discrepanciesrewrite

*PROOFREADINGTIPSANDTECHNIQUESPresentedforthesummercourseinScienceEditingTexasA&MUniversitySusanE.
Aiello,DVM,ELSsusan@words-world.
netWordsWorldConsultingwww.
words-world.
net*Columnheadinatableaboutthecompetitor'sdrug:PatientExpirationDateInternationalPostageRageIncreaseThePostOfficewillincreasetheirinternationalrates,effective12:01A.
M.
onJuly9.
Lettersweighingnomorethanoz.
forCanadaandMexicowillbe.
46and.
40respectively,whilelettersweighingnomorethan1oz.
forCanadaandMexicowillbe.
52and.
46.
Allothercountrieswillcost.
60forlettersthatweighnomorethanoz.
,and$1forlettersthatweightnomorethan1oz.
Formoreinformation,callyoursiteMailingServices.
Talkingaboutasleepdisturbancesideeffect:"thelow-dozeresponse"Inanarticleaboutpetroleumtoxicity:"popedope"**BasicTechniques:ComparisonProofreadingDirectword-by-wordcomparisonof"dead"copy(previousversion)with"live"copy(newversion)"Live"copyshouldreflectanychangesmadeto"dead"copyEnsurenonewerrorsintroducedCanbedonesoloorasateam*ComparisonProofreading:SoloMostcommonmethodSlowestCheapestBestforshortcopyorspecialtype(eg,mathematicalformulas)*ComparisonProofreading:TeamFastestMostexpensiveMostaccuratefortables,longlistsofnumbers,deadcopythatishardtoreadMustreadeverything–words,punctuation,typedescription(caps,underline,bold,etc),changesinspacing,changesinindentationClearenunciation,steady,near-monotone,soft-spokentolowerfatigueCanusetapetodoyourself,buttimedisadvantage*BasicTechniques:NoncomparisonProofreadingNo"dead"copyMostcommonlyanelectronicfile"Dead"copyisavailable,butonly"live"copyisreadwordforwordNote:Proofingonscreenvsonhardcopyaffectsbothaccuracyandspeed!
*NoncomparisonProofreadingFastCheapEditorialquestionsmaybeunansweredIsdocumentcompleteAredataaccurateArepropernamesspelledcorrectlyLoweraccuracyEasytomissmistakes,eg,"not"guilty*NoncomparisonProofreadingForscientific,medical,orlegalmaterial,theproofreadershouldbeknowledgeableinthesubjectmatter;ifheorsheisnot,thematerialshouldalsobereviewedbyasubjectmatterexpert.
Manyjournalsleavefinalresponsibilityforaccuratelivecopywithauthor.
*BasicTechniques:ProofreadingversusCopyeditingProofreadershavealimitedlevelofauthority.
Usually,proofreadersarenotsubjectmatterexperts.
Authorsandeditorsretaintheauthoritytodecideonchanges.
*BasicTechniques:ProofreadingversusCopyeditingCopyeditorsCorrectanauthor'sworkPreparedocumentfornextstageinpublicationprocessProofreadersCorrectkeyboardoperator'sworkCorrectcompositor'swork*ObstaclestoGoodProofreadingFailuretodifferentiatefromeditingElectronicage,theInternet,e-mailTrackChangesTimeconstraints,ie,theneedforspeedDistractions,eg,visual,sound,etc*ComplicatingFactorsLengthandtechnicallevelofdocumentTablesFiguresandlegendsReferencesTypesize,font,andqualityElectronicallyregeneratedcopyNewcopyRekeyedcopyDeletingoraddingcopy(resultinginmoreorlessspace)*CharacteristicsofGoodProofreadersExcellentmemoryandabilitytoconcentrateFamiliarwithrelevanteditorialstyleExercisegoodjudgmentwhethertomark,query,orignoreExercisegoodjudgmentandsensitivityastodifferentstagesofcopy,deadlines,otherrequirementsAproofreaderwhoisalsothecopyeditorshouldfollowthesesameguidelines(withgreaterlevelofauthority).
