehooligans,"drawntotheopportunitytomakeeasymoneywithlittlerisk,andnotedthebroadrangeoftheircriminalactivities:actsofviolence,arsons,vandalismofpublicandprivateproperty,aswellastheftsofcash,equipment,andtradegoods.
18.
InOctober2012,thePresidentofRasasa,BetaTihmar,convenedameetingofmajorRasasancorporateexecutivestoelicitideasonhowtoaddresstheincreasinglyseriouscrimewavethatthepolicehadbeenunabletostaunch.
NotesofthemeetinglaterreleasedtothemediareportedthatMs.
Greyoffered"todevoteRRC'sexpertiseandresourcestospearheadthedevelopmentofaground-breakingautonomoussecuritysystemtosuppresscriminalactivitiesinRasasaandthroughouttheRegion.
"Ms.
Greyreferredtothesystemshehadinmindasthe"WeaponizedAutonomousLimitationLine"(or"theWALL").
Itsprincipalfeature,shecontended,wasthatitwoulddeployadvancedtechnologytodeterandapprehendcriminals,whileusingforceonlywhenabsolutelynecessaryandwhenthechanceoftargetinginnocentswasreducedtovirtuallyzero.
19.
PresidentTihmarexpressedgreatinterestintheconceptandaskedMs.
Greytoprepareaformalproposal.
AlthoughthedetailsoftheensuingnegotiationsbetweenRRCandtheRasasangovernmentremainclassified,inJanuary2013thePresidentnotifiedtheotherfiveCHCMemberStatesthatRasasahadcontractedwithRRCtoundertakeresearchanddevelopmentoftheWALL.
PresidentTihmarinvitedthemtocollaboratein"thisstate-of-the-artsystemthatwillreducethepressureonourrespectivepoliceforces,facilitatetheefficientapprehensionofdangerouscriminals,eliminatethepotentialfortragicinteractionsbetweenpoliceandcivilians,andhelpoursocietiesrecoverfromHurricaneMakan.
"PresidentTihmaraddedthattheWALLwouldbeespeciallyvaluableinpromoting"therevivalofourRegion'sHelianindustryandthosewhodependonit.
"20.
On2February2013,RRCdistributedfurthertechnicaldetailsinareportsignedby15policeandmilitarytechnologyexpertsfrom12States,includingallsixCHCMemberStates.
ThereportdisclosedthattheWALLemployedmachinelearningalgorithms,developedfromalargequantityof"trainingdata"acquiredfromtheRasasanpoliceandthepoliceandmilitaryforcesof10otherStates,inordertoidentifythreats.
Thetrainingdataincludedmillionsofimages,videofootage,computermodels,andotherinformationderivedfrompriorinstancesofarmedconflict,civilunrest,andcriminalactivitiesduringpeacetime.
AccordingtoRRC,theWALLfeaturedanadvancedformof"supervisedlearning,"inwhichthetrainingdatahadbeenmeticulously"tagged"byteamsofsoftwareengineersfromRRCworkingincooperationwithRasasanpoliceofficersandmilitaryofficials.
Thetagginghighlightedaspectsofthetrainingdatathatindicatedarmedthreats,aswellasindicatorsofretreat,surrender,incapacity,andotherfactorsthatwouldrenderanindividualeffectivelyhorsdecombat.
21.
AllsixCHCMemberStatesdevotedfundsandprovidedleadinggovernmentandprivatesectorscientistsandengineers,aswellasmaterials,totheresearchanddevelopmentphaseoftheproject,whichwasconductedatRRC'slaboratoriesinBotegaanditstestingrangesinruralRasasa.
22.
ByApril2013,policeintheotherfourCrosinianStateshadgainedtheupperhand,andcrimelevelswererestoredtopre-HurricaneMakanlevels.
EachoftheseStatesgraduallywithdrewfromtheWALLprojectand,byAugust2013,onlyRasasaandAdawacontinuedtoparticipateinthedevelopmentoftheventure.
ThewithdrawingStatesassignedanyrightstheymighthaveacquiredduringthedevelopmentoftheprojectbacktoRRC.
23.
ResearchanddevelopmentoftheWALLproceededsteadilyoverthenexttwoyears,includingareviewbyadvisersfromtheRasasangovernmentforcompliancewithinternationallaw.
Thesystemwassubjectedtohundredsofthousandsofcomputersimulationsandfieldtestsundertheclosesupervisionofrepresentativesofpolice,military,andengineeringexpertsfromtheRasasanandAdawangovernments.
24.
On6July2015,Ms.
Greyannouncedthecompletionoftheproject.
