bottleswww.henhenlu.com

TurkishJournalofFisheriesandAquaticSciences10:39-45(2010)www.
trjfas.
orgISSN1303-2712DOI:10.
4194/trjfas.
2010.
0106PublishedbyCentralFisheriesResearchInstitute(CFRI)Trabzon,TurkeyincooperationwithJapanInternationalCooperationAgency(JICA),JapanEpipelicAlgalFloraintheKüükekmeceLagoonIntroductionLagoonsareimportantecosystemsintermsofecologyandeconomy.
Thesehabitatsarehighlydynamicandproductiveshallowecosystems(Barnes,1980;Abreuetal.
,1994).
Becauseofnutrientscarriedbyrivers,theirnetprimaryproductivityrangesamongthehighestmeasuredareinnatureandconsequently,fishproductionisveryhighinthesehabitats(Kocata,1994).
Benthicmicroalgaearerecognisedasimportantprimaryproducersinshallowaquaticsystems(Underwoodetal.
,1990;Macintyreetal.
,1996).
Moststudiescarriedoutinfreshwaterbenthicsystemsfocusonepilithicorepiphyticalgaegrowingonhardsubstrates(McCormicandStevenson,1991;Kann,1993;HillebrandandKahlert,2001).
Incontrast,studiesonepipelicalgaeorepipsammoncommunitiesarerare(KhondkerandDokulil,1988;Cyr,1998;Nozakietal.
,2003).
Benthicalgalcommunitieshavebeenusedtoassessenvironmentalconditionsandtheecologicalintegrityofstreamsandriversforover50years(StevensonandSmol,2002).
TheKüükekmeceLakeisalagoonthatisconnectedwiththeMarmaraSeaviaanarrowchannelNesrinPolge1,AtakanSukatar1,ElifNeyranSoylu2,*,ArifGnülol31EgeUniversity,FacultyofScience,DepartmentofBiology,HydrobiologySection,35100,35100,Bornova,Izmir,Turkey.
2GiresunUniversity,FacultyofArtsandScience,DepartmentofBiology,Giresun,Turkey.
3OndokuzMaysUniversity,FacultyofArtsandScience,DepartmentofBiology,55139,Kurupelit,Samsun,Turkey.
*CorrespondingAuthor:Tel.
:+90.
4542161255;Fax:+90.
4542164518;E-mail:enkutluk@omu.
edu.
trReceived10Novomber2008Accepted20Agust2009AbstractThisstudyonepipelicalgalfloraanditsseasonalvariationsintheKüükekmeceLagoon,TurkeywascarriedoutbetweenMay2001andJune2002.
Atotalof109specieswereidentified,mostofwhichbelongedtoBacillariophyta(64taxa).
OthertaxaidentifiedincludedmembersofCyanophyta(26),Chlorophyta(13),Euglenophyta(5)andPhaeophyta(1).
Bacillariophytaweredominantintermsofspeciesnumberandabundanceatfivestations.
Theseasonalityofepipelicalgalflorawasdifferentatallstations.
LowertotalcellnumberswereregisteredatSt.
5.
PennatediatomsespeciallyAmphoraspp.
,Naviculaspp.
,Nitzschiaspp.
andSynedraspp.
weredominantduringthesamplingperiod.
Clusteranalysiswasappliedtotheepipelicalgalcommunityandproducedtwomajorgroupsreflectingtheimportanceofseasonalvariationontheepipelicalgalflora.
Keywords:epipelicalgae,lagoon,KüükekmeceLake,Clusteranalysis.
KüükekmeceLagünündekiEpipelikAlgFloraszetKüükekmecelagünüepipelikalgflorasvemevsimseldeiimiüzerineolanbuaratrma,Mays2001veHaziran2002tarihleriarasndagerekletirilmitir.
ounluuBacillariophyta(64takson)divizyosunaaitolantoplam109türbelirlenmitir.
DiertaksonlarCyanophyta(26),Chlorophyta(13),Euglenophyta(5)vePhaeophyta(1)üylerineaittir.
Bacilllariophytatürsaysvebolluubakmndanbeistasyondadominantolmutur.
Dahadüükorganizmasaylarna5.
istasyondarastlanmtr.
PennatdiyatomelerdenzellikleAmphoraspp.
