sourcescaleup
scaleup 时间:2021-03-28 阅读:(
)
Scale-upDesignofUltrasoundIrradiatorforAdvancedOxidationProcess(AOP)UsingCOMSOLSimulationZongsuWei*11TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,OH,USA*Correspondingauthor:HI470,2070NeilAvenue,Columbus,OH,43210,USA;Phone:(614)906-8511;Fax:(614)292-3780;E-mail:wei.
187@osu.
eduAbstract:Inthispaper,COMSOLMultiphysicswasusedasatooltodesignandcharacterizeanultrasoundirradiatorwithamulti-steppedconfiguration,whichaimstoovercomedisadvantagesoftypicalirradiatorsandtoenhancecontaminantremovalinlarge-scalewatertreatments.
Inthesimulation,threedifferentphysicswerecoupledtogetherforeachcomponentofthedesignedultrasonicsystem:piezoelectricmaterialmodelfortransducer,linearelasticmaterialmodelforirradiator,andpressureacousticsmodelforreactor.
TheCOMSOLadequatelysimulatedtheacousticwavegenerationinthepiezoelectrictransducerandpropagationthroughtheirradiator.
Thesimulatedacousticpressurelevelshowsthemulti-steppedirradiatorsuccessfullyintroducedmultiplehighpressureregionsandthusmorereactivezones.
Acousticsimulationsinthewatertanksuggestedthedesignedirradiatorhasagreatcapacityforlarge-scaleAOPs.
ThesecompatiblesimulationresultstoexperimentalmeasurementsindicateCOMSOLisareliabletoolinthedesignandcharacterizationofascaled-upultrasoundirradiator.
Keywords:Ultrasound,Irradiator,Piezoelectric,Cavitation,AdvancedOxidationProcess(AOP)1.
IntroductionUltrasoundhasbeenconsideredapromisinggreentechnologyfortheadvancedoxidationprocess(AOP)sinceitaddsnochemicalstothetreatedwater.
Ithasbeenshowntoeffectivelydestroyvariousorganicandinorganiccontaminantsinwater[1].
Ultrasoundinducescavitationbubblesintheaqueoussolution,andcollapseofthosebubblesgenerateslocalized"hotspots"wheretemperatureandpressureareashighas5000Kand1000atm,respectively[2].
Inthisextremecondition,thermolysisandOH(fromwatermoleculedissociationbyheat)oxidationaretwomechanismsforthecontaminantdegradation[1,2].
AlthoughultrasoundtechnologyshowsgreatpotentialintheAOP,thecommonly-usedultrasoundirradiator(e.
g.
,horntypeinFigure1a)generatesalocalizedcavitationandnon-uniformcavitationfieldintreatmentreactors.
Theinhomogeneoustreatmentmakesitverychallengingtoscale-uptheAOPwiththetypicalirradiator[3].
Therefore,anovelconfigurationdesignofultrasoundirradiatorisnecessarytoenhanceandmaximizethecavitation-inducedchemicaleffectsforlarge-scaleAOP.
Inthedesignprocess,computationalsimulationwascommonlyusedasreferences.
Whenexpectingefficiencyandeconomicsinthedesignofanexpensivelarge-scalesystemforAOP,thecomputationaltoolseemsmoreattractivesinceitcaneasilyinvestigatedifferentreactorgeometries,irradiatorconfigurations,andultrasoundfrequenciestooptimizethedesign.
Ofthosecomputationaltools,COMSOLMultiphysicshavebeenappliedtosimulateacousticfieldandsonochemistryinreactors[4-6],whichprovidedcompatibleresultstolaboratorymeasurements.
Thedesignandcharacterizationbecomemuchsimpleandstraightforwardwiththeaidofcomputationalsimulations.
Inthisstudy,COMSOLsimulationwascarriedouttoassistanultrasoundirradiatordesignandcharacterization.
Amulti-steppedconfiguration(Figure1b)wasintroducedtobringmoreenergy-emittingsurfaceandlargecavitationvolume.
