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The4thInternationalConferenceoftheInternationalForumonUrbanism(IFoU)2009Amsterdam/DelftTheNewUrbanQuestion–UrbanismbeyondNeo-Liberalism617GALPOLISANDFORQUETA:VISIONSOFAREGIONALLANDSCAPESandraMariaFavaroBarella*&DécioRigatti***UniversidadedeCaxiasdoSul,CEP95070-560,CaxiasdoSul,Brasil,Email:nbarella@terra.
com.
br**UniversidadeFederaldoRioGrandedoSul,CEP90040-060,PortoAlegre,Brasil,Email:driga2000@yahoo.
comABSTRACT:Thesocio-culturalcontext,bywhichthemanifestationsofurbanismandregionalarchitectureoccurred,inthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,gavesupporttoacreationpossiblycharacterizedbytheattributeof"diversity"-valuethatbuildsupasystemofindividualsignificance.
Itwillbenecessarytoapproachthismaterialrepresentationsanditssystem'svaluesthroughthatwhichcanbeobservedinthesmall,ancientlaboringvillageofGalópolis,andfurthermoreintheruralForqueta'sdistrict,nowadaysaprosperousneighborhoodofthecityofCaxiasdoSulinthestateofRioGrandedoSulinBrazil.
Theworkisseekingtoidentifyamatrixbylookingatthesystem'snoticeableparts,startingfromthecomparisonofanalogousrelationsandthroughtheassessmentoftheregional,thenational,andtheuniversalmanifestations.
Inthecaseofthelocallandscape,asanunusualanswertotheuniversalone,wherefragmentsofthewholeconstitutethegeographicalunitsstudiedhere.
Inthetypologicalanalysis,theurbanlandscape'saestheticandstylisticqualitiesarerelevantandcanbefoundinusageandcommonhabits,enduringmarksofaprivateeclecticisminBrazil,andasuniversalvaluestobepreserved.
KEYWORDS:landscape,culture,localidentity,industrialheritage,regionalurbanism.
1THEARCHIETCTURALCONTEXTINTHEREGIONALURBANLANDSCAPEInthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,thesocio-culturalcontext,originatorofthemanifestationsofurbanismandregionalarchitecture,gavesupporttoacreationthatmaybecharacterizedbytheattributeof"diversity"asthestructuralvalueofasystemofuniquesignificance.
StartingfromtheregionalconceptproposedbyPozenato(1974)andthenotionof"root"byhimindicated,webeggingbyexploringthelocal,thenationalandothernon-Brazilian'sphysicalmanifestations,andalsobylookingforacorrespondingassociationintherecognitionofamatrixthathasmeaning,andconsequently,value.
Inthissense,itisimportanttoconsiderthenotionsoftheuniversalversustheparticular.
Toallowthediscussionoverregionalvaluesonacompatiblescalewiththecomplexdimensionoftheschemesofseveraldomainsoftheknowledge,proposedbymanyauthorsintheanalysisofthecontemporarythough,basisforthemethodologyoftheimage'sinterpretation,whichisalso,thephysicallyconstructeduniverse.
AsstatedbyPozenato,allrepresentationsaretherepresentationoftheuniqueness.
Fortheinternaldialecticsofthework:itisatthestartingpointthattheuniquenessreachestheuniversality,attributeoftheliteraryworksthataccomplishtheobjectivesoftheart"1Theuniquestatuteofaworkcouldbedefined,instylisticterms,byametonymicprocesswhereapartrepresentsthewhole.
Itseems,ineffect,tobethatthefundamentalpurposeoftheworkofartandalsoitsfunction:"[.
.
]toexpress,metonymically,theextensionoftheuniverseofthehumansignificances.
"2Itwouldbepossibletopropose,therefore,thatintheuniverseoftheregionalArchitecture,asindicatedby1Pozenato,JoséClemente.
OregionaleouniversalnaLiteraturaGaúcha.
PortoAlegre:Movimento,InstitutoEstadualdoLivro,1974,p.
17.
2Idem.
618Pozenato(1974),intheliteraryandtheart'sfields,suchculturalmanifestationsaredeterminedbyanuniversalmatrixofvalues.
Arootthatappearlocalizedas:achosenreality,(accordingtoideologicalpresumptions)andinagreementwithcertainconventions,(chosenaccordingtoaestheticorstylisticassumptions).
"3Acknowledgingthatpremise,totheunderstandingofwhatcanbereadinreferencetotheancientlaborervillageofGalópolis,nowadaysaprosperousdistrictofCaxiasdoSul,itwillbenecessaryheretoapproachthephysicalrepresentationsofthissystemofvaluesandtoexploretheiraestheticandstylisticpresuppositionsstartingfromarelevanttypologicalanalysis.
Itisunderstandablethatstyleisaconditionthatworksasthecreativeprincipleofdifferentmanifestations.
Asaformthat,althoughpassiveofinterpretationsandvariations,stillfollowsarule,acomposition'slawthatisconstantbecause,style"[.
.
.
]fundedonhabitandconventions,[.
.
.
]actasaqualifyinginstrumentthatmakesthevisibleworldlegible[.
.
.
]"4,andstructurestheformofrealizationofnewformalunitsandofdifferentobjects.
Therefore,theobjectiveistoidentifyamatrix,startingfromthecomparisonofanalogrelationships,capabletoassociatethemanifestationsoftheregionalandthenational,towardtheuniversal.
Tounderstandtheapparentpartofthesystem,inthiscasethelocallandscape,astheuniqueresponseofanuniversalitywhilstimagefragmentedofthewholewhichconfigurestheapproachedunit.
LetusproceedinitiallytoevaluatethelocalcasethroughthearchitecturalmanifestationsofthehistoricalinnerspaceofCaxiasdoSul,thecitycentralsquare,asanexposedspaceandsuperiorrepresentativeofvaluesoftheepochofestablishmentofthevillageofGalópolis.
Comparingsaidstructuresitispossibletoobservehowitmanifests,onanalogways,thepresenceofelementsofitscomposition,suchasthechurchandthecentralsquarethatorganize,inasimilarway,thespatialrelationshipsofthoseopencentralareas,stillperceivedeveninmorerecentperiods.
Figure1GalópolisMainSquare–earlyXXcenturyFigure2DanteAlighieriSquare–1957Source:CasaParoquialGalópolisSource:GuiaDidáticodaArquiteturadeCaxiasdoSul3Ibidem,p.
15.
4Mahfuz,EdsondaCunha.
Ensaiosobrearazocompositiva:umainvestigaosobreanaturezadaselaesentresparteseotodonacomposioarquitetnica.
Viosa:UFV;Impr.
Univ.
;BeloHorizonte:APCultural,1995,p.
77.
619Figure3Locationmarks:1-IndustrialcomplexofEberleManufacturer;2.
CineCentral;3-SquareDanteAlighieri1950decade;4-CathedralandParochialHouse.
Source:GuiaDidáticodaArquiteturadeCaxiasdoSul,p.
47,74-EvaldoLuizSchumacheretalDatamanipulatedbytheauthorSomecharactersofthatlocalealreadyemergeastruerepresentativesofuniversalrealities,suchasthebuildingsthatencompassmoviestheaters,liketheCentralCinema,launchedin1920'sdecade,andisdescribedunderthesamefocuseveninrecentbibliography.
ThatdemonstratestheformalcentralofficestherereferredascathedralandRomanthermals,archesandvestibuleofthetownspalaces,imaginativecopiestothemoldsoftheBaroquerenascence,andstillevokingtheregionalcontextwhenherefersthat"[…]workalsoassociatestotheexuberanteclecticpositivismexpressedbyWiederspahninthefirstdecadesoftheXXcentury,inPortoAlegre.
"5Suchsceneryrevealstheuniversalsenseofthatstyle,theEclectic,thataimedtoestablisharelationshipwithaninternationalurbanism,whereadvancesintechnologyandcommunicationsallowedtobereached,inafacilitatedway,thesamelevelofcomfortsoftheindustrialera,indifferentplacesandatthesametime.
