selectauthorware素材

authorware素材  时间:2021-02-18  阅读:()
BehaviorResearchMethods.
Instruments.
&Computers1992.
24(2),273-276UsingAuthorwareProfessionalfordevelopingcoursewareCHRISTOPHERR.
WOLFEMiamiUniversity,Oxford,OhioThispaperdescribestheuseofAuthorwareProfessional,anicon-based,object-orientedauthor-ingsystem,todevelopcoursewareandon-lineexperiments.
Notablefeaturesincludedirectedit-ability,facilitywithmanyresponsetypes,andbuilt-invariables.
Shortcomingsincludethediffi-cultyoflearninghowtousetheprogram,inabilitytopresentstimulirapidly,theprogram'slineardevelopmentstyle,weakdrawingtools,alackofscrollbarsfortext,andsomeproblemsintheuseofAuthorwarewithotherapplications.
Overall,thepackageisrecommendedforuserswithadequateresources.
Thenumberofcoursewarepackagesavailabletopsy-chologyinstructorshasgrownsteadilyinrecentyears,andtodayitispossibletofindeducationalsoftwaread-dressingmostofthecontentareascoveredinanintroduc-tiontopsychology(seeHornby&Anderson,1990).
Yetdespitethewiderangeofcommerciallyavailablecourse-ware,thesuccessfulintegrationofcomputer-assistedlearn-ingintotheclassroomisadifficultandtime-consumingprocess.
Evenamongpsychologistswhousecomputersininstruction,lessthanathirdmakeuseofeducationalsoftware(Anderson&Hornby,1990).
Itisthusevidentthatpsychologicalcoursewarehasyettoliveuptoitsoft-citedpotential.
Ofcourse,anexcellentwaytoensurethateducationalcourseware,classroomdemonstrations,andon-lineex-perimentsaddressone'sparticularneedsistodevelopthem"inhouse.
"Inthepast,suchataskwouldhavere-quiredateamofprogrammersworkingforaperiodofseveralyears;today,thereareanumberofauthoringtoolsavailabletomakethetaskmanageableforinstructorsandexperimenters.
ArecentsurveyintheTechnicalHorizonsinEducationJournalindicatesthat34companieshavedevelopedauthoringsoftwareranginginpricefrom$50to$3,000formicrocomputers,andupto$64,000formainframes(Greenfield,1990).
OneofthemostwidelyrespectedauthoringsystemsfortheMacintoshisAuthor-wareProfessional,whichislicensedtoeducatorsbyAuthor-ware,Inc.
for$995(andretailsforapproximately$8,000).
AuthorwareProfessionalcanbedescribedasanauthoringsystem(Tyre,1989),becauseofitsansweranalysisfea-turesandbehavior-monitoringandrecord-keepingfunc-tions,andbecauseitpermitstheusertocreatemultimediaandinteractivevideo.
IhaveusedAuthorwareProfessionaltodevelopcourse-wareonapproachestoinquiryinthesocialsciences(Wolfe,1992c),student-generateddemonstrationexperimentsforanintroductorysocialsciencecourse(Wolfe,1992b),andInquiriesmaybesenttotheauthorattheSchoolofInterdisciplinaryStudies,MiamiUniversity,Oxford,OH45056(e-mail:erwolfe@miavxl).
on-lineresearchexperiments(Wolfe,1992a).
Ihavealsoservedasadvisorforanundergraduatecoursewaredevel-opmentprojectinwhichanumberofdevelopmenttools,includingAuthorwareProfessional,wereused(Sweeney,1991).
IwillsharemyimpressionsofAuthorwareProfes-sionalbydescribinghowtheauthoringsystemworksandevaluatingsomeofitsdistinguishingfeatures,shortcom-ings,andlimitationsfromtheperspectiveofthepsychol-ogistwhoisaresearcherandaneducator.
OverviewAuthorwareProfessionalisanicon-based,object-orientedauthoringsystem.
Suchicon-orientedsystemshavebecomethenormforcoursewaredevelopmenttoolsinrecentyears(Greenfield,1990).
ThesystemusesthefamiliarMacintoshinterfacewithpop-upmenusanddia-logboxes.
Thecoursewaredeveloper"programs"byput-tingdesigniconsonaflowline(seeFigure1).
