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FoodAnalysisEditionForothertitlespublishedinthisseries,gotowww.
springer.
com/series/5999FourthFoodAnalysiseditedbyS.
SuzanneNielsenPurdueUniversityWestLafayette,IN,USAFourthEditionABCISBN978-1-4419-1477-4e-ISBN978-1-4419-1478-1DOI10.
1007/978-1-4419-1478-1SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondonLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010924120SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2010.
Correctedat2ndprinting2014Allrightsreserved.
Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscho-Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobePrintedonacid-freepaperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.
springer.
com)Dr.
S.
SuzanneNielsenPurdueUniversityDept.
FoodScienceissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.
larlyanalysis.
Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilartakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.
745AgricultureMallDr.
WestLafayetteIN47907-2009ordUSAnielsens@purdue.
eduContentsContributingAuthorsviiPrefaceandAcknowledgmentsixListofAbbreviationsPartI.
GeneralInformation1.
IntroductiontoFoodAnalysis3S.
SuzanneNielsen2.
UnitedStatesGovernmentRegulationsandInternationalStandardsRelatedtoFoodAnalysis15S.
SuzanneNielsen3.
NutritionLabeling35LloydE.
Metzger4.
EvaluationofAnalyticalData53J.
ScottSmith5.
SamplingandSamplePreparation69RubenO.
MorawickiPartII.
CompositionalAnalysisofFoods6.
MoistureandTotalSolidsAnalysis85RobertL.
Bradley,Jr.
7.
AshAnalysis105MauriceR.
Marshall8.
FatAnalysis117DavidB.
MinandWayneC.
Ellefson9.
ProteinAnalysis133SamK.
C.
Chang10.
CarbohydrateAnalysis147JamesN.
BeMiller11.
VitaminAnalysis179RonaldB.
Pegg,W.
O.
Landen,Jr.
,andRonaldR.
Eitenmiller12.
TraditionalMethodsforMineralAnalysis201RobertE.
WardandCharlesE.
CarpenterPartIII.
ChemicalPropertiesandCharacteristicsofFoods13.
pHandTitratableAcidity219GeorgeD.
SadlerandPatriciaA.
Murphy14.
FatCharacterization239SeanF.
O'KeefeandOscarA.
Pike15.
ProteinSeparationandCharacterizationProcedures261DeniseM.
Smith16.
ApplicationofEnzymesinFoodAnalysis283JosephR.
Powers17.
Immunoassays301Y-H.
PeggyHsieh18.
AnalysisofFoodContaminants,Residues,andChemicalConstituentsofConcern317BaraemIsmail,BradleyL.
Reuhs,andS.
SuzanneNielsen19.
AnalysisforExtraneousMatter351HulyaDogan,BhadrirajuSubramanyam,andJohnR.
Pedersen20.
DeterminationofOxygenDemand367YongD.
HangvxiviContentsPartIV.
Spectroscopy21.
BasicPrinciplesofSpectroscopy375MichaelH.
Penner22.
Ultraviolet,Visible,andFluorescenceSpectroscopy387MichaelH.
Penner23.
InfraredSpectroscopy407RandyL.
Wehling24.
AtomicAbsorptionSpec-troscopy,AtomicEmissionSpectroscopy,andInductivelyCoupledPlasma-MassSpectrometry421DennisD.
MillerandMichaelA.
Rutzke25.
NuclearMagneticResonance443BradleyL.
ReuhsandSenaySimsek26.
MassSpectrometry457J.
ScottSmithandRohanA.
ThakurPartV.
Chromatography27.
BasicPrinciplesofChromatography473BaraemIsmailandS.
SuzanneNielsen28.
High-PerformanceLiquidChromatography499BradleyL.
ReuhsandMaryAnnRounds29.
GasChromatography513MichaelC.
Qian,DevinG.
Peterson,andGaryA.
ReinecciusPartVI.
PhysicalPropertiesofFoods30.
RheologicalPrinciplesforFoodAnalysis541ChristopherR.
DaubertandE.
AllenFoegeding31.
ThermalAnalysis555LeonardC.
ThomasandShellyJ.
Schmidt32.
ColorAnalysis573RonaldE.
WrolstadandDanielE.
SmithIndex587ContributingAuthorsJamesN.
BeMillerDepartmentofFoodScience,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907-1160,USARobertL.
Bradley,Jr.
Formerly,DepartmentofFoodScience,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,WI53706,USACharlesE.
CarpenterDepartmentofNutritionandFoodSciences,UtahStateUniversity,Logan,UT84322-8700,USASamK.
C.
ChangDepartmentofCerealandFoodSciences,NorthDakotaStateUniversity,Fargo,ND58105,USAChristopherR.
DaubertDepartmentofFood,BioprocessingandNutritionalSciences,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Raleigh,NC27695-7624,USAHulyaDoganDepartmentofGrainScienceandIndustry,KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS66506,USARonaldR.
EitenmillerDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,TheUniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602-7610,USAWayneC.
EllefsonNutritionalChemistryandFoodSafety,CovanceLaboritories,Madison,WI53714,USAE.
AllenFoegedingDepartmentofFood,BioprocessingandNutritionalSciences,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Raleigh,NC27695-7624,USAYongD.
HangDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,CornellUniversity,Geneva,NY14456,USAY-H.
PeggyHsiehDepartmentofNutrition,FoodandExerciseSciences,FloridaStateUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32306-1493,USABaraemIsmailDepartmentofFoodScienceandNutrition,UniversityofMinnesota,St.
Paul,MN55108-6099,USAW.
O.
Landen,Jr.
DepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,TheUniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602-7610,USAMauriceR.
MarshallDepartmentofFoodScienceandHumanNutrition,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL32611-0370,USALloydE.
MetzgerDepartmentofDairyScience,UniversityofSouthDakota,Brookings,SD57007,USADennisD.
MillerDepartmentofFoodScience,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY14853-7201,USADavidB.
MinDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,OH43210,USARubénMorawickiDepartmentofFoodScience,UniversityofArkansas,Fayetteville,AR72703,USAPatriciaA.
MurphyDepartmentofFoodScienceandHumanNutrition,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,IA50011,USAS.
SuzanneNielsenDepartmentofFoodScience,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907-1160,USAviiviiiContributingAuthorsSeanF.
O'KeefeDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,VirginiaTech,Blacksburg,VA24061,USAJohnR.
PedersenFormerly,DepartmentofGrainScienceandIndustry,KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS66506-2201,USARonaldB.
PeggDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,TheUniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602-7610,USAMichaelH.
PennerDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR97331-6602,USADevinG.
PetersonDepartmentofFoodScienceandNutrition,UniversityofMinnesota,St.
Paul,MN55108-6099,USAOscarA.
PikeDepartmentofNutrition,Dietetics,andFoodScience,BrighamYoungUniversity,Provo,UT84602,USAJosephR.
PowersSchoolofFoodScience,WashingtonStateUniversity,Pullman,WA99164-6376,USAMichaelC.
QianDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR97331-6602,USAGaryA.
ReinecciusDepartmentofFoodScienceandNutrition,UniversityofMinnesota,St.
Paul,MN55108-6099,USABradleyL.
ReuhsDepartmentofFoodScience,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907-2009,USAMaryAnnRounds(deceased)Formerly,DepartmentofPhysics,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907,USAMichaelA.
RutzkeDepartmentofFoodScience,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY14853-7201,USAGeorgeD.
SadlerPROVEITLLC204Deerbornect.
Geneva,IL60134,USAShellyJ.
SchmidtDepartmentofFoodScienceandHumanNutrition,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,Urbana,IL61801,USASenaySimsekDepartmentofPlantSciences,NorthDakotaStateUniversity,Fargo,ND58108-6050,USADanielE.
SmithDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR97331-6602,USADeniseM.
SmithDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,OH43210,USAJ.
ScottSmithFoodScienceInstitute,KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS66506-1600,USABhadrirjuSubramanyamDepartmentofGrainScienceandIndustry,KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS66506,USARohanA.
ThakurTaylorTechnology,Princeton,NJ08540,USALeonardC.
ThomasDSCSolutionsLLC,Smyrna,DE19977,USARobertE.
WardDepartmentofNutritionandFoodSciences,UtahStateUniversity,Logan,UT84322-8700,USARandyL.
WehlingDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,UniversityofNebraska,Lincoln,NE68583-0919,USARonaldE.
WrolstadDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR97331-6602,USAPrefaceandAcknowledgmentsTheintentofthisbookisthesameasthatdescribedinthePrefacetotherstthreeeditions–atextpri-marilyforundergraduatestudentsmajoringinfoodscience,currentlystudyingtheanalysisoffoods.
How-ever,commentsfromusersoftherstthreeeditionshaveconvincedmethatthebookisalsoavaluabletextforpersonsinthefoodindustrywhoeitherdofoodanalysisorinteractwithanalysts.
Thebigfocusofthiseditionwastodoageneralupdate,addingmanynewmethodsandtopicsanddeletingoutdated/unusedmethods.
Thefollowingsummarizeschangesfromthethirdedition:(1)generalupdates,includingadditionanddeletionofmeth-ods,(2)combinedtwochapterstocreateonechapterfocusedonfoodcontaminants,residues,andchemi-calconstituentsofconcern,(3)somechaptersrewrit-tenbynewauthors(e.
g.
,Immunoassays,ExtraneousMatterAnalysis,ColorAnalysis,ThermalAnalysis),(4)reorganizedsomechapters(e.
g.
,AtomicAbsorp-tionandAtomicEmissionSpectroscopy;BasicChro-matography),(5)addedchapteronnuclearmagneticresonance,(6)addedcalculationsforallpracticeprob-lems,and(7)addedtabletosomechapterstosumma-rizemethods(e.
g.
,VitaminAnalysis,HPLC),and(8)newlydrawnguresandphotographs.
Regrettably,inanefforttokeepthebookataman-ageablesizeandcost,especiallyforstudents,somesuggestionsbyuserstoaddchapterscouldnotbeaccommodated.
Forspecializedtopics(e.
g.
,phyto-chemicals)thatutilizethemethodsincludedinthistextbook,readersarereferredtodetailedbooksonthosetopics.
Asstatedfortherstthreeeditions,thechaptersinthistextbookarenotintendedasdetailedrefer-ences,butasgeneralintroductionstothetopicsandthetechniques.
Courseinstructorsmaywishtopro-videmoredetailsonaparticulartopictostudents.
Thechaptersfocusonprinciplesandapplicationsoftechniques.
Proceduresgivenaremeanttohelpexplaintheprinciplesandgivesomeexamples,butarenotmeanttobepresentedinthedetailade-quatetoactuallyconductaspecicanalysis.
Asintherstthreeeditions,allchaptershavesummariesandstudyquestions,andkeywordsorphrasesareinitalicstype,tohelpstudentsfocustheirstudies.
Asdoneforthethirdedition,thechaptersareorga-nizedintothefollowingsections:I.
Introduction,II.
CompositionalAnalysisofFoods,III.
ChemicalProp-ertiesandCharacteristicsofFoods,IV.
Spectroscopy,V.
Chromatography,andVI.
PhysicalPropertiesofFoods.
Instructorsareencouragedtocoverthetop-icsfromthistextinwhateverorderismostsuitablefortheircourse.
Also,instructorsareinvitedtocon-tactmeforadditionalteachingmaterialsrelatedtothistextbook.
Startingwiththethirdedition,thenewcompe-tencyrequirementsestablishedbytheInstituteofFoodTechnologistswereconsidered.
Thoserequirementsrelevanttofoodanalysisareasfollows:(1)under-standingtheprinciplesbehindanalyticaltechniquesassociatedwithfood,(2)beingabletoselecttheappropriateanalyticaltechniquewhenpresentedwithapracticalproblem,and(3)demonstratingpracticalprociencyinfoodanalysislaboratory.
Thistextbookshouldenableinstructorstomeettherequirementsanddeveloplearningobjectivesrelevanttothersttwooftheserequirements.
Thelaboratorymanual,nowinitssecondedition,shouldbeausefulresourcetohelpstudentsmeetthethirdrequirement.
Iamgratefultoallchapterauthorsforagree-ingtobeapartofthisproject.
Manyauthorshavedrawnontheirexperienceofteachingstudentsand/orexperiencewiththeseanalysestogivechapterstheappropriatecontent,relevance,andeaseofuse.
Iwishtothanktheauthorsofarticlesandbooks,andwellasthepublishersandindustrialcompanies,fortheirpermissiontoreproducematerialsusedhere.
Specialthanksareextendedtothefollowingpersons:Baraem(Pam)IsmailandBradReuhsforvaluablediscussionsaboutthecontentofthebookandassistancewithedit-ing;JonathanDeVriesforinputthathelpeddeterminecontent;BrookeSadlerforhergraphicartworkindraw/redrawingmanygures;GwenShoemakerforkeepingtrackofalltheguresandhelponequations;andKirstiNielsen(mydaughter)forwordprocessingassistance.
