morningiwillneverletgo

ItivuttakaTHISWASSAIDBYTHEBUDDHAatranslationby≥hnissaroBhikkhu(GeoffreyDeGraff)PRINTEDFORFREEDISTRIBUTION2copyright≥hnissaroBhikkhu2001Thisbookmaybecopiedorreprintedforfreedistributionwithoutpermissionfromthepublisher.
Otherwiseallrightsreserved.
Revisededition,20133ContentsIntroduction–4TheGroupofOnes–7TheGroupofTwos–20TheGroupofThrees–35TheGroupofFours–72Glossary–84Abbreviations–874IntroductionTheItivuttaka,acollectionof112shortdiscourses,takesitsnamefromthestatementatthebeginningofeachofitsdiscourses:this(iti)wassaid(vutta)bytheBlessedOne.
ThecollectionasawholeisattributedtoalaywomannamedKhujjuttar,whoworkedinthepalaceofKingUdenaofKosambasaservanttooneofhisqueens,Smvati.
BecausetheQueencouldnotleavethepalacetoheartheBuddha'sdiscourses,Khujjuttarwentinherplace,memorizedwhattheBuddhasaid,andthenreturnedtothepalacetoteachtheQueenandher500ladies-in-waiting.
Forherefforts,theBuddhacitedKhujjuttarastheforemostofhislaywomendisciplesintermsofherlearning.
Shewasalsoaneffectiveteacher:whentheinnerapartmentsofthepalacelaterburneddown,killingtheQueenandherentourage,theBuddhacommented(inUdna7:10)thatallofthewomenhadreachedatleastthefirststageofawakening.
ThenameoftheItivuttakaisincludedinthestandardearlylistoftheninedivisionsoftheBuddha'steachings—alistthatpredatestheorganizationofthePaliCanonaswenowknowit.
It'simpossibletodetermine,though,theextenttowhichtheextantPaliItivuttakacorrespondstotheItivuttakamentionedinthatlist.
TheChinesecanoncontainsatranslationofanItivuttaka,attributedtoHsüan-tsang,thatstronglyresemblesthetextofthePaliItivuttaka,themajordifferencebeingthatpartsoftheGroupofThreesandalloftheGroupofFoursinthePaliaremissinginHsüan-tsang'stranslation.
EitherthesepartswerelateradditionstothetextthatfoundtheirwayintothePalibutnotintotheSanskritversiontranslatedbyHsüan-tsang,ortheSanskrittextwasincomplete,orHsüan-tsang'stranslation—whichdatesfromthelastmonthsofhislife—wasleftunfinished.
TheextantPaliItivuttakaiscomposedof112itivuttakas(todistinguishbetweenindividualitivuttakasandthecollectionasawhole,thestandardpracticeistocapitalizethelatterandnottheformer.
)Thecollectionisorganizedintofourgroups,accordingtothenumberofitemstreatedineachitivuttaka.
ThustheGroupofOnescontainsitivuttakastreatingoneitem;theGroupofTwos,thosetreatingtwoitems,andsoonuptofour.
Inthisway,theItivuttakaresemblestheAguttaraNikyainitsmethodoforganization.
Andtheresemblancegoesbeyondthat.
ManyofthesuttasintheAguttaraarecomposedofaprosepassagefollowedbyaversesummaryofwhat'sgivenintheprose.
ThiswasapparentlyoneoftheBuddha'stechniquesforhelpinghislistenersrememberhismessage.
IntheItivuttaka,allofthepassagesfollowthispattern:aprosepassage,spokenbytheBuddhatothemonks,followedbyaverse,alsoattributedtotheBuddha,summarizingtheprosepassage.
However,moreoftenthannot,theversesintheitivuttakasaddextrainformationnotcoveredintheprose.
Inmostcases,theextrainformationisfairlyminor,butinafew(suchas§63),it'squiteextensive.
Becausetheprosepassagesare,inmany5instances,extremelyshort,thisraisesthequestionofwhethertheyreportentirediscoursesorsimplygivesthegistofthosediscourses.
Ifjustthegist,thenperhapstheaddedinformationintheversewasactuallytreatedinthefullproseoftheoriginaldiscourse.
MorethananyothercollectionintheCanon,theItivuttakagivesasenseoftheBuddha'sabilitytorecyclehismaterialwhencomposingverses.
Insomecases,entireversesarerepeated(e.
g.
,§15and§105);inothers,aversecomposedononetopicisfittedtoanothertopicsimplywiththechangeofawordortwo(e.
g.
,§§1-6).
Instillothers,repeatedcadencesandlineshelptoroundoutversesonavarietyoftopics(§§52,54,56).
Althoughthistendencymayseemtoindicatealackoforiginality,itisnotaflaw.
Iteasesthetaskoflistenerstryingtomemorizeblocksofmaterial,andpointsoutparallelsbetweensubjectsthatotherwisemightnotbeclear.
Intermsofstyle,theItivuttakadiffersfromitsneighborsintheKhuddakaNikya—suchastheDhammapadaandUdna—inbeinglessobviouslyshapedbyliteraryconsiderations.
Mostoftheproseandversepassagesarestraightforwardlydidactic,andsothecollectionasawholedoesnotconveyastrongliterary"savor"(rasa),theaestheticexperienceofanemotionthatpeopleinancientIndiasoughtinliteraryworks.
However,thecollectiondoescontainoccasionaltracesofaliterarysensibility.
Asanoverallorganizingprinciple,thefinalitivuttakaineachofthefourgroupsconveystheastoundingsavor:theaestheticexperienceconveyedbytheportrayalofsomethingastonishing.
TheGroupofOnesendswithapassage(§27)onhowgoodwillforallbeingsisavictoryexcellingthevictoriesofallthekingsofthepast;theGroupofTwosendswithapassage(§49)ontheArahant'sparadoxicalavoidanceofbothbecomingandnon-becominginmasteringthepathtoawakening.
TheGroupofThreesendswithacelebration(§99)oftheArahantasthetruebrahman;andtheGroupofFoursendswithanevenmoreelaboratecelebration(§112)ofthemanyamazingqualitiesoftheBuddhahimself.
Inthisway,eventhoughthemajorityofpassagesineachgrouparenotliterary,theexperienceofreading(orlisteningto)eachgroupendsonanaestheticallysatisfyingnote.
Alongtheway,thereenoughpoeticfigurestomaintaininterestwithtouchesofaestheticsavor.
Althoughsomeofthesefigures,suchasalliteration,arehardtoconveyintranslation,otherssurvivetherenderingfromPaliintoEnglish.
Themostprominentfiguresaresimiles(§§27,38,50,59,69,74,75,76,78,82,87,89,91,92)andmetaphors(§§38,46,57,58,59,62,68,93,96,112),includingonecompletemetaphor(§109).
Anotherfigureusedisthelamp:apoeticfigureinwhichoneword,suchasanadjectiveoraverb,functionsintwoormoredifferentclausesorsentences.
Thenameofthisfigurecomesfromtheimageofthedifferentclausesorsentences"radiating"fromtheoneword.
ExamplesoflampsintheItivuttakaarein§§27,87,and92.
Otherfiguresincludenarratives(§§22,83,89)distinctions(§§27,112),etymologies(§112),anillustration(§92),arhetoricalquestion(§98),andpraise(§§106,107,112).
Thesefiguresprovideavarietyofaestheticsavors,althoughthemilitarysimilesandmetaphors(§§27,46,67,68,69,62,82),alongwithdistinctionsandpraise,maketheheroicsavor6dominant.
Because,intheaesthetic,traditionofthetime,theheroicsavorissupposedtoshadeintotheastoundingsavorattheendofawork,thisharmonizeswiththeoverallorganizationofeachgroup,notedabove.
Thus,eventhoughtheItivuttakaisnotablatantlyliterarywork,thereisatleastsomeaestheticunitytothecollectionasawhole.
Intermsofcontent,theitivuttakascoverthefullrangeofBuddhistpractice,withanemphasisontheverybasicandveryadvancedstages.
Onthebasiclevels,thetextsfocusonthedistinctionbetweenskillfulandunskillfulbehavior.
Ontheadvanced,theytreatsuchsubtletopicsastheroleofbecomingonthepath(§49),thedifferentaspectsofUnbinding(§44),andthefactthatanArahant,havingabandonedtheAll(§66;§68)cannotbeclassifiedinanyway(§63;§69).
Infact,manyofthediscussionsaboutthesemoreadvancedpointsofthepracticearefoundnowhereelseintheCanon.
Iftheyhadnotbeenmemorized,ourknowledgeoftheBuddha'steachingswouldhavebeenseverelyimpoverished.
LikeQueenSmvatiandherentourage,weareinKhujjuttar'sdebt.
≥hnissaroBhikkhuMettaForestMonasteryMarch,20137TheGroupofOnes§1.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Abandononequality,monks,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
WhichonequalityAbandongreedastheonequality,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
"1ThisisthemeaningofwhattheBlessedOnesaid.
Sowithregardtothisitwassaid:2Thegreedwithwhichbeingsgotoabaddestination,3coveting:fromrightlyknowingthatgreed,thosewhoseeclearlyletgo.
Lettinggo,theynevercometothisworldagain.
This,too,wasthemeaningofwhatwassaidbytheBlessedOne,soIhaveheard.
2NOTES1.
Non-return:Thethirdofthefourlevelsofawakening.
Onreachingthislevel,onewillneverbereborninthisworld.
Anon-returnerwhodoesnotgoontoattainArahantshipinthislifetimewillberebornintheBrahmaworldscalledthePureAbodesandwillattainnibbnathere.
2.
Thesetwostatementsarerepeatedineachitivuttaka.
Toavoidmonotony,theyaregivenhereonlyinthefirstandlastitivuttakas.
3.
