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TRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHRECORD129457ComparisonofCentralBusinessDistrictPedestrianCharacteristicsinCanadaandSriLankaJOHNF.
MORRALL,L.
L.
RATNAYAKE,ANDP.
N.
SENEVIRATNECharacteristicsofpedestriansinthecentralbusinessdistrictofColombo,SriLanka,aredescribed.
Thecharacteristicsmeasuredincludedwalkingspeed,flow,anddensityforsidewalksofvaryingwidths.
ComparisonsaremadewithresultsfromCalgary,Can-ada,andfromotherAsianstudies~ThefindingsindicatethatAsianspeedsforallgroupsaresignificantlylowerthanthoseobservedinCalgary,Canada.
Implicationsofthefindingswithrespecttothetechnologicaltransferofpedestrianplanningtech-niquesbetweenthetwocountriesarealsodiscussed.
Thediffer-encesinpedestriancharacteristicsarecausednotonlybydiffer-encesinspeed,flow,anddensityrelationships,butalsobyculturaldifferences.
Problemscommontobothcountriesarelackofpe-destriandataanddifficultiesinvolvedincollectingpedestriandata.
Suggestionsconcerninglow-costmethodsofupdatingpe-destriancountdataareprovided.
AstudywasundertakenwiththemainobjectiveofdevelopingfacilityplanninganddesignstandardsforColombo,SriLanka.
BasicpedestrianmovementcharacteristicssuchaswalkingspeedwerecomparedbetweenColomboandCalgarytode-termineandexplaindifferencesthatwouldaffectthedirecttransferofWesternplanningpracticesanddesignstandardstoAsiancities.
Calgarywaschosenforcomparisonpurposesforthreeprincipalreasons.
First,bothColomboandCalgaryhaveconcentratedcentralbusinessdistricts(CBDs).
Bothcitieshaveactiveplanstodevelopasystemofelevatedwalk-ways.
Calgary(1),forexample,has44pedestrianbridgestotalingover9kmofelevatedwalkwaysthatprovideaccesstooffice,retail,andculturalfacilitiesaswellastoindoorandoutdoorpublicspaces.
ColombohasplansforanelevatedwalkwaynetworkintheCBDandinthevicinityofcongestedarterials.
Bothcitieshavebeenassemblingadatabaseofpedestriancharacteristics.
ThesecondobjectiveofthestudywastocomparethepedestriancharacteristicsofColombowiththoseofotherAsiancities.
DATACOLLECTIONPedestrianspeedandflowcharacteristicsweremeasuredatthreedifferentlocationsinColomboduringpeakandoff-peakperiodsinJuly1988.
Walkingspeedsweredeterminedbymanuallytimingpedestriansoveratestsection.
InCalgary,walkingspeedsweremeasuredonsixdifferentfacilitiesusingtimelapsephotography,manualobservations,andthemoving-J.
F.
Morrall,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,Alberta,CanadaT2N1N4,L.
L.
Ratnayake,UniversityofMoratuwa,Moratuwa,SriLanka.
P.
N.
Seneviratne,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Quebec,CanadaH3G1M8.
observertechnique.
InColombo,sidewalkwidthsattheob-servationsitesvariedfrom1.
65to3.
73m,whereasinCalgarysidewalkwidthsvariedfrom3to4m.
WALKINGSPEEDSTUDIESTables1and2presenttheresultsofthespeedmeasurementstudiesinColomboandCalgary(2,3),respectively.
Thewalk-ingspeedsforbothcitiesweremeasuredfor3-msidewalks.
WalkingspeedsforSingapore(4)andBangkok,Thailand,(seepaperbyTanaboriboonandGuyanointhisRecord);arepresentedinTables3and4,respectively.
MeanwalkingspeedsforRiyadh,SaudiArabia,areasfollows(5):men,70m/min;women,53m/min;both,65m/min.
COMPARISONOFWALKINGSPEEDSAverageWalkingSpeedsAcomparisonofmeanwalkingspeedsforColomboandCal-gary,aswellasforSingapore,Bangkok,andRiyadh,isasfollows:CityRiyadhBangkokSingaporeColomboCalgaryMeanWalkingSpeed(mlmin)6573747584Themeanwalkingspeedof75m/minforColomboisconsid-erablylowerthanthevalueof84m/minshownforCalgary.