S.
SuzanneNielsenixListofAbbreviationsAACCAmericanAssociationofCerealChemistsAASAtomicabsorptionspectroscopyADIAcceptabledailyintakeAE-HPLCAnionexchangehighperformanceliquidchromatographyAESAtomicemissionspectroscopyAMSAcceleratormassspectrometerAMSAgriculturalMarketingServiceAOACAssociationofOfcialAnalyticalChemistsAOCSAmericanOilChemists'SocietyAOMActiveoxygenmethodAPCIAtmosphericpressurechemicalionizationAPEAtmosphere-pressureionizationAPHAAmericanPublicHealthAssociationAPPIAtmosphericpressurephoto-ionizationASEAcceleratedsolventextractionASTMAmericanSocietyforTestingMaterialsATCCAmericanTypeCultureCollectionATPAdenosine-5-triphosphateATRAttenuatedtotalreectanceawWateractivityB0ExternalmagneticeldBAWBaseandacidwashedBCABicinchoninicacidBCRCommunityBureauofReferenceBéBaumémodulusBHAButylatedhydroxyanisoleBHTButylatedhydroxytolueneBODBiochemicaloxygendemandBPABisphenolABSABovineserumalbuminBSDABacillusstearothermophilisdiskassayBtBacillusthuringiensisCASTCalfantibioticandsulfatestCCDCharge-coupleddeviceCDCCentersforDiseaseControlCFRCodeofFederalRegulationsCFSANCenterforFoodSafetyandAppliedNutritioncGMPCurrentGoodManufacturingPracticesCIChemicalionizationCICondenceintervalCIDChargeinjectiondeviceCIDCollision-induceddissociationCIDCommercialItemDescriptionCIECommissionInternationaled'EclairageCLAConjugatedlinoleicacidCLNDChemiluminescentnitrogendetectorCOACerticateofanalysisCODChemicaloxygendemandC-PERProteinefciencyratiocalculationmethodCPGCompliancepolicyguidanceCP-MASCrosspolarizationmagicanglespinningCQC2,6-DichloroquinonechloroimideCRCCollisionreactioncellsCSLMConfocalscanninglasermicroscopyCTComputedtechnologyCTComputedtomographyCVCoefcientofvariationCVMCenterforVeterinaryMedicineDALDefectactionlevelDDTDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethaneDEDegreeofestericationdETotalcolordifferenceDFDilutionfactorDFEDietaryfolateequivalentDHHSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesDMADynamicmechanicalanalysisDMDD-MalatedehydrogenaseDMSODimethylsulfoxideDNADeoxyribronucleicacidDNFB1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzenedNTPsDeoxynucleosidetriphosphatesDONDeoxynivalenolDRIDietaryreferencesintakeDRIFTSDiffuserelectranceFourier-transformspectroscopyDRVDailyReferenceValueDSCDifferentialscanningcalorimetryDSHEADietarySupplementHealthandEducationActDSPEDispersivesolid-phaseextractionxixiiListofAbbreviationsDTGSDeuteratedtriglycinesulfateDVDailyvalueDVBDivinylbenzenedwbDryweightbasisEaActivationenergyEAAIEssentialaminoacidindexEBTEriochromeblackTECDElectroncapturedetectorEDLElectrode-lessdischargelampEDSEnergydispersivespectroscopyEDTAEthylenediaminetetraaceticacidEECEuropeanEconomicCommunityEFSAEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthorityEIElectronimpactEIEEasilyionizedelementsELCDElectrolyticconductivitydetectorELISAEnzymelinkedimmunosorbentassayEPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPSPS5-Enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phsophatesynthaseEqEquivalentsERHEquilibriumrelativehumidityESIElectrosprayinterfaceESIElectrosprayionizationETOEthyleneoxideEUEuropeanUnionFabFragmentantigenbindingFAMEFattyacidmethylestersFAO/WHOFoodandAgriculturalOrganization/WorldHealthOrganizationFASFerrousammoniumsulfateFBsFumonisinsFcFragmentcrystallizableFCCFoodChemicalsCodexFDAFoodandDrugAdministrationFDAMAFoodsandDrugAdministrationModernizationActFD&CFood,DrugandCosmeticFDNB1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzeneFFAFreefattyacidFIDFlameionizationdetectorFIDFreeinductiondecayFIFRAFederalInsecticide,Fungicide,andRodenticideActFNB/NASFoodandNutritionBoardoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesFOSFructooligosaccharideFPDFlamephotometricdetectorFPIAFluorescencepolarizationimmunoassayFSISFoodSafetyandInspectionServiceFTFouriertransformFTCFederalTradeCommissionFT-ICRFouriertransform–ioncyclotronsFTIRFouriertransforminfraredG6PDHGlucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenaseGATTGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGCGaschromatographyGC-AEDGaschromatography–atomicemissiondetectorGC-FTIRGaschromatography–FouriertransforminfraredGC-MSGaschromatography–massspectrometryGFCGel-ltrationchromatographyGIPSAGrainInspection,PackersandStockyardAdministrationGLCGas–liquidchromatographyGMAGroceryManufacturersofAmericaGMOGeneticallymodiedorganismGMPGoodManufacturingPractices(alsoCurrentGoodManufacturingPracticeinManufacturing,Packing,orHoldingHumanFood)GOPODGlucoseoxidase/peroxidaseGPCGel-permeationchromatographyGRASGenerallyrecognizedassafeHACCPHazardAnalysisCriticalControlPointHCLHollowcathodelampHETPHeightequivalenttoatheoreticalplateHFSHighfructosesyrupHILICHydrophilicinteractionliquidchromatographyHKHexokinaseH-MASHigh-resolutionmagicanglespinningHMDSHexamethyldisilazaneHPLCHighperformanceliquidchromatographyHPTLCHighperformancethin-layerchromatographyHRGCHighresolutiongaschromatographyHSHeadspaceHVPHydrolyzedvegetableproteinICIonchromatographyIC50MedianinhibitionconcentrationICPInductivelycoupledplasmaICP-AESInductivelycoupledplasma–atomicemissionspectroscopyICP-MSInductivelycoupledplasma–massspectrometerIDInnerdiameterIDKInsectdamagedkernelsIgImmunoglobulinIgEImmunoglobulinEIgGImmunoglobulinGIMSInterstateMilkShippersInGaAsIndium–gallium–arsenideIRInfraredListofAbbreviationsxiiiIRMMInstituteforReferenceMaterialsandMeasurementsISAIonicstrengthadjustorISEIon-selectiveelectrodeISOInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationITDIon-trapdetectorIT-MSIontrapsmassspectrometryIUInternationalUnitsIUPACInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistryJECFAJointFAO/WHOExpertCommitteeonFoodAdditiveskcalKilocalorieKDaKilodaltonKFRKarlFischerreagentKFReqKarlFischerreagentwaterequivalenceKHPPotassiumacidphthalateLALLSLow-anglelaserlightscatteringLCLiquidchromatographyLC-MSLiquidchromatography–massspectroscopyLFSLateralowstripLIMSLaboratoryinformationmanagementsystemLODLimitofdetectionLOQLimitofquantitationLTMLowthermalmassLTPLow-temperatureplasmaprobe3-MCPD3-Monochloropropane1,2-diolMALDI-TOFMatrix-assistedlaserdesorptiontime-of-ightMALLSMulti-anglelaserlightscatteringMASMagicanglespinningMASEMicrowave-assistedsolventextractionMCLMaximumcontaminantlevelMCTMercury:cadmium:tellurideMDGCMultidimensionalgaschromatographyMDLMethoddetectionlimitMDSCTMModulateddifferentialscanningcalorimeterTMmEqMilliequivalentsMES-TRIS2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonicacid-tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethaneMLRMultiplelinearregressionMRIMagneticresonanceimagingMRLMaximumresiduelevelMRMMultiresiduemethodMSMassspectrometry(orspectrometer)MS/MSTandemMSMsnMultiplestagesofmassspectrometryMWMolecularweightm/zMass-to-chargeratioNADNicotinamide-adeninedinucleotideNADPNicotinamide-adeninedinucleotidephosphateNADPHReducedNADPNCMN-methylcarbamateNCWMNationalConferenceonWeightsandMeasuresNIRNear-infraredNIRSNear-infraredspectroscopyNISTNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyNLEANutritionLabelingandEducationActNMFSNationalMarineFisheriesServiceNMRNuclearmagneticresonanceNOAANationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationNOAELNoobservedadverseeffectlevelNPDNitrogenphosphorusdetectororthermionicdetectorNSSPNationalShellshSanitationProgramNVOCNon-volatileorganiccompoundsOCOrganochlorineODOuterdiameterODSOctadecylsilylOESOpticalemissionspectroscopyOMAOfcialMethodsofAnalysisOPOrganophosphate/organophosphorusOPAO-phthalaldehydeOSIOilstabilityindexOTOrbitrapOTAOchratoxinAPADPulsed-amperometricdetectorPAGEPolyacrylamidegelelectrophoresisPAMIPesticideAnalyticalManual,VolumeIPAMIIPesticideAnalyticalManual,VolumeIIPcCriticalpressurePCBsPolychlorinatedbiphenylsPCRPolymerasechainreactionPCRPrincipalcomponentsregressionPDCAASProteindigestibility–correctedaminoacidscorePDMSPolydimethylsiloxanePEEKPolyetheretherketonePERProteinefciencyratioPFPDPulsedamephotometricdetectorpIIsoelectricpointPIDPhotoionizationdetectorPLEPressurizedliquidextractionPLOTPorous-layeropentabularPLSPartialleastsquaresPMOPasteurizedMilkOrdinancePMTPhotomultipliertubeppbPartsperbillionPPDPurchaseProductDescriptionxivListofAbbreviationsppmPartspermillionpptPartspertrillionPUFAPolyunsaturatedfattyacidsPVPPPolyvinylpolypyrrolidoneqMSQuadrupolemassspectrometryQqQTriplequadrupoleQ-trapQuadruple-iontrapQuEChERSQuick,Easy,Cheap,Effective,RuggedandSafeRACRawagriculturalcommodityRAERetinolactivityequivalentsRASFFRapidAlertSystemforFoodandFeedRDARecommendedDailyAllowanceRDIReferenceDailyIntakeRERetinolequivalentRFRadiofrequencyRfRelativemobilityRFResponsefactorRIRefractiveindexRIARadioimmunoassayROSARapidOneStepAssayRPARRebuttablePresumptionAgainstRegistrationRVARapidViscoAnalyserSASOSaudiArabianStandardsOrganizationSBSEStirbarsorptiveextractionSDStandarddeviationSDSSodiumdodecylsulfateSDS-PAGESodiumdodecylsulfate–polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresisSECSize-exclusionchromatographySEMScanningelectronmicroscopySFCSolidfatcontentSFCSupercritical-uidchromatographySFC-MSSupercritical-uidchromatographymassspectrometrySFESupercriticaluidextractionSFE-GCSupercriticaluidextraction–gaschromatographySFISolidfatindexSIInternationalScienticSKCSSinglekernelcharacteristicssystemSMEDPStandardMethodsfortheExaminationofDairyProductsSOSulteoxidaseSPDESolid-phasedynamicextractionSPESolid-phaseextractionSPMESolid-phasemicroextractionSRFSampleresponsefactorSRMSingleresiduemethodSSDSolidstatedetectorSTOPSwabtestonpremisesSVOCSemi-volatileorganiccompoundsTBAThiobarbituricacidTBARSTBAreactivesubstancesTCDThermalconductivitydetectorTDATotaldailyintakeTDFTotaldietaryberT-DNATransferofDNATEMTransmissionelectronmicroscopiesTEMEDTetramethylethylenediamineTgGlasstransitiontemperatureTGAThermogravimetricanalysisTiTumor-inducingTICTotalioncurrentTLCThin-layerchromatographyTMAThermomechanicalanalysisTMCSTrimethylchlorosilaneTMSTrimethylsilylTOFTime-of-ightTOF-MSTime-of-ightmassspectrometryTPATextureproleanalysisTSTotalsolidsTSQTriplestagequadrupoleTSSTotalsolublesolidsTSUSATariffSchedulesoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaTTBAlcoholandTobaccoTaxandTradeBureauTWITotalweeklyintakeUHPCUltra-highpressurechromatographyUHPLCUltra-highperformanceliquidchromatographyUSUnitedStatesUSAUnitedStatesofAmericaUSRDAUnitedStatesRecommendedDietaryAllowanceUSCSUnitedStatesCustomsServiceUSDAUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureUSDCUnitedStatesDepartmentofCommerceUSPUnitedStatesPharmacopeiaUVUltravioletUV–VisUltraviolet–visibleVisVisibleVOCVolatileorganiccompoundswtWeightwwbWetweightbasisXMTX-raymicrotomographyZEAZearalenone
springer.
com/series/5999FourthFoodAnalysiseditedbyS.