Thecollectionofinstitutionalandcommercialbuildingsofthatcontextcoexistedinthepresenceofindustrialbuildings,thatalthoughlessexuberant,definedgrandstructuresbuiltonhighexpressionism,likethatoftheEberleMetallurgiccomplex.
Itdisputedwiththecathedral,thedomainofthesymbolicspaceofprominenceandpower,andcontributedtotheconsolidationoftheprofileofthelocalidentity.
Theexistenceofthemetallurgicalindustry,settleonthecity'sinnermostsite,equaltowhathappenedinGalópolis,theold"DeepValley",wherethepresenceofthetextileindustry,thebuildingofthemoviestheatreandthecompoundofworkershouses,whichconfiguredonacontemporaryformtheremarkableindustrialorientationofthatcommunity.
Onsecondthought,referringtothecharacterofthearchitectureofthesecondhalfoftheXIXcenturyinBrazil,itbecomesclearthatanuniversalreactionwasevidentandwouldcomeinresponsetothelongingsfor5Schumacher,EvaldoL.
etal.
GuiaDidáticodaArquiteturadeCaxiasdoSul.
CaxiasddoSul,RS:Educs,2006,p.
47.
2431620socialchangesand,atthesametime,topromotesuchtransformations,asperReisFilho:[.
.
.
]thesocialagentsofthosetransformations,membersoftheurbansocialranksinascension,wouldactundertheinfluenceofthepositivismandofthearchitecturaleclecticism.
[.
.
.
]Thoserankswouldbuildandemployanupdatedandtechnicallyelaboratedarchitecture,withouttheaidofslavework.
"6IntheprogressiveanalysisofthetownofGalópolis,suchconditionisverifiedstartingfromthedevelopmentpromotedbythetransformationofthemanuallaborgrantbytheestablishmentandeffectivenessoftheEuropeanimmigrationintheregion,bytheimprovementoftheconstruction'swork,andbytheadventofcooperatives.
Likewise,bythepresenceoftheSaintPeter'sWoolFactory7inthevillagewhichaffectedthatareaonadefinitemanner.
Inreferencetothenationalpicture,theadventofanewarchitecturalidealthatintendedtosetfreefromthesettlement'sconditionofthepreviousperiodbroughtforthesignsofmodernism.
Expressedbytheconstructionoflargeoffices,linkedbythesupportoftheProfessionalSchoolandtheBuildersofSaoPaulo,suchasthatofRamosdeAzevedo,DominicianoRossi,RicardoSeveroandArnaldoVilares8whichinturnrelatedalsotomanifestationsoftheregionaloriginofthefoundersofthevillageinItaly,generatingpointofthenewidealism:[.
.
.
]Precursorofthe"illuminatedbourgeois'"generationthatreplicatewhatwasalreadypublishedinEurope,withAlessandroRossi,inSchio(andwhatwouldbe,yearslater,theJorgeStreet,inSoPaulo),AntonioAlvaresPenteadoprojectedtheurbanizationandtheembellishmentofBras,fundedinpartwithdividendsearnedbyhisownenterprises.
Hecommissionedalsotheconstructionofworker'svillagesfortheemployessofSaintAna'sJutaFactory,modeledonthe"NewQuartierAlessandroRossi"(1872),inSchio,andtheworkerstown"MariaZelia"(1912),inSaoPaulo.
At"BoaVistaStreet",hebespokethebuiltofthe"ApoloTheater"and,lateronanother,largerandmoreluxuriousonthe"24deMaio"street.
Itisinterestingtonoticeherethesimilarityofproceduresadoptedbytheentrepreneursofthattime.
InSchio,duringtheyearof1868,the"TheaterJacquard"wasbuiltinfrontofthefactorycalled"Alta",propertyofthe"LanificioRossiSpA.
"9Noticeably,suchproductionscorrespondtotheurbanandsocio-culturalexpectationsofthesecondhalfofthecenturyXIX.
Italsooutlinethepreponderanceofsocialagents,modifiersoftheintellectualandartisticactivitiesofthattime,linkedtotherepublicananddemocraticidealsinBrazil.
Itrepresenteditsindustrialbourgeoiseandactedaspropagatorsofthepositivism,orientationofthatmoment.
AccordingtoReisFilho(1976),suchagentscontributednotonlyfor"[.
.
.
]theformationofgroupsenthusiasticoftheEuropeanindustrialandscientificdevelopment.
[.
.
.
]"10,but,especially,fortheformationofnewtownsandpopularneighborhoodsrequestedbyagrowingindustrialization,intheformalplan.
[.
.
.
]theEclecticismwasthesolutionappliedattheserviceofthesearchitecturalobjectives.
"11Thetechnicalqualityattainedintheformalresolutionofsuchcollectioncanbewellnoticedthroughout6ReisFilho,NestorGoulart.
QuadrodaArquiteturanoBrasil.
SoPaulo:EditoraPerspectiva,1976.
p.
145.
7Barella,SandraM.
F.
Galópolis:visesdeumecletismoregional.
In:Tregansin,Terezinha,I.
R.
Org.
.
Galópolis-Elprofondovaleverde:história,arteememória.
CaxiasdoSul,RS:Lorigraf,2009.
8ApudReisFilho,op.
cit.
,p.
149.
9DellaMonica,Aldo.
OBrásdosItalianos.
Availableinhttp://www.
dellamonica.
com.
br/brasdositalianos.
htm10ApudReisFilho,p.
150.
11Ibidem.
,p.
154.
Figure4HighFactory-Schio/ItalySource:http://www.
dse.
unive.
it/storia/LANIFICIO.
htmFigure5GalópolisVillageSource:FernadaPolonipersonalarchive-CursodeArquiteturaeUrbanismoUCS.
2008.
621theattachedworker'shouses,builtofexposedbricksmasonrywhichcanbeseenintheresidentialcentralareaofneighboringGalópolis.
12Inaddition,fromthepracticalpointofview,throughtheprevalenceofthesanitationfacilitiesclosetothemainresidentialbuilding.
featuresthatwerestillrelegatedtothefarendoftheresidentialparcelaccordingtootherarchitecturalmanifestationsofprevioustime.
Fromtheformalandcompositionalpointofview,ReisFilho(1976)stillaccentuatethat"[.
.
.
]theeclecticismproposingaconciliationamongthestyleswasanefficientandaestheticmediumfortheassimilationofimportanttechnologicalinnovations[…]"13,verifiablefactinwhichtheconstantpresenceofindustrialconstructionsintheurbancentralareasofourregionstandsout.
Toreachalastcomparativelevel,itwillbenecessarytoconsiderthesignsoftheroleandinfluenceofthegreatmanufacturers,astheconstructiveelementofanewurbanization,inotherpartsoftheworld.
EspeciallytoreflectonhowitoccurredatthepointoforiginofthefirsttextileartisansthatsettledinthelaboringvillageofGalópolisinthesouthofBrazilbyoriginandacquiredexpertiseinSchio,14inItaly.
12ArchitectureandUrbanismCourse,CaxiasdoSulUniversity,2008/02.
TécnicasRetrospectivasDiscipline,RenataBrustolinAcademicPresentation,VISeminárioEstadualdeArquiteturaEclética,Jaguaro,RS,Novembre,2008.
13ApudReisFilho,op.
cit.
,p.
169.
14TheLanificioRossi"HighFactory"isthefirstsymboloftheItalianindustrialization.
80metersinlength,13,90ofwidthandsixfloorsandattic,withgreatroomsdividedinthreespacesof125columnsinmeltediron,illuminatedfor330windowsand52intheroofitwasbuiltin1862byAlessandroRossi.
Eachwalksheltereddifferentphasesofthetreatment.
Theproject,elaboratedin1861bytheBelgianAugusteVivrouxforesawanidenticalbuildingintheoppositesideofthetribunal,groupdownrightto"FranciscoRossi",thecreationoffourfloorsbuiltin1849withaneoclassicalfacadedecoratedwithreasonstoremembertradehousesandwoolprocessing.
In1866-68,insteadofonesecondgreatbuilding,wasmeantimeaccomplishedamoremodernspinning-weavinginshedlargetent,althoughshorttermtothesidesouthwasbuiltin1864-65abuildingofthreefloorsforthepreparationofthewool,thelaminationandthewash.