However,theColombowalkingspeedissimilartothevaluesof73and74m/minreportedforBangkokandforSingaporebyTanaboriboon(4;paperinthisRecord).
AlthoughthemeanwalkingspeedforCalgaryisnotintendedtorepresenttherangeofwalkingspeedsinNorthAmericancities,itdoesindicatethatwalkingspeedsinWesterncitiesarehigherthanthoseinAsiancities.
WalkingSpeedsofMenandWomenInbothColomboandCalgary,menwereobservedtowalkfasterthanwomen.
InColombo,theaveragewalkingspeedofmenwasmeasuredat81m/min,or3m/minfasterthanwomen.
InCalgary,thecorrespondingmeanwalkingspeeds58TABLE1COLOMBOWALKINGSPEEDSFOR3-mSIDEWALKSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen81587Women78484Total751487Elderly72478TABLE2CALGARYWALKINGSPEEDSFOR3-mSIDEWALKSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen8613123Women8111120Total8412123TABLE3SINGAPOREWALKINGSPEEDS(4)Statistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen7912123Women6911101Total7412123Elderly54869TABLE4BANGKOKWALKINGSPEEDSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen76999Women70794Total73899Elderly50868SOURCE:PrecedingpaperinthisRecord.
LowValue71686666LuwValue504343LowValue44383836LowValue55515131were86and81mlminformenandwomen,respectively.
Thedifferencewasdeterminedtobesignificantatthe1percentlevel.
ComparedwithSingapore'smeanwalkingspeedof79mlminformenandBangkok'smeanof76mlmin,Colombohasthehighestaveragewalkingspeed.
Similarly,thehighestaveragewalkingspeedforwomenwasrecordedinColomboat78mlmin,comparedwithSingaporeandBangkokat69and70mlmin,respectively.
WalkingSpeedsoftheElderlyTheelderlywereobservedtowalkmoreslowlythanthegen-eralpopulation.
Thewalkingspeedsofelderlypeoplewere72,54,and50mlminforColombo,Singapore,andBangkok,TRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHRECORD1294respectively.
Comparisonsofwalkingspeedsofelderlypeopleweredifficulttomake,becauseagewasnotrecordedduringthefieldsurveys.
WalkingSpeedSummaryInthetabulationofmeanwalkingspeedsreportedaboveforfivecities,themeanwalkingspeedrangesfrom65mlmininRiyadh,SaudiArabia,to84mlmininCalgary,Canada.
MeanwalkingspeedsforthethreeAsiancitiesofBangkok,Sin-gapore,andColombowereobservedtobe73,74,and75mlmin,respectively.
ThedifferencesinwalkingspeedsbetweenCalgaryandColomboareattributedtothephysicaldiffer-encesamongpedestrians(e.
g.
,inheight),culturaldifferences(e.
g.
,indressandshoppinghabits),andattractions(suchaspavementhawkers)locatedalongsidewalks.
SimilarfindingshavebeenreportedforSingapore(4),Bangkok(seepreced-ingpaperinthisRecord),andRiyadh,SaudiArabia(5).
SPEED,RATEOFFLOW,ANDDENSITYSpeed,rateofflow,anddensitymeasurementsweremadeatallthreesurveysitesinColombo.
SpeedVersusRateofFlowFigure1showsspeedversusrateofflow.
Overtheflowrangeof2.
0to16.
0pedlm-min,speedvariedbetween70and80mlmin.
However,nodiscerniblerelationshipwasobservedovertherange.
TheindependenceofspeedandflowwasalsoobservedinCalgary(2).
AttemptstofitlinearmodelstothedatawereunsuccessfulforColombodata.
SpeedVersusDensityFigure2showsspeedversusdensityforColombo.
Off-peaktravelhasadensityrangeof0.
1to0.
2pedlm2andspeedvariesfrom70to80mlmin,withoutadecreaseinspeedasdensityincreases.
Thisisbecauseoff-peaktravelismainlyforshopping.
However,duringthepeakthespeeddropsfrom80to50mlminforadensityrangeof0.