TheiconsontheleftsideofFigure1performavari-etyoffunctionswhenplacedontheflowline(right).
Thefirstisadisplayicon,whichputstextandgraphicsonthescreen.
Second,theanimationiconsmoveobjectsfromonepointtoanother.
Eraseiconserasedisplays.
Waiticonshalttheflowuntiltheuserrespondsoraspecifiedamountoftimeelapses.
Decisioniconsdeterminewhichofasetofattachediconswillbeusednext.
Interactioniconspresentoptionsorquestionsand,dependingontheuser'sresponse,selectandbranchtoattachediconsforfeedbacktotheuser.
Calculationiconsperformcalcula-tionsorexecuteuser-writtencode.
Mapiconsorganizetheprogrambycreatingasingleiconrepresentinglargerprogramsegments.
Startandstopflagsallowthecourse-waredevelopertorunlessonsegmentsduringthecourse-waredevelopmentprocess.
Movieiconsplaycomputeranimationsegments.
Soundiconsplaydigitizedsoundseg-ments.
Finally,videoiconsplayvideosegments.
Asanillustrationoficon-basedauthoring,considerasegmentfromaclassroomdemonstrationexperiment.
Inthisclass,groupsofstudentsgeneratedideasforexperi-mentstoseeifsubliminalmessagesaffectbehavior,and273Copyright1992PsychonomicSociety,Inc.
274WOLFEFigure1.
Flowlineanddesignicons.
~@l]ICJ~ShortcomingsandLimitationsAnumberofauthoringlanguagesandauthoringsys-temsareonthemarket,andAuthorwareProfessionalisbynomeansinexpensive.
Thus,itisusefultohaveasenseofthestrengthsandweaknessesofthepackage,particu-larlyfromtheperspectiveofthepsychologistwhoisaresearcherandaneducator.
Timespentinlearningtheprogram.
LearningtouseAuthorwareProfessionalisverytime-consuming.
Ispentperhaps40-60hdoingthetutorial,experimenting,andporingoverthemanualasItookmyfirststabatcourse-waredevelopmentwithAuthorware.
Users(likeme)whoareunaccustomedtoicon-basedprogrammingmayfindthattheymustadjustthemselvestoit.
Thisisespeciallyfrustratingwhenoneisfirstperformingtasksthatarestraightforwardwhenoneusesatraditionalprogramminglanguage.
Fortunately,boththetutorialexercisesandthemanualarequitegood.
Withthetutorial,onelearnstobuildacompletecomputer-assistedlessononhowtouseFeaturesAuthorwareProfessionalhasanumberoffeaturesthatareofparticularinterestforpsychologists.
First,thesys-temisbuiltaroundthenotionofdirecteditability,theabil-itytomakedesignchangeswhilethelessonorexperimentisbeingpresented.
Thisisparticularlyusefulinthepilot-ingphaseofaproject.
IndeedthemanualencouragesonetouseAuthorwareinthedesignphase,anditspecificallycouncilsagainstdevelopingflowcharts,orevenvisualiz-ingallinteractionsbeforebeginningaproject(Author-ware,1989a,p.
3-3).
Second,theprogramisextremelyflexibleintermsofthenumberofpermissibleresponsetypes.
Authorwaredoesnotlimitdeveloperstoamultiple-choiceformat.
Theauthoringsystemacceptsmanykindsofinputfromstu-dentsandsubjects,includingtext,mouseclicks,menuitems,keypresses,conditionalresponses,andtimelim-its.
Theprogramisparticularlygoodwithtext,support-ingavarietyofmatchingstrategiesandacceptingtextofanylength.
Thesystemalsoplacesnolimitonthenum-berofbranchpaths.
Anotherusefulfeatureisthelargenumberofbuilt-invariablesavailablethroughapop-upmenu.
Authorwarehasover100variablesaffectinginteractions,decisions,time,video,andgraphics.
Thesevariablesallowthecourse-waretoalteritsbranchingandfeedbackinanumberofways.
Forexample,itiseasytoprovidedifferentfeed-backwhenagivenresponsehasbeenmadeonthefirstattemptasopposedtothesecondorthird.
Thesevariablesalsomakeiteasytokeeptrackofhowoftenresponsesaremadeandbranchesaretaken.