Atameetingofministerial-levelrepresentativesofRasasaandAdawa,shedescribedtheWALLasfollows:ThephysicalinfrastructureoftheWALLconsistsof10-meter-tallmetaltowers,eachtoppedwithanadvancedsurveillanceandresponseunit.
With360-degreemotion-sensing,high-definition,andinfraredcameras,eachsurveillanceunitcancloselymonitorallgroundandaerialactivitywithina130,000squaremeterareaaroundthebaseofitstower,enablingthetowerstobeplacedasfaras200metersfromoneanotherwithoutsacrificingcoverage.
Torespondtothreats,eachunitisequippedwithanarrayoflethalandnon-lethaloptions,rangingfromspeakersbroadcastingaudiblewarnings,allthewaytofullyautomatic.
50calibermachinegunsmountedon360-degreeturntables.
ButthetruegeniusoftheWALLliesinwhatyoucannotsee.
Thesystemisfullyautonomousandindependentofhumancontrol,inawaytheworldhasneverseenbefore.
Oncedeployedandactivated,eachunitisinconstantcommunicationwitheveryotherunit,sharingdataandresponsesoversecured,encryptedwirelesschannels.
Usingadvancedartificialswarmintelligence,theWALLcaninstantaneouslyandappropriatelydecidewhetherandhowtorespondtoanygiventhreat,withoutanyinterventionbyhumanactors.
Infact,decisionsaremadesorapidlythatsecond-guessingbyhumansispracticallyimpossible.
Finally,thisdistributedapproachtodecision-makingmeansthatthedestructionorincapacitationofasingleunitwillnotimpairtheefficacyoftheentiresystem.
125.
TeamsofAdawanandRasasanscientiststhenpresentedtheirconclusionsbaseduponthesimulatedandfieldtests.
Theyexplainedthateachelementofthesystem,aswellasthesystemasawhole,hadbeenextensivelypeer-reviewedandtestedbygovernmentandprivateexpertsinmorethan30countries.
TheheadoftheAdawanteamspokenext:Naturally,thetestingteampaidparticularattentiontothequestionofwhethertheWALLmightdeploydeadlyforcewhenthesituationdoesnotwarrantsucharesponse.
Althoughitcarrieslethalpotentialasalastresort,theWALLisunimaginablymorereliablethanhumanpoliceorsoldiers.
Duringmonthsoftesting,itdemonstrateda'falsepositives'rateoflessthan0.
0001%–meaningthatthesystem,oranyunitofthesystem,willmakeamistakenomorethanonetimeinonemillionencounters.
Andwithembeddedrulesinstructingthesoftwaretofavornon-lethaldeterrence,ourtestingindicatesthattheWALLwouldmistakenlyuseexcessiveforcenomorethanonceintwohundredmillionencounters.
26.
AlthoughtheattendeesdeclaredthemselvessuitablyimpressedwiththeWALLandthetestingdata,neithergovernmentelectedtopurchaseit.
BothAdawaandRasasaannouncedtheirsatisfactionwithhavingbeeninvolvedinthedevelopmentoftheWALL,butstatedthatitwasneithereconomicallyfeasiblenorpoliticallydesirabletogofurtherwiththe1ThisversionofMs.
Grey'sremarkswasreportedinthenationalandinternationalmediathefollowingday.
ItwaseditedbyRasasangovernmentauthoritiestoremoveclassifiedtechnicalinformation.
project.
RRCreportedlymarketedtheWALLintheensuingyears,buttherehasbeennopublicconfirmationofitsdeploymentbyothergovernments.
27.
Throughoutthisperiod,violentandpropertycrimeratescontinuedtodwindleinbothAdawaandRasasa.
However,inAugust2016,relyinguponarrestrecordsandeyewitnessaccounts,theRasasanBorderPolicereportedwhattheytermed"analarmingnewtrend"alongtheborder:"ThesmallAdawangangsthataroseinthewakeofHurricaneMakanhaveapparentlyorganizedthemselvesintolargerarmedgroups,andhaveturnedtheresources,personnel,andweaponstheypreviouslyusedforlocalizedcrimestowardscross-bordercrimeintoRasasa.
"28.
AdawancriminalgangsregularlyenteredRasasaundercoverofnightandattackedsmallvillages,assaultingandevenkillingvillagers,returningtoAdawawithHelianbulbs,growingandprocessingequipment,andvirtuallyanythingelseofvalue.
TheRasasanBorderPoliceobservedthattherehadbeenamarginalbutconstantincreaseinthefrequencyofsuchraidseverymonthsinceJanuary2016.
29.