Availableinhttp://www.
comune.
schio.
vi.
it/a_215_IT_13015_3.
html.
Figure6HighFactory-Schio/Italia–Source:http://www.
schioindustrialheritage.
it/it/index.
htmlFigure7GalópolisVillagehouses-Source:FernandaPolonipersonalarchive/ArchitectureandUrbanismCourse,UCS.
20086222THEARCHITECTURALCONTEXTINTHEREGIONALRURALLANDSCAPEThestudyoftheterritorialoccupationofthenucleusofForqueta,wascreatedwiththeobjectiveofdelimitingperiodsconsideredchronologicalsynthesesofeconomic-culturalcycleslinkedtothespaceformation,and,totheprocessofoccupationofterritoryplacesintheCaxiasdoSulruralarea,inthesouthofBrazil.
Theperiodicalmorphologyandtypologyofthesettlementprocess,thereimplementedandrelevanttotheplan'sdiscussionsoverthedecisionsofurbanmodels,untiltheclosingtimeofitscycles,andtheconsecutivecharacterizationofnewpatternsofphysicalformsanalyzethevisualizationofspacestartingfromgeographicalandarchitecturalconcepts.
Inthemorphologicalanalysis,asindicatedbyWhitehand(2001),thetripartitedivisionoftheurbanlandscapeisadopted,asproposedbyConzen,byintroducing,infirstplacethecityplan(composedbystreets,lots,andblocksofflatbuildings).
Secondly,bytheconstructedcanvas,andthird,bytheland'soccupationanditsconstructions,"[…]However,itweretheconceptsrelatedtotheprocessofurbandevelopmentthatdidmoretostimulatethecreationofaschoolofthoughtbasedonhiswork.
"15TheconfigurationgivenbytheForquetavillage'slayoutalongthoseperiods,describesthesystemofstreets,lots,andconstructedbuildings.
Thesecondpartofthemorphologicalstructureexploretheevolutionoftheconstructedcanvas,radicallyalteredbythelocalizationoftheForqueta'sTrainStationplatform,andbythepositioningoftherailroadlineattheinnermostspaceofthevillage.
Definitely,thenaturallogicfortheland'soccupancychangedbytheintroductionofanewaxisofaccessandconnectivity,hereconsideredasatrackmodeloftransversalorientationtotheformal,modifyingtheinitialmorphologicalpattern.
Thethirdelementofthestudyrelatesthetwoprevioustopicstothedifferentformsofmanagementofthelandanditsconstructions.
Thetypologyoftheagriculturalunits,atthestartingpointoftheland'soccupation,thatdemarcatedonthemapsasbeingthe1stleague,orForquetaBaixa,changes,fromacharacterremarkablyruralfromthetimeofestablishmentoftheoriginalrurallots,tobecametheprogressiveheadquartersofsettlements,atthevillage'scenterasitoccursinthe2ndLeague,bytheassemblageofthe15Whitehand,J.
W.
R.
Britishurbanmorphology:theConzeniantradition.
Availableinhttp://urbanmorphology.
org/pdf/whitch522001.
pdf,p.
103.
Figure8.
RossiWoolFactory–SchioCity–Italy.
Source:http://www.
dse.
unive.
it/storia/LANIFICIO.
htmFigure9PanoramicviewofGalopolistakenfromtheSaoPedroWoolFactory.
Source:MarioMoschenpersonalarchive–Galópolis-RS623primitiveandinsufficientpublic-institutionalspacesattheinnercenters.
Theearlyruralsystemprogressedtowardtheuseslinkedtoanevidentindustrializationprocess,resultofthecreationoflargecommercialandindustrialstructuresassociatedtotheindustrialmodelimplementedintheregion,circa1890,duringtheperiodcharacterizedasthespiritofthetime:thesecondhalfoftheXIXcentury,morepreciselybetween1870and1895",which"definethesecondIndustrialRevolution(Benevolo,1994,p.
371)"16SaiduseswerenotonlyinfluencedbytheexperiencesoftheindustrializationprocessinitiatedinEngland,inthehalfoftheXIXcentury,definersofthetownplanning'sparadigmofthemodernity17,aswellasofaspecialeclecticismimplementedinthesettlersareaofimmigrationandstronglyinfluencedbytheregion'sgeographicaldiversity.
AccordingtoCosta(2001),itisimportanttomentionthatthestudyoftheconstructionofindustrialbuildingsin=20RioGrandedoSul,intheareaofimmigration,presentsspatialdisparityamongtheareasthatcorrespondtothedistinctphasesoftheland'soccupancy.
Thisreinforcesthenotion,heredeveloped,thatthelocalprocessduringthisperiodcanbeassociatedfurthertowardstheaspectsofthehumangeography,thatgavethemorigin,thantotheaccessandapplicationofnewconstruction'stechnologiesgivenbytheprogressbetweenwars,asitisobservedinthestudyofotherareasoftheestate.
Theproposedandimplementedsystemofcolonieswasgeographicallyestablishedintheregionbythedivisionoflargeareasoftheterritoryintoleagues.
Smallerparcelsdenominatedandnumberedaccordingtoanordercorrespondingtotheconsecutivechronologicaltimeoftheircreation,andrelatedtothebestconditionsofaccessibilitytothedenseforestnativetotheregion,particularlythatofthearaucarias.
Theleagues,inturn,weresubdivideintolines,asbeingportionsoflandstillsmaller,usuallysubdividedintolotsofsimilardimensions,withaminimummeasurementof25hectaresperunit,withapproximately250metersoffrontand1,000metersoflength.
BecomingtheterritorialmeasurementforthecommercializationandappropriatedbytheItalianimmigrantssettledintheregion.
Toemphasizethat,contrarytoothercolonizationandurbanizationplansputintoaction,atthesametime,intheAmericanterritory18,theabsenceofdelimitedareasoflargepublicspacestobeoccupiedcollectivelybythecommunities.
Inordertoachievethatcharacterofpublicorsemi-publicspace,thoseareaswereplacedinthelotnearto16Costa,AnaElísiada.
AEvoluodoEdifícioIndustrialdeCaxiasdoSul.
DissertaodeMestradoProgramaPROPAR/UFRGS,2001,p.
42.
17Ibidem,p.
91.
Costa(2001)considersthat,onthisdifferentiatedprocessitispossibletoaffirmthat:OnaspecialwayitisobservedadifferentproductionamongtheareaofItaliancolonization,mainlytheMountaingaucho,andtheremainingofthestate.
Duetotheabundanceofwoodintheareaandofthegeographicalisolation,inhis/hermajority,theindustrialbuildingsoftheNortheastwillpresentanaspectrustic,simple,withoutanystylisticmanifestation,beingattentivejustfunctionaldemands,astheyattestthecommemorativepublicationsoftheFiftiethanniversaryoftheItalianColonizationinthestate.
.
"18Apud.
Whitehand,J.
W.
R.
Figure10Forquetaruralnucleus-Source:Authorpersonalarchive–2008624thesmallerfrontsthatdelimitedthelots,aroundthetraverses,facingtheaccessroads.
(Fig.
11)Inasocialcontext,thosecommunitieswererecognizedasgeographicalreferencepointsaspeoplewouldconcentrated,sporadically,inplacesdesignatedforreligious,leisure,andpoliticalmeetings,thusitactedassmallcommunitycenters.
Thosedelimitations,dependingonitscapacityofintegrationamongtheagriculturalunits,wouldlinkareasessentiallyisolatedfromtheampleconnectorsystemcomposedbycrossingsoraccesstrails,correspondingtothenotionofpathmatrix,acknowledgehereasthestructuralforceofthecurrentlandscapeoftheareainstudy,asdemonstratedbelow(Fig.
12).
TheinnersiteofForqueta,ingeneralterms,representsuntiltodayanareaofurbancharacterequivalenttothemajorityofthecolonies,where"signs"orreferencepointsprovidedbythebuildingsofsuperiorlocalinfluence,especiallytheRailroadStationandtheForquetaWineryCooperative(Fig.
13),sharedalongsidewiththeChurch,thearrangementoftheurbanmarksonthecentralnucleus.