2to0.
3pedlm2,becausethesetripsaremainlyforbusiness.
RateofFlowVersusDensityTherateofflowversusdensityisshowninFigure3.
Atdensitiesfrom0.
20to0.
25pedlm2,theflowratedecreasedfrom8to3pedlm-min.
Therateofflowwasmeasuredat2pedlm-minanddensitywasabout0.
1pedlm2.
Again,off-peakandpeaktravelhavedifferentpurposes(shoppingandbusi-ness,respectively)andthevaluesshouldbeconsideredsep-arately.
-c·"'4E'E'-'1lIllIlla.
U)cIOIllI:10080604020002.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
00DDagDD:a·Df!
af!
a·--···-c;o.
a.
.
.
.
.
.
~.
.
.
.
.
04.
.
Total.
.
00.
.
.
6·.
.
·.
DDr}Flewe.
.
10"II1214Cpeds/m-min)816FIGURE1Plotofmeanspeedversustotalflow.
-c·"'4E'E'-'1lIllIlla.
U)100nnn9080.
.
7060604000.
060.
10.
160.
20.
250.
30.
36DensityCpeds/m2)FIGURE2Plotofspeedversusdensity.
60TRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHRECORD129410,.
.
.
80000.
.
0000000.
.
00000000000o0.
.
o-0000.
.
00.
.
oo.
.
.
.
OOllOO.
.
OOOOOOOOOOOH0000.
.
00000000~000000o000.
.
000000000000000000c·rfEIE'tn.
61lma.
v4HQ''''.
.
,.
2.
,.
.
08.
30.
.
.
.
.
lL2DDDDD00.
10.
150.
20.
260.
30.
35Density(peds/m2)FIGURE3Plotofflowversusdensity.
ESTIMATIONOFPEDESTRIANFLOWS,CHARACTERISTICS,ANDSAMPLINGTECHNIQUESAsnotedattheoutset,thedifficultiesassociatedwithcol-lectingpedestriandatahavelimitedtheabilitytoestablishstandardpedestrianplanningprocedures.
Thecollectionofpedestrianflowdata,whicharefundamentalforevaluatingfacilityperformance,isusuallydonemanuallyandhenceishighlylabor-intensive.
Eventhoughthismaynotposesevereproblemsindevelopingcountries,thecostsofdatacollectioninindustrializedcountriesaresubstantial.
Inordertominimizemanpowercosts,severalestimationprocedureshavebeenusedinpreviousstudies.
OneoftheseisthemethodofexpansionfactorsproposedbySeneviratneandMorrall(6).
Thisprocedureenablestheexpansionoflong-termflowdata.
However,sufficientinformationisre-quiredtoidentifytheappropriateshort-termcounttobeex-panded.
PedestrianflowdatacollectedinCalgaryandMontrealhavedemonstratedthatcountsduringperiodsasshortas5minaresufficientforestimatinghourlyvolumes.
Neverthe-less,theshort-termvariationsrenderitdifficulttoobtainarepresentative5-mincount.
Bayesianestimates,whichrec-ognizethevariationsinflow,areobtainedbycombiningsam-piecountsduringveryshorttimeperiodsusingtheexperienceandjudgmentoftheanalyst.
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS1.
FreeflowpedestrianspeedsforallgroupsinAsiancoun-triesan:signifo:antlylowerthanthoseobservedinCalgary.
2.
Themainexplanationforthedifferenceinspeedsbe-tweenColomboandCalgarymaybephysical(e.
g.
,height)andcultural(e.
g.
,dress)differences,andattractions(suchaspavementhawkers)locatedalongsidewalks.
SimilarfindingshavebeenreportedforSingapore(4),Bangkok(seepreced-ingpaperinthisRecord),andRiyadh,SaudiArabia(5).
ThelowerwalkingspeedsforSingaporewerepartiallyattributedtophysicalandculturalcharacteristics,whereasdressandextremetemperatureswerecitedasreasonsforlowerwalkingspeedsinRiyadh.
3.
PedestrianplanningtechniquesforAsiancountriessuchasColomboshouldbebasedonlocalpedestriancharacter-isticsratherthanonpedestriancharacteristicsfromcitieswithdissimilarculturessuchasCalgary.