Thisisespeciallyimportantwhenoneispilotingcoursewarewithagroupofstudents.
AuthorwarehasrecentlyreleasedaversionforDOSmachinesrunningWindows,AuthorwareProfessionalforWindows.
AuthorwarealsoprovidesaPlatformIndepen-dentMediaformat,whichconvertsapplicationsfromMac-intoshtoWindowsformats.
Ihavenotusedthisfeature.
RuthorwareProfessionalLevell90-4~tF~Iimplementedtheirideasason-lineexperiments,usingAuthorwareProfessional.
Thehypothesiswasthatames-sageflashedbrieflyonthescreenwouldaffecttheratingofapicture.
Apictureofacranewaspresentedtothesubjects,and(inonecondition)thenumber7wasflashedinthebird'sreflectionforapproximately80msec(seeFigure2).
ThesubjectsratedthepictureonaLikertscalebyenteringnumbersonthekeyboard.
Responsesoutsidetheacceptablerangeof1-7wererejected,andthesubjectwascuedtorespondagain.
Whenanacceptablenumberwasentered,thesubjectwaspresentedwithanotheritem.
ThesetoficonsusedtodevelopthissegmentisdepictedinFigure3.
Thedisplayiconlabeled"Crane"containsthescannedimageofaphotographofacrane.
IpastedthepictureintothedisplayiconwiththeClipboard,astan-dardfeatureoftheMacintosh.
Themovieiconlabeled"7"containsthenumber7andinstructionstoplaythissingle-framemovieonceataspeedof120framespersec-ond.
TheinteractioniconcontainstheLikertscaleandtheresponseprompt.
Thetextresponseoptionissettocontinueifa"correct"responseisgiven;this"correct"responseisdesignatedasoneofthenumbers1-7.
Ifanotherresponseismade,theprogrambranchesbacktothedecisioniconandhighlightstheincorrectresponse.
Whenanacceptableresponseismade,thecalculationiconappendstheresponsetoanoutputfile,Theeraseiconerasesthedisplaybeforethenextitemappears.
AUTHORWAREPROFESSIONAL27512.
3NotAttractive45I:V(~ryAttractrveFigure2.
Stimuliusedindemonstrationexperiment.
Figure3.
Iconsequenceusedindemonstrationexperiment.
a35-mmcamera.
Thisexerciseprovidesanappropriatecontextforthecomponentknowledgethatisacquiredalongtheway.
IalsofoundthetaskoflearningAuthor-wareintrinsicallymotivating,andIhavecometoenjoythisapproachtoprogramming.
Problematicrateofstimuluspresentation.
Indevel-opingthesubliminalmessagedemonstrationexperiment,Isoughttopresentstimuliasrapidlyaspossible.
Ifoundthatthemoviemodulewasunreliableatspeedsexceed-ing120framespersecond(about83msec).
Themanualstatesonlythat"ifthesettingistoohightodisplayallframesattheselectedrate,Authorwarewillskipframes,asnecessary,soastoplaythemovieatthechosenspeed"(Authorware,1989b,p.
2-3).
Similarly,thetimervari-ablereportselapsedtimetoonemillionthofanhour(about3.
6msec),butthedocumentationdoesnotelaborateonthis,andthesystemcannotbethataccuratewithoutad-ditionalboardsandhardware.
Itmaybepossibletogetaroundtheseproblemsbypassingcontroltoexternaltim-ingroutines(Rensink,1990).
AuthorwareProfessionalallowsdeveloperstoincorporatecodewritteninprogram-minglanguagessuchasCandPascal(whichundoubtedlyhasmanyusefulapplicationsinadditiontotiming).
How-ever,Ihavenottriedthis,andifmillisecondpresenta-tionandmeasurementareimportant,thereareprobablybetterapproachesthanAuthorwareProfessional.
Lineardevelopmentstyle.
Theflowchart-likestruc-turescreatedbyplacingdesigniconsontheflowlinetendL~v~14+1234567+CraneEras~Crane9~~m~o~276WOLFEtopromotewell-structuredlessondesigns.
However,forauthorsinterestedindevelopingunstructuredhypermediaandhypertextenvironments,thislinearflowofcontrolmaybeunwelcome.