Thebaddestinations:rebirthinhell,asahungryghost,asanangrydemon,orasacommonanimal.
Aswiththegooddestinations—rebirthasahumanbeing,inheaven,orintheBrahmaworlds—thesestatesareimpermanentanddependentonkamma.
§2.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Abandononequality,monks,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
WhichonequalityAbandonaversionastheonequality,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
"Theaversionwithwhichbeingsgotoabaddestination,upset:fromrightlyknowingthataversion,thosewhoseeclearlyletgo.
8Lettinggo,theynevercometothisworldagain.
§3.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Abandononequality,monks,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
WhichonequalityAbandondelusionastheonequality,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
"Thedelusionwithwhichbeingsgotoabaddestination,confused:fromrightlyknowingthatdelusion,thosewhoseeclearlyletgo.
Lettinggo,theynevercometothisworldagain.
§4.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Abandononequality,monks,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
WhichonequalityAbandonangerastheonequality,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
"Theangerwithwhichbeingsgotoabaddestination,enraged:fromrightlyknowingthatanger,thosewhoseeclearlyletgo.
Lettinggo,theynevercometothisworldagain.
§5.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Abandononequality,monks,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
WhichonequalityAbandoncontemptastheonequality,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
"Thecontemptwithwhichbeingsgotoabaddestination,disdainful:fromrightlyknowingthatcontempt,thosewhoseeclearlyletgo.
9Lettinggo,theynevercometothisworldagain.
§6.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Abandononequality,monks,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
WhichonequalityAbandonconceitastheonequality,andIguaranteeyounon-return.
"Theconceitwithwhichbeingsgotoabaddestination,proud:fromrightlyknowingthatconceit,thosewhoseeclearlyletgo.
Lettinggo,theynevercometothisworldagain.
§7.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,onewhohasnotfullyknown&fullyunderstoodtheAll,1whosemindhasnotbeencleansedofpassionforit,hasnotabandonedit,isincapableofputtinganendtostress.
Butonewhohasfullyknown&fullyunderstoodtheAll,whosemindhasbeencleansedofpassionforit,hasabandonedit,iscapableofputtinganendtostress.
"KnowingtheAllfromallaround,notstirredbypassioninallplaces:he,havingcomprehendedtheAll,hasgonebeyondallstress.
NOTE:1.
"TheAll"=thesixsenses(sight,hearing,smell,taste,touch,&ideation)andtheirrespectiveobjects.
Thiscoverseveryaspectofexperiencethatcanbedescribed,butdoesnotincludenibbna.
Forafulldiscussionofthispoint,seeTheMindLikeFireUnbound,pp.
30–32.
§8.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,onewhohasnotfullyknown&fullyunderstoodconceit,whosemindhasnotbeencleansedofit,hasnotabandonedit,isincapableofputtinganendtostress.
Butonewhohasfullyknown&fullyunderstoodconceit,whosemindhasbeen10cleansedofit,hasabandonedit,iscapableofputtinganendtostress.
"Peoplearepossessedbyconceitboundwithconceitdelightedwithbecoming.
Notcomprehendingconceit,theycometofurtherbecoming.
Butthosewho,lettinggoofconceit,are,initsdestruction,released,conqueringthebondofconceit,gobeyondallbonds.
§9.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,onewhohasnotfullyknown&fullyunderstoodgreed,whohasnotdetachedhismindfromitandletgoofit,isincapableofputtinganendtostress.
Butonewhohasfullyknown&fullyunderstoodgreed,whohasdetachedhismindfromitandletgoofit,iscapableofputtinganendtostress.
"Thegreedwithwhichbeingsgotoabaddestination,coveting:fromrightlyknowingthatgreed,thosewhoseeclearlyletgo.
Lettinggo,theynevercometothisworldagain.
§§10–13.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,onewhohasnotfullyknown&fullyunderstoodaversion…delusion…anger…contempt,whohasnotdetachedhismindfromitandletgoofit,isincapableofputtinganendtostress.
Butonewhohasfullyknown&fullyunderstoodaversion…delusion…anger…contempt,whohasdetachedhismindfromitandletgoofit,iscapableofputtinganendtostress.
"[THEVERSESFORTHESEDISCOURSESAREIDENTICALWITHTHOSEFOR§§2–5.
]§14.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,Idon'tenvisionevenoneotherhindrance—hinderedbywhichpeoplegowandering&transmigratingonforalong,longtime—likethehindranceofignorance.
Hinderedbythehindranceofignorance,peoplegowandering&11transmigratingonforalong,longtime.
"Nooneotherthingsohinderspeoplethattheywanderon,day&night,aswhenthey'reobstructedbydelusion.
Butthosewho,lettinggoofdelusion,shatterthemassofdarkness,wandernofurther.
Theircauseisn'tfound.
§15.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,Idon'tenvisionevenoneotherfetter—fetteredbywhichbeingsconjoinedgowandering&transmigratingonforalong,longtime—likethefetterofcraving.
Fetteredwiththefetterofcraving,beingsconjoinedgowandering&transmigratingonforalong,longtime.
"Withcravinghiscompanion,amanwandersonalong,longtime.
Neitherinthisstateherenoranywhereelsedoeshegobeyondthewandering-on.
Knowingthisdrawback—thatcravingbringsstressintoplay—freefromcraving,devoidofclinging,mindful,themonklivesthemendicantlife.
Seealso:SN21:10;SN35:63;§105;Sn3:12§16.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,withregardtointernalfactors,Idon'tenvisionanyothersinglefactorlikeappropriateattention1asdoingsomuchforamonkintraining,2whohasnotattainedtheheart'sgoalbutremainsintentontheunsurpassedsafetyfrombondage.
3Amonkwhoattendsappropriatelyabandonswhatisunskillfulanddevelopswhatisskillful.
Appropriateattentionasaqualityofamonkintraining:nothingelse12doessomuchforattainingthesuperlativegoal.
Amonk,strivingappropriately,attainstheendingofstress.
NOTES1.
Appropriateattention(yonisomanasikra)istheabilitytofocusattentiononquestionsthatleadtotheendofsuffering.
MN2liststhefollowingquestionsasnotfitforattention:"WasIinthepastWasInotinthepastWhatwasIinthepastHowwasIinthepast…ShallIbeinthefutureShallInotbeinthefutureWhatshallIbeinthefutureHowshallIbeinthefuture…AmIAmInotWhatamIHowamIWherehasthisbeingcomefromWhereisitbound"Thediscoursealsoliststhefollowingissuesasfitforattention:"Thisisstress.
Thisistheoriginationofstress.
Thisisthecessationofstress.
Thisisthewayleadingtothecessationofstress.
"Otherpassagesshowthatappropriateattentionviewsexperiencenotonlyintermsofthefournobletruths,butalsointermsofthedutiesappropriatetothosetruths.
SeeSN22:122andSN46:51.
2.
Aperson"intraining"isonewhohasattainedatleastthefirstlevelofawakening,butnotyetthefinallevel.
3.
Bondage=thefouryokes:sensualpassion,becoming,views,&ignorance.
§17.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,withregardtoexternalfactors,Idon'tenvisionanyothersinglefactorlikefriendshipwithadmirablepeople1asdoingsomuchforamonkintraining,whohasnotattainedtheheart'sgoalbutremainsintentontheunsurpassedsafetyfrombondage.
Amonkwhoisafriendwithadmirablepeopleabandonswhatisunskillfulanddevelopswhatisskillful.
"Amonkwho'safriendtoadmirablepeople—who'sreverential,respectful,doingwhathisfriendsadvise—mindful,alert,attainsstepbysteptheendingofallfetters.
NOTE:1.
InSN45:2theBuddhasays,"Havingadmirablepeople(kalya-mitta)asfriends,companions,andcolleaguesisactuallythewholeoftheholylife.
Whenamonkhasadmirablepeopleasfriends,companions,andcolleagues,hemaybeexpectedtodevelopandpursuethenobleeightfoldpath.
…It'sindependenceonmeasanadmirablefriendthatbeingssubjecttobirthhavegainedreleasefrombirth…aging…death…sorrow,lamentation,pain,distress,anddespair.
"Seealso:AN5:180;AN9:1;§76;Ud4:113§18.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Onething,monks,whenarisingintheworld,arisesforthedetrimentofmany,fortheunhappinessofmany,forthedetriment&unhappinessofmanybeings,bothhuman&divine.
WhichonethingSchismintheSagha.
WhentheSaghaissplit,thereareargumentswithoneanother,thereisabuseofoneanother,gangingupononeanother,abandoningofoneanother.
Therethosewithlittleconfidence[intheteaching]loseallconfidence,whilesomeofthosewhoareconfidentbecomeotherwise.
"Doomedforaneontodeprivation,tohell:onewhohassplittheSagha.
Delightinginfactions,unjudicious—he'sbarredfromsafetyfrombondage.
HavingsplitaSaghainconcord,hecooksforaneoninhell.
§19.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Onething,monks,whenarisingintheworld,arisesforthewelfareofmany,forthehappinessofmany,forthewelfare&happinessofmanybeings,bothhuman&divine.
WhichonethingConcordintheSagha.
WhentheSaghaisinconcord,therearenoargumentswithoneanother,noabuseofoneanother,nogangingupononeanother,noabandoningofoneanother.
Therethosewithlittleconfidence[intheteaching]becomeconfident,whilethosealreadyconfidentbecomeevenmoreso.
"BlissfulisconcordintheSagha.
Onewhoassistsinconcord—delightinginconcord,judicious—isn'tbarredfromsafetyfrombondage.
HavingbroughtconcordtotheSagha,herejoicesforaneoninheaven.
§20.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thereisthecasewhereacertainpersoniscorrupt-minded.