,Naviculaspp.
,Nitzschiaspp.
veSynedraspp.
rneklemesüresincedominantolmutur.
Kümelemeanaliziepipelikalgkommunitesineuygulanmveepipelikalgflorasüzerinemevsimseldeiiminetkisinigsterenikibüyükgrupolumutur.
AnahtarKelimeler:epipelikalgfloras,lagün,Kümelemeanalizi,Küükekmeceglü.
40N.
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/Turk.
J.
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10:39-45(2010)inTurkey.
Formerlythewaterofthelakewassalinethenitturnedtofreshwaterbytheriverdischarges.
Nowitisseparatedfromtheseabyaset.
Thelagoonhasshownsomesignofeutrophication,suchascyanobacterialbloomsanddeteriorationinwaterqualityfromlatespringtomid-autumn(Albayetal.
,2005).
Eutrophicationisgraduallyincreasing(Topuoluetal.
,1999)becauseofunplannedurbanizationaroundthelake,heavynutrientinputsanduntreatedindustrialwaste.
Atpresent,thelagoonisusedonlyforfishingandforrecreationalpurposes.
Diatomscanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtotheirsalinitytolerance(SnoeijsandVilbaste,1994;SnoeijsandPotapova,1995;Munda,2005).
Inthestudyareatherewasawidespectrumofecologicallydifferenttypes,freshwater,brackishandevenmarineaffinities.
Thisstudywasaimedatprovidingfirstbaselineinformationontheabundanceandseasonalvariationsofepipelicalgalcommun0itiesintheKüükekmeceLagoon.
MaterialsandMethodsStudySiteKüükekmeceLake,situatedinthewesternpartofthecityofIstanbul(4100'N-2843'E)andhasasurfaceareaof15.
22km2andamaximumdepthof20m(Figure1).
ThelagoonisfedbythreesmallriverstheNakkaRiver,theIspartakuleRiverandSazldere(OktayandEren,1994).
TheclimateregimeoftheareaisasubtropicaltypeofMediterreneanmacroclimate.
Inthisregion,theaverageannualtemperaturefrom1990to2000was14.
4C,theannualaveragerainfallwas666.
8mm(Anonymous,2000).
Station1issituatedonthewestoflagoonwascoveredwithsmall-grainedclayandsandysediments.
Station2issituatedinthesouthwestofthelakeandcoveredwithgravelandpebble.
Station3issituatedinthesouthofthelagoonandisconnectedwiththeMarmaraSeaviaanarrowchannel.
Thisstationiscoveredbyclaysediments.
Station4isontheeastofthelake.
Thisareaofthelakewasfilledsitewithrocksandstones.
Station5issituatedinthenorthandprotectedsideofthelagoonasasmallbay.
Ulvasp.
andEnteromorphasp.
wereimportantinthisregionofthelagoon(Figure1).
ThealgalcommunitywassampledfromfivesitesatbiweeklyintervalsfromMay2001toJune2002.
Thealgalcommunitywassampledbymeansofaglasstube0.
8cmindiameterand1meterinlength.
Thepipewasmovedinacirculardirectionoverthesurfaceofsediment,releasingthetumbtotakeupseddiment.
Samplesweretransferredintoplasticbottlesandfixedwith5%formalin.
Atleastthreewater-mountedslideswereexaminedforalgaeandlivingdiatomsfromeverystationtoobtainanestimateofalgalrelativeabundance(Round,1953;Sládeková,1962).
Atleast600algalcellswerecountedat600xmagnification.
Permanentslidesfortheidentificationofdiatomswerepreparedfromthesamesampleafterboilingina1:1mixtureofconcentratedH2SO4andHNO3.
SlurrieswererinsedseveraltimesindistilledwateruntilneutralpHwasreached.
Onaslidewarmer,slurriesweredriedovernightoncoverslips,andpermanentslidesforidentificationofdiatomswerepreparedfromthemountedmicroscopeslidesusingNaphraxhighrefractiveindexmedium(Round,1953).
Identificationswerecarriedoutat1000xmagnificationunderimmersionoil.
TaxonomicidentificationswereperformedaccordingtoKomárekandAnagnostidis(1986;1989;1999),AnagnostidisandKomárek(1988);KrammerandLange-Bertalot(1991a;1991b;1999a;1999b),Johnetal.
