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Bibliography380Index1987Whitepaper,721988EducationAct,7221/1project,40,54,212,273,297,302,342academicstandards,39,51,54,129,134,159,169,187,211,272,275,330,346academician,49,191,220,233,273actionresearch,356Africa,87,218agriculture,29,45-6,49-50,79-81,94,113-4,138,150,182-3,231,233,238,241,245,248,285,299,306AmericanBoxerIndemnityFunds,77Ames,Roger,15,20-1,23,37,318,362,366,371Analects,the,16,21-2,28,33,122annotations,28Anti-JapaneseResistanceUniversity(Kangda),41,109,115,126,132,207Anti-JapaneseWar,126Anti-RightistMovement,39,100,159-60,185,192,211,272,279,301,310,340,365Aristotle,23,67-8Asia-Africastudentconference,218attachmenttonature,25AuroraCollegeforWomen,the,297,306authoritativeperson,21authority,14,18,25,28,100,116,205,219-20,242,286-7,331,333,370,authorityoftheteacher,287autonomy,40,46,115,130,139-41,234,241,244,249,335awareness,125,131,220-1,258,283,289,351,355,364,366Bacon,327Bandung,218barriertomodernization,14Barthes,Roland8basiceducation,64,144,167,220,285,324,342,349,353,354,357,365,367basiceducationreformanddevelopment,324,342"abastionofdemocracy",182Belgium,98Beijing,10,34,41,49-50,54,68-9,73,76-8,80,83-5,94-6,98-100,105-6,112,115,118,120,122-3,126-7,129-30,132,135-7,140,144,149,155-7,161-2,172-4,179,184,186-7,189,192-3,195,200-1,204-5,209-10,216-18,222,226,231-7,239,242-51,253-4,261-74,276-83,291-3,296,304,311,327,347,354,360,365BeijingAcademyofEducationalSciences,106BeijingAeronauticsInstitute,149BeijingAgriculturalUniversity,105BeijingHigherTeachersSchool93,263BeijingNormalUniversity,41,68-9,77,83-5,100,129,155-6,204,217-8,231,248,253,261-73,276-81,347BeijingUniversityofScienceandTechnology,73381IndexBeijingWomen'sNormalUniversity,83(Catholic)FurenUniversity,99,129,268-9CentralMinoritiesUniversity,105PekingUnionMedicalCollege,94PekingUniversity,41,46,61,82,105,113,119,130,132-3,136,157,163,179,181,192,201,226-8,231-2,248,255,265,269,274,Tsinghuapreparatoryschool,121Beipei,182BeiyangEngineeringUniversity,83Bentham,Jeremy,63Bloom,Benjamin,335,352Benxi,206bilingualism,106bi-polarityinChineseeducationalthought,370Bok,Derek,72bodhisattvas,the,25-6BookofDocuments,the,16-7BookofMusic,the,16,18bookishknowledge,34BoxerRebellionof1900,51,62,238BoxerIndemnityFunds,77,83BoxerIndemnityscholarships,62BridgemanAcademy,187,293BritishMuseum,59Broad,G.
E.
,328Brubacher,John,72Bruner,Jerome,8Buddha,the,25-6,326,364Buddhism,26-8,31-2,34-5,103-4,121,252,288,326,358,364introductionofBuddhismtoChina,24Buddhist,1,23-4,26-8,32-3,35,45,121,326,364influences,24,28monasteries,26Teaching,24Bulgaria,193"creatinganincome",166"CulturalChina",315-6"culturalconsciousness",316Cai,Yuanpei,46-7,130,133,157-8,179-80,233,235,238,240,242-3,246,251,256,264,298CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,138CambridgeUniversity,186,189Canada-Chinacollaborativeprojectforjointdoctoraleducation,292CanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgency(CIDA),86,262Cao,Tianqin,189-90,192,194,202capitalism,15,102,169,217causation,20,327celibacy,27celibatecommunities,27centerforAmericanstudies,172,198,202-3CentralCommittee,101,105,173,199,210centralcurriculum,28CentralInstituteforEducationalResearch,161,220CentralSouthRegion,81,85,94,109,114,116,118,128,158,183,337CentralSouthRegionalBureauofEducation,94centralization,53,278ceremonies,19ChangbaiNormalCollege,216ChangbaiTeachersCollege,208Changchun,10,41,204,206-9,212-3,216-8,365Changting,144,148,154,188Chen,Baoquan,83Chen,Duxiu,184,235Chen,Heqin,66,298,300-1,305,310Chen,Jiagen,146,148,342Chen,Jingpan,155Chen,Wangdao,174,180,184-5Chen,Yuan129,267-70Cheng,Fangwu,210,17Cheng,Hao,28382IndexCheng,Yi,28Chengdu,106,189,291,296,303,307Chiang,Kai-shek,47,56,61,124,206,230,241-2,306China,1,4,9-16,23-4,26-7,30-1,35-9,41-9,51-9,61-78,80-1,83,85-9,92,94-5,97-103,105,109,111-3,115-6,118,120,122-3,125-6,128-9,131,133-4,136,138-40,142-52,157-65,167-70,172,174,176,181-4,186,189-96,198-9,201-2,204-5,209-10,212-3,216-7,220-1,223-30,233-44,247,250-2,256-9,261-2,265-9,271,273-94,296-300,302-4,306,308-10,313-8,321-2,324-6,328-30,333-7,339-42,344-5,349-51,353-54,358,360,362-3,366-71ChinaChristianEducationalAssociation(Shanghai),293ChinaComparativeEducationSociety(CCES),291ChinaDaily,134ChinaDemocraticLeague,101,105China'sEducationalCircles(Zhonghuajiaoyujie),61China'seducationaltraditions,14,30,37,38,87,169shuyuantradition,176,236,240,247ChineseAcademyofSciences,48,130,134-5,190-1,250,322ChineseCommunistParty,39,83,115,173