Havingencompassedthatmindwith[my]awareness,Idiscern,'Ifthispersonweretodieatthis14instant,thenasifheweretobecarriedoff,hewouldthusbeplacedinhell.
'WhyisthatBecausehismindiscorrupt.
It'sbecauseofcorrupt-mindednessthattherearecaseswherebeings—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath—reappearinaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
"Knowingthecaseofacorrupt-mindedperson,theOneAwakenedexplaineditsmeaninginthepresenceofthemonks.
Ifthatpersonweretodieatthisinstant,he'dreappearinhellbecausehismindiscorrupt—asifhewerecarriedoffandplacedthere.
It'sbecauseofcorrupt-mindednessthatbeingsgotoabaddestination.
§21.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thereisthecasewhereacertainpersonisclear-minded.
Havingencompassedthatmindwith[my]awareness,Idiscern,'Ifthispersonweretodieatthisinstant,thenasifheweretobecarriedoff,hewouldthusbeplacedinheaven.
'WhyisthatBecausehismindisclear.
It'sbecauseofclear-mindednessthattherearecaseswheresomebeings—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath—reappearinaheavenlyworld.
"Knowingthecaseofaclear-mindedperson,theOneAwakenedexplaineditsmeaninginthepresenceofthemonks.
Ifthatpersonweretodieatthisinstant,he'dreappearinheavenbecausehismindisclear—asifhewerecarriedoffandplacedthere.
It'sbecauseofclear-mindednessthatbeingsgotoagooddestination.
§22.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,don'tbeafraidofactsofmerit.
Thisisasynonymforwhatisblissful,desirable,pleasing,endearing,charming—i.
e.
,actsofmerit.
Idirectlyknowthat,having15longperformedmeritoriousdeeds,Ilongexperienceddesirable,pleasing,endearing,charmingresults.
Havingdevelopedamindofgoodwillforsevenyears,thenforseveneonsofcontraction&expansionIdidn'treturntothisworld.
Whenevertheeonwascontracting,Ienteredthe[realmof]Radiance.
Whenevertheeonwasexpanding,IreappearedinanemptyBrahma-abode.
ThereIwasBrahma,theGreatBrahma,theUnconqueredConqueror,TotalSeer,WielderofPower.
Thenforthirty-sixtimesIwasSakka,rulerofthegods.
FormanyhundredsoftimesIwasaking,awheel-turningemperor,arighteouskingofDhamma,conquerorofthefourcornersoftheearth,maintainingstablecontroloverthecountryside,endowedwiththeseventreasures1—tosaynothingofthetimesIwasalocalking.
Thethoughtoccurredtome,'Ofwhatactionofmineisthisthefruit,ofwhatactiontheresult,thatInowhavesuchgreatpower&might'Thenthethoughtoccurredtome,'Thisisthefruitofmythree[typesof]action,theresultofthreetypesofaction,thatInowhavesuchgreatpower&might:i.
e.
,generosity,self-control,&restraint.
'"Traininactsofmeritthatyieldtheforemostprofitofbliss—developgenerosity,alifeintune,amindofgoodwill.
Developingthesethreethingsthatbringaboutbliss,thewisereappearinaworldofblissunalloyed.
NOTE:1.
Theseventreasuresareadivinewheel,anidealjewel,anidealelephant,anidealhorse,anidealwife,anidealtreasurer,anidealcounselor.
SeealsoSN3:4,17,20,25;§60§23.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Thisonequality,monks,whendeveloped&pursued,keepsbothkindsofbenefitsecure:benefitinthislife&inlivestocome.
WhichonequalityHeedfulnesswithregardtoskillfulqualities.
Thisistheonequalitythat,whendeveloped&pursued,keepsbothkindsofbenefitsecure:benefitinthislife&inlivestocome.
"Theypraiseheedfulness,thewise,indoingactsofmerit.
Whenheedful,wise,youachievebothkindsofbenefit:benefitsinthislife,16&benefitsinlivestocome.
Bybreakingthroughtoyourbenefit,you'recalledenlightened,wise.
Seealso:SN3:17;SN20:6;AN4:113;AN6:19-20;AN10:15;Dhp21–32§24.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,ifasinglepersonweretowander&transmigrateonforaneon,he/shewouldleavebehindachainofbones,apileofbones,aheapofbones,aslargeasthisMountVepulla,ifthereweresomeonetocollectthemandthecollectionwerenotdestroyed.
"Theaccumulationofasingleperson'sbonesforaneonwouldbeaheaponaparwiththemountain,sosaidtheGreatSeer.
(HedeclaredthistobethegreatMountVepullatothenorthofVulture'sPeakinthemountain-ringoftheMagadhans.
)1ButwhenthatpersonseeswithrightdiscernmentthefourNobleTruths—stress,thecauseofstress,thetranscendingofstress,&thenobleeightfoldpath,thewaytothestillingofstress—havingwanderedonseventimesatmost,then,withtheendingofallfetters,hemakesanendofstress.
NOTE:1.
MagadhawasakingdominthetimeoftheBuddha,correspondingroughlytothepresentdaystateofBihar.
Itscapitalcity,Rjagaha,wassurroundedbyaringoffivemountains.
Vulture'sPeak,asecludedrockoutcropinthemiddleofthering,wasaspotfrequentedbytheBuddha.
Seealso:SN15:317§25.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,forthepersonwhotransgressesinonething,Itellyou,thereisnoevildeedthatisnottobedone.
WhichonethingThis:tellingadeliberatelie.
"Forthepersonwholies,whotransgressesinthisonething,transcendingconcernfortheworldbeyond:there'snoevilnottobedone.
Seealso:MN61§26.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,ifbeingsknew,asIknow,theresultsofgiving&sharing,theywouldnoteatwithouthavinggiven,norwouldthestainofselfishnessovercometheirminds.
Evenifitweretheirlastbite,theirlastmouthful,theywouldnoteatwithouthavingshared,ifthereweresomeonetoreceivetheirgift.
Butbecausebeingsdonotknow,asIknow,theresultsofgiving&sharing,theyeatwithouthavinggiven.
Thestainofselfishnessovercomestheirminds.
"IfbeingsknewwhattheGreatSeersaid,howtheresultofsharinghassuchgreatfruit,then,subduingthestainofselfishnesswithbrightenedawareness,they'dgiveinseasontothenobleones,whereagiftbearsgreatfruit.
Havinggivenfoodasanofferingtothoseworthyofofferings,manydonors,whentheypassawayfromhere,thehumanstate,gotoheaven.
They,havinggonetheretoheaven,rejoice,enjoyingsensualpleasures.
Unselfish,theypartakeoftheresult18ofsharing.
Seealso:SN1:41;AN3:52–53;AN5:34;AN5:36–37;AN7:49§27.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,allthegroundsformakingmeritleadingtospontaneouslyarising[inheaven]donotequalone-sixteenthoftheawareness-releasethroughgoodwill.
Goodwill—surpassingthem—shines,blazes,&dazzles.
"Justastheradianceofallthestarsdoesnotequalone-sixteenthoftheradianceofthemoon,asthemoon—surpassingthem—shines,blazes,&dazzles,evenso,allthegroundsformakingmeritleadingtospontaneouslyarising[inheaven]donotequalone-sixteenthoftheawareness-releasethroughgoodwill.
Goodwill—surpassingthem—shines,blazes,&dazzles.
"Justasinthelastmonthoftherains,inautumn,whentheskyisclear&cloudless,thesun,onascendingthesky,overpowersthespaceimmersedindarkness,shines,blazes,&dazzles,evenso,allthegroundsformakingmeritleadingtospontaneouslyarising[inheaven]donotequalone-sixteenthoftheawareness-releasethroughgoodwill.
Goodwill—surpassingthem—shines,blazes,&dazzles.
"Justasinthelaststageofthenightthemorningstarshines,blazes,&dazzles,evenso,allthegroundsformakingmeritleadingtospontaneouslyarising[inheaven]donotequalone-sixteenthoftheawareness-releasethroughgoodwill.
Goodwill—surpassingthem—shines,blazes,&dazzles.
"Whenonedevelops—mindful—goodwillwithoutlimit,fettersarewornthrough,onseeingtheendingofacquisitions.
Ifwithuncorruptedmindyoufeelgoodwillforevenonebeing,youbecomeskilledfromthat.
Butanobleoneproducesamindofsympathyforallbeings,anabundanceofmerit.
Kinglyseers,whoconqueredtheearthswarmingwithbeings,wentaboutmakingsacrifices:thehorsesacrifice,humansacrifice,waterrites,somarites,19&the"Unobstructed,"butthesedon'tequalonesixteenthofawell-developedmindofgoodwill—asalltheconstellationsdon't,onesixteenthoftheradianceofthemoon.
Onewhoneitherkillsnorgetsotherstokill,neitherconquers,norgetsotherstoconquer,withgoodwillforallbeings,hasnohostilitywithanyoneatall.
Seealso:SN42:8;AN3:66;AN5:27;AN11:16;Khp920TheGroupofTwos§28.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Endowedwithtwothings,monks,amonklivesinstressinthepresentlife—troubled,distressed,&feverish—andatthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,abaddestinationcanbeexpected.
WhichtwoAlackofguardingofthedoorsofthesensefaculties,andknowingnomoderationinfood.
Endowedwiththesetwothings,amonklivesinstressinthepresentlife—troubled,distressed,&feverish—andatthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,abaddestinationcanbeexpected.
"Eye&ear&nose,tongue,body&mind:whenamonkleavesthesedoorsunguarded—knowingnomoderationinfood,notrestraininghissenses—heexperiencesstress:stressinbody,stressinmind.
Burninginbody,burninginmind,whetherbydayorbynight,onelikethislivesinsuffering&stress.
§29.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Endowedwithtwothings,monks,amonklivesineaseinthepresentlife—untroubled,undistressed,&unfeverish—andatthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,agooddestinationcanbeexpected.