(2003).
Theepipelicalgalcommunitydatawereanalysedbyclusteranalysis(completelinkagemethod).
ThistechniquewasappliedtoBray-Curtis'dissimilaritymatricescomputedonabundancevalueswithBiodiversityProfessional2.
0.
ResultsAtotalof116algalspecieswereidentified,mostofwhichbelongedtoBacillariophyta(64taxa).
OthertaxaidentifiedincludedmembersofCyanophyta(26),Chlorophyta(13),Euglenophyta(5)andPhaeophyta(1).
ThelistofspeciesisgiveninTable1.
Figure1.
LakeKüükekmecewithsamplingstations.
N.
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/Turk.
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10:39-45(2010)41Table1.
ThelistofalgaepresentintheepipelonCYANOPHYTABACILLARIOPHYTAChrooccoccalesPennales(Continued)Aphanocapsasp.
Fragilariafasciculata(C.
Agardh)Lange-BertalotChroococcuslimneticusLemmermanFragilariaulna(Nitzsch)Lange-Bertalotvar.
oxyrhnynchus(Kützing)VanHeurckCoelosphaeriumkuetzingianumNaegeliGeissleriaacceptata(Hustedt)Lange-Bertalot&MetzeltinMerismopediaaffixaRichterGomphonemaangustatum(Kützing)RabenhorstMerismopediaglauca(Ehrenberg)NaegeliGyrosigmaacuminatum(Kützing)RabenhorstMerismopediapunctataMeyenGyrosigmafasciola(Ehrenberg)GriffithetHenfreyMerismopediatenuissimaLemmermannGyrosigmaobscurum(W.
Smith)GriffithetHenfreyMicrocystisaeruginosaKutzingGyrosigmapeisoneis(Grunow)HustedtHormogonalesGyrosigmascalproides(Rabenhorst)CleveJaaginemakuetzingianum(Ngeli)Anagnostidis&KomárekNaviculaamphibolaCleveJaaginemapseudogeminatum(G.
Schmid)Anagnostidids&KomarekNaviculacryptonellaLange-BertalotJaaginemaquadripunctatum(Brühl&Biswas)Anagnostidis&KomarekNaviculaexiqua(W.
Gregory)GrunowKomvophoronconstrictum(Szafer)Komárek&AnagnostidisNaviculagregariaDonkinLimnothrixplanctonica(Woloszynska)MeffertNaviculaexiqua(W.
Gregory)GrunowOscillatoriaobtusaGardnerNavicularadiosaKützingOscillatoriaprinceps(Vaucher)GomontNavicularadiosavar.
tenellaGrunowOscillatoriasubbrevisSchmidleNavicularamosissima(Agardh)ClevePhormidiumchalybeum(MertensexGomont)Anagnostidis&KomárekNaviculasalinarumGrunowPhormidiumformosum(Borydesaint-Vincent)Anagnostidis&KomárekNaviculatripunctata(O.
F.
Müller)BoryPhormidiumgranulatum(Gardner)AnagnostidisNaviculatripunctatavar.
schizomenoides(VanHeurck)PatrickPhormidiumlimosum(Dillwyn)P.
C.
SilvaNitzschiacommutataGrunowPhormidiumtergestinum(Kützing)Anagnostidis&KomárekNitzschiakeutzingianaHislePlanktolyngbyalimnetica(Lemmermann)Komarkova-Legnerova&CronbergNitzschiathermalisKützingPseudanabaenacatenataLauterbornPinnulariasp.
Pseudanabaenalimnetica(Lemmermann)KomarekSpirulinasp.
PleurosigmaelongatumW.
SmithTychonemabornetii(Zukal)Anagnostidis&KomárekPleurosigmasalinarumGrunowSurirellaminutaBrébissoninKützingBACILLARIOPHYTASurirellastriatulaTurpinCentralesSynedrafasciculataEhrenbergvar.
truncata(Greville)PantocsekAulacoseiragranulata(Ehrenberg)SimonsenTabulariafasciculata(C.
Agardh)Williams&RoundAulacoseiraitalica(Ehrenberg)SimonsenTryblionellaangustataW.