,191,199,216,249,254,270,272,330,Chineseadvisorycommittee,197-8culture,1,18,26-7,77-8,89,223,288,315-6,322-3,360,371educationalheritage,89,250empire,18,44knowledgetradition,20language,27,52,104,137,171,176,210,213,273,302theoriesofeducation,331,367ChineseEnlightenment,4ChineseHigherEducationSociety,165ChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConference,94ChinesePhysicsSociety,195Ching,Julia,15-6,23Chomsky,Noam,8Chongqing,84,123,182,205,226,244,296,300ChristianMissionBoards,295Christianity,4,268,371civilserviceexaminationsystem,18,236CivilWar,The,40,126,208-9,253,292,300,307,329,344Clandinin,Jean,9Clark,Burton,71-2Clarke,Fred,63ClashofCivilizations,The3ClassicoftheWay,23classicalChinese,153,171,239,327Curriculum,17language(wenyan),153texts,6,14,16,29,162,309,326Clinton,Bill,1aclosedsystem,309coherence23,65ColdWar,222emergingColdWar,the,206endoftheColdWar,3collaborativeprojects,15CollegesoftraditionalChinesemedicine,53,160ColumbiaUniversity,24,30,34,58,60,94,127,206,255,298,303Comenius,67,333CommercialPress,57,59,64CommitteeforAcademicDegrees,138commonculturalheritage,168Communist383Indexlaboruniversities,161Partyunderground,154revolutionin1949,39,48,307underground,188,218,275,292,308,344YouthLeague,254,343communitarianindividual,318comparability69-70comparativeeducation,2,43,60,67-9,71,75,261-2,273,288,290-1,366-7ComparativeEducationSocietyofAsia(CESA),291comparativeresearch,2acomplexsystem,353,368conceptionoftime,8Conferenceon"KnowledgeAcrossCultures",88,223,314Confuciancanon28,36,121education,5-6,14-5,30,35,39,166,221,359educationalheritage,14epistemology,38,362morality,103philosophy,3,32,34-5,166,252,358tradition,6,10,15-7,31,34,37,106,202,286,354wayofknowing,37aConfucianethic,15,32Confucianism,3-5,15-6,18,20-1,24-5,27-8,33,35-7,75,104,169,202,221,253,289,315,319,354,361,364,370Confucius,14-23,28,31-3,37,55,75,87,122,153,155,272,287,289,318,320,366,370-1Connelly,Michael,9continuities,41continuum,9contradictions,330-1,370ControlYuan,96corebaseinmoraleducation,303curriculum,5,30-1values,3,18,25,140correlation,23correlativemodeofunderstanding,20courseoutlines,271,309cradleofprogressiveeducation,297creativeenergy,35,223thought,34creativity,2,4,21,34,74,286-8,366,368,370criticism,14,39,65-6,68,101,132,162,186,211,217,220-1,242,255-6,279,301,310-1,333,346,350culturalauthenticity,13dimension,13,41heritage,168-9,285,316,351identity,92multiplicity,87narratives,37values,168CulturalRevolution,9-10,13,39,50,54,67,86,94,101,103-4,107,109-10,116-7,119,132-5,138,159,161-2,169,172,178,185-6,194,199,202,211,218-20,255-6,270,272-3,281,284-5,301-2,308,311-3,322,333-4,340-1,348,351,363,366,368postCulturalRevolutionperiod,12curriculum,5,11,15-7,28-31,45-6,51,53,60,72,75,77,103,108,115,119,123,133,137,139,148,153-4,156-7,160,175-8,182,196-7,207,209,211,213,219,228,233,238-9,245,257-8,278-80,285,298,302,342,346,362curriculum(theory),11DaGongBao,94DaltonPlan,326DaluBao,123dao,19,37,371DaoDeJing,23Daoism,4,16,23-5,27-8,31-2,34,384Index103-4,121,252,358DatongUniversity,339Daxia(Utopia)University,304,306deBary,WilliamTheodore,4,6,15,23,35,359,361debates,15,39,71,79,100,165,177,179,182,185,234-5,237,254,256,260,293,317,345Decroly,Ovide,80,93Debeauvais,Michel,71democracy,14,18,26,37,73,182,318,332,370-1democraticcommunity,37,370equality,26thinking,30Deng,Xiaoping,6,9,40,44-5,54,69,74,82,87,101-2,107,119,151,162,172,186,195,211,219,248,250,261-2,273,284,313-4,334,349,367accessiontopower,6DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID)106Descartes,318developtheselfordevelopmentoftheself,166,317,353,368Dewey,John,30,39,57-8,66-8,73,100,155,169,278,286,298-9,303-4,317-8,327,329,333,337,339-70Deweyanpragmatism,37Dharma,26dialogueamongcivilizations,1-2,6,37-8,87,169,223,228,314,360Dilthey,William,8Dingcounty,127Ding,Haochuan,218DingXianexperimentalcenter,94Disterweg,67divergentviews,309DoctrineoftheMean,the,28Dong,Zhongshu,16-7DongfangLibrary,59DongfangZazhi[EasternMiscellany],93,268Dongnan(Southeastern)University,299DongnanUniversity,57-8,265,299-300Dottrens,Robert,98dualism,8,19,38,333betweenfactsandvalues7EastChinaHigherEducationBureau184EastChinaInstituteofLawandPoliticsinShanghai,150EastChinaNormalUniversity(ECNU),41,66-7,161,163,261,279,289,310,324-5,329-30,334,336-8,341-2,344-6,353,358EastChinaInstituteofHydraulicEngineering,150EastChinaRegion,49,183,337EcoleNormalSupérieure,265,338educationasascience,334family,55,82,105,187ofminorities,106tosavethenation,103educationalaims,108concepts,353-4