AttherequestofPresidentTihmar,inSeptember2016theRasasanandAdawangovernmentsestablishedahigh-leveltaskforceto"considerjointresponsestotheincreaseincross-bordercrimes.
"Thejointtaskforcemetseveraltimesoverthenextyear,butwasunabletoformulateacomprehensiveplantosuppressthegangs.
30.
AccordingtoareportpublishedbytheRasasanHelianGrowersAssociation(RHGA),aprominentindustrygroupbasedinBotega,beginninginOctober2016Rasasa'sshareoftheglobalHelianmarkethaddeclinedsharplyrelativetothatofotherStatesintheRegion.
TheRHGAexpressedalarmthatRasasanHelianprocessorshadincreasinglybeguntopurchasetheirrawmaterialfromAdawanHelianfarmersinlieuofRasasansuppliers,whohadbeenunabletomeettheirHelianpollenrequirements.
TheRHGA'sreportconcluded,"ifcurrenttrendscontinue,manyRasasanHelianfarmswillcollapseinfivetotenyears,withcatastrophiceffectsfortheRasasaneconomyandRasasansocietyingeneral.
"31.
RasasahelditsregularpresidentialelectioninDecember2016.
Mr.
VenevarPindro,aformermilitaryofficer,ranonaplatformcallingfor,amongmanyotherthings:tighteningbordercontrolstoeliminatearmedincursions;andenhancingandprotectingRasasa'sHelianindustry,thefailureofwhichherepeatedlyclaimed"wouldposeafundamentalthreattooureconomyandnationalsecurity.
"32.
Mr.
PindrowaselectedpresidentofRasasawith58%ofthevote,andhetookofficeinJanuary2017.
Hequicklynamedofficersofthenewgovernment,appointingDarianGreyasMinisterofForeignAffairs.
Uponhernomination,Ms.
GreyresignedherpostatRRCanddivestedherselfofanydirectfinancialstakeinthecompany.
Shortlyafterherappointment,investigativereportersfortheBudapest-baseddailynewspaperNépszabadságobtainedandpublishedwhatitclaimedwerepreviously-undisclosedmemorandafromMs.
GreytoherstaffatRRCapprovingtheclandestinesupplyofarmsandthetrainingofmilitarypersonnelinnumerousconflictzones,includingGarantia.
RasasanhumanrightsgroupsprotestedMs.
Grey'sappointmentasForeignMinister,andtheoppositionpartyinparliamentwasunanimousinvotingagainstit.
Asofthetimeofhernominationtothecabinet,neitherRRCnorMs.
Greyhadbeenchargedwithcrimesinanydomesticorinternationaltribunal.
Herappointmentwasconfirmedbyparliamenton15January2017.
33.
Duringthecampaignandfollowinghiselection,PresidentPindrocriticizedthejointtaskforceasineffective.
HecalleduponAdawa,"inthespiritofourlongfriendship,"totakepromptandeffectivemeasurestoquashthecriminalgangsbasedwithinitsterritory.
Shortlyaftertakingoffice,PresidentPindrosubmittedtwobillsforlegislativeapproval.
Thefirstinvoked"essentialsecurityinterests"andprovidedfortheintroductionoftariffsof25%advaloremonHelianbulbs,liveplants,andpollenimportedintoRasasa,inanefforttoencourageRasasa'sdomesticprocessorstoreturntolocalfarmsfortheirfeedstock.
ThesecondcalledforexpeditedreviewofoptionsforthehardeningoftheAdawa-Rasasaborder.
34.
InitsannualreportdeliveredtotheRasasanParliamentinFebruary2017,theRasasanBorderPolicereportedthat,"Theborderissuehasfundamentallychangedinitscharacter.
Whatwereoncedisorganizedgangshavebecomeorganizedmilitias,andtheircrimesarenolongerlimitedtoopportunisticthievery.
"ThereportindicatedthatAdawannationalshadestablishedpermanentandwell-defendedencampmentswithinRasasanterritory,whichtheywereusingasbasesforinternationaltraffickinginillegaldrugs.
Thereportconcluded,"Thesenewmilitantsarewellarmedandwell-organized,andthepolicearesimplyunabletoremovethem.
"35.
InMarch2017,theUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)reportedthat,"Thereisanewandmajorplayerininternationaltraffickingofillegaldrugs.
ThepreviouslyunorganizedAdawanbanditshaveusedtheirprofitstocreateastructuredandwell-armedmilitia,whichusesitspermanentcampswithinRasasanterritoryasaheadquartersforitsglobalenterprise.