SmithCoscinodiscusexcentricusEhrenbergTryblionellahungarica(Grunow)FrenguelliCyclotellameneghinianaKützingUlnariaulna(Nitzsch)P.
CompéreinJahnetal.
CyclotellaocellataPantocsekCHLOROPHYTACyclotellaradiosa(Grunow)LemmermannVolvocalesMelosiramoniliformis(O.
F.
Müller)AgardhEudorinaelagansEhrenbergMelosiranummuloides(Dilwyn)AgardhPandorinamorum(O.
F.
Müller)BoryMelosiravariansAgardhChlorococcalesParaliasulcata(Ehrenberg)CleveAnkistrodesmussp.
Pleurosiralaevis(Ehrenberg)CompéreMonoraphidiumsp.
PennalesOocystissp.
AchnanthesbrevipesAgardhvar.
brevipesPediastrumduplexMeyenAchnanthesbrevipesvar.
intermedia(Kützing)CleveScenedesmusintermediusChodatAchnanthescleveiGrunowvar.
rostrataHustedtUlotricalesAchnantheshouckianaGrunowvar.
rostrataShultzCylindrocapsasp.
AchnantheslacunarumHustedtEnteromorphasp.
AchnanthesparvulaKützingUlothrixsp.
Amphoracoffeaeformis(Agardh)KützingUlvasp.
AmphoracommutataGrunowCladophoralesAmphoraovalis(Kützing)KützingCladophorasp.
Amphorapediculus(Kützing)GrunowZygnematalesAmphiproracostataW.
SmithSpirogyrasp.
Astartiellawelsiae(Reimer)WitkowskietLange-BertalotEUGLENOPHYTACaloneisamphisbaena(Bory)CleveEuglenalesCatacombusgaillonii(Bory)D.
M.
Williams&RoundEuglenagracilisKlebsCeratoneisclosteriumEhrenbergEuglenasanguineaEhrenbergCocconeispediculusEhrenbergEuglenasubehrenbergiiSkujaCocconeisplacentulaEhrenbergvar.
rouxii(HéribaudetBrun)CleveLepocinclissp.
Entomoneiscostata(Hustedt)ReimerTrachelemonasintermediaDangeardFallaciacryptolyra(Brockmann)Stickle&ManninRound,Crawford&MannPHAEOPHYTAFallaciacryptolyra(Brockmann)Stickle&ManninRound,Crawford&MannEctocarpalesFragilariacapucinaDesmaziérezvar.
vaucheriae(Kützing)Lange-BertalotEctocarpussiliculosis(Dillwyn)Lyngbye42N.
Polgeetal.
/Turk.
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10:39-45(2010)Seasonalvariationinthetotalcellnumberofepipelicalgaewasdifferentamongstations.
TotalcellnumberswereratherlowatSt.
5.
HighestdensitieswereobservedatSt.
1(296974cellspercm2)inJune,lowestatSt.
1,St.
3andSt.
4inJanuary2002.
CyanophytareachedtheirmaximumlevelinJune2001(102215cellspercm2)andinJune2002(274207cellspercm2)atSt.
1.
Merismopediacomprised92%and83%oftheoverallassemblageinJune2001andJune2002,respectively.
ThehighestcontributionofBacillariophytatototalcellnumberswasonMarch17inSt.
1.
Naviculacomprised97%oftotalcellnumberinthatmonth.
TheseasonalvariationsofChlorophytaandEuglenophytawereratherlow,comparativelytothoseofBacillariophytaandCyanophyta(Figure2).
Amphoraspp.
andNitzschiaspp.
wererecordedatalldatesandatallsamplingstationsandOscillatoriaspp.
werealwaysfoundinSt.
3.
ThesamespecieswereusuallyfoundinSt.
4andSt.
5.
St.
10100200300May13May.
27Jun10Jun24Jul8Jul22Aug5Sep2Sep16Sep30Oct14Oct29Nov11Nov25Dec9Jan1Jan27Feb10Mar.
03Mar.
17Mar.
31Apr23May.
05May.
19Jun2Jun16CELLSX103/cm2TotalcellnumberBacillariophytaCyanophytaChlorophytaEuglenophytaSt.
201020304050CELLSX103/cm2St.
305101520CELLSX103/cm2St.