Itisnecessarytomentionalso,thediversearchitecturaltypesrepresentingthedifferentevolutionaryperiodsbycomparingtheisolatedbuildingsversustheresidentialconfigurationsoftheinnersites.
ItseemstoreplicatevolumetricvariationsoftheoriginalruraltypebytheconstantpresenceofFigure12RuralmaintrailinForqueta-Source:Authorpersonalarchive–2008Figure13MainstreetinForquetacentralnucleus-Source:Authorpersonalarchive–2008Figure11RuralmaintrailinForquetaChapelsnucleusSource:Authorpersonalarchive–2008625basements,thoughnolongerusedfortheproductionofwine,aswellasinthedesignofthemainhouseofarectangularbase,almostalwaysenhancedbysmalladditionsintendedtogivesupporttocorefunctions,likethelateralterraces,theattachedquarterstothekitchens,andthesanitaryfacilities.
Thebuildingswerealwaysfinishedwithanatticcoveredbytwoormorerooftops.
ThephysicalattributesfoundinthemarginalbandstotheinnersitesmaybedescribedasinthemodeldevelopedbyConzenas:inthefirsttrack,denominatedasthegatewaytothearea'score,theonewithgreaterrange,mayhavechangeditsoriginalprofilebymanyuses,severaltimesinstitutional,likethelargebuildingsofwineproduction,as"landmarksbuildings",andevenasheadquarter'sbuildingfortherurallotsduringthedifferentperiodsofdevelopmentconsideredofoutstandingarchitecture.
TheoutstandingbuildingsofthefirstperiodofForqueta,theisolatedlargewoodhouseswithlimestonebasements,theonesofasubsequentperiod,wealthierandsophisticated,thatshowthemainbuildinginmasonryandwithremarkableeclecticcharacteristicsofthegreatesteconomicdevelopmentperiodoftheareafrom1910to1930.
Themostrecentones,oftheArtDeco,from1950to1964,untiltheonesof"modernist"style,fromtheperiodof1960to1980,andfinallytheonesthatmixthedifferentregionalmodelsthatsearchforaconnectionwithlargercentersofhigh-risebuildings,likeCaxiasdoSulandFarroupilha.
(Fig.
14)3CONCLUSIONFromthewidepotentialinvestigationofthetheoryproposedbyConzen,threesourcesarehereexplored:first,themicromorphology,secondly,therelationshipsbetweenthemorphologicperiodsandthetypologicalprocesses,andthird,therelationshipbetweenthedecision-makingandtheurbanform.
Thefirstapproachconsidershowthetransformationsverifiedintheresidentialbuildingstendtoinfluencetheadjacentareasbythedenominatedneighborhoodeffect.
Thisrelationshipisdirectlyassociatedtotheproximitybetweenneighbors.
Inthesecondapproachwediscussthemorphologicalandarchitecturaltypesindifferentstagesofevolution,forexample,analyzingthecontrastbetweenthetypesknownbye-lawterracehouses,orhousesontapestandard,andthesemi-detachedhouses,orthatis,duplexhouses,ofwhich,asobservedinthelocalcaseinstudy,somecharacteristicsareassociatedwithakindofarchitecturaltransition,probablyduetogeographicaldifferencesorevenatimedelayofabsorptioninlessaccessibleareas.
Itisalsonotedtherelationshipofthisapproachwiththewellknown"typologicalprocessoftheCaniggianschooloftheItalians,"thatis,aspointedoutbyWithehand"[.
.
.
]wherenewtypesofconstructionareseenasaproductofthelearningprocessfromearlieradaptationsofconstructedtypes.
"19Thethirdaspect,ingeneralterms,demonstratesthewayonhowdifferentdecisionscouldcreate"regulationsontheland".
ThisnotioncomesfromtheownworkofConzenthatintends,inWhitehandwords,inthesametext:"[…]toevaluatethepeople'sroleinthecreationoftheurbanlandscapes"and,more,"[…]inthissense,therelapseattentionofthesettlersroleandthatofthedecisionmakers.
"Theauthorrecallsthat,inthesamesense,Conzenintroducedtheconceptofmarginallanes,thosethatcanappear19Apud.
Whitehand,J.
W.
R.
,p.
107.
Figure14Forquetacentralnucleus;modernistmainhouseinrurallandscape;verticalbuildinginRS122Road.
Source:Authorpersonalarchive–2008626tooriginatefromdifferentprocessesofdecisionmaking,andresultsinproductsofagreatnumberof"differentdecisionsonindividuallocations.
"Fromtheplanningpointofview,theauthoralsoponderthat,rarelyhavebeendeliberateddecisionsforpreservationorconservationoftheselanesasidentifiers.
Publicpolicieshavebeenfavoringthepreservationofmarginallanesbytherepresentationoftheirindividualcomponents.
Whendefinedaslane,theconservationofaspecialkindofopenspaceisconsideredasareasofecologicalinterest:someplacesandbuildingsinthemarginallanesarerecognizedfortheirhistoricalandarchitecturalmeaningandlegalprotectionwarrantiesaregiventothem.
"20Accordingtotheinternationalorganizationsforthepreservationoftheindustrialpatrimony,likeTheInternationalCommitteeofConservationofIndustrialHeritage(TICCIH),itisworthmentioningthatthetownofGalópoliscouldwellbeconsideredinthispatrimonialcontext,sinceitmaintainsanabsolutearchitecturalandlandscapecollectionwhichareperfectlyvisibleasanhistoricalandculturalexpansionthatcorrespondtotheuniversalcriteriaforpreservation,suchasindicated:[.
.
.
]ValuesoftheIndustrialPatrimonyI-Theindustrialpatrimonyistheevidenceofactivitiesthathadandcontinuetohaveprofoundhistoricalconsequences.
Thereasonsforprotectionoftheindustrialpatrimonyarebasedontheuniversalvalueofthisevidence,insteadofinthesingularityofuniqueplaces.
II.
Theindustrialpatrimonyisthesumofthesocialvalueaspartoftherecordofregularmenandwomen'slives,andhoweachindividualconveyanimportantsenseofidentity.
Isthetechnologicalandscientificvalueinthehistoryofmanufacturing,engineering,andconstructionandcanhaveconsiderableaesthetic20valueforthearchitecture,designandplanning.
III.
Thesevaluesareintrinsictoitsownplaces,itsfactories,components,machineryandplacesintheindustriallandscape,inthewrittendocumentation,andintheintangibleregistrationcontainedinthememoryandhumanindustrialhabits.
IV.
Unusual,inthesurvivaltermsofparticularprocesses,typologysitesandlandscapes,itaddspecialsignificanceandwillbecarefullyaccessed.
Primitiveandpioneeringexampleshaveaspecialvalue.
21OnthetypologicalanalysisofGalópolisandForquetaherediscussed,remainemphasizedtheaestheticandstylisticqualitiesofitsurbanlandscape,foundedinhabitsandpracticesmanifestedbytheremainingmarksofaparticulareclecticismasvaluestopreserve.
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F.
Galópolis:visesdeumecletismoregional.
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CaxiasdoSul,RS:Lorigraf,2009.
[2]Costa,AnaElísiada.
AEvoluodoEdifícioIndustrialdeCaxiasdoSul.
DissertaodeMestradoProgramaPROPAR/UFRGS,2001.
[3]DellaMonica,Aldo.
OBrásdosItalianos.
Avaliableinhttp://www.
dellamonica.
com.
br/brasdositalianos.
htm[4]Pozenato,JoséClemente.
OregionaleouniversalnaLiteraturaGaúcha.
PortoAlegre,RS:Movimento,InstitutoEstadualdoLivro,1974.
[5]ReisFilho,NestorGoulart.
QuadrodaArquiteturanoBrasil.
1976.
SoPaulo:EditoraPerspectiva,1976.
[6]Schumacher,EvaldoL.
etal.
GuiadidáticodaArquiteturadeCaxiasdoSul.
CaxiasdoSul,RS:Educs,2006.
[7]Whitehand,J.
W.
R.
Britishurbanmorphology:theConzeniantradition.
Avaliableinhttp://urbanmorphology.
org/pdf/whitch522001.
pdf.
