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35(17),2849–2851(2010)IndexAAbsolutecalibration,126,217–239,261,313,507,519,586,600,618Absolutecolormeasurement,86,88–91Absolutemeasurement(s),68,69,71,72,87,88,99–102,105,107,112,255–259,264,268,306,310,333,568,586,602–604,621Absolutereectivity,232Absolutespectralresponse,234,235Absorptance,20,21,27,30,50,51,57,65,111,113,114,157,169,217–219,229,236,261–263,268,311,314,349,362,392,401–403,434,442,470–473,476,478–483,485,488,490,491,495,499–502,504–507,517–522,524,525,536,550,566,567,600Absorptioncoefcient,28,29,32,155,157,262,294,307,370,379,381,382,386,389,394,396,397,427,431,469–471,477–480,482–485,488,491–494,497,499–503,505,506,508,510–515,517,520,522,524,526,527,529–531,548,560,600,601features,387,429,548,559induced,493,504change,499polarimetry,497thermallens,501loss,33,334,353,379,392,398,401,430,439,443,469–536,550,566,597,601–603pathdifference,566peak,381,386sensitivity,443,557spectrum,265,384,396,428,482,556Absorptivity,482,485,509,524Acceptancefunction,385Accumulationtime,398Accuracy,7,26,53,55,59,64–68,98,108,112,144,158,165,187,190,200,229,235,237,244,245,247,254,261,262,268–282,288,293,294,296,299,301,303,311,315,326,338,368–370,374,401,403,413,435,437,438,455,461,467,482,514,520,530,538–540,542,543,545,557,558,566,570,572,592,603–605,611,619,620,624Acoustic,347,422,482–517,600relaxation,513resonantfrequency,511sensor,515transittime,507wave,482,489,505–507,511,600Acousticallyresonant,508,511Acousto-opticdeector(AOD),426Acousto-opticmodulator(AOM),399,400,428,429,491,554Active,98,182,284,367–378,380–382,398,401,419,449,454,456,458,477,485,486,488,514,555Activeintracavitylossmeasurement,377Addedlength,575Addition,166,170,200,251,271,273,274,278–282,324,378,382,509,515,526,527,564,571,644Additive,9,10,54,76,104,118,144,147–149,158,235,271,278,401,418,569,621,644interactions,7multiplereections,416M.
Bukshtab,AppliedPhotometry,Radiometry,andMeasurementsofOpticalLosses,SpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences163,DOI10.
1007/978-94-007-2165-4,SpringerScienceCBusinessMediaB.
V.
2012691692IndexAdditive(cont.
)summation,35,37,38,148,163,420,422superposition,130,414transmittanceandreectancemeasurement,407Adiabatic,470,478,509Aggregatedecayrate,395Air-basedinterferometer,636Airgap,221,224,269,279,622–627,630,636inbercontact,629reection,608,624,626Airreference,558Air-sampletransmittance,570Airyformulae,162,385,421Alignment,184,221,237,248,294,301,302,304,324,328,336,361,362,365,381,388,408,416,419,422,436,488,491,494,539,589,593,623–626Ampliedspontaneousemission(ASE),454,646,647Amplitudemodulation,492,546,553,554Analyzer,170–176,178,179,184,249,266,371,440,461,502,503,612Angularfrequency,133,152,379,390,492,552,600,632Angularintensity,8,14,21Angularscattering,315,316Anomaly(anomalies),104,190–214Anti-resonance,439Anti-resonant,439–441,449Aperture-denedgeometry,187Astigmaticelongation,329,330,338,339Astigmaticmirrorcell,346Asymmetriccavity,410,431–447Attenuationcross-section,387difference,540factor,28,33,43,62–75,181,221,223–226,244,251–253,261,273,289,290,309,317,344,369,373,378,402,543,589,593,617–629measurement,62,64,240,252,253,537–587,593spectrum,547Attenuator,181,217,220–227,229,244,248,252,253,270–274,282,293,294,311,312,430,494,539,563,584,603,619Auto-balanced,563Autocorrelationfunction,189,634,635Auxiliaryresonator,369Average,4,49,129,218,295,323,389,403,508,550,597attenuation,612backscatteringloss,620cell-mirrorreectance,333ber-lineloss,614uence,565groupindexofrefraction,625numberofcollisions,526opticaldensity,613pathlength,526,527,529,535polarizationfactor,639power,4,13,154,155,218,228,230,231,349,508,642powerspectrum,642reectance,323,324,326,330,346,349,360,413,415,533,570,623scattering,403transmittance,176,178,628Averaged,1,4,7,9,10,12,13,15,49,56,64,124,129,133,143,148,150,152,164,179,186,223,250,251,276,280,295,304,306,312,317,323,324,326,327,330,331,333,334,361,364,379,393,402,404,405,420,422,425,426,429,443,461,475,511,512,548,563,566,567,582,585,594,606,612,626,628power,50,54,158,437Averagingintegratingsphere,248BBackandforwardscattering,601Background,1–2,315,470,503,520,549,551,553–555emission,546interference,365levelsensitivity,554noise,223,510,548,554,566,567radiation,318,355scattering,292,312Backreected,541,620,649Backscattered,311,610–617,620,621,628,649,651Backscattering,597,611,613,614,617–620,628,629,639factor,311,312plusreection,619Bafingaperture,188,190Bafingmethod,101–104,107Balanced,124,159,232,294,340,428,542,587detection,365,555–567,586Index693Bandwidth,144,183,237,250,279,379,380,382,383,386–388,392,396–399,408,411,413,442,451,482,507,515,543,546–549,551,554,563,566,586,616,633,637,638,640–642,644Beamcross-section,45,156,164,166,240,241,250,257Beamofrays,8Beamsplitter,69–72,121,148–150,158–160,166,168–170,181–183,229–231,241,242,244,245,251,259,260,276,282,294,301,302,306,312,315,327,333,334,337,405–407,432,436,447,451–454,465–467,498,500–502,517,537,539,549,556,558–561,563,564,566–568,571,574,575,578,582,584,595,617Beam-steering,388,495Beat-length,610,649Beer'slaw,386Bentresonator,368,419measurement,433Bidirectional,475,520,593,615reectance,45,315,316,521,593reectancedistributionfunction,45Birefringence,170–180,237,294,372,416,418,439,461,483,489,497,501–503,561,607,610,639–641,647–651Birefringent,175,307,449,450,455,650ber,607,647,649berinterferometer,640plate,170,184,461Bit-errorrate,646Blackbodyradiation,238Blackbodyradiator,227,232,519Bouguer–Lambert–Beer'slaw,469,523,532,536,591Boxcarintegrator,510,511,565,611Brewsterangle,31,296–299,322,350,361,362,368–374,379–381,399,454,543,544,546,568,573calibrator,370,371Broadband,181,183–185,211,215,218,224,236,237,240,382–384,387,395,399,416,438,443,465,541,548intracavitydetection,398Bulkabsorption,167,469,472–479,482,492,498–500,504,505,507Bulkandsurfaceabsorption,507Bulklinearattenuationcoefcient,36,296,413Bulkloss,35,36,250,291,293,298,472,477,505,507,543,544,546,568,571,573–576,601,624Bulkscattering,294Bulktransmittance,166,167,169,244,289–291,582,584CCalibratingcavity,369Calibratingwire,600Calibration,26,50,217–239,291,332,367,408,476,538,593resonator,369Calorimetric,218,402,476,477,482,494,495,516,521,597,599Calorimetry,478,494,505Candela,12–15,50,232,238Carrierfrequency,391,465,547,548,550–552Cavity,21,72,150,218,305,322,367,401,477,555,595coupled,385,389,427enhanced,466,561lengthmatchingfringes,359lockacquisition,398matching,396modemismatch,392proneinterferencefringes,363resonance,378,390,398,423–425,427ringdownspectroscopy,187,384–391shapeddetector,314Cell-relatedfringes,359Centerwavelength,451Characteristictimeinterval,482,484,598Coblentzhemisphere,313Coefcient,10,57,155,232,289–299,321,367,402,469,543,589ofthermalexpansion,509Coherence,9,129–144,227,384,409,482,539,608length