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InternationalJournalofAdvancedScientificResearchandManagement,Vol.
2Issue2,Feb2017.
www.
ijasrm.
comISSN2455-637826ProductionandCharacterizationofCompostManureandBiocharfromCocoaPodHusksMarthaEnekeMunongo1,GeorgeElamboNkeng1,JetroNkengafacNjukeng21NationalAdvancedSchoolofPublicWorksYaoundeP.
OBox510Yaounde,Cameroon2InstituteofAgriculturalResearchforDevelopment(IRAD)EkonaRegionalCentre,PMB25BueaSouth-WestRegion,CameroonAbstractCocoafarmslosslotsofnutrientsthroughpodharvestwhicharenotreplacedthroughfertilizerapplication.
Thusthesoilsaremuchdepletedinnutrientsleadingtolowyields.
Inorganicfertilizersareexpensiveandabovethereachofmostsmallscalefarmers.
Thereisthustheneedforcheapsourcesofsoilamendments.
Biocharwasproducedfromcocoapodhusksat3differentpyrolysistemperatures(300°Cfor2hours,350°Cfor3hoursand400°Cfor2hours).
Compostmanurewasalsoproducedusingcocoapodhusk,poultrylitterandPureria.
ThesamplesproducedwerecharacterizedforpH,andtotalelements.
Thebiocharandcompostmanureproducedfromcocoapodhuskswerefoundtopossessalkalineproperties.
Mostelementsincreasedinquantitywithpyrolysistemperature.
Compostmanurepresentedthehighestnutrientvaluescomparedtothedifferentbiocharshowever,bothcompostandbiocharpresentedpropertiesthatmadethemsuitableassoilamendments.
Keywords:Biochar,Compost,Cocoapodhusk,pH1.
IntroductionCocoabasedsmallscaleagricultureisanimportantincomesourceformanyfamiliesinthehumidzoneofWestandCentralAfrica,inwhichforesttreesprovideshadeandotherenvironmentalservicesaswellasmarketableproducts(Dugumaetal.
,2001).
Cocoayieldsareusuallylow(Baahetal.
,2011)duetolowsoilfertilityanddisease(Adejumo,2005).
Thisresultsinfoodinsecurity,hungerandextremepovertyamongsmallholderfarmerswhodependonagriculturetomakealivingandfeedtheirfamilies.
Nutrientsarebeing'mined'throughpodharvestwithoutreplacementintheformoffertilizerapplication.
Chemicalfertilizersarescarce,costlyandbeyondthereachofsmallscalefarmers.
Incocoafruitsonlyabout10%ofcocoapodiscurrentlyvaluableasthisisthepercentageoccupiedbythebean(AmosandThompson,2015).
Eachtonofdrybeansproducedresultsintheproductionof10tonsofcocoapodhusk(Khanahmadietal.
,2014).
Whenthesecocoapodhusksareleftinfarms,theyactasasourceofinoculumforthePhytophthorawhichisthecausalagentfortheblackpoddisease(Barazarteetal.
,2008;Donkohetal.
,1991;Figueiraetal.
,1993;Kalvatchevetal.
,1998).
Blackpoddiseasecanreducecocoayieldsupto90%ifleftuntreated.
Inastudycarriedoutontheeffectofheatonfungi(Michailidesetal.
,1988),itwasfoundthatfungiaresensitivetoextremetemperaturesasheatcanbelethaltotheirsurvival.
Cropwastessuchasspentgrainandcocoahuskcombinedwithpoultry,cowandgoatmanureswereeffectiveinincreasingnitrogenandpotassiumconcentrations,growthandfruityieldoftomatosignificantly(Ojeniyi,2007).
IthasbeenadvisedthatthecocoapodhuskbeburnttoserveasfarmsanitationandreducetheincidenceofPhytophtorawhichisthecausalagentofblackpoddiseaseofcocoa.
BurningofcocoahuskalsoreducesitsC/Nratioandthereforeenhancesitsearlymineralization.
CocoapodashisrichinKandCa(Ayeni,2008).
Cocoapodhuskscanbeusedasacompostormulchiflefttorotinthefieldsoncocoafarmswheretheyrecyclenutrientsbackintothesoilasmanureandalsoserveasabreedinggroundformidges.
Cocoapodhuskcanbeconvertedtobiocharwhichisthecarbonaceoussolidresidueobtaineduponheatingbiomassunderoxygen-deficientconditions.