"Inresponse,bothAdawaandRasasadeclaredthattheirdomesticpoliceeffortshadbeenineffectiveincounteractingthemilitia,inpartbecausecriminaloperativeswereabletofreelycrosstheAdawa-Rasasaborder.
36.
On1June2017,themilitiasimultaneouslyattackednineRasasanBorderPolicestations,killing21officers.
Eyewitnessesstatedthattheraiderswere"heavilyarmedwithmilitary-gradeweaponsandequipment,"andthattheattacksindicated"ahighlevelofpriorplanningandtraining.
"37.
On25June2017,PresidentPindroauthorizedthedeploymentoftheRasasanArmyagainstthemilitiacampswithinRasasa,aswellasthepurchaseoftheWALLfromRRCanditsinstallationalongtheRasasa-Adawaborder.
HesimultaneouslysentamessagetoAdawanPresidentOmarMoragawhichread,inrelevantpart:IhavetodaygivenmyauthorizationtotheRasasanArmyEngineersBattaliontobegininstallationoftheWALLalongtheentirelengthofoursharedborder.
Thisisastepnecessitatedbycriticalnationalsecurityconcerns.
Asyouarewellaware–sinceyourgovernmentwasinvolvedinthedevelopmentofthisweaponssystem–itisinfinitelymorereliablethananyinthehistoryofmankind.
TheWALLwillbeerectedanddeployedentirelyonRasasansoil,andeachtowerwillsurveilupto200metersoneachsideofoursharedfrontier.
Thesystemisdesignedtodetectthreats,andtopreventthemfrombecomingreality.
Itwilldeploy,onthebasisofgraduatedsequencing,demonstrativemeasures(alarms,verbalwarningsofincreasingvolumeandurgency)topresetlevelsofforce(dispersalofdisablingchemicals,non-targetedexplosions,andfinallygunfire),baseduponitstrainingdata,againstanyoneattemptingtocrosstheborderillegally,ineitherdirection.
38.
PresidentMoragaresponded,saying:Mr.
President,whileyourwordsapparentlyintendedtoprovidecomfort,theWALLwillstillinvolvethedeploymentoflethalweaponryalongourborder.
Solongasthepossibilityexiststhatthisautonomoussystemmightbeunleashedagainstourpeopleoronoursoil,itsdeploymentwillbeincompatiblewithinternationallaw.
WearefirmlyoftheviewthatyourproposedinstallationoftheWALLwouldbeaflagrantviolationofinternationallaw,includingbutnotlimitedtotheTreatyofBotegaof1929betweenyourgovernmentandthepredecessorofmine.
Weurgeyoutoreconsiderthisaggressiveandill-advisedmeasure.
39.
PresidentPindroannouncedthecompletedinstallationoftheWALLon10January2018.
Hedeclared,inatelevisedaddress:Withvanishinglycloseto100%accuracy,theWALLwillpreventillegalbordercrossings,whilevirtuallyguaranteeingthatnomistakeswillbemadeandnoinnocentswillbeharmed.
Law-abidingRasasansandourAdawanneighborsneedhavenoconcern;theymaygoabouttheirlivesjustastheydidbefore,andsolongastheydonotactoutofintenttoinjureourcountry,theywilldosoinsafetyandtranquility.
40.
On1February2018,PresidentMoragaissuedastatementsaying,inrelevantpart:Thefactthatlethalweaponshavebeenamassedalongourborder,andthattheWALLwillmonitortheactivitiesofourcitizens,fillsallAdawanswithdreadandanger.
Thattheseweaponsarefullyunderthecontrolofanadvancedartificialintelligence,withnopossibilityfortheexerciseofmercyorjudgmentbyhumanactors,onlyexacerbatesourfearsandviolatestheletterandspiritofRasasa'sinternationalobligations.
Eveniflethalforcewereunleashednomorethanonceinamillennium,thatwouldbesmallcomfort.
Theplacementoftheseweaponsonourfrontierisfaroutofproportiontowhateverwasclaimedtohavemotivatedit.
Butthatisonlyoneindicationoftheillegalityofthisbelligerentexercise.
41.
TheDefenseMinistersofthetwoStatesagreedtomeettodiscusstheissueoftheWALL,andthejointtaskforceresumeditsregularmeetings,whichhadbeensuspendedafterPresidentPindro'selection.
ThetaskforcereviewedreportsfrombothStates'nationalpoliceforces,whichindicatedthat,inthefourmonthsfollowingthedeploymentoftheWALL,reportsoftrans-borderincidentsdecreasedmorethan80percent.
TheRasasanMinisterreportedthattheRasasanArmywasmaking"substantialinroads"intodispersingthearmedcampswithinhercountry.