This"proof-of-concept"studywithCOMSOLsimulationstartedwiththesimplestscenario,inwhichitwasassumedthatmaterialsassignedincludingwaterandstainlesssteelwerelinearmedia.
Inaddition,anotherassumptionwasmadethatacousticwavesweretime-harmonicsincesinusoidalalternatingcurrent(AC)wasthepowersource.
Figure1.
Configurationsofatypicalirradiator(a)andthedesignedirradiator(b).
2.
MethodologyThesimulationwasestablishedto2Dsymmetricdimensionduetothesymmetricconfigurationofthescaled-upultrasoundsystemwithapiezoelectrictransducer,anewlydesignedirradiator(20kHz,2638mmindiameter,and28.
0cminlength)andawatertank(610mm*610mm*450mmindimensionand167.
5Linvolume).
Theultrasonicsysteminvolvesdifferentphysicalphenomena[3,7,8].
Thepiezoelectricmaterialinthetransducerconvertselectricalenergytomechanicalvibrationwhichpassesthroughtheultrasoundirradiatorandisintensifiedattheendoftheirradiator.
Theirradiatoremitsthoseamplifiedmechanicalwaves(ultrasoundwaves)towater,andthosewavesthenpropagateinthewatertankradially.
Therefore,threedifferentmodelswereselectedtosimulatetheultrasonicsystem:piezoelectricmaterialmodelfortransducer,linearelasticmaterialmodelforirradiator,andpressureacousticsmodelforwater.
Eachmodelisgovernedbyitsownequations.
2.
1PiezoelectricMaterialModelThepiezoelectriceffectisaphenomenonthatanappliedstressonpiezoelectricmaterialsinduceselectricpolarizationoranappliedelectricfieldinducesdimensionchangeforpiezoelectricmaterials[3,8-10].
Inthetransducer,thesyntheticceramicsofPZT(leadzirconatetitanate)providesanelectricalfieldandamechanicalfieldatthesametime.
TheelectromechanicalbehaviorsoftheisotropicPZTcanbeexpressedbytwolinearizedconstitutiveequations[7,9-11]:{{whereTisstressvector(6*1matrix),Sisstrainvector(6*1matrix),Eiselectricfieldintensityvector(3*1matrix),Diselectricfluxdensityvector(3*1matrix),cEiselasticcoefficients(6*6matrix)atconstantelectricfieldstrength,eTisdielectricpermittivitymatrix(6*3),eisdielectricpermittivity(3*6matrix),εSisdielectricmatrix(3*3)atconstantmechanicalstrain,sEiselasticcompliance(6*6matrix)inaconstantelectricfield,dTispiezoelectricstrainconstantmatrix(6*3),dispiezoelectricstrainconstant(3*6matrix),εTisdielectricmatrix(3*3)atconstantmechanicalstress.
2.
2LinearElasticMaterialModelTheparticledisplacementsgeneratedinthepiezoelectrictransduceraretransmittedtotheirradiatorsincetheyareconnectedtoeachother[7,8].
BothPZTandstainlesssteelareisotropicandelasticmaterials.
Therefore,theirlinearelasticbehaviorisgovernedbytheNewton'sSecondLaw[11,12]:whereuisparticledisplacement,σisstress,FVisforcepervolume,andeiφindicatestheAC.
2.
3PressureAcousticsModelThepressureacousticsmodelhasbeenusedtosimulatetheultrasoundpropagationinthewater.
Theacousticwaveequationisgivenasfollows[7,8,10-12]:Table1:InitialinputforthreedomainsLiquiddomainMaterialWaterρ1000kg/m3cS1418m/sIrradiatordomainMaterial1000kg/m3ρ7850kg/m3E(Young'smodulus)205E09Paν(Poisson'sratio)0.
28TransducerdomainMaterialPZT-5Hρ7500kg/m3cE(6*6matrix)[]eT(6*3matrix)[]εS(3*3matrix)[]sE(6*6matrix)[]dT(6*3matrix)[]εT(3*3matrix)[](())wherep(Pa)isacousticpressure,ρ(kg/m3)isdensityofwater,andc(m/s)isspeedofultrasoundpropagationinthewater.