,358,368environment,108-9,187,350experimentation,76,89,94,97-8,103,107,282,338feedback,108modernization,40,223,274,289policy,6,15,262,290,332program,17,80,151reform,15,31,40,43,54,83,112,298,160,162,273,281,284,288,291,352,355,relations,172,178,281research,47,69-70,88,93,104-6,108,120,161,209,220,256,259,266,281,292,300,313,316-7,322,324-35,339sociology,11,303,310385Indextransitions,2aneducationalexperimentaldistrict,79eightleggedessay,125EightfoldPath,26EighthPartyCongress,158Emperor,the29,32-3,287,298engineering,29,44,46,50,52,80-1,90,96,105,113-4,116-8,120,123,128,130-3,137,149-50,157,161,181,183,197,213,227,231,233,240,242-6,248,254,273,276-7,282,310,341engineeringsciences,44,49,53-4,81,114,128,137England,43,59,62-4,66,67,70-2,74,83,89,98,173,189,193,259,324,327-8,333,338,345enlightenmentrationality,7values,4Erasmus,67Europe,1,10,18,60,62,72,74-6,87,89-90,96,98-9,102,157,234-5,265,281,284-5,309,335,366Europeaneducationalideas,104educationalthought,89enlightenmentthought,2,318patternsandvalues,39rationalism169,330-2,370examinationpreparation,357exile,33-4,39,133,185,251,255,280,301existentialism,20experimentaldistricts,93primaryschool,58,155workintheteachingofmathematicsandEnglish,101explanation,8,20,85,121extensionofthings(gewu),29,33-4fact/valuedichotomy,the,38familyandcommunity,35,75,361familycooperation,5Fan,Xiujing,124Fan,Yuanlian,83,242Fang,Junjin,193Fei,Xiaotong,105,244,316female,the,25Feng,Youlan,79Feng,Yuxiang,78-9Fengtian,206,214feudalism,169filialpiety,27,254,315,360FiveClassics,17-8,28,274TheBookofRites,16,28TheBookofHistory,16TheBookofChanges,16TheBooksofOdes,16,90TheSpringandAutumnAnnals,16Flexner,Abraham,72FordFoundation,106FourBooks,the5,14,28,30-1,55,89-90,121-2,274,326fourlittledragons,1,15fourmajorclassesofsociety,19fourmodernizations,54,70"FourClean-UpsCampaign",348"fourolds",162France,46,62,70,95,98-9,102,104,157,176,234,251-2,258,265,267,284,303,306,324,333,338,351,FrancophoneComparativeEducationSociety,71Frenchpatterns,157,175FudanUniversity,10-1,14,41,49,172-5,179,181,183,190,194-6,198,200,267,276,309,311,322,329,339Fujian,34,49,144,146-50,152,155,158,165,168,170,172,183,188,199,266,337,342-3afullyinter-dependentmoralperson,319functionofhighereducation,145,165,369FurenUniversity99,129,268-269FuxingSchool,187,293386IndexFuzhouNormalCollege,150,266FuzhouUniversity,150,161GangofFour,185,195,313,333-4,340,348-50GansuAgriculturalCollege,105GansuNormalCollege,85-6Geneva,60,97-8,100Goedegebuure,Leo,72geographicadvantage,85geographicaldistribution,46,129,157-8distributionofhighereducation,83rationalization,245Germanapproachtoscholarship,311GezhiZhongxue,344GinlingUniversity,56,94,296-7GinlingWomen'sCollege,41,292-3,295-8,302,307,323girls'schools,188globaleducation,37,42,369heritage,1goodgovernance,17-8government,28society,16-9Gorky,216GreatLeapForward,39,49,53,66,103,118,131,150,159-60,162,185,192,202,211,255-6,272,280,310,331-2,340,345GreatLearning,the,14,28-9Greekcitystate,18"groundedtheories",168Gu,Mingyuan,43,68,69,261-2,273-4,276-9,283-8,290-1,347,364,367GuanghuaUniversity,56,345Guang,Yanen,151,157Guangdong,34,81,95,114,144,152,318,327Guangxi,34,62,81,95,114,116,350GuangxiUniversity,116Guanxi,93,198Guizhou,33-4,135Guo,Bingwen,299Guo,Ge,105,108Guo,Renyuan,47,61,124Hall,David,15,20,23,318Hume,David,327HainingUpperSecondaryNormalSchool,154Han,Yu,28HangchowChristianCollege,51-2HangchowChristianUniversity,41,50-2,130HangzhouNormalCollege,73HangzhouUniversity,41,43-5,50,52-4,66-7,71,74,120,130Hao,Keming,317-8Harbin,73,127,207HarbinNormalUniversity,73harmonioussociety,29harmonization,103He,Baoren,179heart-and-mind,21-2,106,201,320Heaven(tian),22Hegel,318,327Heidigger,318HenanUniversity41,76-7,79-82,90-6,98,112,114,184,360Heritage,1-4,12,14,30,39,52,54,75,81-2,89,101,160,168-9,211,221,246,250,267-9,285,288,297,303,314,316,320,322,337,351,353-4,358,367-8hierarchy,4-5,14,18,25,335highereducation,11-3,39-40,46,48,53,69,71-4,78,80-3,105,109,112,114-6,118-21,128-30,134-5,137,139,141-6,148,150,152,157-68,170,176,183-4,191,196,205,208,212,217,226-31,234,239,242,245-6,250,257-9,265-6,269-70,281,285,302,306,331,337-8,341,361,366-7,369aimsofhighereducation,166387Indexasadiscipline,164-5,167,170inEurope,72masshighereducation,170,212,302,341HigherEducationResearchInstitute,144-5Hinayana,25-6historicindividual,319Holland,98Holmes,Brian,12HongKong,4,10-1,13,15,28,53,62,81,87,95,98,111,145,180,205,223,228,232,246,274,283,290,292-4,296,307,308,312,315,325,335HuJiangUniversity,188,339Hu,Shi,