42.
InMay2018,inresponsetorecommendationsfromthetaskforce,Adawastationedunarmedhumanmonitorsonitssideoftheborder,andtheRasasanBorderPolicelaunchedatelephoneandInternet"hotline"topermitmembersofthepublicinbothcountriestocommunicateanyconcernstotheauthorities.
Tothisdate,therehavebeennoreportsofanyincidentsoflethalforcedeployedbytheWALL.
InitsMay2018officialpublication,thejointtaskforceobserved:"AlthoughAdawacontinuestomaintainitsoppositiontotheprogramonlegalgrounds,theWALLhaswithoutquestionhadapositiveimpactinreducinganddeterringcross-bordercrime.
"43.
Afewmonthsearlier,inJanuary2018,Rasasa'sParliamenthad,withlittledebate,adoptedPresidentPindro'sproposaltoimposetariffsonunprocessedHelianmaterialsimportedintoRasasa.
Adawaprotestedthedecisionand,inaddition,theCHCDirector-Generalissuedthefollowingstatement:"IremindRasasaofitsobligation,underArticle3oftheCHCAgreement,toabstainfromcreatingimpedimentstotradeinHelianandHelian-relatedgoods.
Itsunilateralactionsdonotfurther,andinfactmaywellhinder,theCHC'sgoalsofensuringtheeverlastingandsustainablecultivationoftheHelianhyacinthacrossCrosinia.
"44.
TheRasasanForeignMinistryresponded:"RasasamusttakestepstoprotectandpromotethewellbeingofourownHeliangrowers.
Ensuringtheirsurvival,andthatofourcitizenswhodependonthem,isavitalmatterofnationalsecurity.
"45.
InOctober2018,AdawaformallyrequestedconsultationswithRasasapursuanttoArticles1and4oftheUnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes(DSU)oftheWTO.
GovernmentofficialsfrombothAdawaandRasasamet,butwereunabletoresolvethedisputeamicably.
46.
InJanuary2019,theInternationalLeaguefortheSupportofAgriculture(ILSA)–anon-profitandnon-partisanorganizationheadquarteredinOttawadevotedto"supportingfarmersandagri-businessworldwide"–publishedastudyentitled"AnotherRiseandFall:TheMarketforHelianSpiceAroundtheWorld,1975-2018.
"Themonographpresentedcomprehensiveanddetailedevidencethat,asadirectresultofthetariffsimposedbyRasasainJanuary2018,Adawanfarmerswereestimatedtohavelostmorethan10millioninrevenuethroughtheendofthestudiedperiodinOctober2018asaresultofdecliningsalestoprocessorsinRasasa.
Itprojectedthatthelosseswouldincreaseincomingyears.
47.
InFebruary2019,AdawarequestedtheestablishmentofapanelpursuanttoArticle6.
2oftheDSU,allegingthatRasasa'stariffsonHelianproductswereanunjustifiablebreachofitscommitmenttomaintaintheboundrateofzeroonsuchitems.
48.
On13April2019,theProsecutoroftheInternationalCriminalCourtannouncedthat,pursuanttoArticle58oftheRomeStatute,shewasrequestingtheissuanceofawarrantforthearrestofMinisterGrey,assigningtohercriminalresponsibilityforcertainallegedactivitiesofRRCinGarantiabetween2007and2009.
Thechargedactsincludedwarcrimes,and"otherseriousviolationsofthelawsandcustomsapplicabletoarmedconflictsnotofaninternationalcharacter,"withinArticles8.
2(a)and8.
2(e)oftheRomeStatute.
Theindictmentspecificallycitedthetrainingandsupervisionofparamilitaryforcesthatperpetratedsuchcrimes,thesaleanduseofprohibitedweaponssystems,andtheconductofunauthorizedsurveillanceofciviliansthatallegedlyledtotheirbecomingthetargetsofviolentrepression.
49.
On18June2019,theCHCwelcomedrepresentativesofitsMemberStatestoNovazora,thecapitalcityofAdawa,foritsregularannualmeeting,whichcoincidedwiththe50thanniversaryofthefoundingoftheCommunity.
MinisterGrey,representingRasasa,arrivedlateinthemorningof18June2019forthefour-daysession.
50.
On20June2019,aPre-TrialChamberoftheICCgrantedtheProsecutor's13April2019requestandissuedawarrantofarrestforMinisterGrey.
51.
Twodayslater,on22June2019,officersoftheNovazorapoliceapproachedMinisterGreyasshewasleavingherhotel.
Afterascertainingheridentity,theytookherintocustody.