WhichtwoAguardingofthedoorsofthesensefaculties,andknowingmoderationinfood.
Endowedwiththesetwothings,amonklivesineaseinthepresentlife—untroubled,undistressed,&unfeverish—andatthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,agooddestinationcanbeexpected.
"Eye&ear&nose,tongue,body,&mind:whenamonkhasthesedoorswellguarded—knowingmoderationinfood,restraininghissenses—heexperiencesease:easeinbody,easeinmind.
Notburninginbody,21notburninginmind,whetherbydayorbynight,onelikethislivesinease.
§30.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesetwothingsthatcauseremorse.
WhichtwoThereisthecaseofthepersonwhohasnotdonewhatisadmirable,hasnotdonewhatisskillful,hasnotgivenprotectiontothoseinfear,andinsteadhasdonewhatisevil,savage,&cruel.
Thinking,'Ihavenotdonewhatisadmirable,'hefeelsremorse.
Thinking,'Ihavedonewhatisevil,'hefeelsremorse.
Thesearethetwothingsthatcauseremorse.
"Havingengagedinbodilymisconduct,verbalmisconduct,misconductofmind,1orwhateverelseisflawed,nothavingdonewhatisskillful,havingdonemuchthatisnot,atthebreak-upofthebody,theundiscerningonereappearsinhell.
NOTE:1.
AN10:176definesbodilymisconductaskilling,stealing,andsexualmisconduct;verbalmisconductaslies,divisivespeech,harshspeech,andidlechatter;andmentalmisconductascovetousness,illwill,andwrongviews(seethenoteto§32).
Seealso:AN4:184§31.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesetwothingsthatcausenoremorse.
WhichtwoThereisthecaseofthepersonwhohasdonewhatisadmirable,hasdonewhatisskillful,hasgivenprotectiontothoseinfear,andhasdonenothingthatisevil,savage,orcruel.
Thinking,'Ihavedonewhatisadmirable,'hefeelsnoremorse.
Thinking,'Ihavenotdonewhatisevil,'hefeelsnoremorse.
Thesearethetwothingsthatcausenoremorse.
"Havingabandonedbodilymisconduct,verbalmisconduct,misconductofmind,&whateverelseisflawed,nothavingdonewhat'snotskillful,22havingdonemuchthatis,atthebreak-upofthebody,thediscerningonereappearsinheaven.
§32.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Endowedwithtwothings,monks,aperson—asifcarriedoff—isthusplacedinhell.
WhichtwoEvilhabits&evilviews.
Endowedwiththesetwothings,aperson—asifcarriedoff—isthusplacedinhell.
"Evilhabits&evilviews:1aperson,undiscerning,endowedwiththesetwothings,atthebreak-upofthebodyreappearsinhell.
NOTE:1.
MN22givesthefollowingexampleofanevilview:"AsIunderstandtheDhammataughtbytheBlessedOne,thoseactstheBlessedOnesaysareobstructive,whenindulgedin,arenotgenuineobstructions.
"MN38givesanotherexample:"AsIunderstandtheDhammataughtbytheBlessedOne,itisjustthisconsciousnessthatrunsandwanderson[frombirthtobirth],notanother.
"§33.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Endowedwithtwothings,monks,aperson—asifcarriedoff—isthusplacedinheaven.
WhichtwoAuspicioushabits&auspiciousviews.
Endowedwiththesetwothings,aperson—asifcarriedoff—isthusplacedinheaven.
"Auspicioushabits&auspiciousviews:aperson,discerning,endowedwiththesetwothings,atthebreak-upofthebodyreappearsinheaven.
§34.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,apersonwithoutardency,withoutcompunction,isincapableofself-awakening,incapableofUnbinding,incapableofattainingtheunsurpassedsafetyfrombondage.
Apersonardent&compunctiousiscapableofself-awakening,capableofUnbinding,capableofattainingtheunsurpassedsafetyfrombondage.
"Withnoardency,nocompunction,23lazy,withlowpersistence,fullofsloth&drowsiness,shameless,withoutrespect:he'sincapable,amonklikethis,oftouchingsuperlativeself-awakening.
Butwhoeverismindful,masterful,absorbedinjhna,ardent,concerned,&heedful,cuttingthefetterofbirth&aging,touchesrighthereaself-awakeningun-surpassed.
§35.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thisholylifeislived,notforthesakeofdeceivingpeople,notforthesakeofinveiglingpeople,notforthesakeoftherewardsofgain,offerings,&tribute,norwiththethought,'Thusmaypeopleknowme.
'Thisholylifeislivedforthesakeofrestraint&abandoning.
"Forthesakeofrestraint,forthesakeofabandoning,he,theBlessedOne,taughtaholylifenothandeddown,1comingashoreinUnbinding.
Thispathispursuedbythosegreatinpurpose,greatseers.
Thosewhofollowit,astaughtbytheOneAwakened,heedingtheTeacher'smessage,willputanendtosuffering&stress.
NOTE:1.
"Nothandeddown":notderivedfromanancienttradition,andnotdependentonancienttraditionforitsauthority.
ThisitivuttakaisnearlyidenticalwithAN4:25.
§36.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thisholylifeislived,notforthesakeofdeceivingpeople,notforthesakeof24inveiglingpeople,notforthesakeoftherewardsofgain,offerings,&tribute,norwiththethought,'Thusmaypeopleknowme.
'Thisholylifeislivedforthesakeofdirectknowledge1&fullcomprehension.
"Forthesakeofdirectknowledge&fullcomprehension,he,theBlessedOne,taughtaholylifenothandeddown,comingashoreinUnbinding.
Thispathispursuedbythosegreatinpurpose,greatseers.
Thosewhofollowit,astaughtbytheOneAwakened,heedingtheTeacher'smessage,willputanendtosuffering&stress.
NOTE:1.
Directknowledge=abhi.
TheCanonlistssixtypesofabhi:psychicpowers,clairaudience,theabilitytoreadthemindsofothers,recollectionofpastlives,clairvoyance,and—mostimportantofall—knowledgeoftheendingofthementaleffluents.
§37.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Endowedwithtwothings,monks,amonklivesfullofeaseinthehere-&-nowandisappropriatelyarousedfortheendingoftheeffluents.
WhichtwoAsenseofurgencytowardthingsthatshouldinspireurgency1and,feelingurgency,appropriateexertion.
Endowedwithtwothings,amonklivesfullofeaseinthehere-&-nowandisappropriatelyarousedfortheendingoftheeffluents.
"Feelingurgencyrightheretowardwhatshouldinspireurgency,thewise,masterful,ardentmonkshouldinvestigatewithdiscernment.
Onewholivesthusardently,notrestlessly,atpeace,committedtoawareness-tranquility,wouldattaintheendingofsuffering&stress.
25NOTE:1.
Urgency=savega.
Othermeaningsforthistermincludeawe,shock,dismay,andalienation.
InthePaliCanon,thisemotionisoftenaccompaniedbyfearandasensedneedtoescapefromoverwhelmingdanger.
ThethingsthatshouldinspireurgencyarethefirstfourofthefivereflectionslistedinAN5:57:"Iamsubjecttoaging,havenotgonebeyondaging.
Iamsubjecttoillness,havenotgonebeyondillness.
Iamsubjecttodeath,havenotgonebeyonddeath.
Iwillgrowdifferent,separatefromallthatisdear&appealingtome.
"Appropriateexertionisindicatedbythefifthreflection:"Iamtheownerofactions,heirtoactions,bornofactions,relatedthroughactions,andhaveactionsasmyarbitrator.
WhateverIdo,forgoodorforevil,tothatwillIfallheir.
"§38.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,twotrainsofthoughtoftenoccurtotheTathgata,worthy&rightlyself-awakened:thethoughtofsafety&thatofseclusion.
"TheTathgataenjoysnon-illwill,delightsinnon-illwill.
Tohim—enjoyingnon-illwill,delightinginnon-illwill—thisthoughtoftenoccurs:'BythisactivityIharmnooneatall,whetherweakorfirm.
'"TheTathgataenjoysseclusion,delightsinseclusion.
Tohim—enjoyingseclusion,delightinginseclusion—thisthoughtoftenoccurs:'Whateverisunskillfulisabandoned.
'"Thus,monks,youtooshouldliveenjoyingnon-illwill,delightinginnon-illwill.
Toyou—enjoyingnon-illwill,delightinginnon-illwill—thisthoughtwilloftenoccur:'Bythisactivityweharmnooneatall,whetherweakorfirm.
'"Youtooshouldliveenjoyingseclusion,delightinginseclusion.
Toyou—enjoyingseclusion,delightinginseclusion—thisthoughtwilloftenoccur:'WhatisunskillfulWhatisnotyetabandonedWhatareweabandoning'"TotheTathgata,awakened,whoenduredwhatishardtoendure,twothoughtsoccur:safetythefirstthoughtmentioned;seclusiontheseconddeclared.
Thedispellerofdarkness,freeofeffluent,thegreatseerwhohasgonebeyond,reachedattainment,gainedmastery,crossedoverthepoisons;who'sreleasedintheendingofcraving:thatsagebearshislastbody,hasshakenoffMra,Itellyou,26hasgonebeyondaging.
Asonestandingonarockycragwouldseethepeopleallaroundbelow,sothewiseone,withtheall-aroundeye,havingscaledthetowermadeofDhamma,havingcrossedoversorrow,gazesonthoseoverwhelmedwithsorrow,conqueredbyaging&death.
Seealso:Dhp28§39.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,theTathgata—worthy&rightlyself-awakened—hastwoDhammadiscoursesgiveninsequence.
Whichtwo'Seeevilasevil.
'ThisisthefirstDhammadiscourse.