,9,179,180,186,384,385,409,416,417,420,539,608,611,615–617,631,634,635,637time,129Coherentcrosstalk,643Coherentreectance,285Coherent-subtraction,549Collinearpropagation,541Collinearwaves,540Color,76–91,214–215,461,564coordinate,76–91,264,266,267,461,462ltering,214Colorimetry,76,85Colorscale,86694IndexColorsensitivity,264Combined,1,12,149,166,168,181,195,220,223–225,235,268,270,273,275,282,287,317–319,322,324,334–336,348,351,364,365,376,388,396,488,494,496,507,515,519,527,528,532,541,549,622,624,634,641–643action,38irradiance,53scattering,317Comparativeinterference,173,179,607Comparisonmethod,95,97–99,254,257Compensating,105,181,221,268,293,301,302,341,346,438,451,465,480,499,538,549,559,584,587Compensation,66,106,108,203,208,240,241,244,258,268,301,341,367,374,454,481,499,503,537,538,551,563Complementaryattenuationfactor,244Complexdegreeofspectralcoherence,133,137,144Complextransmittance,450Concentration-dependentextinction,542Concentricresonator,407Connection,594,618,620,622,626,629loss,591,625point,593Connector,566,603,606,607,618,620,621,629,636loss,591,593Constant,3,52,129,217,297,372,412,470,538,591attenuationcoefcient,28ux,272intensity,25,220irradiance,101radiance,21,23,40,44,96,100,113,312transmittance,60,538Continuously-tunable,512,562Continuousradiation,11,152,154,156Continuous-wave(cw),218,229,231,242,276,350,354,358,374,384,396–398,403,408,418,422,426–428,441,478,495,505,508,510,511,513–515,535,554,561,575,584,597,610,612,616,619reectometry,619Contrast,5,92,98,102,130,144,145,186,241,250,261,271,278,409,413,442,450,457,464,478,479,499,520,554,555,602,610Convectionalheat,482Conventional,7,135,136,151,163,169,170,178,232,241,244,261,265,284,289–319,328,373,375,490,506,546,568,614Correlativeinterferencepattern,168Coupled-berinterferometers,631Coupling,123,126,187,340,354,356,392,396,399,414,427,430,441,447,566,586,595–597,604,616,617,622,636,645,651efciency,224,390,423,594Cross-correlated,455,464Cross-correlation,452,461Cross-planeradiationcomponents,648Cross-referenceinterference,173,176,177,180,184,186Cross-spectraldensityfunction,132–137,141–143Crosstalk,629–651inducedinterference,648–650inducedpenalties,646Cubedetector,592,600–602Cutback,593,594,597,629method,590,620Cylindrically-shapedcavity,528Cylindrical-mirrorcavity,346Cylindrical-sphericalmirrors,346DDamagethreshold,220,221,224,226,229,493Dc-contribution,548Dead-zone,613,618removal,617Decaydigitizingringdown-ratespectrometer,384Decaying,141,384,391–394,423,429mode,396pulseenvelope,392Decay-timedichroism,449Decimalcoefcientofattenuation,29Deconvolution,392,394Derivative,1–3,10,12,49,151,153,154,179,186,227,359–365,408,453,455,546–557,559–561,565,584,609,614–616spectroscopy,359–365,546–555Detectorresponsivity,128,548Dichroism,447–467Difference,19,64,130,218,289,323,371,401,473,537,597Differencesignal,564,565Difference-to-sumsystem,539Index695Differential,268,291,292,294,295,326,333,363,365,420,449,470,471,503,508,513–516,537–549,554,559,560,562–565,573,581,586,591,592,631,632,644absorption,540–542,554,564absorptionspectroscopy,540balanceddetection,365balancedtechnique,564bound,539division,540imbalance,333length,291,292,294,539,573,581,591,592,631loss,540measurement,292,503,538,540,564,565ratio,540,560,586registration,537,548samplelength,294,295signal,333,548spectroscopy,541,549thermocouple,470transmittance,291wavelength,541,547Differentiation,415,479,538Diffraction,8,54,130,221,388,402,485effects,9,54,221,246,248,271gratingequation,192order,192,194,204,206,207,210,211,214phenomena,10,191,192,273Diffuseemitting,224,532Diffuseradiating,224Diffusereectance,31,43,47,52,72,74,75,92,94,95,98,99,101,105,106,108,110,112,113,116,118–121,125,127,219,223,224,233,242,258,259,262,311,313,438,522Diffusescattering,114,116,243,260,437Diffusetransmittance,31,33,42,43,57,105,106,108,112,114–118,120,224,242,256,258,281Digitizationrate,392Direct-absorption,516,560Direct-attenuation,537–587Direct-division,566Directmeasurement,50,66,217,284,297,375,401,628Directtransmission,33,310,431,556,578Directtransmittance,30,33,43,69,71,120,121,240–243,307,309,319,331,437Discriminator,404,405Dispersion,219,295,379,388,390,399,416,447–467,551,650bandwidth,379Displacement,3,35,69,71,149,225,226,240–242,248,286,294,295,301,327,341,344,345,347,349,368,492,493,500Displacement-sensinginterferometer,327Distinguishableinterferencepattern,414Distributedabsorptance,471Distributedfeedback,516,559,562,567,642Distributedscattering,314Dopplereffect,393Dopplershift,393,398Double-balanceddetection,564Double-beam,116Double-reection,63,118,304–306,322,330Dual-aperture,274–276,282Dualdifference,572Dual-interaction,250–252Dualmonochromator,248,292,304,305Dual-pass,250,251,293,307,370,405,450,498,574,628Dual-reection,166,173,305,328,608Dual-resonator,369,514Dual-transmission,174,250,574,576,577Durationoflightpulse,610Dynamicrange,67,68,181,220,223–226,229,232,252,253,260,269–272,276,278,280,282,310–312,314,365,371,379,380,382,405,418,430,495,496,537,539,543,585,603,604,614,619,624,625,629EEffectivediffusereectance,110,121,219Effectiveheterodynequantumefciency,563Effectiveinternalreectance,604Effectivepath-length,529,533Effectivepointsource,146,147Effectivereectance,93,94,102,103,107,108,113,119,219,223,254,257,259,261,376,388,442,639Effectivespectralreectance,223Efciency,10,12,49,76,77,86,91,102,104,107,111,112,127,139–141,145,146,182,191,193,196,200,208,211,224,227,232,233,235,273,358,375,396,399,423,505,511,533,549,563,587,594factor,533Eigenstate,438–441,448,449Eikonalequation,6,7,15696IndexElasticstrain,504–506Electronicallybalanced,565,587Electronicltering,359,363,364,564Electro-opticmodulator(EOM),372,428,467,554,561Eliminationofinterference,414–416Ellipsoidmirror,351,352Embeddedopticalloss,367Emission,4,8,10,11,16,45,60,62,86–88,126,133,135,139,146,149–151,155–158,180–183,186,227–229,232,233,264,268,273,280,281,284,293,326,367,370,371,374–376,378–381,383,391,396,397,401,408,422,423,428,437,442,453–455,495,517,518,520,521,538,540,542,546,560,617,632,642,646factor,50Emissivespectroscopy,517–521Emissivity,23,50,51,72,73,478,517,518,521,599measurement,520Emittance,11,20–24,45,51,67,103,107,108,114,121,122,135,145,225,242,276,315,478,518–521,529,531Emitter,22,23,72,222,224,230,242,307,542,563,565Empty-sphere,528,532,536photonlifetime,526Energyscale,228–231,233Entranceaperture,106,108,113,114,217,219,224,228,229,254,257,259,329,330,343,349,578Equalizer,268,294Equal-timeinterval,183Equilibrium,11,21,23,72,80,123,125,130,229,427,471,518,522,565Equivalentnoisepower,540Equivalentsolidangle,23,94,95,104,109,111,224,532Equivalentwidth,395Erbium-dopedberamplier(EDFA),514,515Error(s),51,165,218,289,321,368,401,476,538,590Etalon,364,381,382,448,558,560,561effect,359,364,384,386,555,563inducedinterferencefringes,364Euler'slaw,23EUV.