20Ibidem,p.
108.
21Availableinhttp://www.
mnactec.
cat/ticcih/industrial_heritage.
htm
com.
br**UniversidadeFederaldoRioGrandedoSul,CEP90040-060,PortoAlegre,Brasil,Email:driga2000@yahoo.
comABSTRACT:Thesocio-culturalcontext,bywhichthemanifestationsofurbanismandregionalarchitectureoccurred,inthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,gavesupporttoacreationpossiblycharacterizedbytheattributeof"diversity"-valuethatbuildsupasystemofindividualsignificance.
Itwillbenecessarytoapproachthismaterialrepresentationsanditssystem'svaluesthroughthatwhichcanbeobservedinthesmall,ancientlaboringvillageofGalópolis,andfurthermoreintheruralForqueta'sdistrict,nowadaysaprosperousneighborhoodofthecityofCaxiasdoSulinthestateofRioGrandedoSulinBrazil.
Theworkisseekingtoidentifyamatrixbylookingatthesystem'snoticeableparts,startingfromthecomparisonofanalogousrelationsandthroughtheassessmentoftheregional,thenational,andtheuniversalmanifestations.
Inthecaseofthelocallandscape,asanunusualanswertotheuniversalone,wherefragmentsofthewholeconstitutethegeographicalunitsstudiedhere.
Inthetypologicalanalysis,theurbanlandscape'saestheticandstylisticqualitiesarerelevantandcanbefoundinusageandcommonhabits,enduringmarksofaprivateeclecticisminBrazil,andasuniversalvaluestobepreserved.
KEYWORDS:landscape,culture,localidentity,industrialheritage,regionalurbanism.
1THEARCHIETCTURALCONTEXTINTHEREGIONALURBANLANDSCAPEInthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,thesocio-culturalcontext,originatorofthemanifestationsofurbanismandregionalarchitecture,gavesupporttoacreationthatmaybecharacterizedbytheattributeof"diversity"asthestructuralvalueofasystemofuniquesignificance.
StartingfromtheregionalconceptproposedbyPozenato(1974)andthenotionof"root"byhimindicated,webeggingbyexploringthelocal,thenationalandothernon-Brazilian'sphysicalmanifestations,andalsobylookingforacorrespondingassociationintherecognitionofamatrixthathasmeaning,andconsequently,value.
Inthissense,itisimportanttoconsiderthenotionsoftheuniversalversustheparticular.
Toallowthediscussionoverregionalvaluesonacompatiblescalewiththecomplexdimensionoftheschemesofseveraldomainsoftheknowledge,proposedbymanyauthorsintheanalysisofthecontemporarythough,basisforthemethodologyoftheimage'sinterpretation,whichisalso,thephysicallyconstructeduniverse.
AsstatedbyPozenato,allrepresentationsaretherepresentationoftheuniqueness.
Fortheinternaldialecticsofthework:itisatthestartingpointthattheuniquenessreachestheuniversality,attributeoftheliteraryworksthataccomplishtheobjectivesoftheart"1Theuniquestatuteofaworkcouldbedefined,instylisticterms,byametonymicprocesswhereapartrepresentsthewhole.
Itseems,ineffect,tobethatthefundamentalpurposeoftheworkofartandalsoitsfunction:"[.
.
]toexpress,metonymically,theextensionoftheuniverseofthehumansignificances.
"2Itwouldbepossibletopropose,therefore,thatintheuniverseoftheregionalArchitecture,asindicatedby1Pozenato,JoséClemente.
OregionaleouniversalnaLiteraturaGaúcha.
PortoAlegre:Movimento,InstitutoEstadualdoLivro,1974,p.
17.
2Idem.
618Pozenato(1974),intheliteraryandtheart'sfields,suchculturalmanifestationsaredeterminedbyanuniversalmatrixofvalues.
Arootthatappearlocalizedas:achosenreality,(accordingtoideologicalpresumptions)andinagreementwithcertainconventions,(chosenaccordingtoaestheticorstylisticassumptions).
"3Acknowledgingthatpremise,totheunderstandingofwhatcanbereadinreferencetotheancientlaborervillageofGalópolis,nowadaysaprosperousdistrictofCaxiasdoSul,itwillbenecessaryheretoapproachthephysicalrepresentationsofthissystemofvaluesandtoexploretheiraestheticandstylisticpresuppositionsstartingfromarelevanttypologicalanalysis.
Itisunderstandablethatstyleisaconditionthatworksasthecreativeprincipleofdifferentmanifestations.
Asaformthat,althoughpassiveofinterpretationsandvariations,stillfollowsarule,acomposition'slawthatisconstantbecause,style"[.
.
.
]fundedonhabitandconventions,[.
.
.
]actasaqualifyinginstrumentthatmakesthevisibleworldlegible[.
.
.
]"4,andstructurestheformofrealizationofnewformalunitsandofdifferentobjects.
Therefore,theobjectiveistoidentifyamatrix,startingfromthecomparisonofanalogrelationships,capabletoassociatethemanifestationsoftheregionalandthenational,towardtheuniversal.
Tounderstandtheapparentpartofthesystem,inthiscasethelocallandscape,astheuniqueresponseofanuniversalitywhilstimagefragmentedofthewholewhichconfigurestheapproachedunit.
LetusproceedinitiallytoevaluatethelocalcasethroughthearchitecturalmanifestationsofthehistoricalinnerspaceofCaxiasdoSul,thecitycentralsquare,asanexposedspaceandsuperiorrepresentativeofvaluesoftheepochofestablishmentofthevillageofGalópolis.
Comparingsaidstructuresitispossibletoobservehowitmanifests,onanalogways,thepresenceofelementsofitscomposition,suchasthechurchandthecentralsquarethatorganize,inasimilarway,thespatialrelationshipsofthoseopencentralareas,stillperceivedeveninmorerecentperiods.
Figure1GalópolisMainSquare–earlyXXcenturyFigure2DanteAlighieriSquare–1957Source:CasaParoquialGalópolisSource:GuiaDidáticodaArquiteturadeCaxiasdoSul3Ibidem,p.
15.
4Mahfuz,EdsondaCunha.
Ensaiosobrearazocompositiva:umainvestigaosobreanaturezadaselaesentresparteseotodonacomposioarquitetnica.
Viosa:UFV;Impr.
Univ.
;BeloHorizonte:APCultural,1995,p.
77.
619Figure3Locationmarks:1-IndustrialcomplexofEberleManufacturer;2.
CineCentral;3-SquareDanteAlighieri1950decade;4-CathedralandParochialHouse.
Source:GuiaDidáticodaArquiteturadeCaxiasdoSul,p.
47,74-EvaldoLuizSchumacheretalDatamanipulatedbytheauthorSomecharactersofthatlocalealreadyemergeastruerepresentativesofuniversalrealities,suchasthebuildingsthatencompassmoviestheaters,liketheCentralCinema,launchedin1920'sdecade,andisdescribedunderthesamefocuseveninrecentbibliography.
ThatdemonstratestheformalcentralofficestherereferredascathedralandRomanthermals,archesandvestibuleofthetownspalaces,imaginativecopiestothemoldsoftheBaroquerenascence,andstillevokingtheregionalcontextwhenherefersthat"[…]workalsoassociatestotheexuberanteclecticpositivismexpressedbyWiederspahninthefirstdecadesoftheXXcentury,inPortoAlegre.
"5Suchsceneryrevealstheuniversalsenseofthatstyle,theEclectic,thataimedtoestablisharelationshipwithaninternationalurbanism,whereadvancesintechnologyandcommunicationsallowedtobereached,inafacilitatedway,thesamelevelofcomfortsoftheindustrialera,indifferentplacesandatthesametime.
Thecollectionofinstitutionalandcommercialbuildingsofthatcontextcoexistedinthepresenceofindustrialbuildings,thatalthoughlessexuberant,definedgrandstructuresbuiltonhighexpressionism,likethatoftheEberleMetallurgiccomplex.
Itdisputedwiththecathedral,thedomainofthesymbolicspaceofprominenceandpower,andcontributedtotheconsolidationoftheprofileofthelocalidentity.