Ithasapotentialasanutrientrecycler,soilconditioner,incomegenerator,wastemanagementsystem,andagentforlong-term,safeandeconomicalcarbonInternationalJournalofAdvancedScientificResearchandManagement,Vol.
2Issue2,Feb2017.
www.
ijasrm.
comISSN2455-637827sequestration(Brewer,2012).
Biocharhasbeenusedassoilamendmenttoimprovesoilstructuresandfertilityqualities(Glaseretal.
,2002;Atkinsonetal.
,2010).
Convertingcocoapodhuskintocompostmanureandbiocharwilldisinfectthehuskduringproductionathightemperatures(Nde,2015)thusreducingtheinoculumlevelsofthepathogeninthefieldsaswellasprovideasourceofnutrientfortheplants.
Theobjectiveofthisworkwastoproducecompostmanureandbiocharfromcocoapodhuskandcharacterizetheseproductsforpotentialapplication.
2.
MaterialsandmethodsMaterials:Cocoapodhusk,poultrymanureandgrasseswereusedforthepreparationofthecompostmanureandbiocharwasmadefromonlycocoapodhusk.
Akilnmadeofametallicdrumwasusedforbiocharproduction.
2.
1PreparationofbiocharfromcocoapodhusksCocoapodhuskwerecollectedfromfarmers`fieldsanddried.
TheproductionofbiocharfromcocoapodhuskswascarriedoutattheInstituteofAgriculturalResearchforDevelopment(IRAD)EkonainCameroonusingamufflefurnace.
Thedriedcocoapodhuskswereplacedinthemufflefurnaceforburninginthepresenceoflimitedoxygen(theventofthemufflefurnacewasclosed).
Thefirstsetwaspyrolysedat300°Cfor2hours(300/2hrs),thesecondat350°Cfor3hours(350/3hrs)andthethird,at400°Cfor2hours(400/2hrs).
2.
2ProductionofcompostmanurefromcocoapodhuskPureriaphaseoidsandcocoapodhuskwereshreddedintotinypieces.
Usingabalance,theshreddedcocoapodhusk,choppedgrassandpoultrydroppingswereweighedintheratio2:2:1respectively.
Thevariousweighedcomponentsweremixedthoroughlyandmountedintoaheap.
Ahandfullofwoodashwassprinkledovertheheap.
Theheapwascoveredwithpolythenesheets.
Thetemperatureoftheheapwasmonitoredusingathermometerandtheheapwasturnedeverytwoweeksusingaspade.
Thecompostwasreadyaftertwelveweeksandthewell-decomposedcompostwasspreadonconcretefloorandallowedtodrypriortoanalysis.
2.
3CharacterizationofbiocharandcompostmanureproducedfromcocoapodhusksThepyrolysedcocoapodhusksandcompostmanurewerecharacterizedattheUniversityofFloridaintheAgriculturalandBiologicalEngineeringlaboratoryforpH,CationExchangeCapacity(CEC),surfacearea(onlyforbiochar)andelementalcomposition.
2.
3.
1pHThepHwasmeasuredusingapHmeter(AccumetBasicAB15/15+),ashaker,adeionizer,anelectronicbalance,testtubesandwater.
1gofeachsamplewasputindifferenttesttubesand200mlofdeionizedwaterwasaddedintotheplastictesttubescontainingthesamples.
Thetesttubeswerefirmlyclosedandplacedonashaker(NewBrunswickScientificshaker)for1hour.
Aftershaking,theywereallowedtosettlefor45minutesandthepHwasreadfromthesupernatant.
2.
3.
2ElementalanalysisTheinductivelycoupledplasmaopticalemissionspectroscopywasusedforthedeterminationoftheelementalcompositionofthesamples.
Forthedeterminationofthetotalamountsofeachmicro-andmacro-elementinthesamples,thesampleswerecompletelycharredat550°Cfor5hours.
Eachsamplewasmeasured,makingsurethatthemasswasintheintervalof0.
1gto0.
2g.
1mlofconcentratedhydrochloricacid(HCl)wasaddedandlefttodissolve.
Tothese,19mlofdeionizedwaterwasaddedandthenfilteredtoremovealltheparticlespresent.
Eachsamplewasthenionizedwithinductivelycoupledplasmaandthenamassspectrometerwasusedtoseparateandquantifythoseions.
Forthedeterminationofcarbon(C)andnitrogen(N),aTruSpecCHN(ManufacturerLeco)wasused.
Thesamplewaspre-dried,crushedandplacedintoatincapsule.
ThecapsulewasthenclosedandputintotheTruSpecCHNformeasurement.
3.
Resultsanddiscussion3.