SeeExtremeUVExcessnoise,566cancellation,565Excitationpulse,392,395,495Expandedcavity,335,337Expandedcell,335,336Expandinglength,604Expansioncoefcient,494,497,509Exponentialattenuation,218Exponentialdecay,391,393,513Exponentialfunction,392,398,427,469Exponentialwaveform,386,388Extent,8,10,12,15,18,20,21,25,26,30,33,49–62,129,131,154,155,157,158,181,194,217,222,227,242,248,268,276,286,289,317,322,389,494,584External-cavity,429,442,561Extinctioncoefcient,32,296,480Extraordinaryaxis,172Extreme,44,131,176,177,341,346,411,449,636ExtremeUV(EUV),207,208FFabry–Perotcavity,384,389,397,425,457Fabry–Perotetalon,558Fabry–Perotinterferometer,327,379,381,410,421,439,448,498,636Fabry–Perotresonator,319,459,554,595Fabry–Perotscanninginterferometer,440Factor(s),10,50,133,217,285,323,367,401,469,537,589Feedback,158,159,237,429,432,453,481,499,504,516,540,542,558,559,561,562,565,567,642Fiber-basedinterferometer,636,641Fiber-coupled,124,516,517,561,562,566,631Fiberend,586,591,593,602,615,616,618,619,621,624–626,629–631Fiber-lineloss,613Fiberloss,478,586,589–591,598,599,602–604,611,613,617,620,621,624,626–628Fiber-pigtailed,562Fiber-to-beretaloneffect,563Fieldofopticalradiation,3–4,130,141Fieldofopticalvector,4Finesse,359,360,395,396,398–413,417,425,426,440,441,447,466,467,519,554,560,596parameter,360,410,412,413Index697Fine-tuning,550Finitefrequencybandwidth,392First-order,54,121,122,176,179,192,193,200,201,203,204,206,207,210,411,412,551,639Fixedattenuation,269–273Fluctuation,1,51,129,228,336,371,413,469,538,601Fluence,14,156,493,565Flux,3,49,133,224,283,310,402,469,545,592ofradiation,12,21,25,73,152,284,475,521,569,603,610Forward,63,137,317,336,493,601,613,618,626,628direction,63,137excitation,493scattered,317Foucaultgrating,194Fourier-transforminterferometer,335,452Fourier-transformspectrometer,334Four-measurementcycle,579Four-wavecrosstalk-inducedinterference,649,650Fox–Smithinterferometer,449Freespectralrange,359–363,365,381,391,394,421,422,440–443,554,558Frequency,4,49,129,230,293,326,372,408,489,539,600comb,467component,389,392,398,463,465,547,548,642dependent,442,452,453,550,552,611absorptioncoefcient,389ltration,129,363uctuation,150,394,632modulation,232,271,314,326,361,391,408,418,421,422,428,429,490,491,493,506,507,511,516,539,546,548–555,560,564,567,600,601,610,612,616spectroscopy,363,364,548,549,551,555,561,566spectrum,380,393,416,549,642stabilized,394,395Fresnelnumber,402,403,486Fringenoise,364,564,566Fringepattern,360,364,464,466,503,504averaging,362Fringe-relatednoise,557Fringesharpness,360Fringesuppressing,555Fringevisibility,131,159–163,166–170,180,360,365,436Frustratedtotalinternalreection,221Full-widthhalf-max,396,399,514,553,643Fullyisotropicirradiation,112–113Functionoflargestfringevisibility,167GGainandlosscoefcients,379Gainsaturation,370,375,377Gasabsorption,408,508Gaseous,251,328,354,384,442,488,504,508,524–526,531–536,555Gated-pulsemeasurement,509Gaussian,136,137,139,140,145,146,150,364,383,397,483,485,490,496,498,506,549,616,633,635,642–644beamwaist,513noise,632,634pulse,385,391shapepulse,393Generalizedquantity,156Generalizedradiance,135,141–143Generationsuppression,361,370,377Geometricalvignetting,270Geometricextent,13,17–19,24,47,61,599,612Gershun'sinvariant,18Goniometer,73,253,311Goniophotometer,310Gratingefciency,200Gratingperiod,193,194,197,200,203,204,209–211,213Groupdelay,450–455,466,467Guidingmode,589HHalf-intensitywidth,360Half-waveplate,177,298,447,605Heatcapacity,50,229,232,470,485Heattransfer,50,470,471,483,485,597coefcient,469,473equation,471–474Helmholtzresonator,513Hemisphericalirradiation,72,116,120,258Herriottwaveguide,362,365Heterodyne,398,429,464,551,554,555,563Heterodyning,548,551,555,563,564Highefciency,396High-efcient,396Highnesse,359,395,396,398,410,417,440,466698IndexHigh-frequencymodulation,548,549Highloss,338Highreectance,169,186,257,284,323,356,384,401,407,419,438,450,502,585,618High-reecting,180,182,311,312,317,331High-reectiveFabry–Perotcavity,384Highresolution,284,315,339,452,575,601Highspecularreectance,331,401Highthroughput,358,359Hightransmittance,257,502,570,582,631Holographic,499interferometer,507Homodyne,464,555,564,636Homodyning,548,563,564Homogeneous,3,5–8,28–30,33,40,42,74,137–144,146,247,270,469,476,483,523linebroadening,379,380IIdeallysmoothsurface,300Idealmirror,45,46Idle,590,591,623ber,590,591,605,607,611,613,622–628Illuminance,14,15,24–27,45,53–56,59–62,93,94,99,100,109,121,234,238,239,269Illumination–observationgeometry,90,91,213,265Immersing,273,322,568Inaccuracy,232,262,290,303,309,369,411,413,414,421,453,574,591,592,622Inclination,25,26,54,61,64,220,241,286,371Incoherentbeat-noisecrosstalk,643–644Incoherentnoise-freecrosstalk,643Incoherentradiation,416,418Increment,123,282,368,371,373,401,473,530,540,3332Index-matching,545,566Indexofrefraction,7,40,64,67,80,250,290,405,489,573,610Indicatrix,22,23,73,74,94,104,108,109,111–114,116,118,222,224,254,310,311,471Indirectmeasurement,284,401,413Indiscriminating,380Inducedchange,232,497,499Innitenumber,35,81,173,175,431Inhomogeneity,28,29,268,488,592,601,610,651Inhomogeneoustransition,8,379Innerreectivity,35Inner-sampleloss,251,543,574Inner-sphere,93,103,105,108,123,257,522,524,529,532,604ux,57irradiance,108,522reections,103,105In-phase,547,550In-planecomponents,648,649Inputaction,153Insertedloss,345,379,593Instantaneousradiantux,152Integralluminance,15Integralluminousintensity,15Integralradiance,15Integralradiantintensity,156Integratedabsorption,396,522Integrateddecaytime,386Integratednormalemittance,518Integratedscattering,253–261,313,316Integratingcavity"sandwich,"528Integratingsphere,51–53,55–56,92–128,181,222,223,240,242–244,248,253–264,276,302,304,306,310,313,314,316,317,333,437,521–536,584,591,592,601–603Intensity,5,49,129,220,289,322,367,402,475,537,590change,9,140,151,383,387,414,415,442,444,489,493,543,551,556,559,571,586compensating,451dithering,359uctuation,10,151,157,184,336,361,387,401,420,431,538,546,571,575,633,635noise,126,178,359,607,608,629,631–634,636,637noisecontribution,632scale,239,265Intensiveirradiation,252–253Interaction,4,7,9,10,27–47,62,66,151,159,160,163,172,173,213,214,219,235,250–252,268,283,287,291,303–305,307,315,321,322,324–326,328,331,348,350,359,362,367,375–377,403,413,414,417,485,537,551,576,634,648Index699Interference,9,54,130,221,315,333,368,409,475,544,607averaging,165contrast,413effects,10,130,150,163,166,168,170–180,182,184,186,229,389,393,394,416,569,629,631,640,641extrema,151,413,447extremes,186,359,361lter,183,242,372,373,399,413,451,502,544fringenoise,564,566fringereduction,359–365fringes,163,168,175,359–365,410,416,555,557,562–564,566,616fringespoiler,362noise,170,181,186,187,333,338,430,607,609,629–651noisepowerspectrum,642noisereduction,163–170pattern,9,10,54,131,145,147–150,159,162–165,167,168,170,177,180,279,280,315,360,364,409,410,413,414,436,444,451,453,455,607,611,616,636,648phenomena,126,130,159–187,213,389,431,436