Shedidnotresistbutinformedthearrestingofficersthatshe"enjoyeddiplomaticimmunity.
"TheForeignMinistryofAdawapromptlynotifiedtheRasasanAmbassadortoAdawaofMinisterGrey'sarrest,andRasasanconsularagentswereprovidedaccesstoher.
Shewasthenbroughtbeforeamagistrate,whoconfirmedthatshewasthepersonnamedintheindictment.
MinisterGrey'scounsel(whomsheselectedfreelyandwithoutinterference)arguedthatshewasentitledtoimmunitywhileonAdawansoilinherofficialcapacity,butthemagistraterejectedthatargument,notingthat,"theRomeStatuteoftheICCmakesnoexceptionforsittinggovernmentministers.
"Ajudicialappealwasdenied,aswasarequestfortheMinister'sprovisionalrelease.
52.
TheAdawanMinistryofJusticeinformedtheICCOfficeoftheProsecutorthatithadapprehendedtheindicteeandwouldarrangeforhertransfertoTheHague.
However,atthetimeofthesignatureofbothpartiestothisStatementofAgreedFacts,itwasagreedthatMinisterGreywouldremainunderhousearrestatamonitoreddiplomaticguesthouseinAdawa,pendingthisCourt'sdispositionofthecase.
53.
Rasasa'sDeputyForeignMinister,uponlearningofthearrest,deliveredanoteverbaletotheAdawanEmbassytoRasasa:Theapprehensionanddetentionofdiplomaticallyprotectedpersonsisprohibitedbyinternationallaw.
OneofourMinistershasbeenkidnappedwhileshewasvisitingAdawanterritory.
Sheisentitledtoabsoluteimmunityunderbindingtreatiesandcustomaryinternationallaw.
WehavenoreasontobelievethattheMinistercommittedacrimerecognizedinourlegalsystem,andwehavenointentionoftrying,rendering,orextraditingher.
Meanwhile,itistheresponsibilityoftheAdawanauthoritiestoreturnherimmediately.
Therewillbeseriousconsequencesifthisresponsibilityisnotcarriedout.
54.
Severalhoursafterthenotewasdelivered,theAdawanAmbassadorwasdeclaredpersonanongratabyPresidentPindro,andtheAmbassadorpromptlyleftthecountry.
Adawaprotestedtheexpulsion,insistingthatithadactedlegallyinitstreatmentofMinisterGrey.
TheAdawanForeignMinisterdeclaredthenextdaythat,"itistimeforustobringintheassistanceofathirdparty,beforethesituationwithRasasagetscompletelyoutofhandandourlongandpeacefulrelationshipisforeverjeopardized.
Weareveryfortunatethat,inaccordancewithinternationallaw,thedoorsoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeareopentous,andwewillseektheCourt'shelpinresolvingthisandourotherpendingcontroversieswithourneighbor.
IhaveinstructedmylegalofficetoprepareanApplicationtotheCourt.
"55.
On23June2019,thePermanentRepresentativeofRasasatotheUnitedNationsdeliveredacommunicationtotheSecretaryGeneral,notingthat"RasasaobjectstothepurportedsuccessionofAdawatotheTreatyofBotegaand,accordingly,doesnotconsideritselfintreatyrelationswithAdawapursuanttotheaforementionedtreaty.
"56.
On24June2019,atapressconferenceinBotega,theRasasanMinisterofJusticeansweredaquestionfromareporteraboutthechargesagainstMinisterGrey.
Shereplied,"WecontinuetobeoffendedbytheviolationofinternationallawandprotocolsregardingthetreatmentofourMinister,whichweconsideraninsulttooursovereignty.
Wearereservingallofourlegaloptionsinthismatter,bothinternationalanddomestic.
"57.
On1July2019,afternegotiationsbetweentheparties,theAdawanAmbassadortotheKingdomoftheNetherlandssubmittedanApplicationinstitutingproceedingsonbehalfofAdawaagainstRasasa,invokingthecompromissoryclauseofthe1929TreatyofBotega.
AdawacontestedthelegalityoftheinstallationoftheWALL,andalsoallegedthatRasasa'sHeliantariffsviolatedtheCHC,seekingmonetaryreparationfortheresultingfinancialharm,aremedythatitcharacterizedas"nottypicallyawardedbyWTOPanels.
"58.
RasasarespondedbycontestingtheCourt'sjurisdictionundertheTreatyofBotega,statingthat"theStateofAdawaisnotapartytotheTreaty,norcanitclaimtohavebecomeonethroughthelawofStatesuccession.
ThissuddenattempttoinvoketheTreaty–forthesolepurposeofbringingadisputebeforetheICJ–isimproperandabusive.