4.
DespitetheimportanceofthepedestrianmodeinlargecitieslikeColomboorCalgary,pedestriandatacollectionhasbeenlargelyignoredbecauseofthecostofdatareduction.
Morralletal.
AsamplingtechniquebasedonBayesiantheoryforobtainingthebestestimatesaswellasupdatingshort-termcountsissuggestedasoneadditionalmeansofenhancingpedestrianflowdatabanks.
5.
ThepedestrianmodeisthemostimportantmeansoftravelinSriLanka,yetithasbeenlargelyneglectedinurbantransportationstudiesconductedinColombo.
Neglectofplanningforthepedestrianmodeismanifestedintermsofthelackofsidewalksandpoormaintenanceofexistingwalk-ways.
InmanyareasofColombo,pedestrianandvehiculartrafficmustsharethesameroadspace.
Inviewoftheneglectofthepedestrianmode,futureurbantransportationstudiesshouldincludepedestrianstudiesandfacilitiesonanequalfootingwiththevehicularmodes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTThisresearchwassupportedinpartbytheNaturalSciencesandEngineeringResearchCouncilofCanadaandbytheUniversityofMoratuwa,SriLanka.
61REFERENCES1.
G.
LyonsandD.
Sinclair.
Calgary+15,TwentyYearsofDe-velopment.
PlanCanada,Vol.
27,No.
10,1988.
2.
P.
N.
SeneviratneandJ.
F.
Morrall.
LevelofServiceonPedestrianFacilities.
TransportationQuarterly,Vol.
39,No.
1,1985.
3.
P.
N.
SeneviratneandJ.
F.
Morrall.
AnalysisofFactorsAffectingtheChoiceofRouteofPedestrians.
TransportationPlanningandTechnology,Vol.
10,1985,pp.
147-159.
4.
Y.
Tanaboriboon,S.
S.
Hwa,andC.
H.
Chor.
PedestrianChar-acteristicsStudyinSingapore.
JournalofTransportationEngi-neering,Vol.
112,No.
3,1986.
5.
P.
A.
Koushki.
WalkingCharacteristicsinCentralRiyadh,SaudiArabia.
JournalofTransportationEngineering,Vol.
114,No.
6,1986.
6.
P.
N.
SeneviratneandJ.
F.
Morrall.
EstimatesofPedestrianFlowforClassifyingandEvaluatingPedestrianFacilities.
JournalofAdvancedTransportation,Vol.
24,No.
1,pp.
31-46,1990.
PublicationofthispapersponsoredbyCommitteeonPedestrians.
MORRALL,L.
L.
RATNAYAKE,ANDP.
N.
SENEVIRATNECharacteristicsofpedestriansinthecentralbusinessdistrictofColombo,SriLanka,aredescribed.
Thecharacteristicsmeasuredincludedwalkingspeed,flow,anddensityforsidewalksofvaryingwidths.
ComparisonsaremadewithresultsfromCalgary,Can-ada,andfromotherAsianstudies~ThefindingsindicatethatAsianspeedsforallgroupsaresignificantlylowerthanthoseobservedinCalgary,Canada.
Implicationsofthefindingswithrespecttothetechnologicaltransferofpedestrianplanningtech-niquesbetweenthetwocountriesarealsodiscussed.
Thediffer-encesinpedestriancharacteristicsarecausednotonlybydiffer-encesinspeed,flow,anddensityrelationships,butalsobyculturaldifferences.
Problemscommontobothcountriesarelackofpe-destriandataanddifficultiesinvolvedincollectingpedestriandata.
Suggestionsconcerninglow-costmethodsofupdatingpe-destriancountdataareprovided.
AstudywasundertakenwiththemainobjectiveofdevelopingfacilityplanninganddesignstandardsforColombo,SriLanka.
BasicpedestrianmovementcharacteristicssuchaswalkingspeedwerecomparedbetweenColomboandCalgarytode-termineandexplaindifferencesthatwouldaffectthedirecttransferofWesternplanningpracticesanddesignstandardstoAsiancities.
Calgarywaschosenforcomparisonpurposesforthreeprincipalreasons.