*CharacteristicsofGoodProofreadersExcellentspellingabilityThoroughunderstandingofgrammar,punctuation,andsentencestructureUnderstandingoftypographicdetail;technicalknowledgeabouttype,pagedesign,printing,etc*ApproachingaProofreadingProjectProjectdeadlineLevelofauthorityassignedorexpectedNatureofthedocumentStageofthecopyPreviousreviewsOthersinvolvedlaterintheprocess(eg,whowillrespondtoqueries,producecleancopy,proofreadnextversion)*ProofreadforDeviationsfromdeadcopy(ifcomparisonproofread)InconsistenteditorialstylepunctuationcapitalizationNumberstyleabbreviationsunitsofmeasure.
useofitalics,bold,etcreferencesSequenceerrors(alphabeticalandnumerical)*ProofreadforTypos(omissionsofletters,transpositions,etc)MissingorrepeatedwordsorlinesNonstandardgrammarorpoorexposition(eg,incompletesentences,obviousomissionsordiscrepancies)IncorrectmathErrorsinequationsandformulas,includingsymbolsErrorsinheadings,captions,etcErrorsinreferences(eg,calloutdoesnotcorrespond)Errorsintables,graphs,charts(bothtextandgraphics)*ProofreadforTypespecifications/typestyleerrorsFormattingmisalignmentspacingerrors(eg,line,word,orletterspacing;notejustification)linebreaks,worddivisionerrorspositioningfaults(eg,unevenplacementofrunningheads,pagenumbers,etc)*ProofreadforMissingmaterial(pages,tables,illustrations,graphics)Blanksintext(whereitemsaretobeinserted)Mechanicalfaults(smudges,uneveninkcolor,registration,typequality,etc)*ProofreadaSecondTimeDon'treadforsenseTrydifferentmethodsandfindasystem"Read"backwardReadlinesfrombottomofpageupReadlinesfrommiddletotheend,andthenfromthebeginningtothemiddle*MyiasiscausedbylarvalstagesofCochliomyiahominivoraxisoneofthemostimportantectoparasiticproblemsintheNewWorld.
Itaffectsdomesticandwildanimals,includingpeople,inthetropicalandsubtropicalareasofLatinAmerica.
ItisfoundfromsouthernMexicotonorthernArgentina.
Economiclossesaredifficulttoestimate,butdifferentauthorshavegivenannualvaluesvaryingfromUS$100toUS$330million(Baumhover,1966,Horn,1987).
Femaleflieslayeggsondryareasaroundfreshwounds.
Theeggshatchquicklyand,underproperclimaticconditions,theparasitecancompleteitslifecycleinabout21days(FAO).
Iftheparasitepopulationishighandpreventivetreatmentisnotundertaken,mostofthecastrated,dehornedornewlyborncalvesmaysuffermyiasis.
Untreated,thecalvesmaydie,orweightgainwillbeseverelydepressed.
Inlatespring/summer,fliescanbesonumerousthatsomecommonpractices,suchascastrationanddehorning,aredelayeduntilcoldertemperaturesreducetheflypopulation.
*MyiasiscausedbylarvalstagesofCochliomyiahominivoraxisoneofthemostimportantectoparasiticproblemsintheNewWorld.
Itaffectsdomesticandwildanimals,includingpeople,inthetropicalandsubtropicalareasofLatinAmerica.
ItisfoundfromsouthernMexicotonorthernArgentina.
Economiclossesaredifficulttoestimate,butdifferentauthorshavegivenannualvaluesvaryingfromUS$100toUS$330million(Baumhover,1966,Horn,1987).
Femaleflieslayeggsondryareasaroundfreshwounds.
Theeggshatchquicklyand,underproperclimaticconditions,theparasitecancompleteitslifecycleinabout21days(FAO).
Iftheparasitepopulationishighandpreventivetreatmentisnotundertaken,mostofthecastrated,dehornedornewlyborncalvesmaysuffermyiasis.
Untreated,thecalvesmaydie,orweightgainwillbeseverelydepressed.
Inlatespring/summer,fliescanbesonumerousthatsomecommonpractices,suchascastrationanddehorning,aredelayeduntilcoldertemperaturesreducetheflypopulation.
*StandardProofreaders'MarksUniversallyunderstoodUsedtomarkerrorsintextandformat,ie,movingtypeandspaceMustbelegibleUsedifferentcolorinkthantextonpageNopencil!
Noredink!