405101520CELLSX103/cm2St.
5010203040CELLSX102/cm220002001Figure2.
Theseasonalityofepipelicalgaeatthesamplingstations.
N.
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/Turk.
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10:39-45(2010)43Pleurosiralaevis(Ehrenberg)Compére,CoscinodiscusexcentricusEhrenberg,Entomoneiscostata(Hustedt)Reimer,CeratoneisclosteriumEhrenberg,Surirellaspp.
,ChroococcuslimneticusLemmermann,CoelosphaeriumkuetzingianumNaegeli,MicrocystisaeruginosaKützing,Lyngbyasp.
,EudorinaelegansEhrenberg,Pandorinamorum(O.
F.
Müller)Bory,PediastrumduplexMeyen,Ectocarpussiliculosis(Dillwyn)Lyngbyewererareatallsamplingstations.
Thediagramobtainedbyclusteranalysisindicatesthatatthelowesthierarchicallevel,twoclustersareclearlyseparatedatSt.
1(Figure3).
Thefirstoneisformedbyawintersample(January1).
Jan1Jun2May5Feb10Jan27Mar3Mar17Apr23May19Nov11Nov25May13Dec9Jun10Jun16Sep16Sep30Sep2Oct14Jun24Jul8Jul22Mar31Oct29May27Aug5100806040200SimilaritySt.
1Sep30Oct14Jun10Jul8Jun24Jun2Mar3Mar17Mar31Jun16May13May27Aug5Jul22Sep16Oct29Nov25May5May19Feb10Jan27Apr23Jan1Dec9Sep2Nov11100806040200SimilaritySt.
2Jan1Dec9Nov11Nov25Apr23Mar17Mar31Mar3Jan27Feb10Jun24May13Sep30Aug5Oct14Jun2Jul22May27Jun10Oct29May5Sep2Sep16Jun16Jul8May19100806040200SimilaritySt.
3Jan1May13Jul22May27Jun24Sep2Aug5Jun2Jun16Jul8Jun10Sep30Oct14Oct29Sep16Nov11Apr23Feb10Mar31Jan27Mar3May19Dec9May5Nov25Mar17100806040200SimilaritySt.
4May13Oct14Oct29Jul22Sep2Sep16Sep30Nov11Jul8Jan27Mar31Jun24May19May27Dec9Jan1Nov25Feb10Jun2Jun16Jun10Aug5Mar17Apr23Mar3May05100806040200SimilaritySt.
5Figure3.
DendrogramsusingcompletelinkingofBray-CurtissimilaritiesatthefivestationsinKüükekmeceLagoon,calculatedfromcellnumberdataduring2000–2001.
44N.
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/Turk.
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10:39-45(2010)Thesecondgroupisalargeclusterformedbyalltheothersamples.
InSt.
2,twoclustersareseparatedatthelowesthierarchicallevel.
Thefirstgroupisformedbyallseasonsamples.
Thesecondgroupincludeswinterandautumnsamplescharacterizedbyanabsolutedeclineintotalcellnumbers.
TheassociationbetweenMay13andMay27samplesismostsignificant.
TwoclustersareclearlyseparatedatthelowesthierarchicallevelinSt.
3.
ThefirstoneisformedbyonlyJanuary1samples.
Thesecondgroupisalargeclusterformedbyallseasonsamples.
TheassociationbetweenSeptember2andSeptember16ismostsignificant,withbondstoMay5,andtoalesserdegree,October29.
InSt.
4aclusterdiagramwasconstituedbytwoassemblagesatthelowesthierarchicallevel.
Thefirstgroupincludesonlywintersample(January1).
Thesecondgroupisformedbyallseasonsamples.
InSt.
5aclusterdiagramconstituedbytwoassemblages.
Thefirstgroupisformedbyonlyspringsample(May13)andcharacterizedbythelowtotalcellnumbers.
Thesecondgroupisformedbyallseasonsamples.
TheassociationbetweenDecember9andJanuary1ismostsignificantwithbondstoMay27.
DiscussionTheseasonaldevelopmentofepipelicalgaeisstrictlyassociatedwithtemporalvariationsofsomeimportantenvironmentalfactors.