"RasasafurthercontestedtheCourt'sjurisdictionover,andtheadmissibilityof,Adawa'sclaimbasedontheCHCtreaty,arguingthattheWTOhasexclusivejurisdictionovertradedisputesbetweentheParties,andthatproceedingswerealreadyunderwaybeforetheDisputeSettlementBody.
Rasasaassertedthatthetariffswere,inanyevent,lawfulprotectionsofitsessentialsecurityinterests.
Finally,RasasaassertedacounterclaimconcerningtheillegalityoftheapprehensionofMinisterGrey.
59.
On22July2019,theCourtenteredanOrderrecommendingthatthepartiesdraftaStatementofAgreedFacts(thepresentdocument),withoutprejudicetoanyargumentstheymightseektopresentduringtheproceedings.
60.
InadditiontothetreatiesandotherinternationalagreementsreferencedelsewhereinthisStatement,atallrelevanttimesbothAdawaandRasasahavebeenpartiestothefourGenevaConventionsof1949,theInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,theInternationalCovenantonEconomicSocialandCulturalRights,theViennaConventiononDiplomaticRelations,andtheViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties.
61.
PursuanttotheOrderoftheCourt,andtheagreementoftheparties,Adawa,asApplicant,respectfullyrequeststhattheCourt:a.
DeclarethatithasjurisdictionoverAdawa'sclaimsbecauseAdawaisapartytothe1929TreatyofBotega;b.
AdjudgethatRasasa'sdevelopmentanddeploymentoftheWALLalongtheborderbetweenAdawaandRasasaisinviolationofinternationallaw,andorderthattheWALLbedismantledandremovedforthwith;c.
DeclarethatitmayadjudicateAdawa'sclaimthatRasasa'simpositionoftariffsonHelianproductsfromAdawaviolatestheCHCTreaty,andthatAdawaisentitledtocompensatorydamagesreflectingthefinancialharmithassufferedtodate,suchamounttobedeterminedinsubsequentproceedings;andd.
DeclarethatthearrestanddetentionofDarianGreywereconsistentwithAdawa'sobligationsunderinternationallaw,andthatAdawamayproceedtorenderhertotheInternationalCriminalCourt.
62.
Rasasa,asRespondent,askstheCourttoadjudgeanddeclarethat:a.
TheCourtlacksjurisdictionoverAdawa'sclaimsbecauseAdawaisnotapartytothe1929TreatyofBotega;b.
Rasasa'sdevelopmentanddeploymentoftheWALLalongtheborderbetweenAdawaandRasasaisconsistentwithinternationallaw;c.
Adawa'sclaimthatRasasa'sHeliantariffsviolatetheCHCTreatyfallsoutsidetheCourt'sjurisdictionorisinadmissible;inthealternative,theimpositionofthetariffsdidnotviolatetheCHCTreaty;andd.
Adawa'sarrestanddetentionofDarianGreyconstituteinternationallywrongfulacts,andthatshemustbeimmediatelyrepatriatedtoRasasa.
ANNEXATreatyofBotegaonArmisticeandPacification1November1929[excerpts]TheAdawa-ZeitouniaUnionandtheRepublicofRasasa:DesiringtosavesucceedinggenerationsofCrosiniansfromthescourgeofwar;ConsciousthatallCrosinianpeoplesareunitedbycommonbonds,theircultureshavingdevelopedtogetherinasharedheritage,andconcernedthatpeaceintheregionmaybeshatteredatanytime,RecognizingthatCrosinia'sendemicHelianfieldssufferedgravedamageduringtherecentwarandthat,byreasonofthedevelopmentsinthetechniquesofwarfare,theyareinincreasingdangerofdestruction;ManifestingtheirdesiretorenounceallrecoursetoarmedforceasaninstrumentofpolicyamongCrosiniannations;AcceptingtheestablishmentofanarmisticebetweenthearmedforcesofthetwoHighContractingPartiesasanindispensablesteptowardthecessationofarmedconflictandtherestorationofpeaceandsecuritytothepeoplesofCrosinia;andResolvingtoensurethepacificsettlementoffuturedisputeswhichmayarisebetweenthem,Haveagreedasfollows:ArticleI1.
Inpursuanceofregionalpeaceandstability,ageneralarmisticeamongandbetweenthearmedforcesoftheHighContractingParties–land,seaandair–isherebydeclaredandestablished.
2.