Theexistenceofthemetallurgicalindustry,settleonthecity'sinnermostsite,equaltowhathappenedinGalópolis,theold"DeepValley",wherethepresenceofthetextileindustry,thebuildingofthemoviestheatreandthecompoundofworkershouses,whichconfiguredonacontemporaryformtheremarkableindustrialorientationofthatcommunity.
Onsecondthought,referringtothecharacterofthearchitectureofthesecondhalfoftheXIXcenturyinBrazil,itbecomesclearthatanuniversalreactionwasevidentandwouldcomeinresponsetothelongingsfor5Schumacher,EvaldoL.
etal.
GuiaDidáticodaArquiteturadeCaxiasdoSul.
CaxiasddoSul,RS:Educs,2006,p.
47.
2431620socialchangesand,atthesametime,topromotesuchtransformations,asperReisFilho:[.
.
.
]thesocialagentsofthosetransformations,membersoftheurbansocialranksinascension,wouldactundertheinfluenceofthepositivismandofthearchitecturaleclecticism.
[.
.
.
]Thoserankswouldbuildandemployanupdatedandtechnicallyelaboratedarchitecture,withouttheaidofslavework.
"6IntheprogressiveanalysisofthetownofGalópolis,suchconditionisverifiedstartingfromthedevelopmentpromotedbythetransformationofthemanuallaborgrantbytheestablishmentandeffectivenessoftheEuropeanimmigrationintheregion,bytheimprovementoftheconstruction'swork,andbytheadventofcooperatives.
Likewise,bythepresenceoftheSaintPeter'sWoolFactory7inthevillagewhichaffectedthatareaonadefinitemanner.
Inreferencetothenationalpicture,theadventofanewarchitecturalidealthatintendedtosetfreefromthesettlement'sconditionofthepreviousperiodbroughtforthesignsofmodernism.
Expressedbytheconstructionoflargeoffices,linkedbythesupportoftheProfessionalSchoolandtheBuildersofSaoPaulo,suchasthatofRamosdeAzevedo,DominicianoRossi,RicardoSeveroandArnaldoVilares8whichinturnrelatedalsotomanifestationsoftheregionaloriginofthefoundersofthevillageinItaly,generatingpointofthenewidealism:[.
.
.
]Precursorofthe"illuminatedbourgeois'"generationthatreplicatewhatwasalreadypublishedinEurope,withAlessandroRossi,inSchio(andwhatwouldbe,yearslater,theJorgeStreet,inSoPaulo),AntonioAlvaresPenteadoprojectedtheurbanizationandtheembellishmentofBras,fundedinpartwithdividendsearnedbyhisownenterprises.
Hecommissionedalsotheconstructionofworker'svillagesfortheemployessofSaintAna'sJutaFactory,modeledonthe"NewQuartierAlessandroRossi"(1872),inSchio,andtheworkerstown"MariaZelia"(1912),inSaoPaulo.
At"BoaVistaStreet",hebespokethebuiltofthe"ApoloTheater"and,lateronanother,largerandmoreluxuriousonthe"24deMaio"street.
Itisinterestingtonoticeherethesimilarityofproceduresadoptedbytheentrepreneursofthattime.
InSchio,duringtheyearof1868,the"TheaterJacquard"wasbuiltinfrontofthefactorycalled"Alta",propertyofthe"LanificioRossiSpA.
"9Noticeably,suchproductionscorrespondtotheurbanandsocio-culturalexpectationsofthesecondhalfofthecenturyXIX.
Italsooutlinethepreponderanceofsocialagents,modifiersoftheintellectualandartisticactivitiesofthattime,linkedtotherepublicananddemocraticidealsinBrazil.
Itrepresenteditsindustrialbourgeoiseandactedaspropagatorsofthepositivism,orientationofthatmoment.
AccordingtoReisFilho(1976),suchagentscontributednotonlyfor"[.
.
.
]theformationofgroupsenthusiasticoftheEuropeanindustrialandscientificdevelopment.
[.
.
.
]"10,but,especially,fortheformationofnewtownsandpopularneighborhoodsrequestedbyagrowingindustrialization,intheformalplan.
[.
.
.
]theEclecticismwasthesolutionappliedattheserviceofthesearchitecturalobjectives.
"11Thetechnicalqualityattainedintheformalresolutionofsuchcollectioncanbewellnoticedthroughout6ReisFilho,NestorGoulart.
QuadrodaArquiteturanoBrasil.
SoPaulo:EditoraPerspectiva,1976.
p.
145.
7Barella,SandraM.
F.
Galópolis:visesdeumecletismoregional.
In:Tregansin,Terezinha,I.
R.
Org.
.
Galópolis-Elprofondovaleverde:história,arteememória.
CaxiasdoSul,RS:Lorigraf,2009.
8ApudReisFilho,op.
cit.
,p.
149.
9DellaMonica,Aldo.
OBrásdosItalianos.
Availableinhttp://www.
dellamonica.
com.
br/brasdositalianos.
htm10ApudReisFilho,p.
150.
11Ibidem.
,p.
154.
Figure4HighFactory-Schio/ItalySource:http://www.
dse.
unive.
it/storia/LANIFICIO.
htmFigure5GalópolisVillageSource:FernadaPolonipersonalarchive-CursodeArquiteturaeUrbanismoUCS.
2008.
621theattachedworker'shouses,builtofexposedbricksmasonrywhichcanbeseenintheresidentialcentralareaofneighboringGalópolis.
12Inaddition,fromthepracticalpointofview,throughtheprevalenceofthesanitationfacilitiesclosetothemainresidentialbuilding.
featuresthatwerestillrelegatedtothefarendoftheresidentialparcelaccordingtootherarchitecturalmanifestationsofprevioustime.
Fromtheformalandcompositionalpointofview,ReisFilho(1976)stillaccentuatethat"[.
.
.
]theeclecticismproposingaconciliationamongthestyleswasanefficientandaestheticmediumfortheassimilationofimportanttechnologicalinnovations[…]"13,verifiablefactinwhichtheconstantpresenceofindustrialconstructionsintheurbancentralareasofourregionstandsout.
Toreachalastcomparativelevel,itwillbenecessarytoconsiderthesignsoftheroleandinfluenceofthegreatmanufacturers,astheconstructiveelementofanewurbanization,inotherpartsoftheworld.
EspeciallytoreflectonhowitoccurredatthepointoforiginofthefirsttextileartisansthatsettledinthelaboringvillageofGalópolisinthesouthofBrazilbyoriginandacquiredexpertiseinSchio,14inItaly.
12ArchitectureandUrbanismCourse,CaxiasdoSulUniversity,2008/02.
TécnicasRetrospectivasDiscipline,RenataBrustolinAcademicPresentation,VISeminárioEstadualdeArquiteturaEclética,Jaguaro,RS,Novembre,2008.
13ApudReisFilho,op.
cit.
,p.
169.
14TheLanificioRossi"HighFactory"isthefirstsymboloftheItalianindustrialization.
80metersinlength,13,90ofwidthandsixfloorsandattic,withgreatroomsdividedinthreespacesof125columnsinmeltediron,illuminatedfor330windowsand52intheroofitwasbuiltin1862byAlessandroRossi.
Eachwalksheltereddifferentphasesofthetreatment.
Theproject,elaboratedin1861bytheBelgianAugusteVivrouxforesawanidenticalbuildingintheoppositesideofthetribunal,groupdownrightto"FranciscoRossi",thecreationoffourfloorsbuiltin1849withaneoclassicalfacadedecoratedwithreasonstoremembertradehousesandwoolprocessing.
In1866-68,insteadofonesecondgreatbuilding,wasmeantimeaccomplishedamoremodernspinning-weavinginshedlargetent,althoughshorttermtothesidesouthwasbuiltin1864-65abuildingofthreefloorsforthepreparationofthewool,thelaminationandthewash.
Availableinhttp://www.
comune.
schio.
vi.
it/a_215_IT_13015_3.
html.
Figure6HighFactory-Schio/Italia–Source:http://www.
schioindustrialheritage.
it/it/index.
htmlFigure7GalópolisVillagehouses-Source:FernandaPolonipersonalarchive/ArchitectureandUrbanismCourse,UCS.