First,bothColomboandCalgaryhaveconcentratedcentralbusinessdistricts(CBDs).
Bothcitieshaveactiveplanstodevelopasystemofelevatedwalk-ways.
Calgary(1),forexample,has44pedestrianbridgestotalingover9kmofelevatedwalkwaysthatprovideaccesstooffice,retail,andculturalfacilitiesaswellastoindoorandoutdoorpublicspaces.
ColombohasplansforanelevatedwalkwaynetworkintheCBDandinthevicinityofcongestedarterials.
Bothcitieshavebeenassemblingadatabaseofpedestriancharacteristics.
ThesecondobjectiveofthestudywastocomparethepedestriancharacteristicsofColombowiththoseofotherAsiancities.
DATACOLLECTIONPedestrianspeedandflowcharacteristicsweremeasuredatthreedifferentlocationsinColomboduringpeakandoff-peakperiodsinJuly1988.
Walkingspeedsweredeterminedbymanuallytimingpedestriansoveratestsection.
InCalgary,walkingspeedsweremeasuredonsixdifferentfacilitiesusingtimelapsephotography,manualobservations,andthemoving-J.
F.
Morrall,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,Alberta,CanadaT2N1N4,L.
L.
Ratnayake,UniversityofMoratuwa,Moratuwa,SriLanka.
P.
N.
Seneviratne,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Quebec,CanadaH3G1M8.
observertechnique.
InColombo,sidewalkwidthsattheob-servationsitesvariedfrom1.
65to3.
73m,whereasinCalgarysidewalkwidthsvariedfrom3to4m.
WALKINGSPEEDSTUDIESTables1and2presenttheresultsofthespeedmeasurementstudiesinColomboandCalgary(2,3),respectively.
Thewalk-ingspeedsforbothcitiesweremeasuredfor3-msidewalks.
WalkingspeedsforSingapore(4)andBangkok,Thailand,(seepaperbyTanaboriboonandGuyanointhisRecord);arepresentedinTables3and4,respectively.
MeanwalkingspeedsforRiyadh,SaudiArabia,areasfollows(5):men,70m/min;women,53m/min;both,65m/min.
COMPARISONOFWALKINGSPEEDSAverageWalkingSpeedsAcomparisonofmeanwalkingspeedsforColomboandCal-gary,aswellasforSingapore,Bangkok,andRiyadh,isasfollows:CityRiyadhBangkokSingaporeColomboCalgaryMeanWalkingSpeed(mlmin)6573747584Themeanwalkingspeedof75m/minforColomboisconsid-erablylowerthanthevalueof84m/minshownforCalgary.
However,theColombowalkingspeedissimilartothevaluesof73and74m/minreportedforBangkokandforSingaporebyTanaboriboon(4;paperinthisRecord).
AlthoughthemeanwalkingspeedforCalgaryisnotintendedtorepresenttherangeofwalkingspeedsinNorthAmericancities,itdoesindicatethatwalkingspeedsinWesterncitiesarehigherthanthoseinAsiancities.
WalkingSpeedsofMenandWomenInbothColomboandCalgary,menwereobservedtowalkfasterthanwomen.
InColombo,theaveragewalkingspeedofmenwasmeasuredat81m/min,or3m/minfasterthanwomen.
InCalgary,thecorrespondingmeanwalkingspeeds58TABLE1COLOMBOWALKINGSPEEDSFOR3-mSIDEWALKSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen81587Women78484Total751487Elderly72478TABLE2CALGARYWALKINGSPEEDSFOR3-mSIDEWALKSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen8613123Women8111120Total8412123TABLE3SINGAPOREWALKINGSPEEDS(4)Statistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen7912123Women6911101Total7412123Elderly54869TABLE4BANGKOKWALKINGSPEEDSStatistics(m/min)StandardHighGroupMeanDeviationValueMen76999Women70794Total73899Elderly50868SOURCE:PrecedingpaperinthisRecord.
LowValue71686666LuwValue504343LowValue44383836LowValue55515131were86and81mlminformenandwomen,respectively.
Thedifferencewasdeterminedtobesignificantatthe1percentlevel.