,441safeguards,420–422term,166,175,179,184,186,584,636,637,642,645Interfering,131,147,148,164,166,168,172,173,175,179,193,214,359,361,414,416,421,422,464,465,496,503,548,549,608,615,616,621,631,633,634,636,642–645,647,649,650receiverbits,646Interferometer,148,149,284,327,334,335,379,381,382,387,410–412,416,421,425,439,440,448–454,463,464,466,482,489,495,496,498–500,503,507,539,615–617,629,631–637,640,641,650Interferometer-based,335,636,641Interferometer-spectrometer,387Interferometricnoise,633Intermediatefrequency,549Internalloss,36,64,65,286,290,294–296,298,299,369,373,376,379,436,522,545,569,575,578,581,589,591,594,597,602,610,621Internalmultiplereections,36,42,63,64,244,289,290,411Internalsphereirradiance,94,99,105,121,123,603Internalspheresurface,97,100,104,107,110,115,222,223,254,256,259,261,522Internaltransmittance,34,63,65,160,166,244,289–299,573,577,578,583InternationalCommissiononIllumination,10,76Intersection,167,168,180,343–345,368Intracavity,324,326,332,333,336,337,351,353,367–378,380,384,398,401,403,405,407–409,419,424,429,430,432,441,447,457,466,508,527absorption,380,383,384,485loss,348,361,368,370–372,375,377,382–384,395,417,430,439,449,596losscalibration,361losssensitivity,395scattering,386spectroscopy,378–400transmission,397Invariableparameter,15–18Inverse-squareandcosinelaw,24–27Inversesquare-distancelaw,55Irradiance,14,51,147,218,304,484,601distribution,99,222,227,258,275Irradiation,23,51,181,222,293,431,470,559,589Isobaricadiabaticliquidexpansion,509Isothermal,469,478,519Isotropicdiffuser,22,24,92,93,96,100,101,104,108,111JJamininterferometer,499,500,503KKirchhoff'slaw,51,125,478,517,518,520LLambertian,22,108,121,123,126,140,141,519,533,534Lambert'slaw,21–23,40,45,123Large-indexmodulation,548Lasercalorimetry,469–482,495Lasercavityringdownspectroscopy,384Lasergenerationsuppression,361700IndexLaserspectroscopy,361,367–400,557,558,561Lasingthreshold,381,384,455Launching,429,589,590,594,595,610ber,591,593,594Law-governeddip,380Lawofadditivesuperposition,130Leakingmode,591,604Least-squaresanalysis,395Length-differential,291,292,294,539,573,581,591,592,631Lengthofcoherence,148,179,388,416,420,431,608,616,631,637Lengthofmultipleinteractions,219Length-to-widthratio,474Lightaddition,271,273,279–282beam,7,49,129,217,292,328,399,405,471,539,605concentrator,602exposure,15ux,54,56,69,310,523,603measurements,11trap,69,236,256,351,353trapcell,351tube,15–18Limitedcoherence,179,180,186,416,608Limitingaperture,189Linearabsorptioncoefcient,29,57,155,157,294,370,379,381,382,431,470,471,477,479,483,488,492–494,497,499–502,504,507,508,510,514,520,523,524,527,592,599,600Linearattenuationcoefcient,29,34,43,159,250,251,285,291,294–296,321,367,370,373,413,543,571,575,576,579–582,585,589,592,612,614Lineardecline,471Lineardynamicrange,217,220,225,229,252,253,270,276,282,310,312,405,413,418,537,539Linearfunction,462,463,470,499,506,610Linearity,51,62,157,248,268–282,381,405,513,543Linearrange,217,252Linearscatteringcoefcient,29,605Lineartransition,380Linewidth,380,387,390,391,393,396,422,430,555,563,586,632,636,637,641,642Liquid,218,292,335,372,379,430,482–489,492,495,496,509,520,524–526,529,541,542,545,546,590,591,598,599,627absorption,485,488,528Lithography,207Localdiscontinuity,620Localization,30,147,181,610Localized,12,13,33–36,49,54,135,149,164,168,475,647Lock-in,491,558amplication,293,318amplier,293,315,382,509,521,541,556,557,616detection,364frequency,408Longitudinal,141,389,398,414,422,439,479,498,599,610,614modebeating,392modes,181,182,380,386,388,391,392,394,428,437,486Long-pathmatrixcells,332–342Lorentzian,364,396,397,512,556,635,642,643Losscalibration,361,370–372,603dichroism,447–467difference,550feature,398Lossless,110,111,441,447Lowabsorptance,65,229,478,482Low-angle,546,598Low-coherence,422interferometry,416,482,615reectometry,416white-lightinterferometry,615Low-indexmodulation,548Lowintensity,318,398,609Lowloss,283–288,292,294,295,309,312,323,328,369,370,375,402,434,449,472,477,478,503,516,532,534,540,544,552,564,566,568,585,586,589,597,603,622factor,401measurement,285,287,292–294,303,317,348,374,380,405,407,410,435,438,477,511,531,537,539Low-reectiveFabry–Perotetalon,448Low-reectiveresonator,583Lowscattering,5,65,172,253,255,308,311,312,401,482,603Luminance,11,13,15,19–24,27,40,45,49,60–61,73–76,84,85,156,189factor,23,74,75Luminousemittance,13,21,27Index701Luminousux,11–14,19,24,40,49,51,53,54,56,60,73,74,227,234,261Luminousintensity,11–16,20–23,25,27,50,55,60,73,144,227,234,238–239,269Luminousquantity,10,11,13MMach–Zehnderinterferometer,616,631,633,636Matchinguid,506,545Mathematicalmodel,76,86,88Matrix-forming,336Maxima,163,177,191–194,197,198,200,202–204,207,208,210,211,213–215,225,359,361,385,391,410–414,421,439,441,443–447,455,458,464,488,490,564,587,595,596,605shiftinganomaly,191–194,197,198,202,203,208Maximum,10,60,138,218,298,325,369,405,476,537,596Maximum-to-minimumintensityratio,448Maxwell'sequations,5,6Maxwell'striangle,76,78Meanloss,402,404Meanopticalloss,404Meanpower,158,270,276Mean-squaredeviation,158,182,183,327uctuation,633,635intensity,417,418reectance,635Measurementchannel,169,181,183,293,540,584cycle,62,69,95,149,272,324,326,445,545,563,571,579,580,584Method,2,49–128,144,217,292,323,367,401,482,537,589Methodology,89,256,268,304,384Methodsofadditionoflight,271Michelsoninterferometer,327,334,335,450–452,454,482,500,501,539,615,616,620Miescattering,601Minima,163,214,215,237,359,361,410,413,439,444–447,455,595,596Minimum,59,149–151,162,167,168,210,225,296,298,313,330,350,361,405,409,415,443–446,448,476,482,496,508,514,515,596,597,605,606,609,633,636M-interactivereection,303Mirror-lenscell,353,354Mirrorwaveguide,342–348,362,365,402,403,415,420Misalignedresonator,435Misalignment,302,304,341,345,368,414,432,555,620,624,626,627Mismatch,87,90,229,232,234,235,392,414,455,584,631error,86Mixedreectance,31,241,254,255Mixedtransmittance,254,260Modal-birefringencemeasurement,649Mode-matching,388,423,425,426,429,446,449,466,611Modulated,152,157,180,194,218,228,231,232,249,279,297,318,362–364,372,391,408,417,418,420,428,431,442,490–492,494,498,499,504–509,511,513,514,541,546–548,552–554,559,560,610,612,615–617,621,641Modulation,69,192,228,297,326,371,408,488,539,600depth,548frequency,69,232,271,314,326,361,363,418,421,422,490,491,493,506,507,511,516,539,548,550,553,554,561,600,601,612,616index,550–554Monochromatic,5–10,12,40,76,78,129,130,132,141,147,149,171,232,233,396,423,461,543,631Monochromator,69,70,181,183,233,242,243,245–248,268,281,292,293,304–306,317,329,382,389,519,547,558,559Mono-exponential,395Monte-Carloanalysis,535Monte-Carlosimulation,124Movingmirror,249,250,398,411,547Multi-beaminterferometer,213,389,634,635Multi-exponential,392decay,395function,392Multimode,342,382,395,399,542,554ber,597Multimodeversussingle-modestudies,392–395Multipass,304,322,336,354,355,359-365,516cavity,327–342,348,354,355,359–361,384,555,561702IndexMultipass(cont.