78,236,240,244,246,264Hu,Yaobang,86,262HuabeiPublicInstitute,207HuabeiUniversity,98-9Huang,Hua,230,247,301Huang,Ji,156,217Huang,Kun,192,250Huang,Yanpei,93,264Huang,Yuyi,60Huazhong[CentralChina]UniversityofScienceandTechnology[HUST],109HuazhongNormalUniversity,130HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,41,81,116,143HubeiMedicalCollege,120HubeiSelf-strengtheningSchool,112HujiangUniversity,339humancommunity,4,29,319flourishing,18person,8,15,18-9,22,25-7,29,103,115,223,317,320potential,3,103,223,353society,7,20,22,26,318humanheartedness(ren),19humanities(wen),91humanizingpower,29Hume,327HunanProvincialDaily,128HunanSelf-StudyUniversity,115HunanUniversity,116,187hundredflowers,39,66,185,219,255,330,332,340ahundredflowersbloom,185HundredFlowersMovement,39,219,255,330,340ahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend,185hundredschoolsofthought,66,185Huntington,Samuel,3Husserl,318Hutchins,Robert,72Huxley,Thomas,72HwaNanWomen'sCollege,293hydraulicsandelectricalengineering,120ideal,12,18-9,25-6,28,110,310,317model,12society,25-6identity,2,12-3,26-7,44,50,59,92,120,191,212-3,238,295,306,365formation,13immortality,24imperialexaminations,the,5importanceofthebasicsciences,131independence,10,140,224,235,237,254,287,304,323,330,351,360,370India,23-4,26,87,288indigenousChinesepedagogy,367-8IndigenousKnowledgeandCulturalInterchange,110individualdevelopment,166,289responsibility,5individualism,3,221,318-9individuality,323,351Indonesia,176,218industrialrevolution,287industrialization,15,168,228,288,370process,288inherentgoodnessofhumankind,17388IndexInstitutJeanJacquesRousseau,97-8InstituteofAgriculture,150InstituteofBiochemistryandPhysiology,190institutionaldevelopment,6histories,9,13history,9,52,77-8,81-5,112,114,147,149,177,206-7,209-10,233,235,248,263,268,270-2,297,301-2,338institutions,9,13,17,38,40-1,43-4,46,48,50,52-4,56,59,66,73,76-7,81,83,85,98-9,109,112,115-7,119-20,129-30,141,148-51,157-9,161,168,170,179-80,184,196,208,210,213,220,227,229-30,237-41,243,245,248-9,262,264,266,281,290,292-4,296-7,299,307,309-10,338,340-2,359,364-6InstructionsforPracticalLiving,32,34integratingWesternandChineseideas,95integrationofresearchwithteaching,131,138intellectualandmoralquality,170interactionofcomplementarycontrasts,20interdependence,2,26,360inter-dependentmoralpersons,319,368internationaladvisorycommittee,197InternationalAssociationfortheEvaluationofEducationalAchievement(IEA),106internationalcollaboration,71,335community,73,88,98,172,197,352communityofuniversities,197concession,305scholarship,164InternationalScientificandTechnologicalTrends[Guojikejidongtai],136inter-relationshipwithinhighereducation,167,369Islam,4isolatedindividual,29,318Italy,98Japan,10,14,26,39,47-8,52,60-1,70,74,78-9,83,124-5,127,138,147-8,154,159,200,204,206,209,212,225,230-2,258-9,263,274,284-6,298,333,335,341,351,Japaneseaggression,47,125invasion,39,47,52,80,83,126,188,226,237,247,251,274,296,303,308,327,338Jencks,Edward,72Jesuitcolleges,176Jesuits,French,175Jialingriver,182Jiamusi,207-8Jiang,Nanxiang,137,249Jiang,Qing,185Jiang,Wan,178,183Jiangxi,34,49,62,115-6,144,148,150,155,161,183,188JiaotongUniversity,190,218,322Jilin,204,206,208-9,211,213,220JilinAcademyofSciences,55JilinNormalUniversity,211JilinUniversity,208-9,213JimeiNormalSchool,342-3JinChaJi,126-7Jin,Yiming,325-6,328,330,332-6JinanUniversity,329jinshidegree,31JournalofEducation(Jiaoyuzazhi),1JournalofHigherEducationResearch[Gaodengjiaoyuyanjiu],109-10JournalofPrimaryEducation(Xiaoxuejiaoyu),61journalism,128,137,180-1,183-5Judaism,4Judson,Junius,51June4thtragedy,86389Indexjurendegree,31-2KaifengTeachersCollege,81Kairov,Ivan,65,100,278,330"China'sKairov",333,349IvanKairov'sworks,65Kandel,Isaac,60Kant,Immanuel,7,19-20keybaseforresearch,163King,Edmund,70-1kinshipties,19KnowledgeAcrossCulturesalsoseeConferenceon"KnowledgeAcrossCultures",82,87-8,110,173-4,223,227-8,257,262,292,314knowledgeandaction,15-6,30,330,370Ko,Dorothy,36L'Aurore,175,267Laboratories,51,123,135,148-9,152,193,195,197,233Lam,Waiqing,147LandGrantUniversity,138Lanzhou,10,41,76-7,82,84,98-9,105-6,205,263,265,365LanzhouMedicalCollege,105LanzhouRailwayInstitute,105LanzhouUniversity,105LaoZi,23,327Lauwerys,Joseph,63-4lawandpunishment,29laws,17,20,37,168,221leadership,3,12,19,48-9,53-4,65-6,74-5"learningforthesakeoftheself",166learningfortheself,361learningofthemind-and-heart(xinxue),29,33learningprocess,15,108,157,159,167,325,352,369learningtheory,11,76legislation,6,140,231,234,237,268,298LeninNormalCollege,217,277-8Lewin,Keith,71Li,Bingde,63,76-7,82,85-9,93,95-8,101,103,105-8,120,156,246,259,267,269,314-5,319,324,358,360,363,365-7Li,Chong'an,97,101,105Li,Fang,161Li,Hongzhang,177Li,Jianxun,84Li,Lianfang,79,93-4,107Li,Long,105Li,Peiyou,155Li,Rui,127Li,Songquan,178Li,Wan,105Li,Zehou,22Liang,Shuming,95,358,363LiangjiangNormalSchool,298-9Liaoningprovince,206liberatedmentality,140liberationofthemind(jiefangsixiang),102library,59-60,91,97,112,123,136,148,175,218,230,233,240,264,266,268,304-5,327,344lifelonglearning,170,284life-story,10-1,16,42,107,120,152,274,293,297,333,342Lin,Boxiang,78Lin,Qi,45Lin,Zhengfan,73lineageoftheWay(Daotong),18linearlogic,19LingnanUniversity(Guangzhou),297literatureonConfucianthought,4,15Little,Angela,71Liu,Dabai,180Liu,Fonian,114,161,310,324-6,328,330,334-7,339-41,349,351-2,358,362,364-6,370Liu,Haishu,343Liu,Kunshan,139390IndexLocke,327London,11-2,23,34,43-4,50,59-60,62-7,70-2,74,113,173,179,234,289,294,327,338,363LondonSchoolofEconomics,113Lu,Ping,292,304-8,311Lu,Xun,142,264,277,290Lu,Zhiwei,300LuceFoundation,71LungKangAcademy,33Luo,Ruiqing,126Luoyang,76,90Ma,Xiangbo,175-7,181,232-4,267Ma,Yuan,31MacIntyre,Alasdair,7Mahayana,25-6Makarenko,333makerofmeaning,21Mao,Zedong,6,53,68,102,115,117,119,131,139,206-7,255,277,280,310,313,331,345,349,367MaoZedong'sarticle"OnPractice",331MarcoPoloBridge[LuGouQiao],95,187MarcoPoloBridgeIncident,187Marsailles,62Marxist-Leninist-Maoistorthodoxy,15MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),138,188mathematicalreasoning,19mathematics,29,47,49,52,56-8,60,77-9,83,90-1,101,105,107,112,118-9,122,131,133-4,137,151,154,171,175,177,182,184,188,210,213,231,244,252-3,266,270,295,299-301,326,329,335,338,357May4thMovement,4,30,86,90,153,178-81,223,227,235-6,243,262,264,294,326McMasterUniversity,174Meditation,29,31Mei,Yiqi,130,242-4,258Memoir,11Memorization,36,121Mencius,the,14,16-7,23,28MengXiancheng,60,62,300,330,338merger(s),50,52-4,116,120,141,196,208-9,213,237,264,267,269-70,297,340-1Merleau-Ponty,Maurice,8methodsofteaching,108,169Mexico,60MiddleEast,75,87Mill,JohnStuart,63MingdeSchool,the,327Minerva,110MinisterofEducation(inNanjing),113MinistryofEducation,40,69,85,96,99-100,137,148,163,165,195,197,212,217,232,241-2,267,273,282,299,303,313,329,339,357MinistryofEducation(China),85,148MinistryofElectronicsIndustry[Dianzigongyebu],135MinistryofHigherEducation,50,118,130,337MinistryofMechanicalIndustry[Jijiegongyebu],135minorityteachers,86missionaries,10,51,150,246,293-5missionarycolleges,148,179,246missionaryinstitutions,44,56,151,230,266,297ModernPhysicsResearchInstitute,195modernChinesewritingstyle(baihua),153primaryschools,57,95,326styleprimaryschool,55modernization,3-6,14,40,45-6,54,70,112,116,118,163,168,186,195-6,211,223,227,243,257-9,261,273-4,284-5,288-9,334,359,367-8Montaigne,67391IndexMoore,C.
E.
,328moraleducation,11,103,106,205,213,220-1,303,313,357,367MountTai,32Music,16-8mutualrespect,26mutuallyrespectfulrelations,12NanchangUniversity,116Nanjing,10,34,46,49,51,57-8,61,64,79,91,96,112-3,124,126,145,148,150-1,155,177,181-2,205,248,266,292-3,296,298-300,307-9,315,337,360,365NanjingEngineeringInstitute,150Nanjinggovernment,148NanjingHigherNormalSchool,57-8,265,298-9,303NanjingHigherSchool,56NanjingNormalUniversity,41,261,266,289,292-4,296-7,300,302,310,319,322,337NanjingUniversity,49,56,144,276,297-8,300Nankaisecondaryschool,122NankaiUniversity,94,130,133,229Nanning,350narrativeinquiry,9knowing,8,23,38method,1,7theoryofhumanexistence,8understanding,8,38nationbuilding,6,118,260nationalcenterinruraleducation,212comprehensiveuniversities,49,185,196keybases,40,152,212,273,342NationalBeipingUniversity,83,251NationalCentralUniversity,57-8,60,124,297,300,303,339,360NationalGinlingUniversity,296NationalInstituteforEducationalResearch,106NationalNormalCollege,328NationalPeople'sCongress,105,184NationalScienceConference,195NationalWuchangHigherTeachersSchool,112NationalZhejiangUniversity,46-7Nationalistgovernment,the,39,46,48,51,58,79-80,84,96,113,148,181-3,205-6,240-4,253,264-6,294-5,300,328-9NationalistParty,46-7,51,122-3,181,206,237,242,265,363Needham,Joseph,189Neil,67Neo-Confucianlearning,29Neo-Confucianism,20,27,75,319Neville,Robert,15NewYork,2,8,12-3,20-1,24,27,29,34,60,94,110,115,122,127,199,230Newman,Cardinal,72Nima,Baden,106NingboBoysAcademy,51Ningxia,84-6Nirvana,26non-action(wuwei),25normalschool(shifanxuexiao),57-8,95,154,209,215,263,265,301,329,363university48,81,209,264,302,329,334,338,365normativeorder19NorthAmerica,1,10,72,74,102,173,281,335Northeast(ofChina),55,99,150,204-5,207,213,256NortheastNormalUniversity,41,204-6,209-13,206,217-8,220,261Northeastregionalbureau,209NorthernExpedition,46,51,79,294NorthernSongDynasty,76NorthwestNormalUniversity,41,392Index76-7,82,86-7,106-7,231,261,263,265NorthwestregionofChina,85NorthwestUnitedUniversity,83,265NorthwestUniversity,84,328Nottingham,63,66Nunn,Percy,67nunneries,26O'Connor,67objectiveviewofreality,8Odes,16-7,28,90OntarioInstituteforStudiesinEducation(OISE),1,86,220,261,336openandmodernizedsociety,287opendoorlearning,161openinguptotheworld,54,196-7,273OpiumWarsof1840andthe1850s,87OrtegayGasset,72over-centralization,53Owen,67parents,15,55,122,127,194,215,218,253,304,306-8,311,315,323,343-4,356-7,360Paris,62,64,71,98,113,282,328PearlHarbor,306PeiyuanSecondarySchool,186-7People'sLiberationArmy,64,127,216,296People'sUniversity,98,156,210,216,269,272,283personalfreedoms,14personality,12,27,33,115,192,319Pestalozzi,333philosopherkings,19philosophy,1,3,7,14-7,20,30,32,34-5,37,52,70,72,84,92,124,137,148,155-8,166,169,175,177-8,184,213,221,233,240,243,247-8,250-3,257,259,264,268,272,279,283,287,289,295,316,318,327-9,351,354,358,Pikou,214,216Piaget,Jean,97pilgrimage,32Plato,14,18-9,67-8,75,327Poland,60Polkinghorne,Donald,8politicaleducation,65,126,241,249,271-2,292,302,309,340movements,6,39,74,83,86,159-60,163,166,211,362,365polytechnicaluniversity,44,48-9,65,81,227,230,245,266,365portraits,1,6,9,11,13,41-2,119,250,324,359,366powersofobservationandmemory,364practicalpersonalknowledge,34,319pragmatism,20,37,202,236,317,332,370preferredfutures,12-3Prigogine,Ilya,354principle(li),33privatehigherinstitutions,170school(sishu),55,89-90,121,274universities41,129,229,294ProblemApproach,12problemsineducation,71progress,116protestmovements,52,253Protestant,15,75,297provincialcomprehensiveuniversity,53,66normalschool,95publicspeaking,177,346Qian,Weichang,105QiuShiAcademy,45,50Qu,Baokui,217qualityeducation(suzhijiaoyu),103,107,223,259,319qualityofhumanpersons,103393IndexQuintillian,67QunzhongRibao[Masses'Daily],127Rabelais,67rationalism,19,169,222,236,312,330-2,370rectificationmovements,115RedArmyUniversity(Hongjundaxue),115RedGuards,68,101,119,132,162,193,219,311-2,333,340,365reformefforts,6Regan,Ronald,172regionaldistributionofhighereducation,158Rehe,127,129relationship,4,7-8,10-2,14,23-4,27,29,35-6,38,42,94,131,164,166-7,173,204,222,230,237,242,253-4,262,289,316,318,343,356,360-1,364-6,369religion,3,4,7,24,198,268,288,361reorganizationforhighereducationin1952,82,266of1952,9,50,270ofcollegesanddepartments,80,129,156,158,183-4,189-90,209-10,217,254,266,269,296ofdepartments,149,151,226researchonthelearningprocess,159respectforintellectuals,185responsibility,8,19,24,29,33-5,51,84,86-7,90,98,103,112,116,141,166-7,197,199,208,210,246,252,257,266,268,271,283,286,301,305,309,319,330-1,334,351,356,360-1,365,retrenchmentof1961,the,50,119,131,137,161Revolutionof1911,30,38,146,177,231,233,263,326revolutionarynarrativeofself-sufficiency,10rights-basedliberalism,37Rites,16-7,28rites,17,19,27rituals,29,34RockefellerFoundation,94Rockefellerscholarship,187roleofwomen,the,25Romania,193Rosen,Stanley,71,201rotelearning,14Rujia,16rulesofbehavior,17ruralexperimentalworkineducation,95schools,88,314,349,367Russell,Bertrand,239,327,329RussianProfessors,156,255Scientists,191-3"redandexpertcolleges",161sage(sheng),22sageliness,33salon,145,164,177,275,276,321SanjiangNormalSchool,298scholarelite,5ScholarlyForum(XueshuLuntan),160scholarshipofpractice,365schoolofgraduatestudies,120,138,152,262,283,342ofprinciple(lixue),29Schwartz,Benjamin,15,17-9,25,72,232,361,sciences(li),91scientificunderstanding,4secondaryschoolteachers,52,151,207-8,261,265,270,279,301,329,334,337seekingtruththroughfacts(shishiqiushi),102self-discipline,22,29,286,359examination,104394Indexgovernance,5initiatedlearningprojects,357mastery,140-2,223reliance,5,51separatesphere,35separationbetweenfactsandvalues,20ofresearchandteaching,130ShaanxiNormalUniversity,85-6,99ShandongNormalUniversity,180-1ShandongUniversity,49Shanghai,10,14,41,43,49,51-2,56-7,59,61-2,64,66,69,77-8,92,95,120,123,125,136,150-1,155,163,165,172-3,175,177-9,181-5,188-96,199-200,205,218,226,234,251,261,263,274-6,279,289,292-3,295-7,303-6,308,311,325,329,332-44,348-9,352-4,360,365PresidentoftheShanghaiAssociationofScienceandTechnology,195ShanghaiHigherEducationBureau,164ShanghaiInstituteofEconomicsandFinance,183ShanghaiNo.
OneMedicalUniversity,196ShanghaiNo.