'Havingseenevilasevil,becomedisenchantedthere,dispassionatethere,released.
'ThisisthesecondDhammadiscourse.
ThesearethetwoDhammadiscoursesthattheTathgata—worthy&rightlyself-awakened—hasgiveninsequence.
"Seethetwostatements,declaredinsequence,bytheTathgata,awakened,sympathetictoallbeings.
Thefirst:seeevil.
Bedispassionatetheretowardevil.
Then,withaminddispassionate,youwillmakeanendofsuffering&stress.
§40.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,ignorance1precedesthearrivalofunskillfulqualities;lackofshame&lackofcompunction2followafter.
Clearknowingprecedesthearrivalofskillfulqualities;shame&compunctionfollowafter.
"Anybaddestinationsinthisworld,inthenext,arerootedinignorance—all—accumulationsofdesire&greed.
27Andwhenapersonofevildesireslacksshame&respect,evilcomesfromthat,andbythathegoestodeprivation.
Socleansingawayignorance,desire,&greed,amonkgivingrisetoclearknowingwouldabandonallbaddestinations.
NOTES1.
Ignorance(avijj)meansignoranceofstress,itsorigination,itscessation,andthewayleadingtoitscessation.
2.
Shame(hiri)meansahealthysenseofshame—derivedfromself-esteem—attheideaofdoingevil.
Compunction(ottappa)meansfearoftheconsequencesofdoingevil.
§41.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thosebeingsaretrulydeprivedwhoaredeprivedofnoblediscernment.
Theyliveinstressinthepresentlife—troubled,distressed,&feverish—andatthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,abaddestinationcanbeexpected.
"Thosebeingsarenotdeprivedwhoarenotdeprivedofnoblediscernment.
Theyliveineaseinthepresentlife—untroubled,undistressed,¬feverish—andatthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,agooddestinationcanbeexpected.
Lookattheworld—includingitsheavenlybeings:deprivedofdiscernment,makinganabodeinname-&-form,itconceivesthat'Thisisthetruth.
'Thebestdiscernmentintheworldiswhatleadstopenetration,foritrightlydiscernsthetotalendingofbirth&becoming.
Human&heavenlybeingsholdthemdear:thosewhoareself-awakened,mindful,bearingtheirlastbodieswithjoyfuldiscernment.
28§42.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thesetwobrightqualitiessafeguardtheworld.
WhichtwoShame&compunction.
Ifthesetwobrightqualitiesdidnotsafeguardtheworld,therewouldbenodiscerningof"mother,""aunt,""uncle'swife,""teacher'swife,"or"wifeofthosedeservingrespect.
"Theworldwouldfallintopromiscuity,likeramswithgoats,roosterswithpigs,ordogswithjackals.
Butbecausethesetwobrightqualitiesdosafeguardtheworld,thereisthediscerningof"mother,""aunt,""uncle'swife,""teacher'swife,"&"wifeofthosedeservingrespect.
"Thoseinwhomshame&compunctionarenotalwaysfoundhavestrayedfromthebrightroot,areheadedtobirth&death.
Butthoseinwhomshame&compunctionalwaysarerightlyestablished,whoarematureintheholylife:theyarecalm,theirfurtherbecomingended.
§43.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Thereis,monks,anunborn1—unbecome—unmade—unfabricated.
Iftherewerenotthatunborn—unbecome—unmade—unfabricated,therewouldnotbethecasethatescapefromtheborn—become—made—fabricatedwouldbediscerned.
Butpreciselybecausethereisanunborn—unbecome—unmade—unfabricated,escapefromtheborn—become—made—fabricatedisthusdiscerned.
"Theborn,become,produced,made,fabricated,impermanent,fabricatedofaging&death,anestofillnesses,perishing,come-into-beingthroughnourishmentandtheguide[thatiscraving]—isunfitfordelight.
Theescapefromthatispeaceful,permanent,aspherebeyondconjecture,unborn,unproduced,29thesorrowless,stainlessstate,thecessationofstressfulqualities,stilling-of-fabricationsbliss.
NOTE:1.
Somescholarshavearguedthattheterm"unborn"cannotbeusedtodistinguishUnbindingfromtransmigration,astherearediscourses(suchasSN15:3)statingthattransmigrationitselfhasnobeginningpoint,implyingthatittooisunborn.
Thustheyarguethatinthispassagethetermajta,althoughapastparticiple,shouldbetranslatedas,"withoutbirth.
"However,thisargumentisbasedontwoquestionablepremises.
First,itassumesthatUnbindingisherebeingcontrastedwithtransmigration,eventhoughthepassagesimplycontrastsitwiththefabricated.
Secondly,evenassumingthatthephrase"theborn—thebecome,"etc.
,isareferencetotransmigration,thescholars'argumentisbasedonamisreadingofSN15:3.
There,transmigrationissaidtohavean"inconceivable"or"undiscoverable"beginningpoint.
Thisisverydifferentfromsayingthatitisunborn.
Iftransmigrationwereunborn,itwouldbeunfabricated(seeAN3:47),whichisobviouslynotthecase.
Thus,intranslatingthistermtodescribeUnbinding,Ihavemaintainedthestraightgrammaticalreading,"unborn.
"§44.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesetwoformsoftheUnbindingproperty.
WhichtwoTheUnbindingpropertywithfuelremaining,&theUnbindingpropertywithnofuelremaining.
AndwhatistheUnbindingpropertywithfuelremainingThereisthecasewhereamonkisanArahantwhoseeffluentshaveended,whohasreachedfulfillment,finishedthetask,laiddowntheburden,attainedthetruegoal,destroyedthefetterofbecoming,andisreleasedthroughrightgnosis.
Hisfivesensefacultiesstillremainand,owingtotheirbeingintact,heexperiencesthepleasing&thedispleasing,andissensitivetopleasure&pain.
Hisendingofpassion,aversion,&delusionistermedtheUnbindingpropertywithfuelremaining.
1AndwhatistheUnbindingpropertywithnofuelremainingThereisthecasewhereamonkisanArahantwhoseeffluentshaveended,whohasreachedfulfillment,finishedthetask,laiddowntheburden,attainedthetruegoal,destroyedthefetterofbecoming,andisreleasedthroughrightgnosis.
Forhim,allthatissensed,beingunrelished,willgrowcoldrighthere.
ThisistermedtheUnbindingpropertywithnofuelremaining.
"1Thesetwoproclaimedbytheonewithvision,Unbindingpropertiestheoneindependent,theonewhoisSuch:2oneproperty,hereinthislife,withfuelremainingfromthedestructionof[craving],theguidetobecoming,30andthatwithnofuelremaining,afterthislife,inwhichallbecomingtotallyceases.
Thosewhoknowthisunfabricatedstate,theirmindsreleasedthroughthedestructionof[craving],theguidetobecoming,they,attainingtheDhamma'score,delightinginending,3haveabandonedallbecoming:they,theSuch.
NOTES1.
Withfuelremaining(sa-updisesa)andwithnofuelremaining(anupdisesa):Theanalogyhereistoafire.
Inthefirstcase,theflamesareout,buttheembersarestillglowing.
Inthesecond,thefireissothoroughlyoutthattheembershavegrowncold.
The"fuel"hereisthefiveaggregates(seetheGlossary).
WhiletheArahantisstillalive,he/shestillexperiencesthefiveaggregates,buttheydonotburnwiththefiresofpassion,aversion,ordelusion.
WhentheArahantpassesaway,thereisnolongeranyexperienceofaggregateshereoranywhereelse.
Foradiscussionofthispoint,seeTheMindLikeFireUnbound,pp.
21-37.
2.
Such(tdin):Anadjectivetodescribeonewhohasattainedthegoal.
Itindicatesthattheperson'sstateisundefinableandnotsubjecttochangeorinfluenceofanysort.
3.
FollowingthereadingintheBurmeseandPTSeditions:dhamma-srdigamkhayerat.
TheThaieditionreads,dhamma-srdigamakkhayerat—delightingintheendingoftheattainingoftheDhamma'score—whichdoesn'tmakesense.
Seealso:MN140§45.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,liveenjoyingaloofness,delightinginaloofness,inwardlycommittedtoawareness-tranquility,notneglectingjhna,endowedwithclear-seeinginsight,andfrequentingemptybuildings.
Asyouliveenjoyingaloofness,delightinginaloofness,inwardlycommittedtoawareness-tranquility,notneglectingjhna,endowedwithclear-seeinginsight,andfrequentingemptybuildings,thenoneoftwofruitscanbeexpected:eithergnosisrightinthehere-&-now,or—iftherebeanyremnantofclinging-sustenance—non-return.
"Thosewithcalmminds—masterful,mindful,31absorbedinjhna—clearlyseeDhammarightly,notintentonsensualpleasures.
Delightinginheedfulness,calm,seeingdangerinheedlessness,they—incapableoffallingaway—arerightinthepresenceofUnbinding.
§46.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,livewiththetrainings[inheightenedvirtue,heightenedmind,&heighteneddiscernment]asyourreward,withdiscernmentuppermost,releasetheessence,&mindfulnessthegoverningprinciple.
Asyoulivewiththetrainingsasyourreward,withdiscernmentuppermost,releasetheessence,&mindfulnessthegoverningprinciple,thenoneoftwofruitscanbeexpected:eithergnosisrightinthehere-&-now,or—iftherebeanyremnantofclinging-sustenance—non-return.
"Completeinthetraining,notsubjecttofallingaway,1onewithdiscernmentuppermost,seeingthestopping,theendingofbirth:thatsagebearshislastbody,hasshakenoffMra,Itellyou,hasgonebeyondaging.
So,alwaysdelightinginjhna,centered,ardent,seeingthestopping,theendingofbirth,conqueringMra,alongwithhisarmies,2monks,begone-beyondaging&death.