SuzanneNielsenPurdueUniversityWestLafayette,IN,USAFourthEditionABCISBN978-1-4419-1477-4e-ISBN978-1-4419-1478-1DOI10.
1007/978-1-4419-1478-1SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondonLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010924120SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2010.
Correctedat2ndprinting2014Allrightsreserved.
Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscho-Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobePrintedonacid-freepaperSpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.
springer.
com)Dr.
S.
SuzanneNielsenPurdueUniversityDept.
FoodScienceissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.
larlyanalysis.
Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilartakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.
745AgricultureMallDr.
WestLafayetteIN47907-2009ordUSAnielsens@purdue.
eduContentsContributingAuthorsviiPrefaceandAcknowledgmentsixListofAbbreviationsPartI.
GeneralInformation1.
IntroductiontoFoodAnalysis3S.
SuzanneNielsen2.
UnitedStatesGovernmentRegulationsandInternationalStandardsRelatedtoFoodAnalysis15S.
SuzanneNielsen3.
NutritionLabeling35LloydE.
Metzger4.
EvaluationofAnalyticalData53J.
ScottSmith5.
SamplingandSamplePreparation69RubenO.
MorawickiPartII.
CompositionalAnalysisofFoods6.
MoistureandTotalSolidsAnalysis85RobertL.
Bradley,Jr.
7.
AshAnalysis105MauriceR.
Marshall8.
FatAnalysis117DavidB.
MinandWayneC.
Ellefson9.
ProteinAnalysis133SamK.
C.
Chang10.
CarbohydrateAnalysis147JamesN.
BeMiller11.
VitaminAnalysis179RonaldB.
Pegg,W.
O.
Landen,Jr.
,andRonaldR.
Eitenmiller12.
TraditionalMethodsforMineralAnalysis201RobertE.
WardandCharlesE.
CarpenterPartIII.
ChemicalPropertiesandCharacteristicsofFoods13.
pHandTitratableAcidity219GeorgeD.
SadlerandPatriciaA.
Murphy14.
FatCharacterization239SeanF.
O'KeefeandOscarA.
Pike15.
ProteinSeparationandCharacterizationProcedures261DeniseM.
Smith16.
ApplicationofEnzymesinFoodAnalysis283JosephR.
Powers17.
Immunoassays301Y-H.
PeggyHsieh18.
AnalysisofFoodContaminants,Residues,andChemicalConstituentsofConcern317BaraemIsmail,BradleyL.
Reuhs,andS.
SuzanneNielsen19.
AnalysisforExtraneousMatter351HulyaDogan,BhadrirajuSubramanyam,andJohnR.
Pedersen20.
DeterminationofOxygenDemand367YongD.
HangvxiviContentsPartIV.
Spectroscopy21.
BasicPrinciplesofSpectroscopy375MichaelH.
Penner22.
Ultraviolet,Visible,andFluorescenceSpectroscopy387MichaelH.
Penner23.
InfraredSpectroscopy407RandyL.
Wehling24.
AtomicAbsorptionSpec-troscopy,AtomicEmissionSpectroscopy,andInductivelyCoupledPlasma-MassSpectrometry421DennisD.
MillerandMichaelA.
Rutzke25.
NuclearMagneticResonance443BradleyL.
ReuhsandSenaySimsek26.
MassSpectrometry457J.
ScottSmithandRohanA.
ThakurPartV.
Chromatography27.
BasicPrinciplesofChromatography473BaraemIsmailandS.
SuzanneNielsen28.
High-PerformanceLiquidChromatography499BradleyL.
ReuhsandMaryAnnRounds29.
GasChromatography513MichaelC.
Qian,DevinG.
Peterson,andGaryA.
ReinecciusPartVI.
PhysicalPropertiesofFoods30.
RheologicalPrinciplesforFoodAnalysis541ChristopherR.
DaubertandE.
AllenFoegeding31.
ThermalAnalysis555LeonardC.
ThomasandShellyJ.
Schmidt32.
ColorAnalysis573RonaldE.
WrolstadandDanielE.
SmithIndex587ContributingAuthorsJamesN.
BeMillerDepartmentofFoodScience,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907-1160,USARobertL.
Bradley,Jr.
Formerly,DepartmentofFoodScience,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,WI53706,USACharlesE.
CarpenterDepartmentofNutritionandFoodSciences,UtahStateUniversity,Logan,UT84322-8700,USASamK.
C.
ChangDepartmentofCerealandFoodSciences,NorthDakotaStateUniversity,Fargo,ND58105,USAChristopherR.
DaubertDepartmentofFood,BioprocessingandNutritionalSciences,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Raleigh,NC27695-7624,USAHulyaDoganDepartmentofGrainScienceandIndustry,KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS66506,USARonaldR.
EitenmillerDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,TheUniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602-7610,USAWayneC.
EllefsonNutritionalChemistryandFoodSafety,CovanceLaboritories,Madison,WI53714,USAE.
AllenFoegedingDepartmentofFood,BioprocessingandNutritionalSciences,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Raleigh,NC27695-7624,USAYongD.
HangDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,CornellUniversity,Geneva,NY14456,USAY-H.
PeggyHsiehDepartmentofNutrition,FoodandExerciseSciences,FloridaStateUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32306-1493,USABaraemIsmailDepartmentofFoodScienceandNutrition,UniversityofMinnesota,St.
Paul,MN55108-6099,USAW.
O.
Landen,Jr.
DepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,TheUniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602-7610,USAMauriceR.
MarshallDepartmentofFoodScienceandHumanNutrition,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL32611-0370,USALloydE.
MetzgerDepartmentofDairyScience,UniversityofSouthDakota,Brookings,SD57007,USADennisD.
MillerDepartmentofFoodScience,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY14853-7201,USADavidB.
MinDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,OH43210,USARubénMorawickiDepartmentofFoodScience,UniversityofArkansas,Fayetteville,AR72703,USAPatriciaA.
MurphyDepartmentofFoodScienceandHumanNutrition,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,IA50011,USAS.
SuzanneNielsenDepartmentofFoodScience,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907-1160,USAviiviiiContributingAuthorsSeanF.
O'KeefeDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,VirginiaTech,Blacksburg,VA24061,USAJohnR.
PedersenFormerly,DepartmentofGrainScienceandIndustry,KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS66506-2201,USARonaldB.
PeggDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,TheUniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602-7610,USAMichaelH.
PennerDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR97331-6602,USADevinG.
PetersonDepartmentofFoodScienceandNutrition,UniversityofMinnesota,St.
Paul,MN55108-6099,USAOscarA.
PikeDepartmentofNutrition,Dietetics,andFoodScience,BrighamYoungUniversity,Provo,UT84602,USAJosephR.
PowersSchoolofFoodScience,WashingtonStateUniversity,Pullman,WA99164-6376,USAMichaelC.
QianDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR97331-6602,USAGaryA.
ReinecciusDepartmentofFoodScienceandNutrition,UniversityofMinnesota,St.
Paul,MN55108-6099,USABradleyL.
ReuhsDepartmentofFoodScience,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907-2009,USAMaryAnnRounds(deceased)Formerly,DepartmentofPhysics,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907,USAMichaelA.
RutzkeDepartmentofFoodScience,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY14853-7201,USAGeorgeD.
SadlerPROVEITLLC204Deerbornect.
Geneva,IL60134,USAShellyJ.
SchmidtDepartmentofFoodScienceandHumanNutrition,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,Urbana,IL61801,USASenaySimsekDepartmentofPlantSciences,NorthDakotaStateUniversity,Fargo,ND58108-6050,USADanielE.
SmithDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR97331-6602,USADeniseM.
SmithDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,OH43210,USAJ.
ScottSmithFoodScienceInstitute,KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS66506-1600,USABhadrirjuSubramanyamDepartmentofGrainScienceandIndustry,KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS66506,USARohanA.
ThakurTaylorTechnology,Princeton,NJ08540,USALeonardC.
ThomasDSCSolutionsLLC,Smyrna,DE19977,USARobertE.
WardDepartmentofNutritionandFoodSciences,UtahStateUniversity,Logan,UT84322-8700,USARandyL.
WehlingDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,UniversityofNebraska,Lincoln,NE68583-0919,USARonaldE.
WrolstadDepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR97331-6602,USAPrefaceandAcknowledgmentsTheintentofthisbookisthesameasthatdescribedinthePrefacetotherstthreeeditions–atextpri-marilyforundergraduatestudentsmajoringinfoodscience,currentlystudyingtheanalysisoffoods.
How-ever,commentsfromusersoftherstthreeeditionshaveconvincedmethatthebookisalsoavaluabletextforpersonsinthefoodindustrywhoeitherdofoodanalysisorinteractwithanalysts.
Thebigfocusofthiseditionwastodoageneralupdate,addingmanynewmethodsandtopicsanddeletingoutdated/unusedmethods.
Thefollowingsummarizeschangesfromthethirdedition:(1)generalupdates,includingadditionanddeletionofmeth-ods,(2)combinedtwochapterstocreateonechapterfocusedonfoodcontaminants,residues,andchemi-calconstituentsofconcern,(3)somechaptersrewrit-tenbynewauthors(e.
g.
,Immunoassays,ExtraneousMatterAnalysis,ColorAnalysis,ThermalAnalysis),(4)reorganizedsomechapters(e.
g.
,AtomicAbsorp-tionandAtomicEmissionSpectroscopy;BasicChro-matography),(5)addedchapteronnuclearmagneticresonance,(6)addedcalculationsforallpracticeprob-lems,and(7)addedtabletosomechapterstosumma-rizemethods(e.
g.
,VitaminAnalysis,HPLC),and(8)newlydrawnguresandphotographs.
Regrettably,inanefforttokeepthebookataman-ageablesizeandcost,especiallyforstudents,somesuggestionsbyuserstoaddchapterscouldnotbeaccommodated.
Forspecializedtopics(e.
g.
,phyto-chemicals)thatutilizethemethodsincludedinthistextbook,readersarereferredtodetailedbooksonthosetopics.
Asstatedfortherstthreeeditions,thechaptersinthistextbookarenotintendedasdetailedrefer-ences,butasgeneralintroductionstothetopicsandthetechniques.
Courseinstructorsmaywishtopro-videmoredetailsonaparticulartopictostudents.
Thechaptersfocusonprinciplesandapplicationsoftechniques.
Proceduresgivenaremeanttohelpexplaintheprinciplesandgivesomeexamples,butarenotmeanttobepresentedinthedetailade-quatetoactuallyconductaspecicanalysis.
Asintherstthreeeditions,allchaptershavesummariesandstudyquestions,andkeywordsorphrasesareinitalicstype,tohelpstudentsfocustheirstudies.
Asdoneforthethirdedition,thechaptersareorga-nizedintothefollowingsections:I.
Introduction,II.
CompositionalAnalysisofFoods,III.
ChemicalProp-ertiesandCharacteristicsofFoods,IV.
Spectroscopy,V.
Chromatography,andVI.
PhysicalPropertiesofFoods.
Instructorsareencouragedtocoverthetop-icsfromthistextinwhateverorderismostsuitablefortheircourse.
Also,instructorsareinvitedtocon-tactmeforadditionalteachingmaterialsrelatedtothistextbook.
Startingwiththethirdedition,thenewcompe-tencyrequirementsestablishedbytheInstituteofFoodTechnologistswereconsidered.
Thoserequirementsrelevanttofoodanalysisareasfollows:(1)under-standingtheprinciplesbehindanalyticaltechniquesassociatedwithfood,(2)beingabletoselecttheappropriateanalyticaltechniquewhenpresentedwithapracticalproblem,and(3)demonstratingpracticalprociencyinfoodanalysislaboratory.
Thistextbookshouldenableinstructorstomeettherequirementsanddeveloplearningobjectivesrelevanttothersttwooftheserequirements.
Thelaboratorymanual,nowinitssecondedition,shouldbeausefulresourcetohelpstudentsmeetthethirdrequirement.
Iamgratefultoallchapterauthorsforagree-ingtobeapartofthisproject.
Manyauthorshavedrawnontheirexperienceofteachingstudentsand/orexperiencewiththeseanalysestogivechapterstheappropriatecontent,relevance,andeaseofuse.
Iwishtothanktheauthorsofarticlesandbooks,andwellasthepublishersandindustrialcompanies,fortheirpermissiontoreproducematerialsusedhere.
Specialthanksareextendedtothefollowingpersons:Baraem(Pam)IsmailandBradReuhsforvaluablediscussionsaboutthecontentofthebookandassistancewithedit-ing;JonathanDeVriesforinputthathelpeddeterminecontent;BrookeSadlerforhergraphicartworkindraw/redrawingmanygures;GwenShoemakerforkeepingtrackofalltheguresandhelponequations;andKirstiNielsen(mydaughter)forwordprocessingassistance.