)cell,322,334,338,342,355–358,360,361,557,558Multipath,187,362,442,516,561celltransmittance,385interference,186,187,359,360,409,455,555Multiple-beaminteraction,250–252,417Multiple-beaminterference,126,150,164,177,271,409,410,455,631,636Multiple-beaminterferometer,631Multiple-facetreector,341,342Multipleinteractions,151,219,303,324,359,367,376,403Multipleinterferers,641–651Multipleopticalelements,36–40Multiplereectioncavity,218,325,328,384,399,521–536Multiplereections,36,52,64,100,112,164,173,175,273,291,324,352,359,375–377,384,402,408,414,430,438,442,639Multiples,36,57,151,218,289,367,401,471,559,594Multiplexed,541wavelengths,647Multiplication-factoralteration,524Multi-wavelengthmeasurement,359Mutualcoherencefunction,130,132,142,143Mutualfringevisibility,168,169Mutualradiationintensity,130Mutualvisibilityfunction,169NNanoscale,206,208,212Napierianopticaldensity,29,290Narrowband,237,383,384,513,541Netattenuator,223,270,273,274Noise,113,150,217,293,332,379,422,476,537,598cancelling,balanceddetection,566cancellation,565domination,394equivalent,375,388,393,538,544,560power,315,540sensitivity,395oorsensitivity,394levelconcentration,558powerspectrum,642reduction,546,559,563subtraction,549Nonabsorbing,19,24,30,40,43,57,111,160,163,259,261,308,409,432,433,475,491,504,506,579Nonattenuating,40sphere,536Nonbirefringentber,648,650Nonconformance,269Nondivergent,323Nonemissive,504Nonimagingconcentrator,123Noninterfering,416Nonisotropic,5,108–112,145Non-Lambertian,123Nonlinear,150,157,203,217,226,252,253,272,328,375,381,395,431,453,454,462,478,493,497,564,614Nonlinearity,51,157,217,235,248,253,268–272,276,280,281,287,323,370,381,513,537,565,591,601Nonlinearly-inverted,546Nonradiativerelaxationtime,512Nonreecting,180,432,613Nonresonant,443,457,475,476,508,509,511,514,515,541,637off-axistechniques,441–443Nonscattering,19,24,30,40,43,72,163,409,432,434Nonstabilized,281Nonuniform,83,109,123,157,222,225,380,387,479,489,492diffuser,94,99distributions,157,222,422irradiance,222irradiation,123,222powerdistribution,157saturation,380spatialdistribution,222spectral-intensitydistribution,387Nonuniformity,51,71,111,112,123,124,222,226,240,248,256,262,268,292,296,302,333,383,544,591Nonuniformlydiffused,99Nonuniformlyreecting,99Normal,7,54,134,223,290,325,368,402,473,543cross-section,16direction,22,23,194incidence,19,30,36,37,64,65,67,69–72,75,101,114,170,201,210,223,245,248,252,259,285,290,299–303,306,307,310–312,325,362,402,405,409,439,461,494,543,568,573,574,577–579,582assumption,299measurement,251,433irradiance,14,55,58,234,524Index703Normalized,80,130,131,133,137,140,144,187,239,264,287,318,387,388,461,515,536,548,611,632,633,636,644,645derivative,548uctuation,287intensity,387probabilitydensityfunction,536signal,548,644tristimulusvalues,76,86Normalizingconstant,77,84Normalreectance,32Normalunitvector,3Numericalaperture(NA),123,124,211,247,399,585,589,610,611Numerical-tting,385Numericalmodeling,207OObliqueangle,285Obliqueincidence,69,219,285,324,575Observability,55,162,180Observableopticalradiation,9,150Observation,1,4,5,10–15,21,22,26,27,41,43–47,54,55,57,59,61,73,75,78,86–91,93,101,103–105,108,109,111,112,123,129–131,133,140,145,147–149,151,188,189,191,197,201,208,210–213,224–226,253,258,264,277,288,299,310–313,316,349,350,363,383,398,417,432,444,450,488,498,504,517,521,541,589,648Observationtime,11,15,148,149,152,508Off-axis,247,248,307,342,349,351,353,358,364,408,430,441–443,521,556,559Onepulsedecay,400Opaque,8,44,45,52,69,93,101,103,108,113,115,116,194,199,242,255,257–259,261,270,274,275,280,310,318,402,433,481,489,524Opposite-directionpair,581Opticalattenuator,261–264Opticalcalibration,261–264Optical-channelbalancing,565Opticalcoherencetomography,482,586Opticaldensity,29,43,221,244,251,272,290,361,436,469,537,613Opticalfrequencydomainreectometry(OFDR),611,612,615,618,619,649Opticallyequalized,451Optical-nullelement,244Opticalpathdifference,193,199,336,363,453,539Opticalpathlength,65,66,175,179,221,303,321,325,360–363,379,383,391,450,458,462,463,485,495,499,501,504,555,568,634,648Optical-pathvariation,633Opticalradiation,3–28,33,40,45,49–62,76,84,88,129,130,133,134,141,144,150–154,159,217,218,226,227,284,431,589,641transfer,5Opticalresonator,576Opticaltimedomainreectometry(OTDR),416,611–615,618,619,621,624,626,628,649Opticalvector,4,7,49Ordinaryaxis,172Orthogonal,6,31,71,170,173,174,184,220,221,236,257,296,312,345,346,349,350,396,416,438–440,449,450,465,502,543,608,644,647,648components,187,362,647,649Oscillatinginterferometer,410Oscillationtransients,398Outer-wallreectivity,525Outofphase,293,541,547Outputcoupler,146,182,251,252,301,302,370,375,376,381,382,402,407,435,457–460,582,583,585Outwardnormalirradiance,524Outwardradiance,523Overtoneabsorptionspectroscopy,562PParallel-prolongationtechnique,323Partiallycoherent,54,126,129–215,228,280,315,385Partitioning,477Passive,284,373,384,401–467,471Passive-cavitygroup-delaydispersion,467Path-differencing,336Pathdifferential,363,541Path-length,214,293,295,332,345,346change,361,362,497,499,504minimumchange,361sensitivity,558Patternaveraging,359Peak,155,158,218,239,364,378,381,386,398,514,552,554,566,567,597,614,633704IndexPeakabsorptance,566Peak-to-deepratio,377Peak-to-peaknoise,561Penetratingaperture,343Penetrationdepth,482Perfectdiffuser,23,44–47,73–75,84,95,105,107,108,258,310Periodicstructure,193Phase,1,12,129,265,315,331,371,410,472,541,596difference,160,161,164,170,173,175,176,180,199,214,266,318,363,461,464,465,550,554,632,633,644,647dispersion,447–467inducedintensitynoise,607,632,633locked,318,559noise,126,584,629,632–634sensitivity,455,458,464shift,149,152,170–173,179,372,373,378,398,409,414,417–431,439,447–450,453,455,483,489,502,550,551,554,607–609,647Phase-to-intensitynoiseconversion,629,631,637Photoacoustic,347,482–517spectroscopy,504–511Photodetector,229,230,234,279,428,476,549,550,563,565,568,641Photodiode,227,228,232,233,235–237,282,294,307,315,365,399,427,429,437,452,495,504,539,554,561,565,567,646Photoelasticconstant,497Photographic,595registration,380,381Photometer,9,11,12,26,217–282,291,293,294,307,313,538,575Photometric,1,3–47,49–129,147,154,163,164,187,227–229,231–239,268,269,272,275,276,280,434accuracy,26,268–282,437,543Photometry,Photomultiplier,247,292–294,316,388,426,561Photoncounting,217,537,617distribution,124,526lifetime,417,419,526–528Photothermal,482–517Piezoelectrictransducer(PZT),327,425,440,454,466,616Pin-hole,248,249,307,315,389,485,488,495,504,544–546Planar,20,133,134,136–141,144,145,284,501,504,506,594Pointsource,25,26,40,55,59,75,109,144,146,147,187,189,222,224,225,234,269,274,315,329,598Polarization-based,542,650Polarizationcoupling,447,597Polarizationdependentlosses,307,605–610Polarizationeffect,131