Thedipolesourceq(N/m3)andthemonopolesourceQ(1/s2)arebothoptional.
Thecombinationρc2iscalledtheadiabaticbulkmodulus(Pa).
Sinceultrasoundislongitudinalwaves[13],thereisnopolarization(q=0andQ=0)[14].
Waterisassumedasanidealliquid(ρ=constantandη=0).
Therefore,thewaveequationfortheacousticpressurecanbesimplifiedto[7]:Thisequationdescribestheacousticpressureatanygivenpoint(x,y,z)andtimet.
2.
4BoundaryConditionandInitialInputThesettingofboundaryconditionsreferstoCOMSOLModelingGuideandprevioussimulationstudies[7,8,12,15-17].
Astructure-acousticboundarywassettotheinterfacebetweenirradiatorandwater[8,12].
Sinceultrasoundwavesarelongitudinalwaves,thehornsidewassetassoundhardboundaryatwhichthenormalcomponentoftheaccelerationiszero(thereisnoparticlemovementsinthedirectionperpendiculartohornaxis)[7]:(())Displacementsattheinterfacebetweenwaterandwallofthetankwasalsoconsideredaszero(u=0orP=0)assumingthetankmaterialwithalargeacousticimpedancesufficientlyabsorbedthosecomingacousticwaves.
Theparticledisplacementattheinterfaceoftransducerandirradiatorwassettobeequal[15-17].
Boundaryconditionsforsurfacescontactingairweresettofree(P=0)[12].
TheInitialvalueofelectricpotentialwassetto110V,anddefaulttemperaturewas293.
15K.
Theliquid,transducer,andirradiatordomainswereassignedtolinearwatermedia,piezoelectricmaterial(PZT-5H),andstainlesssteelmaterial(AISI4340),respectively.
TheinputinformationofthosethreematerialsissummarizedinTable1.
3.
ResultsandDiscussionFirst,inordertoevaluateandcomparetheperformanceofourirradiator,theacousticpressurelevelwascalculatedinCOMSOLforbothtypical(Figure2)anddesignedirradiators(Figure3).
Thetypicalirradiatoronlydeliversonehighacousticpressureareabelowitstip,whereasourmulti-steppeddesignbringsmultiplehighacousticpressureregionsaroundthe"edges".
Figure2.
Scatteredsoundpressurelevelsurroundingthetypicalirradiator(UnitforcolorlabelisdB).
Figure3.
Scatteredsoundpressurelevelsurroundingthedesignedirradiator(UnitforcolorlabelisdB).
Figure4.
Deformationoftransducerandirradiator(Unitforcolorlabelisμm).
Thesimulationresultsareconsistentwithlaboratoryhydrophonemeasurementsandsonochemiluminescenceimaging[18].
Sinceahighacousticpressureistheprerequisiteforcavitationresponsibleforcontaminantoxidation,thesimulationresultsinFigure3demonstratethatthedesignedirradiatorintroducedmoreenergy-emittingsurfacesandthereforemultiplereactivezones.
Fortheothertwodomainsbesideswater,theparticledisplacement(u)forthepiezoelectrictransducerandstainlesssteelirradiatoris1.
24μmatmaximumundertheappliedelectricalandmechanicalfield,showninFigure4.
Next,theacousticpressuredistributioninthewatertankwassimulatedtoevaluatethelarge-scaleapplicationwithdesignedirradiator,asshowninFigure5(2D)andFigure6(3D).
Inthesimulatedacousticfield,theredoryellowcoloralongirradiatorneckandbelowitstipalsoindicatesahighacousticpressureinthoseregions.
Atfurtherregions,ultrasoundwavespropagateinthewaterformingrippleshapes.
Acousticattenuationisalsoobservedbycolorchangingfromredtoyellow,thentolightyellow.
Themappingofacousticpressureinthewatertankindicatesthedesignedultrasoundirradiatorwithalargeradiationradius(>20cm)showsagreatcapacityforlarge-scaleAOP.
4.
ConclusionThecomputedresultshaveshowedthattheultrasoundirradiatordesignwithamulti-steppedFigure5.