NOTES1.
FollowingthereadingfoundinoneoftheSriLankaneditions:aparihna-dhamma.
TheThai,Burmese,andanotherSriLankaneditionread:apahna-dhamma,"notsubjecttoabandoning,"whichfitsthemeterbetter,butnotthesenseoftheverse.
TheCommentaryinterpretsthemorecommonreadingasmeaning"notsubjecttofallingaway,"butitdoesn'texplainhowthiscanbeso.
2.
Sn3:2identifiesMra'sarmiesas:sensualpassions;discontent;hunger&thirst;craving;sloth&torpor;terror;uncertainty;hypocrisy&stubbornness;gains,offerings,32fame,&status;andtheattitudethatpraisesselfwhiledisparagingothers.
Seealso:AN4:245;AN10:58§47.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,amonkshouldbewakeful:mindful,alert,centered,sensitive,clear,&calm.
Andthereheshould,attheappropriatetimes,seeclearlyintoskillfulmentalqualities.
Foramonkwhoiswakeful—mindful,alert,centered,sensitive,clear,&calm,seeingclearly,attheappropriatetimes,intoskillfulmentalqualities—oneoftwofruitscanbeexpected:eithergnosisrightinthehere-&-now,or—iftherebeanyremnantofclinging-sustenance—non-return.
"Thosewhoarewakeful,listentothis!
Thosewhoaresleeping,wakeup!
Wakefulnessisbetterthansleep.
Forthosewhoarewakeful,there'snodanger,nofear.
Whoeveriswakeful,mindful,alert,centered,sensitive,calm,&clear,rightlyexploringtheDhammaatappropriatetimes,he—onbecomingunified—couldshatterthedarkness.
Sobedevotedtowakefulness.
Theardentmonk—masterful,acquiringjhna,cuttingthefetterofbirth&aging—touchesrighthereaself-awakeningun-surpassed.
Seealso:SN3:17;AN4:37;Sn2:10§48.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thesetwoaredoomedtodeprivation,tohell,fornotabandoningtheirconduct.
WhichtwoOnewho,notlivingthecelibatelife,pretendstobeonewholivesthecelibatelife;andonewhogroundlesslyaccusesonewholivesthecelibatelifeperfectly&purelyofuncelibatebehavior.
Thesearethetwowhoaredoomedtodeprivation,tohell,fornotabandoningtheirconduct.
"33Hegoestohell,theonewhoassertswhatdidn'ttakeplace,asdoestheonewho,havingdone,says,'Ididn't.
'Both—low-actingpeople—therebecomeequal:afterdeath,intheworldbeyond.
Anochrerobetied'roundtheirnecks,manywithevilqualities—unrestrained,evil—rearise,becauseoftheirevilacts,inhell.
Bettertoeatanironball—glowing,aflame—thanthat,unprincipled&unrestrained,youshouldeatthealmsofthecountry.
1NOTE:1.
Theseverses=Dhp306–308.
§49.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Overcomebytwoviewpoints,monks,somehuman&divinebeingsadhere,otherhuman&divinebeingssliprightpast,whilethosewithvisionsee.
"AndhowdosomeadhereHuman&divinebeingsenjoybecoming,delightinbecoming,aresatisfiedwithbecoming.
WhentheDhammaisbeingtaughtforthesakeofthecessationofbecoming,theirmindsdonottaketoit,arenotcalmedbyit,donotsettleonitorbecomeresolvedonit.
Thisishowsomeadhere.
"AndhowdosomesliprightpastSome,feelinghorrified,humiliated,&disgustedwiththatverybecoming,relishnon-becoming:'Whenthisself,atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,perishes&isdestroyed,anddoesnotexistafterdeath,thatispeaceful,thatisexquisite,thatissufficiency!
'Thisishowsomesliprightpast.
"AndhowdothosewithvisionseeThereisthecasewhereamonkseeswhat'scometobeaswhat'scometobe.
Seeingwhat'scometobeaswhat'scometobe,hepracticesfordisenchantmentwithwhat'scometobe,dispassiontowardwhat'scometobe,cessationofwhat'scometobe.
Thisishowthosewithvisionsee.
"134Those,havingseenwhat'scometobeaswhat'scometobe,andwhat'sgonebeyondwhat'scometobe,arereleasedinlinewithwhat'scometobe,throughtheexhaustionofcravingforbecoming.
Ifthey'vecomprehendedwhat'scometobe,andarefreefromthecravingforbecoming&non-,withthenon-becomingofwhat'scometobe,monkscometonofurtherbecoming.
NOTE:1.
Thisdiscourseillustrates,inatechnicalfashion,thefunctionofappropriateattentionexplainedinthenoteto§16.
SN12:15presentsthesamepointfromadifferentperspective:"Thisworldtakesasitsobjectapolarity,thatofexistence&non-existence.
Butwhenoneseestheoriginationoftheworld[=thesixsensesandtheirobjects]asithascometobewithrightdiscernment,'non-existence'withreferencetotheworlddoesnotoccurtoone.
Whenoneseesthecessationoftheworldasithascometobewithrightdiscernment,'existence'withreferencetotheworlddoesnotoccurtoone.
By&large,thisworldisinbondagetoattachments,clingings,&biases.
Butonesuchasthisdoesnotgetinvolvedwithorclingtotheseattachments,clingings,fixationsofawareness,biases,orobsessions;norisheresolvedon'myself.
'Hehasnouncertaintyordoubtthatmerestress,whenarising,isarising;stress,whenpassingaway,ispassingaway.
Inthis,hisknowledgeisindependentofothers.
It'stothisextent,Kaccyana,thatthereisrightview.
"Foramorecompletediscussionofthistopic,seeTheParadoxofBecoming.
Seealso:MN106;SN22:55;AN3:76;Ud3:10;Sn4:2;Sn5:535TheGroupofThrees§50.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreerootsofwhatisunskillful.
WhichthreeGreedasarootofwhatisunskillful,aversionasarootofwhatisunskillful,delusionasarootofwhatisunskillful.
Thesearethethreerootsofwhatisunskillful.
"Greed,aversion,delusiondestroytheself-samepersonofevilmindfromwhomtheyareborn,likethefruitingofthebamboo.
Seealso:MN9;Dhp164§51.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreeproperties.
WhichthreeThepropertyofform,thepropertyofformlessness,thepropertyofcessation.
1Thesearethethreeproperties.
"Comprehendingthepropertyofform,nottakingastanceintheformless,thosereleasedincessationarepeoplewho'veleftdeathbehind.
Havingtouchedwithhisbodythedeathlesspropertyfreefromacquisitions,havingrealizedtherelinquishingofacquisitions,effluent-free,theRightlySelf-awakenedOneteachesthestatewithnosorrow,nodust.
NOTE:1.
Thepropertyofformcorrespondstotheexperienceoftheformofthebodyaspresentinthefirstfourlevelsofjhna(seeGlossary).
Thepropertyofformlessnesscorrespondstotheformlessexperiencesbasedonthefourthlevelofjhna:thedimensionoftheinfinitudeofspace,thedimensionoftheinfinitudeofconsciousness,thedimensionofnothingness,andthedimensionofneitherperceptionnornon-36perception.
Thepropertyofcessationistheexperienceofthetotalcessationofstress.
Seealso:§§72-73§52.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreefeelings.
WhichthreeAfeelingofpleasure,afeelingofpain,afeelingofneitherpleasurenorpain.
Thesearethethreefeelings.
"Centered,alert,mindful,theAwakenedOne'sdisciplediscernsfeelings,howfeelingscomeintoplay,wheretheycease,&thepathtotheirending.
Withtheendingoffeelings,amonkfreefromhungeristotallyunbound.
Seealso:Sn3:12;Dhp92–93§53.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreefeelings.
WhichthreeAfeelingofpleasure,afeelingofpain,afeelingofneitherpleasurenorpain.
Afeelingofpleasureshouldbeseenasstressful.
Afeelingofpainshouldbeseenasanarrow.
Afeelingofneitherpleasurenorpainshouldbeseenasinconstant.
Whenamonkhasseenafeelingofpleasureasstressful,afeelingofpainasanarrow,andafeelingofneitherpleasurenorpainasinconstant,thenheiscalledamonkwhoisnoble,whohasseenrightly,whohascutoffcraving,destroyedthefetters,andwho—fromtherightbreaking-throughofconceit—hasputanendtosuffering&stress.
"Whoeverseespleasureasstress,seespainasanarrow,seespeacefulneitherpleasurenorpainasinconstant:heisamonkwho'sseenrightly.
Fromthatheistherereleased.
Amasterofdirectknowing,atpeace,37heisasagegonebeyondbonds.
Seealso:MN44;SN36:4;SN36:6§54.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreesearches.
WhichthreeThesearchforsensuality,thesearchforbecoming,thesearchforaholylife.
Thesearethethreesearches.
"Centered,alert,mindful,theAwakenedOne'sdisciplediscernssearches,howsearchescomeintoplay,wheretheycease,&thepathtotheirending.
Withtheendingofsearches,amonkfreefromhungeristotallyunbound.
Seealso:MN26;AN3:39;AN4:252§55.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreesearches.
WhichthreeThesearchforsensuality,thesearchforbecoming,thesearchforaholylife.
Thesearethethreesearches.
"Sensuality-search,becoming-search,togetherwiththeholy-lifesearch—i.
e.
,graspingattruthbasedonanaccumulationofviewpoints:throughtherelinquishingofsearches&theabolishingofviewpointsofonedispassionatetoallpassion,andreleasedintheendingofcraving,throughtheendingofsearches,themonkiswithoutperplexity,freeoflonging.
38§56.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreeeffluents.
WhichthreeTheeffluentofsensuality,theeffluentofbecoming,theeffluentofignorance.