,220Polarizationmaintaining,616Polarizationmeasurements,184–187Polarizationmode-beating,651Polarization-modulation,371,372Polarization-multiplexed,541Polarization-relateductuation,436Polarization-sensitive,220,612Polarization-sensitivedegeneracy,438Polarizationsensitivity,220,438Polarized,19,30–32,41,221,237,266,286,296,312,350,371,417,418,447,449,451,464,491,497,501,502,543,544,601,605,616,647light,250,312,322,349,370,461,464,543,605,616radiation,362Polarizer,170–172,174–178,184–186,237,247,248,250,266,302,307,410,425,440,449,461,464,502,544,561,605,606,616Polarizingbeamsplitter,447,452,566Pollutingspecie,335,556Pollution-detectionspectroscopy,333,335,508Polychromaticlight,266,455Polychromaticradiation,141–143Polychromator,243Polystyrenespheres,482Populationinversion,155Position-modulated,490–492Powerpenalty,629,644–646Powerscale,227–231,233,237Poyntingvector,1,3,4,6,7,9,49Pre-calibrated,252,270,312Pre-calibration,270,566Pressure-modulationtechnique,362Pressuretransducer,508Pressurevariation,362,508Probability,124,127,128,151,158,177,526–529,533,535,536,630,644densityfunction,124,535,536,632–635,646ProlongedWhitecavity,332Propagationefciency,139–141,145,146Propagationloss(es),589–651Index705Propagationofcoherence,141–143Proportionalityfactor,18,20,259,576Pseudo-Brewster,296–299Pulse,11,152,218,307,336,368,403,494,539,597average,218delay,408,464generator,539,540stacking,388,389,430Pulsedlaser,155,157,181,218,228,229,273,280,314,336,358,368,384,392,431,436,437,441,508,511,539,564Pulsedlight,144–159,269,280,388,403Pulsedphotoacoustic,512–514Pulsedradiation,11,13,14,155,180,276,277,280,385,504Pulsedsource,12,180,252,277,278,424Pulse-to-pulsespectraldistribution,181,437Pulsetrain,151–154,383,388,454,512,567Pyroelectric,218,223,232,314QQ-factor,380,403,477,511,514–516Quadrature,464,465,549,633,636–638components,547,550Quality-factortransfer,431–447,571Quarter-waveplate,184,185,410,428,439,440,448,449,464,605Quartz-tuningfork,515,516Quasi-continuousradiation,152Quasi-homogeneous,138,139,141,143–146,247,374Quasi-linear,272Quasi-normalincidence,242,305,579,582RRadiance,13,49,134,222,310,524distribution,61factor,23,46,47,75,258,259scale,238Radiantemittance,13,21,45,96,134,136,138–140Radiantexposure,15,156,276Radiantux,3,4,13,14,18,29,46,58,92,126,152,224,234,258,271,431,469,471,474,475,498,545,580,592,635Radiantintensity,1,12–14,16,20,22,27,49,92,133–137,139,140,156,227,229,233,238,276,310,475Radiantquantities,10Radiativeheattransfer,471Radiometer,9,159,217–288,544Radiometric,3–47,49–215,222,598concept,3,5,10,129,130andphotometricquantities,3–47,229Radiometry,4,50,129–215,563Ramangain,348Ramanscattering,348–359spectroscopy,348Randomerror,65,182,221,228,235,240,251,273,305,331,349,371,373,416,582,585Ratio-balancing,566Ratio-bound,406,572Ratio-meter,181,418,437,575,585Rayleighscattering,313,349,350,358,601,610,619Receiver,7,8,10,11,50,56,76,86,126,224,236,243,549,587,637,641,642,644–647Reciprocity,45,103,114,189Recongurable,355–358Reducedphotometricquantity(s),10Reductionofinterference,166Re-entrantcavityconguration,346Reentrantcondition,441Reference,23,69,158,228,293,326,368,404,471,537,598cavity,334channel,159,170,181–183,249,293,315,333,335,408,451,537,538,540,547,559,564,565,584,612spectrophotometer,245,248,281,282standard,69,76,84–87,89,312,316stimuli,76,79,461transmissionspectrophotometers,245–248Reectance,19,51,150,219,289,321,368,401,475,537,595distribution,45,326uctuation,624Reectedlight,23,67,149,218,297,322,377,406,493,537,591radiation,75,91,149,161,165,167,223,297,309,312,407,435,436,457,577,595,596,603Reection,25,52,160,219,289,321–365,367,401,471,539,591Reection-based,67,456,461,573,577,585,624Reectioncoefcient,526,639Reectionfunction,45,167Reectionloss,221,279,401,544,620706IndexReection-scatteringinteraction,30,362Reectionspectrum,233,264,267,456,459,461,546Reectometer,70,241,302,304–306,416,425,612,614–618,620,622,624,626,628,629Reector,22,70,122,182,183,241,258,321–328,336,340–342,358,399,416,433,435,436,555Registeringspectrophotometer,244Registrationtime,380,382,399Relativeerror,165,287,289,304,321,401Relativeintensity,31,34,46,81,151,296,312,360,363,383,397,411,415,442,448,455,456,634,636,638,639,641Relativeintensitynoise(RIN),636,638Relativemeasurements,69,95–99,376Relativerefractiveindex,19,20,30,31,35,221,286,289,298,321,474Relativestandarddeviation,394Relativeuncertainty,394,397Remote,122,508–511,540,542,555,556,621,625Repeatability,235,248,249,272,273,281,294,296,303,315,319,326,368,395,414,419,420,437,438,461,481,491,493,594,628Replacementpotential,504Residual,87,184,187,268,296,364,429,432,436,439–441,448,521,543,544,551,584,607,639,640amplitudemodulation,554,564noise,362Resolution,36,148,231,304,323,367,403,472,543,601Resonance,356,377,378,384,385,390,396,398,414,423–427,430,431,439,441,442,455,466,506,511,513,514,516modes,385Resonant,302,354,367,404,475,540,595cavity,367,395,396,399,406,409,414,417,420,422,423,427,429,431,438,440,445,447,448,450,452,455,466,506,508,600length,361,475technique,457wavelength,385,397,443Resonatinggas,600Resonatingwaveguidecavity,596Resonator,126,146,250,298,342,367,401–467,477,554,595Responsivity,67,128,232,234,236,548,647Retarder,170–180,184–186,372,448,502,608Ringdown,187,378–382,384–400,426–430,442,443,449,450cavity,187,384–392,394–396,427–430,442,449decay,395,427function,392measurement,386,400signal,392,394,397,429spectroscopy,187,378–382,384–391,394,396,398,427time,386–389,391,392,426,428,430,449timeuncertainty,394Rmsroughness,285,313,314Root-mean-squaredeviation,158,182,327Roundtrip,386,423,427,449,453,454,466time,279,385,396,417,420,423–425,453,454,466SSample,33,64,181,240,289,324,370,402,469,537,590Samplesperformingasnonuniformdiffusers,99Sampling,392,397rate,394,409,512,567Scanning,243,310,334,335,348,359,382,394,396,398,408,409,411,413,427,434,442,486,541,556,558,562,566,605,617interferometer,382,440,482Michelsoninterferometer,482mirrorinterferometry,482Scattered,29,30,33,46,73–75,243,254,261,283,310,312,313,316,317,392,437,438,481,505,522,546,586,589,598,601,603,604,610–612,615–617,620,621light,31,73,92,225,243,250,253,258,310–314,316–318,348,349,359,471,473,507,509,511,591,592,595,597–599,601,602,610–613,616,621,628radiation,33,73,75,261,416,522,546,586,598,601,610,611,615–617Scattering,5,63,157,222,291,328,384,401,469,540,592factor,20,27,30,31,33,40,73,74,92,224,253–255,261,309–313,348,403,434,438,584,603,611,612,619Index7074-scattering,263,601–603indicatrix,73,94,111,113,116,118,222,224,254,311loss,29,229,264,307,312,354,358,386,387,401,402,425,431,508,540,585,592,597–605,614,618,620spectrum,86–88traceanalysis,6142-scattering,264,314Second-order,98,130,173,175Self-calibration,232Semi-sphere,264,313