*StandardProofreaders'MarksMarkerrorstwiceinthetexttoindicatethelocationofthecorrectioninthemargintoshowthecorrectionitselfIfmultipleerrors,markfromlefttoright,separatingmarksbyslashesUsebothmargins*StandardProofreaders'MarksItalicsvsunderlineCircleallinstructionsandexplanationstoindicatethattheinstructionisnottobetypesetCrossoutwithasinglelinesothatthedeletioncanbeseenandread*StandardProofreaders'MarksHehadcuteappendicitis.
*StandardProofreaders'MarksHehadacuteappendicitis.
Hehadacuteappendicitis.
*StandardProofreaders'MarksTheepiploicforamenisanaturalopeningboundedbythecaudatelobeoftheliver,theportalvein,andtheinteriorvenacava.
LinusPaulinglivedtobe93yearsodd.
Einstein'sprincipalofequivalencestatesthatitisimpossibletodistinguishbetweenaninertialforceandagravitationalone.
*StandardProofreaders'MarksGingivalgrowthsareusuallyrelativelyinsensitiveandhavethedensityofconnectivefibroustissue.
Its'associatedwithdiffuseinflammatoryinfiltratesinthelungsandapronouncedperipheraleosinophilia.
WhatisitItspulmonaryinfiltrationwitheosinophilia(PIEsyndrome.
)*StandardProofreaders'MarksProteolyticenzymesfromthestomachandpancreasdegradeproteinintoshort-chainoligopeptides,dipeptides,andproteinsaminoacids.
*StandardProofreaders'MarksProteolyticenzymesfromthestomachandpancreasdegradeproteinintoshort-chainoligopeptides,dipeptides,andproteinsaminoacids.
stet*StandardProofreaders'MarksProteolyticenzymesfromthestomachandpancreasdegradeproteinintoshort-chainoligopeptides,dipeptides,andproteinsaminoacids.
stet*QueriesMisspellings(ifunsureorcannotverify)Incorrectarithmetic(Note:Ifcolumnofnumbersdoesnotaddup,mustdeterminewhichnumber[s]isincorrect.
)Blatantlybadgrammar–notstyle(onlyifitwouldembarrassauthororeditor)Illogicalstatements(eg,33-weekvacation)Inconsistenteditorialstyle,includingpunctuation*QueriesWriteinmarginonlivecopyPost-itnotes–canfalloff,suggestrecordpagenumberonnoteQuerylist–askauthorwhetheracceptable;listshouldbetypedDon'teditorrewrite!
*QueriesSpecifylocationofproblemIndicatenatureofproblemIfnecessary,explainwhyitisaproblem.
Example:"Comparetopg7,line17.
Differentacronymused.
Shoulditbethesame""IsthisOK"isnotagoodquery.
""isevenworse.
*ProofreadingTablesCheckeverythingcheckedinregulartextTrydifferentmethodsandfindasystemProofcolumnheadsProofstubProofcolumnsProofrowsSpacingandalignmentaligncolumnsaccordingtocontentleft,center,decimalpoints,en-dashes*ProofreadingTablesUseofrulesandstraddlerulesArithmeticverifycalculationstranspositionslideerrors,ie,numeralsmistakenlyaddedoromittedConsistencyineditorialstyleFootnotes–calloutsintablesgolefttorightandtoptobottom*FrequentErrorsOmissionsandrepetitions,espatbeginningandendofoflinesHeadlines,titles,headings,etcNotusingaspellcheckerDependingonaspellcheckererrorsthatspellotherwords(eg,food/foot,its/it's)wordsthatsoundalike,butarespelleddifferentlyandhaveadifferentmeaning(eg,there,their)two-letterwords(eg,in,it,if,is)*ProofreadingMethodProofseparateitemsseparatelyanduseachecklist!
Mucheasierandmuchfastertoproofforaspecificitemonallpagesthanitistoproofforallitemsoneachpage.
Combiningtasksleadstoerrors.
Makealistofeachitemandcheckoffasyoucomplete.
*ProofreadingMethodHeadingsandsubheadingsRunningheadsTableofcontents–sequence,accuratepagenumbersTextTables,figures,references–sequenceandformatconsistencyGraphicelementsPagenumbers(folios)–sequence,accuracyinreferencesConsistencyofstyles(specification[spec]sheet)*ProofreadingOtherTypesetElementsLinebreaks:hyphenationPagebreaks:watchforsubheadsatbottomofpageOrphans:singlewordonanewlineWidows:singlelineonanewpage(orcolumn)*ProofreadingOtherTypesetElementsLongladders(stacksofline-endhyphens)andknotholes(identi-calcharactersstackeduponconsecutivelines)areneverdesir-able.