1pHThepHvaluesforbiocharandcompostmanurerevealedanalkalinepropertywithpHrangingfrom9.
54to9.
80and8.
65respectively.
Thiswasobservedtobeacommonpropertyforthermallyproducedbiochars(LehmannandJoseph,2009).
ThesehighpHvaluesarealsoinaccordancewithfindingsmadeinastudy(Mukherjeeetal.
,2014)whichexplainedthatnewlymadebiocharsathighInternationalJournalofAdvancedScientificResearchandManagement,Vol.
2Issue2,Feb2017.
www.
ijasrm.
comISSN2455-637828temperatureshavehighpHvalues.
Increasingthepyrolysistemperaturefrom300°Cto400°Cfor2hoursresultedinanincreaseinthepHvalueofbiocharasseeninTable1.
Thiswasinaccordancewithanotherfinding(Wangetal.
,2015)whereitwasexplainedthatthispHriseisduetothefactthatpyrolysistemperaturescanresultintheincreaseofthepercentageofalkalinecationssuchasCa2+,Mg2+,andK+.
AnotherexplanationtothisriseinpHcouldbethefactthat,athightemperaturestheashcontentofbiocharisincreased.
TheashcontentofbiocharhasbeenfoundtobedirectlyproportionaltoitspHduetothefactthatathigherpyrolysistemperaturesthecarboxylgroupsarereducedand/ortheacidicgroupsbecomedeprotonatedtotheconjugatebasesresultinginamorealkalinepHofthebiochar(Ronsse,2013).
TheincreaseinthepHofbiocharwithtemperaturewasalsoattributedtothedissociationofAlkalineandAlkaliEarthMetallic(AAEM)speciesandtheformationanddepositionofalkalinecarbonatesoncharsurfaces(McKendry,2002).
ThisriseinpHwithpyrolysistemperaturewasalsoexplainedasbeingtheresultofthecontinuousrearrangementoffunctionalcompoundsreleasedunderlowertemperaturesthatscissorthecarbonylgroupthusdeactivatingorganicacidsandincreasingthepHvaluesofthebiochar(Twidell,1998).
ThepHvaluehoweverdroppedathigherpyrolysisresidencetime(350°Cfor3hours),contrarytootherfindingsmade(Ronsseetal.
,2011)inwhichthepHofbiocharwasfoundtoincreasewithincreasingpyrolysistemperatureandresidencetime.
Table1:pHofsamplesSamplecodepH300/2hr9.
62350/3hr9.
54400/2hr9.
80Compostmanure8.
65ThepHofthecompostmanurewaswithinthealkalinerange(table1).
ThehighpHvaluesforthestudiedsamplesshowedthattheycouldbeveryusefulforlimingofacidicsoils.
UsingbiocharandcompostmanureproducedfromcocoapodhuskstolimethesoilscouldresultinincreasedmicrobialactivitiesinthesoilresultinginincreasedfertilizationduetothedecompositionofSoilOrganicMatter(SOM)bythesemicrobes(McElligott,2011).
BiocharswithhighpHareusefulinimmobilizingmetals,especiallyinacidsoilswheretheyhavebeenfoundtobegenerallymoresoluble(Novaketal.
,2009)thususefulinsoilremediation.
ThehighCECofbiocharproducedfromcocoapodhusksmakesitusefulintheremediationofheavymetalsthroughtheexchangeoftheseheavymetalswiththecationsassociatedtothebiochar(Luetal.
,2012;Uchimiyaetal.
,2011c).
Biocharremoveheavymetalsfromsoilsthroughtheformationofcomplexeswiththemetalionsontheirsurfaces(Beesleyetal.
,2011)4ElementalComposition4.
1Macro-elementsThebiocharproducedwasfoundtohavehighamountsofprimarymacro-elementswithaKcontentrangingfrom341.
54mg/Lto1497.
75mg/L,Mgcontentrangingfrom25.
38mg/Lto80.
07mg/LandCacontentrangingfrom28.
34mg/Lto82.
50mg/L.
TheconcentrationsofCa,Na,K,PandMgwerefoundtoincreasewithpyrolysistemperatureasseenintable3below.
Thiswasinaccordancewithpreviousfindings(Wenchuanetal.
,2014).
TheincreaseintheconcentrationsofCa,Na,KandMgwasexplainedasbeingaresultoftheaccumulationofalkalinesaltsduringpyrolysis(Dingetal.
,2014).