Simulationofacousticpressuredistributioninwatertankin2D(UnitforcolorlabelisPa).
Figure6.
Simulationofacousticpressuredistributioninwatertankin3D(UnitforcolorlabelisPa).
configurationimprovedcavitationeffectsascomparedtotypicalirradiatorsgeneratinglocalizedcavitation.
TheCOMSOLprovidingcompatibleresultstoexperimentaldataseemstobeareliableandconvenienttoolforsuchscale-updesignofultrasoundirradiatorforAOP.
Thissimulationworkappliedtheidealconditionforallphysicalmodels.
Forexample,thesimulationresultsmayoverestimatetheparticledisplacementsforbothpiezoelectricmaterialandstainlesssteelirradiatorsinceitisassumedthereisnoenergylossforpiezoelectriceffectsandtransmittingofmechanicalenergyfromtransducertoirradiator.
Theacousticpressuredistributioninthetankissymmetricandlinearlydecreasingfromcentertoedgesduetothelinearityofwatermedia.
Actually,thehydrophonemeasurementsinthelaboratoryillustrateasymmetricanddiscretedistributionofacousticpressureduetotheacousticcavitation,wavecollision,andwatermovementbyultrasoundirradiation.
Therefore,waterviscosity,heatproduction,cavitationbubble,andmodelmodification[8,10,19]willbeaddedonebyonetocurrentsimulationtoobtainmorereliabledatainthefuturestudy.
Eventhoughthissimplestsimulationisnotanaccuratereflectionoftherealsystem,itisaworthystartingplatformandvaluablereferenceforfuturesimulationdesignwhichcanrepresenttherealsystemsetup.
5.
References1.
Weavers,L.
K.
,F.
H.
Ling,andM.
R.
Hoffmann,Aromaticcompounddegradationinwaterusingacombinationofsonolysisandozonolysis,EnvironmentalScience&Technology,32(18),2727-2733(1998).
2.
Suslick,K.
S.
,Thechemicaleffectsofultrasound,ScientificAmerican,0,80-86(1989).
3.
Mason,J.
M.
andA.
Tiehm,Advancesinsonochemistry,Vol.
6,Connecticut:JaiPress(2001).
4.
Csoka,L.
,S.
N.
Katekhaye,andP.
R.
Gogate,Comparisonofcavitationalactivityindifferentconfigurationsofsonochemicalreactorsusingmodelreactionsupportedwiththeoreticalsimulations,ChemicalEngineeringJournal,178,384-390(2011).
5.
Klima,J.
,A.
Frias-Ferrer,J.
Gonzalez-Garcia,J.
Ludvik,V.
Saez,andJ.
Iniesta,Optimisationof20kHzsonoreactorgeometryonthebasisofnumericalsimulationoflocalultrasonicintensityandqualitativecomparisonwithexperimentalresults,UltrasonicsSonochemistry,14(1),19-28(2007).
6.
Trujillo,F.
J.
andK.
Knoerzer,Acomputationalmodelingapproachofthejet-likeacousticstreamingandheatgenerationinducedbylowfrequencyhighpowerultrasonichornreactors,UltrasonicsSonochemistry,18(6),1263-1273(2011).
7.
Xie,Y.
,Modelanalysisandexperimentofsonochemicalcell,MasterThesis,NationalChengKungUniversity(2008).
8.
Yao,M.
,Analysisandexperimentofresonantsonochemicalcell,MasterThesis,NationalChengKungUniversity(2009).
9.
Ikeda,T.
,Fundamentalsofpiezoelectricity,Oxford,UK:OxfordUniversityPress(1996).
10.
Nygren,M.
W.
,Finiteelementmodelingofpiezoelectricultrasonictransducers,inDepartmentofElectronicsandTelecommunications,MasterThesis,NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology(2011).
11.
COMSOL,COMSOLMultiphysicsuser'sguide,version4.
2(2012).
12.
COMSOL,COMSOLMultiphycismodelingguide,version4.
2(2012).
13.
Kinsler,L.