ComparedwithSingapore'smeanwalkingspeedof79mlminformenandBangkok'smeanof76mlmin,Colombohasthehighestaveragewalkingspeed.
Similarly,thehighestaveragewalkingspeedforwomenwasrecordedinColomboat78mlmin,comparedwithSingaporeandBangkokat69and70mlmin,respectively.
WalkingSpeedsoftheElderlyTheelderlywereobservedtowalkmoreslowlythanthegen-eralpopulation.
Thewalkingspeedsofelderlypeoplewere72,54,and50mlminforColombo,Singapore,andBangkok,TRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHRECORD1294respectively.
Comparisonsofwalkingspeedsofelderlypeopleweredifficulttomake,becauseagewasnotrecordedduringthefieldsurveys.
WalkingSpeedSummaryInthetabulationofmeanwalkingspeedsreportedaboveforfivecities,themeanwalkingspeedrangesfrom65mlmininRiyadh,SaudiArabia,to84mlmininCalgary,Canada.
MeanwalkingspeedsforthethreeAsiancitiesofBangkok,Sin-gapore,andColombowereobservedtobe73,74,and75mlmin,respectively.
ThedifferencesinwalkingspeedsbetweenCalgaryandColomboareattributedtothephysicaldiffer-encesamongpedestrians(e.
g.
,inheight),culturaldifferences(e.
g.
,indressandshoppinghabits),andattractions(suchaspavementhawkers)locatedalongsidewalks.
SimilarfindingshavebeenreportedforSingapore(4),Bangkok(seepreced-ingpaperinthisRecord),andRiyadh,SaudiArabia(5).
SPEED,RATEOFFLOW,ANDDENSITYSpeed,rateofflow,anddensitymeasurementsweremadeatallthreesurveysitesinColombo.
SpeedVersusRateofFlowFigure1showsspeedversusrateofflow.
Overtheflowrangeof2.
0to16.
0pedlm-min,speedvariedbetween70and80mlmin.
However,nodiscerniblerelationshipwasobservedovertherange.
TheindependenceofspeedandflowwasalsoobservedinCalgary(2).
AttemptstofitlinearmodelstothedatawereunsuccessfulforColombodata.
SpeedVersusDensityFigure2showsspeedversusdensityforColombo.
Off-peaktravelhasadensityrangeof0.
1to0.
2pedlm2andspeedvariesfrom70to80mlmin,withoutadecreaseinspeedasdensityincreases.
Thisisbecauseoff-peaktravelismainlyforshopping.
However,duringthepeakthespeeddropsfrom80to50mlminforadensityrangeof0.
2to0.
3pedlm2,becausethesetripsaremainlyforbusiness.
RateofFlowVersusDensityTherateofflowversusdensityisshowninFigure3.
Atdensitiesfrom0.
20to0.
25pedlm2,theflowratedecreasedfrom8to3pedlm-min.
Therateofflowwasmeasuredat2pedlm-minanddensitywasabout0.
1pedlm2.
Again,off-peakandpeaktravelhavedifferentpurposes(shoppingandbusi-ness,respectively)andthevaluesshouldbeconsideredsep-arately.
-c·"'4E'E'-'1lIllIlla.
U)cIOIllI:10080604020002.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
00DDagDD:a·Df!
af!
a·--···-c;o.
a.
.
.
.
.
.
~.
.
.
.
.
04.
.
Total.
.
00.
.
.
6·.
.
·.
DDr}Flewe.
.
10"II1214Cpeds/m-min)816FIGURE1Plotofmeanspeedversustotalflow.
-c·"'4E'E'-'1lIllIlla.
U)100nnn9080.
.
7060604000.
060.
10.
160.
20.
250.
30.
36DensityCpeds/m2)FIGURE2Plotofspeedversusdensity.
60TRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHRECORD129410,.
.
.
80000.
.
0000000.
.
00000000000o0.
.
o-0000.
.
00.
.
oo.
.
.
.
OOllOO.
.
OOOOOOOOOOOH0000.
.
00000000~000000o000.
.
000000000000000000c·rfEIE'tn.
61lma.
v4HQ''''.
.
,.
2.
,.
.
08.
30.
.
.
.
.
lL2DDDDD00.