Itisknownthatduringwinter,lowalgalgrowthisduetolowirradianceandwatertemperature,aswellastothedilutionofalgalcellsalongthewatercolumn.
Generallyalgaldensitieswerehighinspringandsummerwhilealgalnumberdecreasedinautumnandwinter.
EpipelicalgaecommunityshowedacleardecreaseatallstationsinDecemberandJanuary.
Despitesubstantialresearchintorelationshipsbetweendiatomsandtemperature,studieshaveshownlittleevidenceofdirecttemperaturecontroloverdiatoms(Anderson,2000).
Thewinterdiatomdecreasecouldberelatedtoincreasedrainfall.
MonthlyaveragerainfallreacheditshighestlevelsinDecember(102.
4mmand73.
6mm)whenaveragewatertemperaturereacheditslowestlevel(5.
1Cand6C).
IntheKüükekmeceLagoonsomemarinespecies(PleurosiralaevisandParaliasulcata(Ehrenberg)Cleve)thatwerenotseenbeforeinanyTurkishlakeswereregistered.
PleurosiralaevisandParaliasulcata(Ehrenberg)ClevewerehighlydetectedatSt.
5inJune2002andSt.
4inOctober2001,respectively.
Ahalophilicspecies,AmphoracoffeaeformiswascommonatallstationsintheKüükekmeceLagoon.
AlthoughthisspeciesisdefinedasmarinespeciesbyRound(1984),PatrickandReimer(1966)statedthatthisspeciesgrewwellinthebrakishwater,freshwaterandsoilwheretheconductivityishigh.
Achnanthesbrevipesvar.
intermedia,amesohalobienspecies(PatrickandReimer,1966)wasregisteredatallstationsintheKüükekmeceLagoon.
Itisstatedthatthisspeciesisfoundineustarinesystemsandsaltlakes(KrammerandLange-Bertalot,1991b).
Bacillariophytaweredominantintermsofspeciesnumberandabundancethroughouttheyear.
Diatomsarethemostcommonanddiversegroupofalgaeinfreshwaterandimportantcomponentsofecosystems.
Thesecommunitiesplayanimportantroleasprimaryproducersinaquaticecosystems.
Theyhavebeenextensivelyusedasindicatorsofenvironmentalchange,e.
geutrophication,acidification,salinification,sealevelchangeandlandusechange,becausetheyhavenarrowoptimaandtoleranceformanyenvironmentalvariables.
Pennatediatoms,especiallyAmphoraspp.
,Naviculaspp.
,Nitzschiaspp.
andFragilariaspp.
weredominantduringthesamplingperiod.
Theepipeliccommunityinthelittoralzoneofthemostlowlandlakesisrelativelyhomogenous,oftenbeingdominatedbysmallFragilariataxa.
Thesetaxatakeadvantageofthefavourablelightconditionsintheshallowwateroflittoralzones,buttheyarepoorindicatorsofwaterqualityhavingabroadtolerancetonutrientconditions(Bennionetal.
,2001).
Furthermore,diatomspeciesthatarefacultativelyheterotrophic(utilisingvarioussourcesofDOC),mayhaveaselectiveadvantageunderconditionsoflowirradiancecausedbyoverlayingcellsinabenthicmatorbybanksidevegetationorturbidwater(Hill,1996)Suchanabilityhasbeendemonstratedintwocommonbenthicdiatomgenera,NaviculaandNitzschia(AdmiraalandPeletier,1979).
Thetaxonomiccompositionofthesedimentmicroflorainourstudywasalmostexclusivelyrestrictedtodiatoms,astypicalofmesotrophiclakes(AberleandWiltshire,2006).
Massoccurencesofgreenalgaeorcyanobacteriaareknowntobedirectlylinkedtohighwatercolumnnutrientloadings(AberleandWiltshire,2006).
Thelagoonhasshownsomesignofeutrophication,suchascyanobacterialbloomsanddeteriorationinwaterqualityfromlatespringtomid-autumn(Albayetal.
,2005).
Eutrophicationisgraduallyincreasing(Topuoluetal.
,1999)becauseofunplannedurbanizationaroundthelake,heavynutrientinputsanduntreatedindustrialwaste.
AcknowledgementWewouldliketothankGülerAykuluandMeriAlbayfortheirsupport.
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