20086222THEARCHITECTURALCONTEXTINTHEREGIONALRURALLANDSCAPEThestudyoftheterritorialoccupationofthenucleusofForqueta,wascreatedwiththeobjectiveofdelimitingperiodsconsideredchronologicalsynthesesofeconomic-culturalcycleslinkedtothespaceformation,and,totheprocessofoccupationofterritoryplacesintheCaxiasdoSulruralarea,inthesouthofBrazil.
Theperiodicalmorphologyandtypologyofthesettlementprocess,thereimplementedandrelevanttotheplan'sdiscussionsoverthedecisionsofurbanmodels,untiltheclosingtimeofitscycles,andtheconsecutivecharacterizationofnewpatternsofphysicalformsanalyzethevisualizationofspacestartingfromgeographicalandarchitecturalconcepts.
Inthemorphologicalanalysis,asindicatedbyWhitehand(2001),thetripartitedivisionoftheurbanlandscapeisadopted,asproposedbyConzen,byintroducing,infirstplacethecityplan(composedbystreets,lots,andblocksofflatbuildings).
Secondly,bytheconstructedcanvas,andthird,bytheland'soccupationanditsconstructions,"[…]However,itweretheconceptsrelatedtotheprocessofurbandevelopmentthatdidmoretostimulatethecreationofaschoolofthoughtbasedonhiswork.
"15TheconfigurationgivenbytheForquetavillage'slayoutalongthoseperiods,describesthesystemofstreets,lots,andconstructedbuildings.
Thesecondpartofthemorphologicalstructureexploretheevolutionoftheconstructedcanvas,radicallyalteredbythelocalizationoftheForqueta'sTrainStationplatform,andbythepositioningoftherailroadlineattheinnermostspaceofthevillage.
Definitely,thenaturallogicfortheland'soccupancychangedbytheintroductionofanewaxisofaccessandconnectivity,hereconsideredasatrackmodeloftransversalorientationtotheformal,modifyingtheinitialmorphologicalpattern.
Thethirdelementofthestudyrelatesthetwoprevioustopicstothedifferentformsofmanagementofthelandanditsconstructions.
Thetypologyoftheagriculturalunits,atthestartingpointoftheland'soccupation,thatdemarcatedonthemapsasbeingthe1stleague,orForquetaBaixa,changes,fromacharacterremarkablyruralfromthetimeofestablishmentoftheoriginalrurallots,tobecametheprogressiveheadquartersofsettlements,atthevillage'scenterasitoccursinthe2ndLeague,bytheassemblageofthe15Whitehand,J.
W.
R.
Britishurbanmorphology:theConzeniantradition.
Availableinhttp://urbanmorphology.
org/pdf/whitch522001.
pdf,p.
103.
Figure8.
RossiWoolFactory–SchioCity–Italy.
Source:http://www.
dse.
unive.
it/storia/LANIFICIO.
htmFigure9PanoramicviewofGalopolistakenfromtheSaoPedroWoolFactory.
Source:MarioMoschenpersonalarchive–Galópolis-RS623primitiveandinsufficientpublic-institutionalspacesattheinnercenters.
Theearlyruralsystemprogressedtowardtheuseslinkedtoanevidentindustrializationprocess,resultofthecreationoflargecommercialandindustrialstructuresassociatedtotheindustrialmodelimplementedintheregion,circa1890,duringtheperiodcharacterizedasthespiritofthetime:thesecondhalfoftheXIXcentury,morepreciselybetween1870and1895",which"definethesecondIndustrialRevolution(Benevolo,1994,p.
371)"16SaiduseswerenotonlyinfluencedbytheexperiencesoftheindustrializationprocessinitiatedinEngland,inthehalfoftheXIXcentury,definersofthetownplanning'sparadigmofthemodernity17,aswellasofaspecialeclecticismimplementedinthesettlersareaofimmigrationandstronglyinfluencedbytheregion'sgeographicaldiversity.
AccordingtoCosta(2001),itisimportanttomentionthatthestudyoftheconstructionofindustrialbuildingsin=20RioGrandedoSul,intheareaofimmigration,presentsspatialdisparityamongtheareasthatcorrespondtothedistinctphasesoftheland'soccupancy.
Thisreinforcesthenotion,heredeveloped,thatthelocalprocessduringthisperiodcanbeassociatedfurthertowardstheaspectsofthehumangeography,thatgavethemorigin,thantotheaccessandapplicationofnewconstruction'stechnologiesgivenbytheprogressbetweenwars,asitisobservedinthestudyofotherareasoftheestate.
Theproposedandimplementedsystemofcolonieswasgeographicallyestablishedintheregionbythedivisionoflargeareasoftheterritoryintoleagues.
Smallerparcelsdenominatedandnumberedaccordingtoanordercorrespondingtotheconsecutivechronologicaltimeoftheircreation,andrelatedtothebestconditionsofaccessibilitytothedenseforestnativetotheregion,particularlythatofthearaucarias.
Theleagues,inturn,weresubdivideintolines,asbeingportionsoflandstillsmaller,usuallysubdividedintolotsofsimilardimensions,withaminimummeasurementof25hectaresperunit,withapproximately250metersoffrontand1,000metersoflength.
BecomingtheterritorialmeasurementforthecommercializationandappropriatedbytheItalianimmigrantssettledintheregion.
Toemphasizethat,contrarytoothercolonizationandurbanizationplansputintoaction,atthesametime,intheAmericanterritory18,theabsenceofdelimitedareasoflargepublicspacestobeoccupiedcollectivelybythecommunities.
Inordertoachievethatcharacterofpublicorsemi-publicspace,thoseareaswereplacedinthelotnearto16Costa,AnaElísiada.
AEvoluodoEdifícioIndustrialdeCaxiasdoSul.
DissertaodeMestradoProgramaPROPAR/UFRGS,2001,p.
42.
17Ibidem,p.
91.
Costa(2001)considersthat,onthisdifferentiatedprocessitispossibletoaffirmthat:OnaspecialwayitisobservedadifferentproductionamongtheareaofItaliancolonization,mainlytheMountaingaucho,andtheremainingofthestate.
Duetotheabundanceofwoodintheareaandofthegeographicalisolation,inhis/hermajority,theindustrialbuildingsoftheNortheastwillpresentanaspectrustic,simple,withoutanystylisticmanifestation,beingattentivejustfunctionaldemands,astheyattestthecommemorativepublicationsoftheFiftiethanniversaryoftheItalianColonizationinthestate.
.
"18Apud.
Whitehand,J.
W.
R.
Figure10Forquetaruralnucleus-Source:Authorpersonalarchive–2008624thesmallerfrontsthatdelimitedthelots,aroundthetraverses,facingtheaccessroads.
(Fig.
11)Inasocialcontext,thosecommunitieswererecognizedasgeographicalreferencepointsaspeoplewouldconcentrated,sporadically,inplacesdesignatedforreligious,leisure,andpoliticalmeetings,thusitactedassmallcommunitycenters.
Thosedelimitations,dependingonitscapacityofintegrationamongtheagriculturalunits,wouldlinkareasessentiallyisolatedfromtheampleconnectorsystemcomposedbycrossingsoraccesstrails,correspondingtothenotionofpathmatrix,acknowledgehereasthestructuralforceofthecurrentlandscapeoftheareainstudy,asdemonstratedbelow(Fig.
12).
TheinnersiteofForqueta,ingeneralterms,representsuntiltodayanareaofurbancharacterequivalenttothemajorityofthecolonies,where"signs"orreferencepointsprovidedbythebuildingsofsuperiorlocalinfluence,especiallytheRailroadStationandtheForquetaWineryCooperative(Fig.
13),sharedalongsidewiththeChurch,thearrangementoftheurbanmarksonthecentralnucleus.
Itisnecessarytomentionalso,thediversearchitecturaltypesrepresentingthedifferentevolutionaryperiodsbycomparingtheisolatedbuildingsversustheresidentialconfigurationsoftheinnersites.