Howmanystackedhyphensareacceptablevariesamongpub-lishersandtypeshopsanddependsonthewidthofthelinemea-sure.
Standardsforblocksvarywiththenumberofcharactersandlinesinvolved.
Theyalsovarywiththetypographicfactorssuchaslinewidthandlinespacingandareoftenamatterofjudgmentratherthanofrule.
*ProofreadingOtherTypesetElementsRivers:verticalwhitespacesthatmeanderverticallydownthepageLakes:"pools"ofwhitespaceinterspersedthroughouttext*ProofreadingOtherTypesetElementsTheCrimeCrimeControlActof1973(PublicLaw93-83).
ThisActfurtherrefinedL.
F.
A.
A.
'sadministrativestructure,revisedblockanddiscretionaryfundingrequire-ments,expandedtheroleoftheNationalInstituteofLawEnforcementandCriminalJustice,andaddedsecurityandprivacyguidelinestosafeguardcriminalhistoryinformation.
*ProofreadingOtherTypesetElementsThecommission,anindependentagencyof12membersofCongressand3executivebranchofficialswhoevaluateandencouragecompliancewiththe1975agreementsignedby35nations,heldhearingsWednesdayandyesterdayonthehumanrightsguaranteesofindividual"freedomtopracticeandprofess…religionorbelief"and"ofequalitybeforethelaw"forminorities.
*ProofreadingOtherTypesetElementsLetterspacingletterswithinwordsgenerallyseparatedfromeachotherbythesameamountofspacewatchespeciallyforlargedisplaytypeinallcaps(headlines,titles,etc)certaincombinationsoflettersneedkerning(eg,AV)*ProofreadingOtherTypesetElementsLetterspacing*ProofreadingOtherTypesetElementsLetterspacing*ProofreadingOtherTypesetElementsTracking:spacebetweenwordsnormalwordspacingisaboutone-thirdofanemallwordspacinginasinglelineshouldbethesamewatchespeciallywhentextisjustifiedLeading:spacebetweenlinesoftypemeasuredinpoints*SpecificProofreadingTipsReadaloud(orwhisper)toyourself.
Improvesaccuracybecauseitforcesyoutolookateveryword.
Placeyourfingeroneachwordtoslowyourselfdown.
Concentrateononelineatatime(usearulerorindexcard).
Putitaway,andtryagainlater.
Adjusttheefforttothejob(coffee-machinememovsannualreport).
*MoreTipsfortheSeriousProofreaderEnsureyouhaveadequateroom(enoughforfourstacksofpaper)andgoodlighting.
Eliminatedistractions(eg,peopletraffic,talking,radio,TV,children,spouses…).
Proofonaninclinedsurface–muchlessfatiguing.
Investinagoodsleeppillow.
Breakeveryhourandlookintothedistance;takeawalk.
*MoreTipsfortheSeriousProofreaderCupyourhandsandplaceyourpalmsoveryoureyes.
Positionyourhandssothatnolightiscomingthrough.
Yourpalmcantouchyoureyelashes,butdonotputpressureonyoureyes.
Aslongthereisnolightcomingin,youcankeepyoureyesopenorclosed.
Now,relaxandimaginethatyou'relookingintothedistantnightsky.
After30-60sec,theeyestrainshouldbeless.
AnExercisetoReduceEyestrain–"TheDistantNightExercise"*MoreTipsfortheSeriousProofreaderKeepwordsandlinesaligned–movethepaperasneededtoaccommodate.
Tackcopyonwallandstandbacktolookatheadlines,titles,spacing,etc.
Lookatcopyupsidedownandsidewaystofindspacingerrorsandmisalignments.
*MoreTipsfortheSeriousProofreaderIfpossible,asksomeoneelsetoproofalso,especiallyifit'syourowncopy.
Withourowncopy,wetendtoseewhatwe"know"isthere,ratherthanwhatreallyisthere.
Printcopyinadifferentfont,adifferentlinelength,oronadifferentcolorpaper(goodfortextonly,notpagelayoutorspacing).
*ProofreadingProducingqualitydocuments/publicationstakesalotoftime,effort,andexpense.
KeystepinreviewprocessProofreadermaybelastpersontoseedocumentbeforepublicationQualityandcredibility