10.
150.
20.
260.
30.
35Density(peds/m2)FIGURE3Plotofflowversusdensity.
ESTIMATIONOFPEDESTRIANFLOWS,CHARACTERISTICS,ANDSAMPLINGTECHNIQUESAsnotedattheoutset,thedifficultiesassociatedwithcol-lectingpedestriandatahavelimitedtheabilitytoestablishstandardpedestrianplanningprocedures.
Thecollectionofpedestrianflowdata,whicharefundamentalforevaluatingfacilityperformance,isusuallydonemanuallyandhenceishighlylabor-intensive.
Eventhoughthismaynotposesevereproblemsindevelopingcountries,thecostsofdatacollectioninindustrializedcountriesaresubstantial.
Inordertominimizemanpowercosts,severalestimationprocedureshavebeenusedinpreviousstudies.
OneoftheseisthemethodofexpansionfactorsproposedbySeneviratneandMorrall(6).
Thisprocedureenablestheexpansionoflong-termflowdata.
However,sufficientinformationisre-quiredtoidentifytheappropriateshort-termcounttobeex-panded.
PedestrianflowdatacollectedinCalgaryandMontrealhavedemonstratedthatcountsduringperiodsasshortas5minaresufficientforestimatinghourlyvolumes.
Neverthe-less,theshort-termvariationsrenderitdifficulttoobtainarepresentative5-mincount.
Bayesianestimates,whichrec-ognizethevariationsinflow,areobtainedbycombiningsam-piecountsduringveryshorttimeperiodsusingtheexperienceandjudgmentoftheanalyst.
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS1.
FreeflowpedestrianspeedsforallgroupsinAsiancoun-triesan:signifo:antlylowerthanthoseobservedinCalgary.
2.
Themainexplanationforthedifferenceinspeedsbe-tweenColomboandCalgarymaybephysical(e.
g.
,height)andcultural(e.
g.
,dress)differences,andattractions(suchaspavementhawkers)locatedalongsidewalks.
SimilarfindingshavebeenreportedforSingapore(4),Bangkok(seepreced-ingpaperinthisRecord),andRiyadh,SaudiArabia(5).
ThelowerwalkingspeedsforSingaporewerepartiallyattributedtophysicalandculturalcharacteristics,whereasdressandextremetemperatureswerecitedasreasonsforlowerwalkingspeedsinRiyadh.
3.
PedestrianplanningtechniquesforAsiancountriessuchasColomboshouldbebasedonlocalpedestriancharacter-isticsratherthanonpedestriancharacteristicsfromcitieswithdissimilarculturessuchasCalgary.
4.
DespitetheimportanceofthepedestrianmodeinlargecitieslikeColomboorCalgary,pedestriandatacollectionhasbeenlargelyignoredbecauseofthecostofdatareduction.
Morralletal.
AsamplingtechniquebasedonBayesiantheoryforobtainingthebestestimatesaswellasupdatingshort-termcountsissuggestedasoneadditionalmeansofenhancingpedestrianflowdatabanks.
5.
ThepedestrianmodeisthemostimportantmeansoftravelinSriLanka,yetithasbeenlargelyneglectedinurbantransportationstudiesconductedinColombo.
Neglectofplanningforthepedestrianmodeismanifestedintermsofthelackofsidewalksandpoormaintenanceofexistingwalk-ways.
InmanyareasofColombo,pedestrianandvehiculartrafficmustsharethesameroadspace.
Inviewoftheneglectofthepedestrianmode,futureurbantransportationstudiesshouldincludepedestrianstudiesandfacilitiesonanequalfootingwiththevehicularmodes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTThisresearchwassupportedinpartbytheNaturalSciencesandEngineeringResearchCouncilofCanadaandbytheUniversityofMoratuwa,SriLanka.
61REFERENCES1.
G.
LyonsandD.
Sinclair.
Calgary+15,TwentyYearsofDe-velopment.
PlanCanada,Vol.
27,No.
10,1988.
2.
P.
N.
SeneviratneandJ.
F.
Morrall.
LevelofServiceonPedestrianFacilities.
TransportationQuarterly,Vol.
39,No.
1,1985.
3.
P.
N.
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