TheArmisticeDemarcationLineshavebeendefinedwithaviewtowardseparatingthearmedforcesoftheHighContractingPartiesinsuchmannerastominimizethepossibilityoffrictionandincident,whileprovidingforthegradualrestorationofnormalcivilianlife,withoutprejudicetotheultimatesettlement.
3.
TheArmisticeDemarcationLinesshallbeasdelineatedonthemapattachedtothisAgreementasAnnexI.
ArticleIII1.
TheHighContractingPartiesagreetoestablishontheborderbetweentheZeitounianregionoftheAdawa-ZeitouniaUnionandRasasaanInternationalZoneofPeace,whichshallbeaccessibletoallcitizensofbothHighContractingPartieswithouttheneedforborderformalities.
ItistheirintentionthatthisZoneshallstandasaremindertothepeoplesofbothnationsofthescourgeofwar,andtheneedtoresolvedisputespeacefully.
2.
TheHighContractingPartiesagreeinprincipletoexplore,overthecomingyears,thepossibilityofexpandingtheInternationalZoneofPeacetootherareasonorincloseproximitytotheborderbetweenZeitouniaandRasasa.
[.
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]ArticleVIInconformitywithArticle36oftheStatuteofthePermanentCourtofInternationalJustice,theHighContractingPartiesdeclarethattheyrecognizethejurisdictionoftheCourtascompulsoryipsofacto,withoutthenecessityofanyspecialagreementsolongasthepresentTreatyisinforce,inalldisputesofajuridicalnaturethatariseamongthemconcerning:a)Theinterpretationofatreaty;b)Anyquestionofinternationallaw;c)Theexistenceofanyfactwhich,ifestablished,wouldconstitutethebreachofaninternationalobligation;andd)Thenatureorextentofthereparationtobemadeforthebreachofaninternationalobligation.
[.
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]InfaithwhereofthePlenipotentiarieshavesignedthepresentTreaty.
DONEatBotega,Rasasa,thisfirstdayofNovember,Onethousandninehundredtwenty-nine,inonecopy,whichwillbedepositedinthearchivesoftheLeagueofNations.
ANNEXBTreatyEstablishingtheCrosinianHelianCommunity20June1969[excerpts]Article1TheHighContractingPartiestothisTreaty–thesixindependentandsovereignStatesoftheCrosinianRegion–herebyestablishtheCrosinianHelianCommunity.
TheMemberStatesofthisCommunitysolemnlypledgetheireverlastingcommitmenttothesustainablecultivationoftheHelianhyacinth.
Article2TheMemberStatesoftheCommunityagree:a.
Tosharetheiragronomic,scientific,andeconomicdataregardingthegrowing,harvesting,processing,andcommercializingoftheHelianhyacinthandespeciallythespicederivedfromit,whichisprizedaroundtheworld;andb.
Tomeetperiodicallyattechnicallevels,andnolessthantwiceannuallyattheMinisteriallevel,todiscussmattersofcommoninterestregardingtheproduction,processing,andexportationofHelianproducts,andtotakedecisionsasprovidedinthisTreaty.
Article3TofacilitatethedevelopmentandhealthoftheHelianindustry,theMemberStatesagreetoimposenocustomsdutiesonHelianproducts,aswellasgoodsthatareprimarilyorexclusivelyusedintheharvestingorprocessingoftheHelianhyacinth,whichoriginatefromtheterritoryofaMemberState.
[.
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]Article22NothinginthisTreatyshallbeconstruedas:a.
RequiringanyMemberStatetofurnishinformation,thedisclosureofwhichitconsiderscontrarytoitsessentialsecurityinterests,orb.
PrecludingtheapplicationofmeasuresnecessarytoprotectaMemberState'sessentialsecurityinterests.
[.
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]Article31TheCommunityshallenjoyintheterritoryofeachofitsMemberStatessuchlegalcapacityasmaybenecessaryfortheexerciseofitsfunctionsandthefulfillmentofitspurposes.
Article32RepresentativesofMemberStatesatmeetingsconvenedbytheCommunityshall,whileexercisingtheirfunctionsandduringtheirjourneystoandfromtheplaceofmeeting,enjoyimmunityfrompersonalarrestordetentionandfromseizureoftheirpersonalbaggage,andinrespectofwordsspokenorwrittenandallactsdonebythemintheirofficialcapacity,immunityfromlegalprocessofeverykind.
[.
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]Article41NothinginthisTreatyshallbereadasunderminingorcompromisingthesovereignty,independence,orinternationallegalpersonalityofanyMemberStateoftheCommunity.
DONEatPivo,Adawa,thistwentiethdayofJune,onethousandninehundredsixty-nine,inonecopy,whichshallbedepositedinthearchivesoftheUnitedNations.