S.
SuzanneNielsenixListofAbbreviationsAACCAmericanAssociationofCerealChemistsAASAtomicabsorptionspectroscopyADIAcceptabledailyintakeAE-HPLCAnionexchangehighperformanceliquidchromatographyAESAtomicemissionspectroscopyAMSAcceleratormassspectrometerAMSAgriculturalMarketingServiceAOACAssociationofOfcialAnalyticalChemistsAOCSAmericanOilChemists'SocietyAOMActiveoxygenmethodAPCIAtmosphericpressurechemicalionizationAPEAtmosphere-pressureionizationAPHAAmericanPublicHealthAssociationAPPIAtmosphericpressurephoto-ionizationASEAcceleratedsolventextractionASTMAmericanSocietyforTestingMaterialsATCCAmericanTypeCultureCollectionATPAdenosine-5-triphosphateATRAttenuatedtotalreectanceawWateractivityB0ExternalmagneticeldBAWBaseandacidwashedBCABicinchoninicacidBCRCommunityBureauofReferenceBéBaumémodulusBHAButylatedhydroxyanisoleBHTButylatedhydroxytolueneBODBiochemicaloxygendemandBPABisphenolABSABovineserumalbuminBSDABacillusstearothermophilisdiskassayBtBacillusthuringiensisCASTCalfantibioticandsulfatestCCDCharge-coupleddeviceCDCCentersforDiseaseControlCFRCodeofFederalRegulationsCFSANCenterforFoodSafetyandAppliedNutritioncGMPCurrentGoodManufacturingPracticesCIChemicalionizationCICondenceintervalCIDChargeinjectiondeviceCIDCollision-induceddissociationCIDCommercialItemDescriptionCIECommissionInternationaled'EclairageCLAConjugatedlinoleicacidCLNDChemiluminescentnitrogendetectorCOACerticateofanalysisCODChemicaloxygendemandC-PERProteinefciencyratiocalculationmethodCPGCompliancepolicyguidanceCP-MASCrosspolarizationmagicanglespinningCQC2,6-DichloroquinonechloroimideCRCCollisionreactioncellsCSLMConfocalscanninglasermicroscopyCTComputedtechnologyCTComputedtomographyCVCoefcientofvariationCVMCenterforVeterinaryMedicineDALDefectactionlevelDDTDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethaneDEDegreeofestericationdETotalcolordifferenceDFDilutionfactorDFEDietaryfolateequivalentDHHSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesDMADynamicmechanicalanalysisDMDD-MalatedehydrogenaseDMSODimethylsulfoxideDNADeoxyribronucleicacidDNFB1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzenedNTPsDeoxynucleosidetriphosphatesDONDeoxynivalenolDRIDietaryreferencesintakeDRIFTSDiffuserelectranceFourier-transformspectroscopyDRVDailyReferenceValueDSCDifferentialscanningcalorimetryDSHEADietarySupplementHealthandEducationActDSPEDispersivesolid-phaseextractionxixiiListofAbbreviationsDTGSDeuteratedtriglycinesulfateDVDailyvalueDVBDivinylbenzenedwbDryweightbasisEaActivationenergyEAAIEssentialaminoacidindexEBTEriochromeblackTECDElectroncapturedetectorEDLElectrode-lessdischargelampEDSEnergydispersivespectroscopyEDTAEthylenediaminetetraaceticacidEECEuropeanEconomicCommunityEFSAEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthorityEIElectronimpactEIEEasilyionizedelementsELCDElectrolyticconductivitydetectorELISAEnzymelinkedimmunosorbentassayEPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPSPS5-Enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phsophatesynthaseEqEquivalentsERHEquilibriumrelativehumidityESIElectrosprayinterfaceESIElectrosprayionizationETOEthyleneoxideEUEuropeanUnionFabFragmentantigenbindingFAMEFattyacidmethylestersFAO/WHOFoodandAgriculturalOrganization/WorldHealthOrganizationFASFerrousammoniumsulfateFBsFumonisinsFcFragmentcrystallizableFCCFoodChemicalsCodexFDAFoodandDrugAdministrationFDAMAFoodsandDrugAdministrationModernizationActFD&CFood,DrugandCosmeticFDNB1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzeneFFAFreefattyacidFIDFlameionizationdetectorFIDFreeinductiondecayFIFRAFederalInsecticide,Fungicide,andRodenticideActFNB/NASFoodandNutritionBoardoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesFOSFructooligosaccharideFPDFlamephotometricdetectorFPIAFluorescencepolarizationimmunoassayFSISFoodSafetyandInspectionServiceFTFouriertransformFTCFederalTradeCommissionFT-ICRFouriertransform–ioncyclotronsFTIRFouriertransforminfraredG6PDHGlucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenaseGATTGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGCGaschromatographyGC-AEDGaschromatography–atomicemissiondetectorGC-FTIRGaschromatography–FouriertransforminfraredGC-MSGaschromatography–massspectrometryGFCGel-ltrationchromatographyGIPSAGrainInspection,PackersandStockyardAdministrationGLCGas–liquidchromatographyGMAGroceryManufacturersofAmericaGMOGeneticallymodiedorganismGMPGoodManufacturingPractices(alsoCurrentGoodManufacturingPracticeinManufacturing,Packing,orHoldingHumanFood)GOPODGlucoseoxidase/peroxidaseGPCGel-permeationchromatographyGRASGenerallyrecognizedassafeHACCPHazardAnalysisCriticalControlPointHCLHollowcathodelampHETPHeightequivalenttoatheoreticalplateHFSHighfructosesyrupHILICHydrophilicinteractionliquidchromatographyHKHexokinaseH-MASHigh-resolutionmagicanglespinningHMDSHexamethyldisilazaneHPLCHighperformanceliquidchromatographyHPTLCHighperformancethin-layerchromatographyHRGCHighresolutiongaschromatographyHSHeadspaceHVPHydrolyzedvegetableproteinICIonchromatographyIC50MedianinhibitionconcentrationICPInductivelycoupledplasmaICP-AESInductivelycoupledplasma–atomicemissionspectroscopyICP-MSInductivelycoupledplasma–massspectrometerIDInnerdiameterIDKInsectdamagedkernelsIgImmunoglobulinIgEImmunoglobulinEIgGImmunoglobulinGIMSInterstateMilkShippersInGaAsIndium–gallium–arsenideIRInfraredListofAbbreviationsxiiiIRMMInstituteforReferenceMaterialsandMeasurementsISAIonicstrengthadjustorISEIon-selectiveelectrodeISOInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationITDIon-trapdetectorIT-MSIontrapsmassspectrometryIUInternationalUnitsIUPACInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistryJECFAJointFAO/WHOExpertCommitteeonFoodAdditiveskcalKilocalorieKDaKilodaltonKFRKarlFischerreagentKFReqKarlFischerreagentwaterequivalenceKHPPotassiumacidphthalateLALLSLow-anglelaserlightscatteringLCLiquidchromatographyLC-MSLiquidchromatography–massspectroscopyLFSLateralowstripLIMSLaboratoryinformationmanagementsystemLODLimitofdetectionLOQLimitofquantitationLTMLowthermalmassLTPLow-temperatureplasmaprobe3-MCPD3-Monochloropropane1,2-diolMALDI-TOFMatrix-assistedlaserdesorptiontime-of-ightMALLSMulti-anglelaserlightscatteringMASMagicanglespinningMASEMicrowave-assistedsolventextractionMCLMaximumcontaminantlevelMCTMercury:cadmium:tellurideMDGCMultidimensionalgaschromatographyMDLMethoddetectionlimitMDSCTMModulateddifferentialscanningcalorimeterTMmEqMilliequivalentsMES-TRIS2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonicacid-tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethaneMLRMultiplelinearregressionMRIMagneticresonanceimagingMRLMaximumresiduelevelMRMMultiresiduemethodMSMassspectrometry(orspectrometer)MS/MSTandemMSMsnMultiplestagesofmassspectrometryMWMolecularweightm/zMass-to-chargeratioNADNicotinamide-adeninedinucleotideNADPNicotinamide-adeninedinucleotidephosphateNADPHReducedNADPNCMN-methylcarbamateNCWMNationalConferenceonWeightsandMeasuresNIRNear-infraredNIRSNear-infraredspectroscopyNISTNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyNLEANutritionLabelingandEducationActNMFSNationalMarineFisheriesServiceNMRNuclearmagneticresonanceNOAANationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationNOAELNoobservedadverseeffectlevelNPDNitrogenphosphorusdetectororthermionicdetectorNSSPNationalShellshSanitationProgramNVOCNon-volatileorganiccompoundsOCOrganochlorineODOuterdiameterODSOctadecylsilylOESOpticalemissionspectroscopyOMAOfcialMethodsofAnalysisOPOrganophosphate/organophosphorusOPAO-phthalaldehydeOSIOilstabilityindexOTOrbitrapOTAOchratoxinAPADPulsed-amperometricdetectorPAGEPolyacrylamidegelelectrophoresisPAMIPesticideAnalyticalManual,VolumeIPAMIIPesticideAnalyticalManual,VolumeIIPcCriticalpressurePCBsPolychlorinatedbiphenylsPCRPolymerasechainreactionPCRPrincipalcomponentsregressionPDCAASProteindigestibility–correctedaminoacidscorePDMSPolydimethylsiloxanePEEKPolyetheretherketonePERProteinefciencyratioPFPDPulsedamephotometricdetectorpIIsoelectricpointPIDPhotoionizationdetectorPLEPressurizedliquidextractionPLOTPorous-layeropentabularPLSPartialleastsquaresPMOPasteurizedMilkOrdinancePMTPhotomultipliertubeppbPartsperbillionPPDPurchaseProductDescriptionxivListofAbbreviationsppmPartspermillionpptPartspertrillionPUFAPolyunsaturatedfattyacidsPVPPPolyvinylpolypyrrolidoneqMSQuadrupolemassspectrometryQqQTriplequadrupoleQ-trapQuadruple-iontrapQuEChERSQuick,Easy,Cheap,Effective,RuggedandSafeRACRawagriculturalcommodityRAERetinolactivityequivalentsRASFFRapidAlertSystemforFoodandFeedRDARecommendedDailyAllowanceRDIReferenceDailyIntakeRERetinolequivalentRFRadiofrequencyRfRelativemobilityRFResponsefactorRIRefractiveindexRIARadioimmunoassayROSARapidOneStepAssayRPARRebuttablePresumptionAgainstRegistrationRVARapidViscoAnalyserSASOSaudiArabianStandardsOrganizationSBSEStirbarsorptiveextractionSDStandarddeviationSDSSodiumdodecylsulfateSDS-PAGESodiumdodecylsulfate–polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresisSECSize-exclusionchromatographySEMScanningelectronmicroscopySFCSolidfatcontentSFCSupercritical-uidchromatographySFC-MSSupercritical-uidchromatographymassspectrometrySFESupercriticaluidextractionSFE-GCSupercriticaluidextraction–gaschromatographySFISolidfatindexSIInternationalScienticSKCSSinglekernelcharacteristicssystemSMEDPStandardMethodsfortheExaminationofDairyProductsSOSulteoxidaseSPDESolid-phasedynamicextractionSPESolid-phaseextractionSPMESolid-phasemicroextractionSRFSampleresponsefactorSRMSingleresiduemethodSSDSolidstatedetectorSTOPSwabtestonpremisesSVOCSemi-volatileorganiccompoundsTBAThiobarbituricacidTBARSTBAreactivesubstancesTCDThermalconductivitydetectorTDATotaldailyintakeTDFTotaldietaryberT-DNATransferofDNATEMTransmissionelectronmicroscopiesTEMEDTetramethylethylenediamineTgGlasstransitiontemperatureTGAThermogravimetricanalysisTiTumor-inducingTICTotalioncurrentTLCThin-layerchromatographyTMAThermomechanicalanalysisTMCSTrimethylchlorosilaneTMSTrimethylsilylTOFTime-of-ightTOF-MSTime-of-ightmassspectrometryTPATextureproleanalysisTSTotalsolidsTSQTriplestagequadrupoleTSSTotalsolublesolidsTSUSATariffSchedulesoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaTTBAlcoholandTobaccoTaxandTradeBureauTWITotalweeklyintakeUHPCUltra-highpressurechromatographyUHPLCUltra-highperformanceliquidchromatographyUSUnitedStatesUSAUnitedStatesofAmericaUSRDAUnitedStatesRecommendedDietaryAllowanceUSCSUnitedStatesCustomsServiceUSDAUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureUSDCUnitedStatesDepartmentofCommerceUSPUnitedStatesPharmacopeiaUVUltravioletUV–VisUltraviolet–visibleVisVisibleVOCVolatileorganiccompoundswtWeightwwbWetweightbasisXMTX-raymicrotomographyZEAZearalenone
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