Increasingthepyrolysistemperaturefrom300°Cto350°Caswellasthepyrolysisresidencetimefrom2hoursto3hours,resultedinanincreaseintheconcentrationsofCa,Na,K,PandMg.
TheKandMgconcentrationswerefoundtobehigherat350°Cfor3hoursthanat400°Cfor2hours.
Fortheproducedcompostmanure,themacroelementswerefarhigherthanforbiochar(Table2).
Thisisattributedtothefactthatinadditiontothecocoapodhusk,poultrylitterandpureriagrasswereaddedfortheproductionofthecompostmanurethusmakingitmuchricher.
Thiswassimilartoanobservationmadeincomparingsunflowercompost(richerthan)sunflowerbiochar(Adejumoetal.
,2015).
Table2:Macro-elementsinbiocharandcompostmanureSamplecodeCa(mg/L)Mg(mg/L)K(mg/L)P(mg/L)300/2hrs28.
3425.
38341.
5426.
89350/3hrs82.
5080.
071453.
5170.
93400/2hrs74.
8079.
611497.
7580.
10Compost608.
54463.
152581.
911286.
52InternationalJournalofAdvancedScientificResearchandManagement,Vol.
2Issue2,Feb2017.
www.
ijasrm.
comISSN2455-6378294.
2Micro-elementsTheelementalanalysisrevealedthatatthesamepyrolysisresidencetime,allthemicro-elementsinthesamplesincreasedwithpyrolysistemperature.
TheincreaseintheFecontentobservedwasinaccordancewithpreviousfindings(Wenchuanetal.
,2014)andwasexplainedasbeingaresultofaccumulationofalkalinesaltsduringpyrolysis(Dingetal.
,2014).
ThehighestincreasewasobservedinCuwhichwentfrom1.
66mg/Lto5.
26mg/L.
asseeninTable3.
Inawhole,themicroelementsincompostwerebyfarhigherthanthoseinthebiochar.
Table3:Micro-elementsinbiocharSamplecodeAl(mg/L)Fe(mg/L)Mn(mg/L)Zn(mg/L)Cu(mg/L)B(mg/L)300/2hrs1.
291.
321.
040.
631.
661.
02350/3hrs2.
942.
522.
551.
080.
931.
58400/2hrs1.
341.
383.
090.
995.
261.
15Compost27.
3510.
34185.
807.
150.
711.
314.
3Carbon(C)andnitrogen(N)TheCNanalysisindicatedthatthebiocharsamplespreparedinthisworkarecarbonrichwiththecarbonrangingfrom39.
95%to57.
89%.
However,theNwasfoundtobeinlowconcentrations,rangingfrom0.
66%to1.
03%(table4)inconformitywithotherfindings(Uchimyaetal.
,2011).
PyrolysistemperatureduringbiocharproductionshowedlittleeffectsontheCandNvariationsastheirconcentrationsremainedalmostunchanged.
Contrarilytootherfindings(Sunetal.
,2014),whenthepyrolysistemperatureincreasedfrom300°Cto400°C,theCcontentofthebiocharwasfoundtodecreasefrom57.
89%to52.
27%.
ThedecreaseinCcontentwithincreasingpyrolysistemperaturescouldbeexplainedbyanacceleratedbiomassdecompositionandorganicvolatilization,ashighertemperaturebiocharscontainmorenon-volatileelementsthanthelowtemperatureones(Garciaetal.
,2014).
Thenitrogencontentincocoapodhuskcompostmanurewashighbutitscarboncontentwaslow(21.
23%).
Table4:CandNincocoapodhuskbiocharandmanureSamplecodeN%C%300/2hrs1.
0357.
89400/2hrs0.
9552.
27350/3hrs0.
6639.
95Compost2.
1021.
235.
ConclusionGenerally,thebiocharproducedfromcocoapodhuskswasfoundtohavecharacteristicswhichwereaffectedbypyrolysisconditions,namely,pyrolysistemperatureaswellastheresidencetime.
Thebiocharandcompostwerefoundtobealkalineinnaturethusmakingthemverysuitableasasoilamendmentespeciallyinacidictropicalsoils.
Theirhighmicroandmacronutrientlevelsmakethemsuitableforcropfertilization.
Aboveallitisaverycheapsourceofmanureandthetechniqueisnotdifficultforfarmerstounderstand.
AcknowledgmentsFundsforthisstudywereprovidedbyUSAIDthroughthePEERgrant.
WeareverygratefultoProf.
BinGaoandDr.
ShensengWangoftheUniversityofFloridafortheirtechnicalassistanceduringsampleanalysisforthisstudy.
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