E.
,A.
R.
Frey,A.
B.
Coppens,andJ.
V.
Sanders,Fundamentalsofacoustics,fourthedition,NewYork,NY:JohnWiley&Sons(2000).
14.
Mason,T.
J.
andJ.
P.
Lorimer,Appliedsonochemistry:Theuseofpowerultrasoundinchemistryandprocessing,VerlagGmbH,Weinheim:Wiley-VCH(2002).
15.
Fu,Z.
Q.
,X.
J.
Xian,S.
Y.
Lin,C.
H.
Wang,W.
X.
Hu,andG.
Z.
Li,Investigationsofthebarbellultrasonictransduceroperatedinthefull-wavevibrationalmode,Ultrasonics,52(5),578-586(2012).
16.
Lin,Z.
,Theoryanddesignofultrasonichorn,Beijing:SciencePress(1987).
17.
Peshkovsky,S.
L.
andA.
S.
Peshkovsky,Matchingatransducertowateratcavitation:Acoustichorndesignprinciples,UltrasonicsSonochemistry,14,313-322(2007).
18.
Wei,Z.
,R.
Xiao,M.
Cai,andL.
K.
Weavers,Designingandcharacterizingamulti-steppedultrasonichornforenhancedacousticcavitation,UltrasonicsSonochemistry(tobesubmitted).
19.
Vogler,E.
T.
andC.
V.
Chrysikopoulos,Experimentalinvestigationofacousticallyenhancedsolutetransportinporousmedia,GeophysicalResearchLetters,29(15),1-4(2002).
老薛主机,虽然是第一次分享这个商家的信息,但是这个商家实际上也有存在有一些年头。看到商家有在进行夏季促销,比如我们很多网友可能有需要的香港VPS主机季度及以上可以半价优惠,如果有在选择不同主机商的香港机房的可以看看老薛主机商家的香港VPS。如果没有记错的话,早年这个商家是主营个人网站虚拟主机业务的,还算不错在异常激烈的市场中生存到现在,应该算是在众多商家中早期积累到一定的用户群的,主打小众个人网站...
? ? ? ?创梦网络怎么样,创梦网络公司位于四川省达州市,属于四川本地企业,资质齐全,IDC/ISP均有,从创梦网络这边租的服务器均可以****,属于一手资源,高防机柜、大带宽、高防IP业务,另外创梦网络近期还会上线四川联通大带宽,四川联通高防IP,一手整CIP段,四川电信,联通高防机柜,CN2专线相关业务。成都优化线路,机柜租用、服务器云服务器租用,适合建站做游戏,不须要在套CDN,全国访问快...
星梦云怎么样?星梦云资质齐全,IDC/ISP均有,从星梦云这边租的服务器均可以备案,属于一手资源,高防机柜、大带宽、高防IP业务,一手整C IP段,四川电信,星梦云专注四川高防服务器,成都服务器,雅安服务器。星梦云目前夏日云服务器促销,四川100G高防4H4G10M月付仅60元;西南高防月付特价活动,续费同价,买到就是赚到!点击进入:星梦云官方网站地址1、成都电信年中活动机(成都电信优化线路,封锁...
scaleup为你推荐
同ip域名两个网站同一个IP怎么绑定两个域名336.com求那个网站 你懂得 1552517773@qqpartnersonlinecashfiesta 该怎么使用啊~~dadi.tv1223tv影院首页地址是什么?1223tv影院在哪里可以找到?sodu.tw台湾的可以看小说的网站彪言彪语( )言( )语的词语www.seowhy.com哪里有免费学习seo的www.seowhy.com如何快速做外链云鹏清1840年-1901年西方强逼中国签订了哪些不平等合约www.88ququ.com怎么在http://www.tubeshentai.com/下视频
vps是什么 域名停靠一青草视频 google电话 enzu westhost dreamhost 42u机柜尺寸 seovip dux 能外链的相册 电信托管 免费外链相册 宏讯 免费个人网页 万网服务器 防盗链 卡巴下载 新浪轻博客 最好的空间留言 腾讯空间登录首页 更多