ItseemstoreplicatevolumetricvariationsoftheoriginalruraltypebytheconstantpresenceofFigure12RuralmaintrailinForqueta-Source:Authorpersonalarchive–2008Figure13MainstreetinForquetacentralnucleus-Source:Authorpersonalarchive–2008Figure11RuralmaintrailinForquetaChapelsnucleusSource:Authorpersonalarchive–2008625basements,thoughnolongerusedfortheproductionofwine,aswellasinthedesignofthemainhouseofarectangularbase,almostalwaysenhancedbysmalladditionsintendedtogivesupporttocorefunctions,likethelateralterraces,theattachedquarterstothekitchens,andthesanitaryfacilities.
Thebuildingswerealwaysfinishedwithanatticcoveredbytwoormorerooftops.
ThephysicalattributesfoundinthemarginalbandstotheinnersitesmaybedescribedasinthemodeldevelopedbyConzenas:inthefirsttrack,denominatedasthegatewaytothearea'score,theonewithgreaterrange,mayhavechangeditsoriginalprofilebymanyuses,severaltimesinstitutional,likethelargebuildingsofwineproduction,as"landmarksbuildings",andevenasheadquarter'sbuildingfortherurallotsduringthedifferentperiodsofdevelopmentconsideredofoutstandingarchitecture.
TheoutstandingbuildingsofthefirstperiodofForqueta,theisolatedlargewoodhouseswithlimestonebasements,theonesofasubsequentperiod,wealthierandsophisticated,thatshowthemainbuildinginmasonryandwithremarkableeclecticcharacteristicsofthegreatesteconomicdevelopmentperiodoftheareafrom1910to1930.
Themostrecentones,oftheArtDeco,from1950to1964,untiltheonesof"modernist"style,fromtheperiodof1960to1980,andfinallytheonesthatmixthedifferentregionalmodelsthatsearchforaconnectionwithlargercentersofhigh-risebuildings,likeCaxiasdoSulandFarroupilha.
(Fig.
14)3CONCLUSIONFromthewidepotentialinvestigationofthetheoryproposedbyConzen,threesourcesarehereexplored:first,themicromorphology,secondly,therelationshipsbetweenthemorphologicperiodsandthetypologicalprocesses,andthird,therelationshipbetweenthedecision-makingandtheurbanform.
Thefirstapproachconsidershowthetransformationsverifiedintheresidentialbuildingstendtoinfluencetheadjacentareasbythedenominatedneighborhoodeffect.
Thisrelationshipisdirectlyassociatedtotheproximitybetweenneighbors.
Inthesecondapproachwediscussthemorphologicalandarchitecturaltypesindifferentstagesofevolution,forexample,analyzingthecontrastbetweenthetypesknownbye-lawterracehouses,orhousesontapestandard,andthesemi-detachedhouses,orthatis,duplexhouses,ofwhich,asobservedinthelocalcaseinstudy,somecharacteristicsareassociatedwithakindofarchitecturaltransition,probablyduetogeographicaldifferencesorevenatimedelayofabsorptioninlessaccessibleareas.
Itisalsonotedtherelationshipofthisapproachwiththewellknown"typologicalprocessoftheCaniggianschooloftheItalians,"thatis,aspointedoutbyWithehand"[.
.
.
]wherenewtypesofconstructionareseenasaproductofthelearningprocessfromearlieradaptationsofconstructedtypes.
"19Thethirdaspect,ingeneralterms,demonstratesthewayonhowdifferentdecisionscouldcreate"regulationsontheland".
ThisnotioncomesfromtheownworkofConzenthatintends,inWhitehandwords,inthesametext:"[…]toevaluatethepeople'sroleinthecreationoftheurbanlandscapes"and,more,"[…]inthissense,therelapseattentionofthesettlersroleandthatofthedecisionmakers.
"Theauthorrecallsthat,inthesamesense,Conzenintroducedtheconceptofmarginallanes,thosethatcanappear19Apud.
Whitehand,J.
W.
R.
,p.
107.
Figure14Forquetacentralnucleus;modernistmainhouseinrurallandscape;verticalbuildinginRS122Road.
Source:Authorpersonalarchive–2008626tooriginatefromdifferentprocessesofdecisionmaking,andresultsinproductsofagreatnumberof"differentdecisionsonindividuallocations.
"Fromtheplanningpointofview,theauthoralsoponderthat,rarelyhavebeendeliberateddecisionsforpreservationorconservationoftheselanesasidentifiers.
Publicpolicieshavebeenfavoringthepreservationofmarginallanesbytherepresentationoftheirindividualcomponents.
Whendefinedaslane,theconservationofaspecialkindofopenspaceisconsideredasareasofecologicalinterest:someplacesandbuildingsinthemarginallanesarerecognizedfortheirhistoricalandarchitecturalmeaningandlegalprotectionwarrantiesaregiventothem.
"20Accordingtotheinternationalorganizationsforthepreservationoftheindustrialpatrimony,likeTheInternationalCommitteeofConservationofIndustrialHeritage(TICCIH),itisworthmentioningthatthetownofGalópoliscouldwellbeconsideredinthispatrimonialcontext,sinceitmaintainsanabsolutearchitecturalandlandscapecollectionwhichareperfectlyvisibleasanhistoricalandculturalexpansionthatcorrespondtotheuniversalcriteriaforpreservation,suchasindicated:[.
.
.
]ValuesoftheIndustrialPatrimonyI-Theindustrialpatrimonyistheevidenceofactivitiesthathadandcontinuetohaveprofoundhistoricalconsequences.
Thereasonsforprotectionoftheindustrialpatrimonyarebasedontheuniversalvalueofthisevidence,insteadofinthesingularityofuniqueplaces.
II.
Theindustrialpatrimonyisthesumofthesocialvalueaspartoftherecordofregularmenandwomen'slives,andhoweachindividualconveyanimportantsenseofidentity.
Isthetechnologicalandscientificvalueinthehistoryofmanufacturing,engineering,andconstructionandcanhaveconsiderableaesthetic20valueforthearchitecture,designandplanning.
III.
Thesevaluesareintrinsictoitsownplaces,itsfactories,components,machineryandplacesintheindustriallandscape,inthewrittendocumentation,andintheintangibleregistrationcontainedinthememoryandhumanindustrialhabits.
IV.
Unusual,inthesurvivaltermsofparticularprocesses,typologysitesandlandscapes,itaddspecialsignificanceandwillbecarefullyaccessed.
Primitiveandpioneeringexampleshaveaspecialvalue.
21OnthetypologicalanalysisofGalópolisandForquetaherediscussed,remainemphasizedtheaestheticandstylisticqualitiesofitsurbanlandscape,foundedinhabitsandpracticesmanifestedbytheremainingmarksofaparticulareclecticismasvaluestopreserve.
REFERENCES[1]Barella,SandraM.
F.
Galópolis:visesdeumecletismoregional.
In:Tragansin,TerezinhaI.
R.
Org.
Galópolis-Elpofondovaleverde:história,arteememória.
CaxiasdoSul,RS:Lorigraf,2009.
[2]Costa,AnaElísiada.
AEvoluodoEdifícioIndustrialdeCaxiasdoSul.
DissertaodeMestradoProgramaPROPAR/UFRGS,2001.
[3]DellaMonica,Aldo.
OBrásdosItalianos.
Avaliableinhttp://www.
dellamonica.
com.
br/brasdositalianos.
htm[4]Pozenato,JoséClemente.
OregionaleouniversalnaLiteraturaGaúcha.
PortoAlegre,RS:Movimento,InstitutoEstadualdoLivro,1974.
[5]ReisFilho,NestorGoulart.
QuadrodaArquiteturanoBrasil.
1976.
SoPaulo:EditoraPerspectiva,1976.
[6]Schumacher,EvaldoL.
etal.
GuiadidáticodaArquiteturadeCaxiasdoSul.
CaxiasdoSul,RS:Educs,2006.
[7]Whitehand,J.
W.
R.
Britishurbanmorphology:theConzeniantradition.
Avaliableinhttp://urbanmorphology.
org/pdf/whitch522001.
pdf.
20Ibidem,p.
108.
21Availableinhttp://www.
mnactec.
cat/ticcih/industrial_heritage.
htm
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