Thesearethethreeeffluents.
"Centered,alert,mindful,theAwakenedOne'sdisciplediscernseffluents,howeffluentscomeintoplay,wheretheycease,&thepathtotheirending.
Withtheendingofeffluents,amonkfreefromhungeristotallyunbound.
Seealso:MN4;MN9§57.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreeeffluents.
WhichthreeTheeffluentofsensuality,theeffluentofbecoming,theeffluentofignorance.
Thesearethethreeeffluents.
"Hiseffluentofsensualityended,hisignorancefadedaway,hiseffluentofbecomingexhausted:onetotallyreleased,acquisition-free,bearshislastbody,havingconqueredMraalongwithhismount.
§58.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreecravings.
WhichthreeCravingforsensuality,cravingforbecoming,cravingfornon-becoming.
Thesearethethreecravings.
"Boundwiththebondageofcraving,theirmindssmittenwithbecoming&non-,theyareboundwiththebondageofMra—39peoplewithnosafetyfrombondage,beingsgoingthroughthewandering-on,headedforbirth&death.
Whilethosewho'veabandonedcraving,freefromthecravingforbecoming&non-,reachingtheendingofeffluents,thoughintheworld,havegonebeyond.
§59.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Endowedwiththreequalities,monks,amonkhaspassedbeyondMra'sdomainandshineslikethesun.
WhichthreeThereisthecasewhereamonkisendowedwiththeaggregateofvirtueofonebeyondtraining[i.
e.
,anArahant],theaggregateofconcentrationofonebeyondtraining,theaggregateofdiscernmentofonebeyondtraining.
EndowedwiththesethreequalitiesamonkhaspassedbeyondMra'sdomainandshineslikethesun.
"Virtue,concentration,discernment:oneinwhomthesearewell-developed,passingbeyondMra'sdomain,shineslikethesun.
§60.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreegroundsformeritoriousactivity.
WhichthreeThegroundformeritoriousactivitymadeofgenerosity,thegroundformeritoriousactivitymadeofvirtue,andthegroundformeritoriousactivitymadeofdevelopment[meditation].
Thesearethethreegroundsformeritoriousactivity.
"Traininactsofmeritthatyieldtheforemostprofitofbliss—developgenerosity,alifeintune,amindofgoodwill.
Developingthesethreethingsthatbringaboutbliss,thewisereappearinaworldofblissunalloyed.
Seealso:SN3:4,17,20,25;§2240§61.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreeeyes.
WhichthreeTheeyeofflesh,thedivineeye,1&theeyeofdiscernment.
Thesearethethreeeyes.
"Theeyeofflesh,theeyedivine,theeyeofdiscernmentunsurpassed:thesethreeeyesweretaughtbytheSuperlativePerson.
Thearisingoftheeyeoffleshisthepathtotheeyedivine.
Whenknowledgearises,theeyeofdiscernmentunsurpassed:whoevergainsthiseyeis—fromallsuffering&stress—released.
NOTE:1.
Foradescriptionofwhatisseenwiththedivineeye,seeDN2.
§62.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreefaculties.
WhichthreeThefacultyof'Iamabouttoknowwhatisnotyetfinallyknown,'thefacultyoffinalknowledge,thefacultyofonewhohasfinallyknown.
1Thesearethethreefaculties.
"Foralearnerintrainingalongthestraightpath:first,theknowledgeofending;then,immediately,gnosis;then,fromtheendingofthefetter—becoming—there'stheknowledge,thegnosisofonereleasedwhoisSuch:2'Myreleaseisunprovoked.
'3Oneconsummateinthesefaculties,peaceful,delightinginthepeacefulstate,bearshislastbody,havingconqueredMraalongwithhismount.
41NOTES1.
AccordingtotheCommentary,thefirstofthesefacultiescorrespondstothefirstnobleattainment,thepathtostream-entry;thesecond,tothenextsixattainments,rangingfromthefruitionofstream-entrytothepathtoArahantship;andthethird,tothehighestattainment,thefruitionofArahantship.
TheproseportionofthisitivuttakaisrepeatedatSN48:23.
SeealsoSN12:70,AN3:86,and§102.
2.
Such(tdin):seethenoteto§44.
3.
Akupp.
Thistermissometimestranslatedas"unshakable,"butitliterallymeans,"unprovoked.
"Thereferenceisapparentlytothetheoryofdhtu,orpropertiesunderlyingphysicalorpsychologicaleventsinnature.
Thephysicalpropertiesaccordingtothistheoryarefour:earth(solidity),liquid,heat,andwind(motion).
Threeofthem—liquid,heat,&wind—arepotentiallyactive.
Whentheyareaggravated,agitated,orprovoked—thePalitermhere,pakuppati,isusedalsoonthepsychologicallevel,whereitmeansangeredorupset—theyactastheunderlyingcausefornaturalactivity.
Whentheprovocationends,thecorrespondingactivitysubsides.
Although§44liststwonibbnaproperties,thesetwopropertiesaredistinctiveinthattheexperienceofnibbnaisnotcausedbytheirprovocation.
Becausetruereleaseisnotcausedbytheprovocationofanything—afactthatisknownimmediatelyaftertheexperienceitself—itisnotsubjecttochange.
§63.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreetimes.
WhichthreePasttime,futuretime,presenttime.
Thesearethethreetimes.
"Perceivingintermsofsigns,beingstakeastandonsigns.
Notfullycomprehendingsigns,theycomeintothebondsofdeath.
Butfullycomprehendingsigns,onedoesn'tconstrueasignifier.
Touchingliberationwiththeheart,thestateofpeaceunsurpassed,consummateintermsofsigns,peaceful,delightinginthepeacefulstate,judicious,anattainer-of-wisdommakesuseofclassificationsbutcan'tbeclassified.
1NOTE:1.
Atfirstglance,theversesheredonotbearmuchrelationshiptotheproseintroduction.
However,iftheyareviewedinthecontextofMN2(seethenoteto§16),theirrelationshipbecomesclear:thepersonwhoappliesappropriateattentiontothe42notionofpast,present,andfuturetimedoesnotdefinehimorherselfinthoseterms,andsodoesnotclingtoanysenseofselfinthoseterms.
Withoutclinging,oneisliberatedfrombirthanddeath.
§64.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreekindsofmisconduct.
WhichthreeBodilymisconduct,verbalmisconduct,mentalmisconduct.
1Thesearethethreekindsofmisconduct.
"Havingengagedinbodilymisconduct,actsofverbalmisconduct,misconductofmind,orwhateverelseisflawed,nothavingdonewhatisskillful,havingdonemuchthatisnot,atthebreak-upofthebody,theundiscerningonereappearsinhell.
NOTE:1.
Seethenoteto§30.
§65.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreekindsofgoodconduct.
WhichthreeBodilygoodconduct,verbalgoodconduct,mentalgoodconduct.
Thesearethethreekindsofgoodconduct.
"Havingabandonedbodilymisconduct,actsofverbalmisconduct,misconductofmind,&whateverelseisflawed,nothavingdonewhat'snotskillful,havingdonemuchthatis,atthebreak-upofthebody,thediscerningonereappearsinheaven.
§66.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreekindsofcleanliness.
WhichthreeBodilycleanliness,verbalcleanliness,mentalcleanliness.
Thesearethethreekindsofcleanliness.
"43Cleaninbody,cleaninspeech,cleaninawareness—effluent-free—onewhoisclean,consummateincleanliness,issaidtohaveabandonedtheAll.
Seealso:MN24;AN3:122§67.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreeformsofsagacity.
WhichthreeBodilysagacity,verbalsagacity,mentalsagacity.
Thesearethethreeformsofsagacity.
"Asageinbody,asageinspeech,asageinmind,effluent-free:asageconsummateinsagacityissaidtobebathedofevil.
Seealso:AN3:123;Sn1:12§68.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,anyonewhosepassionisunabandoned,whoseaversionisunabandoned,whosedelusionisunabandonedissaidtohavegoneovertoMra'scamp,hascomeunderMra'spower.
TheEvilOnecandowiththatpersonashelikes.
Butanyonewhosepassionisabandoned,whoseaversionisabandoned,whosedelusionisabandonedissaidnottohavegoneovertoMra'scamp,hasthrownoffMra'spower.
Withthatperson,theEvilOnecannotdoashelikes.
"Anyonewhosepassion,aversion,&ignorancehavefadedaway,issaidtobecomposedinmind,Brahma-become,awakened,Tathgata,oneforwhomfear&hostilityarepast,onewho'sabandonedtheAll.
44§69.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,anyone—monkornun—inwhompassionisunabandoned,aversionisunabandoned,&delusionisunabandoned,issaidnottohavecrossedtheoceanwithitswaves,breakers,&whirlpools,itsseizers&demons.
1Anyone—monkornun—inwhompassionisabandoned,aversionisabandoned,&delusionisabandoned,issaidtohavecrossedtheoceanwithitswaves,breakers,&whirlpools,itsseizers&demons.
Havingcrossedover,havingreachedthefarshore,he/shestandsonhighground,abrahman.
"Onewhosepassion,aversion,&ignorancehavefadedaway,hascrossedoverthisoceanwithitsseizers,demons,dangerouswaves,sohardtocross.
Freefromacquisitions—bondssurmounted,deathabandoned—hehasabandonedstresswithnofurtherbecoming.
Havinggonetothegoalheisundefined,2hasoutwitted,Itellyou,theKingofDeath.
NOTES1.
See§109.
2.
See§63.
ForfurtherdiscussionoftheArahantasundefined,seeSN23:2,SN22:36,andSkillinQuestions,AppendixFour.