OnemoduleofthecoursewarethatIamdevelopingtoteachinterdisciplinarysocialsciencemethodsemployswhatIcallawheel-arid-spokemodelofhypertext.
Withthisdesign,studentscanclickonkeywordsinapassagetogetdefinitionsandfurtherinfor-mation.
DevelopingthiskindofhypertextiseasywithAuthorwareProfessional.
However,forauthorswhowishtocreateopen-endeddiscoveryenvironments,ahyper-mediatoolsuchasHyperCardmaybemoreappropriate.
Disappointingdrawingcapabilities.
Foranexpensivepackagethatpridesitselfon"greatgraphics,"thebuilt-indrawingcapabilitiesaredisappointing.
AuthorwarePro-fessionalhasaleansetofdrawingtools,andnobuilt-inpaintingtools.
Fortunately,itiseasytocreategraphicswithapaintpackagesuchasCanvasandpastethemintoAuthorware.
OneofmystudentsalsofoundtheanimationshecreatedwithMacrolvlindDirectorfarsuperiortothoseproducedwithAuthorware.
Fortunately,itiseasytoim-porttheseanimationsequencesintoAuthorware.
Somelimitsontextpresentation.
Althoughthebuilt-inword-processingprogramisquitegood,Iprefertode-veloptextinMicrosoftWordandpasteitintoAuthor-warebecausetheword-processingmoduledoesnothaveaspellchecker.
Anotherlimitationisthatonecannotputtextinboxeswithscrollbarsthatallowtheusertoscrollthroughlongersegmentsoftextthancanbeseenonscreenatonetime.
Ofcourse,onecaneasilycreateseveralpagesoftextinseparatedisplayicons(andtext-heavypresen-tationsgenerallymakeforpoorcourseware).
Nonethe-less,scrollbarsfortextpresentationarestandardontheMacintosh,andtheinabilitytousetheminAuthorwareseemstobeanoversight.
Authorwareandothersoftware.
Oneoftheoutstand-ingfeaturesofAuthorwareProfessionalisthatitcanbeinterfacedwithotherprograms.
Forexample,oneofmystudentshadnodifficultyinusingAuthorwareProfes-sionalasashellandjumpingtoroutinescreatedinHyper-CardandMacroMindDirector.
However,wefoundthatwhenusingotherprogramsasthebaseofoperation,wesometimeshadtroubleusingroutinescreatedinAuthor-ware.
Inaboutloutof10tries,thesystemunexpectedlycrashedwhenwewereattemptingtojumpfromAuthor-warebacktoHyperCard.
Sometimeswealsohaddiffi-cultyingellingbacktothecardweleft,returninginsteadtotheHomeCard.
WhenonejumpstoAuthorwarefromanotherprogram,thepackagehastheannoyingattributeofdisplayingitslogoandthefilename,andthenwaitingforamouseclickbeforegettingonwiththesegment.
Thismeansthatastudentmaysitforquitesometimebeforeacting.
AtrickthatweusedtogetaroundthisproblemwastonameourAuthorwaresegment"ClickHere,"whichatleastgavestudentssomeindicationofhowtoproceed.
ResEditmayprovideanothersolution.
ConclusionsAuthorwareProfessionalisexpensive,andlearningtouseittakessomework.
Itisalsoprobablynotthebestpackagetousewhenmillisecondtimingisimportant,orwhenonelacksresourcessuchascomputermemory,diskspace,andaccesstopaintanddrawprograms.
However,havingputtheeffortintolearningthepackage,Ifinditrelativelyeasyandenjoyabletouse.
Intheclassroom,Iwasabletoturnstudent'sideasintofivedemonstrationexperiments,collectdatafrom80students,andanalyzetheresultsoveraperiodoflessthan6weeks.
Inthelab-oratory,itwaseasytomodifymymaterialsanddesignduringpiloting.
Foreducatorsandresearcherswhowouldliketocreatesophisticatedcoursewareandon-lineexper-iments,AuthorwareProfessionalisaverypowerfultoolthatmeritsseriousconsideration.
REFERENCESANDERSON,M.
,&:HORNBY,P.
(1990).
Computeruseinpsychologyinstruction.
BehaviorResearchMethods,Instruments,&Computers,22,194-199.