TwoMedicalUniversity,196ShanghaiNormalSchool,329,332,334,340ShanghaiNormalUniversity,332,334,340ShanghaiPeople'sCongress,185ShanghaiPeople'sPoliticalConsultativeCommittee,184,199ShanghaiSchooloftheArts,343ShanghaiStudentAssociation,179Shanghai-widestudentorganization,179Shao,Lizi,178-9Shao,Peizi,60Sheibe,Karl,8Shen,Yixiu,36Shenyang,209,216ShenyangNormalCollege,161ShenyangNormalUniversity,73Shi,Liangfang,337Shizhongzhongxue,153shuyuan,45,115,157,176,230,233,236,240,244,247,253,275,298SichuanNormalUniversity,106Singapore,4,15,146,176,315Sino-Americanrelations,172,198Sino-JapaneseWar,The,90,95,113,154,182,223,229,247,253,268-9,275,292,300sishu,55,89-90,121-2,274SixClassics,16sixmajorgeographicalregions,337SixtyArticlesforHigherEducation,the,39,66,119,281,211,310,331,333,340Skinner,67Smith,Adam,72SmithCollege,60,188,198,200,296socialeducation,104knowledge,13,30responsibility,5,24,35,246,359scienceinquiry,9socialistconstruction,48,118,157,227SocialistEducationMovement,119,132societaldevelopment,28SocietyforResearchintoHigherEducationasaDiscipline,165Songdynasty,the,27-8,30,35,44,76,272SouthChinaWomen'sCollege,150-1SouthEastAsia,152SouthKorea,4,15SoutheastAsia,146,178Sovieteducation,64,74,273,279,285,291educationalideas,87,157,309395Indexeducationalpatterns,309experts,99-100,217,271-2,309,339highereducation,159,191ideas,99-100,103model,44,49,53-4,65,66-7,101,114,118-9,129-31,137,139,158,162,267,270-1,281,300-1,330,334,337,339modelofeducation,65modelofhighereducation,53,118,139,266patternsofhighereducation,157revisionism,169,282Soviet-stylereorganizationof1952,9SovietUnion,The,2,39,48,60,65,68,102,131,159,191-3,202,217,225,245,254-6,258,265,271,277,284-5,287,330-1,338,350-1,370specialeconomiczones,151-2Spencer,Herbert,72-3spiritualheritage,4lessons,4spontaneity,25,37StHilda's(inWuhan),187,293StJohn'sUniversity,56,180,304,306,338-9StMary'sGirlsSchool,304StateCouncil,the,135,138StateCouncil'sAcademicDegreesCommittee,105,220statecraft,33statisticaldata,6stories,7,9-10,12-3,32,35,38,44,95,121,136,154,205,229,344Stuart,JohnLeighton,63,201,247studentactivism,56,58,123,179,188,245,247,264movements,47,125,188,218,262protests,61,205self-government,176studentsfromVietnam,348students'diverseabilities,170studyofEnglish,77,91Su,Buqing,49,184,186,191Su,Dongpo,44Su,Xuelin,125subjectiveexperienceofeducation,6self,225,289,317,319,368Sun,Hanbing,182Sun,YatSen,46,77,79,112SuzhouUniversity,73Switzerland,62,96,98,104,267,360Sympathy,17,206systematicknowledge,157,287,369teaching,161"StruggleandCriticism",186"systemofbreakthroughpoints",355-6,368Tai,Shuangqiu,92-4,98,103Taiwan,4,15,39,48,123,144,181,186,189-90,219,230,245,268,307,312,315Tangdynasty,16,18,23-7,35,121Tao,Xingzhi,57,66,92,95,100,155-6,299-300,310,358,363teachereducation,10,44,49,54,82,84-6,146-7,150-1,153,204,212,263,266,271,273,297,298,300,302,334-5,341,368teachingandresearchquality,170teachingmaterials,65,69,127,160,169,192,210,256,301,310,331plans,157,160TeachingoftheBuddha,26TexasUniversityofAgricultureandMechanics,138textbook(s),57,60,65-7,70,90,100,124,160-1,188,192,207,233,250,252,290,310,313,330-3,345,353-4,356,358,363threefollowings,36396IndexThurston,Mrs.
Lawrence,293Tian,Huisheng,106tianming,21-2TiananmenSquare,86,276Tragedy,40Tianjin,98,122,126-7,244TianjinDaily(Tianjinribao),127TianjinUniversity,105Tonghua,206TongjiUniversityofMedicalsciences,120top-downcontrol,53traditionaleducation,89-90formsofschooling,15privateschool,55,121,274science,30socialorder,287atransformationoflearningprocesses,325trendsofglobaldevelopment,368TrimetricalClassic(SanziJing),153TsinghuaSchool,77TsinghuaUniversity,41,49,61,130,133,181,226,227,238-9,242,276-7Tu,Wei-ming,3,15-6,18,23,29,32,221,315,361Turkey,60"theYan'anoftheNorth",207"two-line"struggle,119understanding,1-3,6-10,12,14,20-3,25-6,37-8,41,67,70,72,75-6,102,107-8,125,134,152,159-60,163,165,167,207,224,227,243,258,279,287,309,313,314,316,320,332,336,338,342,350-1,353-7,359-61,363-4,366-7,369-70understandingofuniversitydevelopmentinNorthAmericaandEurope,72UNESCO,2,64,71,138,258,282unifiedcurricula,330UnitedChristianUniversity,186UnitedNations,2,169,223unityofknowledgeandaction(zhixingheyi),30university,9,44,46-50,52-5,57-9,61-6,73,76,78-82,84-6,92,94-5,100,109,112-20,123-4,126,129,132-6,139-41,143,145-9,151-2,154-8,162,172-3,175-8,181-4,188,196,204,206-10,213,218,220,226-7,229-34,236-7,240-2,245,247-8,250,252,263-6,268-70,274-5,280,288,297,299-300,302-3,305-6,309,328-30,333-4,337-40,342,345,351,363,365universitydistrictsystem,46,264UniversityofBerlin,328UniversityofLausanne,96-7UniversityofLiverpool,192UniversityofLondonInstituteofEducation,11-2,43,63,67,338UniversityofManchester,193UniversityofParis,98,113,328UniversityofShanghai,52UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,71,200-1UniversityofSussex,71UniversityofTibet,349UniversityofWisconsin,58UniversityofZagreb,351valueexplicitapproach,12valueneutrality,8,12Vikner,David,199-200Vught,FransVan,72"walkingontwolegs",310Wan,Mingang,106WanderingUniversity(Liuwangdaxue),48Wang,Cesan,156Wang,Chengxu,11,43-76,89,109,120,290,324,333,360,363,366-7,369Wang,Chonghui,177397IndexWang,Deyao,149Wang,Jiayi,88,106Wang,Jingwei,305Wang,Shijie,113Wang,Yangming,16,20,30-1,34-8,59,104,289,319,358,361TheWangYangmingSchoolofneo-Confucianism,20Wang,Yingjie,288-9Wang,Yunwu,59Wang,Zhongming,73Wang,Zhongwei,73warp(jing),71WashingtonStateUniversity,180,182WayoftheScholars,16-23Weaving,71Weber,Max,8,15Wen,Yiduo,113,244Wenzhai,182WestChinaUnionUniversity,296Westernclassicalstudies,14classicsineducation,369styleofeducation,312textbooks,124Westernization,168,224,314Whitehead,67,327WilliamGoodenoughHouse,11"womenholduphalfthesky",190womenintellectuals,35women'sclassics,35education,106,362literaryactivity,36placeinConfucianphilosophyforwomen,35woof(wei),71workoftranslation,67,72worker-peasant-soldier,68,186,301,348Work-studyMovement,303WorldBank,the,72,106,173,196-7highereducationprojectsinChina,196loans,196projects,173,197WorldCouncilofChurches,295WorldOrderModelsProject,12WorldTradeOrganisation,152,worldtrendsofdevelopment,170Wu,Bai'ang,57-8Wu,Yifang,294-5,298,307,323Wu,Yuzhang,216Wuhan,10,41,46,81,85,109,111-3,120,126-9,132,142,149,183,187,248,251,252,266,293,327,337WuhanCollegeofUrbanConstruction,120WuhanUniversity,41,81,109,111-4,116,120,124-5,128,130,141,327,360WuhanUniversityofSurveyingandMapping,120WuxiNumberThreeNormalSchool,57"x-ray"process,355Xiamen10,41,144,146,148-9,151-2,156-7,186,188,205,342-3XiamenUniversity,41,49,73,144-52,154-5,157-65,170,172,187-8,330XiaoZhuang,57,300Xie,Xide,11,152,172-203,230,247,250,293,303,311,322,360-1,365-6Xiehe,150-1Xin,22Xinjiang,85-6xiucaiexaminations,55Xu,Hui,73Xu,JiaHui,177-8Xuan,Zang,24Xue,Bendong,148Xue,Xianzhou,178XuehaiAcademy,327XunZi,16-7,75Yan,Fu,72,176,232398IndexYan,JamesYangchu,94-5,127,363Yan'anUniversity,115,206-7,Yangming'sstudyprogram,33Yangzhousecondaryschool,122-3,128,132-4YangziRiver,81,99,111,124,293YeLan,289,324-58,360-1,364-5,368YeShengtao,113YenchingUniversity,94,123,186-7,189,192,201,230,246-7yi(rightness),22YoungWomen'sChristianAssociation,295Yu,Chingtang,306Yu,Ziyi,60-1,Yuandynasty,30YueluAcademy,110Yugoslavia,350-3Zeng,Zi,28Zha,Qian,128Zhang,Boling,130,133Zhang,Chunqiao,340Zhang,Jiwei,73Zhang,Junli,327Zhang,Kaiyuan,129Zhang,Tiedao,106Zhang,Yi,180-2Zhang,Zhidong,112,298Zhang,Zhiguang,156Zhang,Zhongyou,57-8Zhang,Zuolin,205Zhao,Dunyi,61-2,73Zhejiang,46,49,51,53-4,62,73,132,183,188,337ZhejiangHigherSchool,45-6,58ZhejiangTeachersCollege,45,49-50,52-3,65-7,150,180ZhejiangTeachersUniversity,73ZhendanUniversity,175,339Zheng,Mengfen,93,96-7Zheng,Xiaocang,58,60-1,63Zheng,Zonghai,300ZhongguoGongxue,78ZhonghuaUniversity,130,266ZhongshanUniversity,46,114,158Zhongzhou(CentralContinent),78-9Zhou,Enlai,158,185,193,210,255,281,340,349Zhou,Gengsheng,113Zhou,Rongxi,50Zhou,Yang,310,331-2Zhu,Baofeng,178Zhu,Bo,44,69,71,99,290Zhu,De,349Zhu,Kezheng,47,49,61,63,124,130,133Zhu,Xi,5,16,28,30-1,33Zhuang,Zexuan,60,154Zhuang,Zi,23,327Zi,Si,28399CERCStudiesinComparativeEducationTitlesintheseriesinclude:1.
MarkBray&WO.
Lee(eds.
)(2001):EducationandPoliticalTransition:ThemesandExperiencesinEastAsia.
Secondedition.
2.
MarkBray&W.
O.
Lee(eds.
)(1997):EducationandPoliticalTransition.
ImplicationsofHongKongChangeofSovereignty.
3.
PhilipG.
Altbach(1998):ComparativeHigherEducation:Knowledge,theUniversity,andDevelopment.
4.
ZhangWeiyuan(1998):YoungPeopleandCareers:AComparativeStudyofCartersGuidanceinHongKong,ShanghaiandEdinburgh.
5.
HaroldNoah&MaxA.
Eckstein(1998):DoingComparativeEducation:ThreeDecadesofCollaboration.
6.
T.
NevillePostlethwaite(1999):InternationalStudiesofEducationalAchievement:MethodologicalIssues.
7.
MarkBray&RamseyKoo(eds.
)(2004):EducationandSocietyinHongKongandMacao:ComparativePerspectivesonContinuityandChange.
Secondedition.
8.
ThomasClayton(2000):EducationandthePoliticsofLanguage:HegemonyandPragmatisminCambodia,1979-1989.
9.
GuMingyuan(2001):EducationinChinaandAbroad:PerspectivesfromaLifetimeinComparativeEducation.
10.
WilliamK.
Cummings,MariaTeresaTatto&JohnHawkins(eds.
)(2001):ValuesEducationforDynamicSocieties:IndividualismorCollectivism.
11.
RuthHayhoe&JuliaPan(eds.
)(2001):KnowledgeAcrossCultures:AContributiontoDialogueAmongCivilizations.
12.
RobertA.
LeVine(2003):ChildhoodSocialization:ComparativeStudiesofParenting,LearningandEducationalChange.
13.
MokKa-Ho(ed.
)(2003):CentralizationandDecentralization:EducationalReformsandChangingGovernanceinChineseSocieties.
14.
WO.
Lee,DavidL.
Grossman,KerryJ.
Kennedy&GregoryP.
Fairbrother(eds.
)(2004):CitizenshipEducationinAsiaandthePacific:ConceptsandIssues.
15.
AlanRogers(2004):Non-FormalEducation:FlexibleSchoolingorParticipatoryEducationComparativeEducationResearchCentreofTheUniversityofHongKong.
Springerandthe16.
PeterNinnes&Meeri(eds.
)(2005):InternationalizingHigherEducation:CriticalExplorationsofPedagogyandPolicy.
17.
RuthHayhoe(2007):PortraitsofChineseEducators.
HellsténInfluentialBooksNo.
7andfromNo.
13onwardsintheseriesareco-publishedby