Semitransparent,69–72,182,248,251,252,263,264,276,301,354,356,415,416,432,435,436,458,539,568,582Sensitivitygain,382,383Sensitivitylimitation,382–384Separation,40,57,142,172,307,316,323,329,330,335,337,339,340,342,346,347,360,364,365,370,403,409,410,441,466,472,479,492,505,512,517,537,567–575,578,598,620–622,630,641,642,648Separationlength,490,592Separationofdirectanddiffusetransmittance,116–118Separationoflosses,479Sequence,34,39,68,92,103,149,153–155,160,172,173,224,230,231,244,249,252,275,278,310,323,403,404,406,408,438,445,499,539Sequenceofpulses,152,231,278,499Sequential,69,70,101,114,149,153,166,173,230,243,295,305,317,449,600,617,625measurement,318,356thermalow,479Shadow-boundeffect,191,198Sharpness,360,412,413Short-terminstability,571Shotnoise,565,566,645,647domination,394,548Shot-to-shotnoisevariation,565Sideband,398,428,429,548,550–553Signalaverager,333,559Signal-averaging,363,385Signal-leakagecrosstalk,644Signalmodulation,359,361,398,418Signalnoise,540Signal-to-crosstalkinterference,644Signal-to-interferencenoiseratio(SNRI),643Signal-to-noiseratio,288,294,313,334,342,358,389,399,510,538,548,563,564,567,586Simultaneous,118,243–245,259,271,293,307,356,404,467,474,494,512,542,552,563,584,602Sine-wave,334,559Single-beam,117,118,245,257,271,292,543,568Single-channeluctuation,538Single-exponentialdecayapproximation,392Singleintensity,168,570Single-mirrorreectance,353,432Single-modeber,592radiation,383ringdownspectroscopy,394Single-passdensity,290Single-passefciency,358Single-path,508measurement,399Single-pulse,154,155,158,218,230,231,278,281,289,466,511,512Singlereectancemeasurement,437,577Single-surfacereectivity,298Single-tone,551,552,554,555Single-wavelength,548Small-crosstalkapproximation,645Small-phaseuctuationlimit,637Snell'slaw,17,19,29,45,47,94,160,574Solidangle,8,11–14,16–21,23–26,30,31,40,44–47,50,54,56,59–62,73,75,94,95,104,109,111,124,142,188,224,258,310,312–314,316,518,532,610Spacing,322,339,341,346,359,361,363,365,391,399,410,441,458,465,562,566Spatial,6,49,129,222,292,324,383,401,473,537,612density,6,13,14,328lter,181,183,237,315,546integration,164,225,277,280,359,569intensitydistribution,565interference,148,149lightexposure,15andspectralinterference,463–467Spatially-averaged,250,306factor,304reectance,306Spatialmodulation,417,431Spatialradiantexposure,15708IndexSpatialresolution,148,149,284,310,315,324,351,416,614,616,617,619,651Spatial-sensitivitydeviations,565Spatialseparation,57,403,441,537,568Spatial-spectralinterferometry,463–467Specialtyspectrophotometers,248–250Specieinterference,558Specicheat,470,498,507,509Specimen,292,360,361,367,379,398,427,483,501,508,519,525,529,536,586Spectralabsorptance,219,517,525Spectralbandwidth,144,379,380,616Spectralcalibration,239,526Spectralconversionfactor,261Spectraldependent,233,256,547Spectraldistribution,9,11,63,76,78,80,81,84,85,135,151,194,233,234,437,456,461,462,616Spectralefciencyfunction,10Spectralintensitydistribution,49,386,387Spectralinterference,465Spectralinterferometry,452,464,465Spectrallineshapefunction,396Spectrallocking,561Spectrally-broadened,396Spectrallyresolved,187,350,399,408,465,467Spectrallyselective,108,232,233,240,256,271,386,391,502opticalloss,367Spectrally-unselectiveattenuator,603Spectrallyunselectivesystems,217–222Spectralreferencing,541Spectralreectance,223,264,331,416,520Spectralreectivity,525,529Spectralresolution,184,244,248,334,382,387,399,428,458,459,461,464,512,520,543,546,562,567,650Spectralscattering,263,316Spectral-selective,294,437Spectraltransition,380Spectraltransmittance,71,185,245,249,379,608Spectrograph,379,381,398,542Spectrophotometer,86–89,116,182–185,241,242,244,245,247–249,255,264,268,281,282,290–292,301,317,335,373,374,403,437,537,538,543Spectrophotometricstudyofphasedispersion,455–461Spectrophotometry,11,284,316,576–583Spectroradiometer,238Spectroradiometric,231–235,238Spectroradiometry,11Specularreectance,19,30,31,41,65–69,71,92,94,100,120,121,219,236,241,242,254,255,260,285,289,299–309,318,319,331,401,419,613Spherebalanceequation,524Spherecalibrationfactor,526Sphere-centeredsource,528Sphereirradiance,51,52,56,94,99,104,105,107,108,110,112,113,117–123,126,223,262,526,535,536,601,604Sphericaldensity,14,56–58ofluminousintensity,14ofradiantintensity,58ofradiation,56–58Sphericalilluminance,14,56Sphericalirradiance,14,56,58Sphericalmirrorwaveguide,344Spheroid,313,314Spikesuppression,379Splice,365,563,591,593,613,614,620,625–627,629,636loss,591,614,626Split-pulse,539Spontaneousnoise,379Squaredaveragetransmittance,628Squaredtransmittance,169,423,456,573Stability,62,158,183,232,233,240,251,292,293,337,338,361,370,380,384,388,427,437,477,482,486,495,499,537,544–546,570,584,611,620,622,629Stabilization,151,158,159,180,182,236,242,294,333,396,398,422,427,429,542,561Stabilized,241,245,335,341,371,372,381,388,395,396,438,476,540,544,561,575Standard,10,55,152,227,301,336,394,409,543,606Standarddeviation,182,281,394,395,429,455,575,606Standardized,76,80,86–88,90,230,238,239,264,373,515Standingacousticwave,511Stateofpolarization,21,32,171,248,297,299,316,331,396,439,441,573,605,606,651Statisticaleldofopticalradiation,3–4Statisticallyobservableradiation,6Index709Steady-state,54,132,154,403,423,437,442,444,454,466,470,483,500condition,149,382,383,474ux,151modedistribution,590,591,594,613,622,623phase,380–382transitionStep-function,30,153,191–214,272Step-grating,196Step-thicknessmodulation,200Stimulatedemission,155,367,370,374,379,381Straight-cellsensitivity,368Straightforward,8,39,45,56,57,62,86,101,121,147,155,166,192,286,307,316,318,350,398,407,439,456,519,619conversion,238Straight-linepropagation,527Stray-light,226,248,255Subjectofphotometryandradiometry,7Substance,4,63,131,218,289,322,367,408,469,543,607Substitutionmethod,87,88,95,97–99,117,254Summation,35,37,38,80,83,148,163,278,392,393,396,397,402,404,420,422,456,533,548,631,644Supercontinuum,482Superluminescent,586,617Superpolished,224,419,426,437,585Superposition,12,85,130,131,144,147,148,152,163,274–276,282,338,383,389,398,414,420,441,555,641Supplemental-light,275,276,282,437Surfaceabsorptance,157,472,507Surfaceabsorption,472,476,478,507,517Surface-angulardensity,16,19,21,25Surface-averagedreectance,326,330Surface-averagedtransmittance,576Surfaceloss,473,545,576Surfacemorphology,509Surfacereectance,36,41,63,64,125,150,157,160,163,166,167,169,172,179,180,244,251,273,279,285,290–292,295,296,298,308,405,440,466,475,505,520,545,568,570,572–574,578,580–583Surfaceroughness,285,300,301,326Surfacescattering,65,545,584Surfacetransmittance,65,184,353,580Survivalprobability,527,528Swayablemirror,305Swaying-mirror,304,305Sweepfrequency,559Sweep-integration,559Sweep-tuning,394Symmetric,40,201,206,348,387,389,514Symmetry,8,40,68,167,187,330Synchronization,228,278,575,584Synchronizedmeasurement,584Systematicerror,51,97,100,102–108,228,235,245,248,254,256–259,261,268,280,287,288,292,295,311,323,371,438,440,441,509,538,540,542,604TTaylormethod,101,104,105Technicalnoise,548domination,394Technique,64,159,223,289–319,323,388,401,476,538,590Telecentricmethod,59,60Temperaturechange,232,471,474,479,482,495,497,501Temperaturecoefcient,232,483,494,495Temperaturedistribution,473,474,476,479,481,490,496,600Temperatureresolution,472,480Temperaturerise,469,470,472,473,480,489,493,496,599Temperature-stabilized,516,542,585Temperature-tuning,595Temporal,12,14,49,142,144,146–149,151,155,157,168,180–183,228,270,274,276–279,281,287,381–383,385,387,393,396,401,403,407,412,413,420,421,426,431,437,451,484,502,511–513,535,537,569,611dependence,381,484distortion,547integration,186,280modulation,359response,154,277,412,497,535separation,364,409Thermalconductivity,471,481,490,500,501,506Thermalconstant,476Thermaldeection,490,491,495,497,499Thermaldiffusionlength,471,490,500,506,600Thermaldiffusivity,218,472,512Thermaldrift,396,427,544,584710IndexThermalequilibrium,50,51,72,115,126,140,141,288,470,471,480,512,517,519,521,599Thermalexpansion,494,497,504,509Thermalow,477,479Thermalux,469,479,599,600Thermallensing,307,482–517Thermalnoise,158,217,219,288,644Thermalsource,144,232,233,422,477,481,597Thermalstrain,492,504Thermocouplecalorimetry,505Thermoelectric,217,218Thermo-opticthreshold,495Thermo-stabilized,381,437Thickness,28,34,36,57,63,66,71,149–151,157,159,166,170,171,175,179,192,197,200–204,206–209,212,215,220,224,226,229,241,257,286,296,308,314,331,368,406,413,414,448,452,479,500,518,523,568,597,629,630Three-mirrormultipasscavity,328Threshold,157,158,217–221,224,226,228,229,252,253,270,377,381,384,399,425–427,450,455,491,493,495,564,614,645sensing,370Throughputefciency,563Time-averaged,7,9,49,548Timeconstant,54,129,131,154,217–219,230,270,276,278,391,392,394,412,415,417,420,422,424,470,471,473,513,535,542,597Time-dependentintensity,392Time-division,644Time-domainreectometry,622Time-domainscanninginterferometry,464Time-domainspectrometry,307Timeintegration,361,393,422,557,559,561,611,621Timeofcoherence,147Timesynchronization,584Totalloss,3,29,219,319,376,386,411,413,426,434,450,490,592,613,628Totalreectance,31,35,36,46,52,169,244,301,308,418,517,546,630Totalscattering,30,33,309,313,314,339,348andabsorption,309,439factor,30,33,313,314,348Totaltransmittance,31,35,37,63,64,117,164,169,283,290,308,413,630Tracedetection,361,540,557,560,567Transducer-basedmodulation,362Transformation,10,13,25–28,38,50,51,81,85,88,147,181,217,218,228–231,233–238,241,269,272,276,278,285,287,323,342,344,345,414,444,454,469,502,504,509,511,518,520,625factor,33,44–46,49,50,87,217,224,229,286,537Transform-limited,394Transimpedance,315,539,584Translucent,23,45,56–58,105,108–111,114,116,119,122,181,183,224,242,243,255–263,526,603diffuser,122sphere,57,91,108,110,111,113,258,261–263,475,524–526,528,603,604Transmission,25,57,149,223,293,321,367,401,469,538,590function,45,214loss,298,299,369,378,564,618prole,214,215spectrum,183,184,266,456,544Transmittance,25,57,158,224,289,321,369,401,502,537,595Transmitted,7,55,149,221,291,322,368,402,469,537,593light,23,26,31,34,63–66,106,109,160,161,163–167,169,171,177,178,186,214,221,242,248,256,270,291,293,322,325,333,374,377,390,403,405,406,409,413,417,436,446,448,456–458,484,519,540,554,575,603,605,610,618,623radiation,25,29,44,125,149,150,166,167,170,176,179,182,261,289,387,417,427,429,457,522,596,609Transparent,24,64,150,220,303,321,368,406,469,538,589Transresistanceamplier,565Transversal,336,337,339,360,362misalignment,624Transverse,54,334,336,338,342,349,388–391,405,429,473,483,489,491,494,496–498,505,511,624change,497mode,391,392,394,395,423,429,466modebeating,392,394Traveling-wave,152Triple-stepinterference,173Index711Tristimulus,85,86coordinates,86,264,462values,76,77,78,84–90,264,266,461,462Tunable,181,333,346,356–359,427,430,450,451,453,491,510–512,514,552,554,556,560–562,566diode-laserspectroscopy,557,558multipasscavity,354wavelength,347Two-beam,241,301,539,559,631,634,639,648interference,175,177,453,496,608,612,631,634,636,643interferometer,496,632,633,635Two-channel,159,168–170,181,317,418,540,541,560,563,566,567,575,584,586Two-dimensional,76,134,135,138,141,465,466,517Two-elementmultipasscavity,327Twofoldinterferometricreectometer,616,617Two-point,591attenuationmeasurement,593procedure,591Two-step,481,574Two-tone,364,551–555UUnbalanced,540,548,586,587Unboundedsensitivity,457Unequallyreectingsurfaces,573Uneven-leg,539Uniformdiffuse,91,94,115,120,224,254,256,522,528,529,532irradiance,93,100,102,113,127,128,523reectance,92,127,258,262scattering,254transmittance,43,116Uniformity,66,113,122–124,181,222,226,248,292,296,302,318,358,471,529Uniformlydiffused,42–44,47,94,113,125,254,256,261Uniformlydiffusedlight,99,223,262Uniformlydiffusedradiation,22,40Uniformlyscattering,604Uniformlyscatteringspheres,92–95Uninformative,569Unitpulse,152–154Universalmediumconstant,497Unnoticeableinterferenceeffects,416Unresolved,243,268,272Unsaturatedgain,367,383Unselective,12,216–222,232,603VVanCittert–Zerniketheorem,144,246Variable-anglemeasurement,306Variableopticalattenuator,563Variation,65–67,95,229,231,236,240,272,278,284,295,300,304,323,325,332,338,362,385,389,390,392,393,408,413,415,416,422,451,453,473,489,494,499,506,508,529,538,565,578,584,590,605,633Verication,26,181,184,248,268–282,296,311,326,331,333,354,414,422,463,476,529,536,557,566,617,620Vibrationdirection,170–175,177,179,184,450Vibration-isolated,413Viewingmethod,103–104,107Visibility,131,159–163,166–170,179,180,279,280,360,364,365,409,414,436,569,616Visualphotometer,234Voigt,364t,429form,364line,566WWavefrontdeformation,517sensor,517Wavefrontdistortion,284,517Waveguideconguration,347Waveguideloss,285,402,595,596Waveguide-surfacereectivity,596Wavelength,3,60,136,221,293,331,377,403,478,538,589Wavelength-dependent,223,287,383,384,398,453,548,566Wavelengthderivatives,547Wavelength-division,644Wavelength-divisionmultiplexer,562Wavelength-divisionmultiplexing,248Wavelength-independentscattering,601Wavelengthmodulation,359,546–548,553,560,561712IndexWavelength-modulationspectroscopy,546,547Wavelength-selective,384Wavelengthspectrum,544Wavelengthstabilized,388Wavelengthtuning,359,408,427,547,555–567,597Weak-etaloneffect,364Wedge-shaped,35,164–166,229,230,273,584Wedge-shapedcavity,327Weightedsummation,392Whitecavity,329–334,336,337,339–341,346,361,362Whitecell,336,337,340,361,557,559,561White-light,183,248,282,307,308,451,465interferometry,452,615Wide-anglediffraction,192,213ZZerodelay,451Zero-order,178,179,214Zero-paddedinterferograms,416