AUTHORWARE,INC.
(l989a).
AuthorwareProfessional,Minneapolis,MN:Author.
AUTHORWARE,INC.
(l989b).
Multimedia.
Minneapolis,MN:Author.
GREENFIELD,E.
(1990).
Authoringsystemsfocusonnewstructuresandusers.
TechnicalHorizonsinEducationJournal,18,7-16.
HORNBY,P.
,&:ANDERSON,M.
(1990).
Areviewofsoftwareforin-troductorypsychologyinstruction.
BehaviorResearchMethods,In-struments,RENSINK,R.
A.
(1990).
Toolbox-basedroutinesforMacintoshtiminganddisplay.
BehaviorResearchMethods,Instruments,SWEENEY,P.
H.
(1991).
Roundandround:Anexplorationofquan-titativereasoning.
UnpublishedSeniorProject,WesternCollegePro-gram,MiamiUniversity,Oxford,OH.
TYRE,T.
(1989).
Authoringpackagescontinuetomature.
TechnicalHorizonsinEducationJournal,17,10-18.
WOLFE,C.
R.
(l992a).
ConceptualchangesfollowingtrainingonBaye-siancanditionalprobabilityproblems.
Manuscriptinpreparation.
WOLFE,C.
R.
(l992b).
Introducingexperimentationthroughstudent-generatedsubliminDImessageexperiments.
Manuscriptinpreparation.
WOLFE,C.
R.
(l992c).
Rocks.
paper,scissors:Approachestoinquiryinthesocialsciences.
Manuscriptinpreparation.

PacificRack 端午节再来一款年付$38 VPS主机 2核4GB内存1TB流量

这不端午节和大家一样回家休息几天,也没有照顾网站的更新。今天又出去忙一天没有时间更新,这里简单搜集看看是不是有一些商家促销活动,因为我看到电商平台各种推送活动今天又开始一波,所以说现在的各种促销让人真的很累。比如在前面我们也有看到PacificRack 商家发布过年中活动,这不在端午节(昨天)又发布一款闪购活动,有些朋友姑且较多是端午节活动,刚才有看到活动还在的,如果有需要的朋友可以看看。第一、端...

昔日数据:香港云服务器(2G防御)、湖北云服务器(100G防御),首月5折,低至12元/月

昔日数据,国内商家,成立于2020年,主要销售湖北十堰和香港HKBN的云服务器,采用KVM虚拟化技术构架,不限制流量。当前夏季促销活动,全部首月5折促销,活动截止于8月11日。官方网站:https://www.xrapi.cn/5折优惠码:XR2021湖北十堰云服务器托管于湖北十堰市IDC数据中心,母鸡采用e5 2651v2,SSD MLC企业硬盘、 rdid5阵列为数据护航,100G高防,超出防...

酷番云78元台湾精品CN2 2核 1G 60G SSD硬盘

酷番云怎么样?酷番云就不讲太多了,介绍过很多次,老牌商家完事,最近有不少小伙伴,一直问我台湾VPS,比较难找好的商家,台湾VPS本来就比较少,也介绍了不少商家,线路都不是很好,有些需求支持Windows是比较少的,这里我们就给大家测评下 酷番云的台湾VPS,支持多个版本Linux和Windows操作系统,提供了CN2线路,并且还是原生IP,更惊喜的是提供的是无限流量。有需求的可以试试。可以看到回程...

authorware素材为你推荐
印章制作如何做公章解压程序手机解压软件zarchiver怎么用网络明星想知道3大网络歌手是谁?51自学网站有哪些免费自学网spgnux怎么安装思普操作系统网店推广网站开网店如何做推广?彩信中心移动的彩信中心是?主页是?收不到彩信,怎么设置?godaddy通过什么网址可以查godaddy的域名信息硬盘人500G的硬盘容量是多少啊?神雕侠侣礼包大全神雕侠侣手游版四重大礼包怎么得到啊?
.cn域名注册 国外服务器租用 阿里云搜索 华为云服务 google镜像 directspace z.com 名片模板psd 骨干网络 中国电信测速112 申请个人网站 酷番云 drupal安装 东莞服务器托管 中国电信测速网站 服务器硬件配置 黑科云 广州主机托管 rewritecond 学生机 更多