§70.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,Ihaveseenbeingswho—endowedwithbodilymisconduct,verbalmisconduct,&mentalmisconduct;whorevilednobleones,heldwrongviewsandundertookactionsundertheinfluenceofwrongviews—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,havere-appearedintheplaneofdeprivation,thebaddestination,thelowerrealms,inhell.
ItisnotfromhavingheardthisfromanothercontemplativeorbrahmanthatItellyouthatIhaveseenbeingswho—endowedwithbodilymisconduct,verbalmisconduct,&mentalmisconduct;whorevilednobleones,heldwrongviewsandundertookactionsundertheinfluenceofwrongviews—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,havere-appearedinaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
Itisfromhavingknownit45myself,seenitmyself,realizeditmyselfthatItellyouthatIhaveseenbeingswho—endowedwithbodilymisconduct,verbalmisconduct,&mentalmisconduct;whorevilednobleones,heldwrongviewsandundertookactionsundertheinfluenceofwrongviews—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,havere-appearedinaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
"Withmindwronglydirected,speakingwrongspeech,doingwrongdeedswiththebody:apersonhereofnext-to-nothinglearning,adoerofevilhereinthisnext-to-nothinglife,atthebreak-upofthebody,undiscerning,reappearsinhell.
§71.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,Ihaveseenbeingswho—endowedwithbodilygoodconduct,verbalgoodconduct,&mentalgoodconduct;whodidnotrevilenobleones,whoheldrightviewsandundertookactionsundertheinfluenceofrightviews—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,havere-appearedinagooddestination,aheavenlyworld.
It'snotfromhavingheardthisfromanothercontemplativeorbrahmanthatItellyouthatIhaveseenbeingswho—endowedwithbodilygoodconduct,verbalgoodconduct,&mentalgoodconduct;whodidnotrevilenobleones,whoheldrightviewsandundertookactionsundertheinfluenceofrightviews—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,havere-appearedinagooddestination,aheavenlyworld.
It'sfromhavingknownitmyself,seenitmyself,realizeditmyselfthatItellyouthatIhaveseenbeingswho—endowedwithbodilygoodconduct,verbalgoodconduct,&mentalgoodconduct;whodidnotrevilenobleones,whoheldrightviewsandundertookactionsundertheinfluenceofrightviews—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,havere-appearedinagooddestination,aheavenlyworld.
"Withmindrightlydirected,speakingrightspeech,doingrightdeedswiththebody:apersonhereofmuchlearning,adoerofmerithereinthisnext-to-nothinglife,atthebreak-upofthebody,discerning,reappearsinheaven.
46§72.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreepropertiesforescape.
WhichthreeThisistheescapefromsensuality:renunciation.
1Thisistheescapefromform:formlessness.
Andasforwhateverhascomeintobeing,isfabricated&dependentlyco-arisen,theescapefromthatiscessation.
Thesearethethreepropertiesforescape.
"Knowingtheescapefromsensuality,&theovercomingofforms—ardentalways—touchingthestillingofallfabrications:heisamonkwho'sseenrightly.
Fromthatheistherereleased.
Amasterofdirectknowing,atpeace,heisasagegonebeyondbonds.
NOTE:1.
Renunciationheremeansthefirstlevelofjhna,whichisattainedwhenoneissecludedfromsensualpassionandunskillfulmentalqualities.
Onformlessnessandcessation,seethenoteto§51.
SeealsoAN5:200.
§73.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,formlessphenomenaaremorepeacefulthanforms;cessation,morepeacefulthanformlessphenomena.
"Thosebeingsheadedtoforms,andthosestandingintheformless,withnoknowledgeofcessation,returntofurtherbecoming.
But,comprehendingform,nottakingastanceinformlessthings,thosereleasedincessationarepeoplewho'veleftdeathbehind.
Havingtouchedwithhisbodythedeathlesspropertyfreefromacquisitions,havingrealizedrelinquishingofacquisitions,47effluent-free,theRightlySelf-awakenedOneteachesthestatewithnosorrow,nodust.
§74.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreetypesofsons&daughtersexistingintheworld.
WhichthreeOneofheightenedbirth,oneofsimilarbirth,oneofloweredbirth.
"AndhowisasonordaughterofheightenedbirthThereisthecasewhereasonordaughter'sparentshavenotgonetotheBuddhaforrefuge,havenotgonetotheDhammaforrefuge,havenotgonetotheSaghaforrefuge.
Theydonotabstainfromtakinglife,fromstealing,fromsexualmisconduct,fromfalsespeech,fromfermented&distilledliquorsthatcauseheedlessness.
Theyareunprincipled&evilbynature.
However,theirsonordaughterhasgonetotheBuddhaforrefuge,hasgonetotheDhammaforrefuge,hasgonetotheSaghaforrefuge.
He/sheabstainsfromtakinglife,fromstealing,fromsexualmisconduct,fromfalsespeech,fromfermented&distilledliquorsthatcauseheedlessness.
He/sheisprincipled&admirablebynature.
Thisiscalledasonordaughterofheightenedbirth.
"AndhowisasonordaughterofsimilarbirthThereisthecasewhereasonordaughter'sparentshavegonetotheBuddhaforrefuge,havegonetotheDhammaforrefuge,havegonetotheSaghaforrefuge.
Theyabstainfromtakinglife,fromstealing,fromsexualmisconduct,fromfalsespeech,fromfermented&distilledliquorsthatcauseheedlessness.
Theyareprincipled&admirablebynature.
TheirsonordaughterhasalsogonetotheBuddhaforrefuge,hasgonetotheDhammaforrefuge,hasgonetotheSaghaforrefuge.
He/sheabstainsfromtakinglife,fromstealing,fromsexualmisconduct,fromfalsespeech,fromfermented&distilledliquorsthatcauseheedlessness.
He/sheisprincipled&admirablebynature.
Thisiscalledasonordaughterofsimilarbirth.
"AndhowisasonordaughterofloweredbirthThereisthecasewhereasonordaughter'sparentshavegonetotheBuddhaforrefuge,havegonetotheDhammaforrefuge,havegonetotheSaghaforrefuge.
Theyabstainfromtakinglife,fromstealing,fromsexualmisconduct,fromfalsespeech,fromfermented&distilledliquorsthatcauseheedlessness.
Theyareprincipled&admirablebynature.
However,theirsonordaughterhasnotgonetotheBuddhaforrefuge,hasnotgonetotheDhammaforrefuge,hasnotgonetotheSaghaforrefuge.
He/shedoesnotabstainfromtakinglife,fromstealing,fromsexualmisconduct,fromfalsespeech,fromfermented&distilledliquorsthatcauseheedlessness.
He/sheisunprincipled&evilbynature.
Thisiscalledasonordaughterofloweredbirth.
"Thewisehopeforachildofheightenedorsimilarbirth,48notforoneofloweredbirth,adestroyerofthefamily.
Thesechildrenintheworld,layfollowers—consummateinvirtue,conviction;generous,freefromstinginess—shineforthinanygatheringlikethemoonwhenfreedfromacloud.
§75.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thesethreetypesofpersonscanbefoundexistingintheworld.
WhichthreeOnelikeacloudwithoutrain,onewhorainslocally,andonewhorainseverywhere.
"AndhowisapersonlikeacloudwithoutrainThereisthecasewhereapersonisnotagiveroffood,drink,clothing,vehicles,garlands,scents,ointments,beds,dwellings,orlightstoanyoneatall:tocontemplativesorbrahmans,toanyofthemiserable,thehomeless,orbeggars.
Thisishowapersonislikeacloudwithoutrain.
"AndhowisapersononewhorainslocallyThereisthecasewhereapersonisagiveroffood,drink,clothing,vehicles,garlands,scents,ointments,beds,dwellings,&lightstosomecontemplatives&brahmans,tosomeofthemiserable,thehomeless,&beggars,butnottoothers.
Thisishowapersonisonewhorainslocally.
"AndhowisapersononewhorainseverywhereThereisthecasewhereapersongivesfood,drink,clothing,vehicles,garlands,scents,ointments,beds,dwellings,&lightstoallcontemplatives&brahmans,toallofthemiserable,thehomeless,&beggars.
Thisishowapersonisonewhorainseverywhere.
"Thesearethethreetypesofpersonswhocanbefoundexistingintheworld.
"Nottocontemplatives,tobrahmans,tothemiserable,nortothehomelessdoeshesharewhathe'sgained:food,drinks,nourishment.
He,thatlowestofpeople,iscalledacloudwithnorain.
Tosomehedoesn'tgive,toothershedoes:theintelligentcallhim49onewhorainslocally.
Apersonresponsivetorequests,sympathetictoallbeings,delightingindistributingalms:"Givetothem!
Give!
"hesays.
Asacloud—resounding,thundering—rains,fillingwithwater,drenchingtheplateaus&gullies:apersonlikethisislikethat.
Havingrightlyamassedwealthattainedthroughinitiative,hesatisfiesrightlywithfood&drinkthosefallenintothehomelessstate.
§76.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Aspiringtothesethreeformsofbliss,monks,awisepersonshouldguardhisvirtue.
Whichthree[Thinking,]'Maypraisecometome,'awisepersonshouldguardhisvirtue.
[Thinking,]'Maywealthcometome,'awisepersonshouldguardhisvirtue.
[Thinking,]'Atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,mayIreappearinagooddestination,aheavenlyworld,'awisepersonshouldguardhisvirtue.
Aspiringtothesethreeformsofbliss,awisepersonshouldguardhisvirtue.
"Intelligent,youshouldguardyourvirtue,aspiringtothreeformsofbliss:praise;theobtainingofwealth;and,afterdeath,rejoicinginheaven.
Evenifyoudonoevilbutseekoutonewhodoes,you'resuspectedofevil.
Yourbadreputationgrows.
Thesortofpersonyoumakeafriend,thesortyouseekout,that'sthesortyouyourselfbecome—foryourlivingtogetherisofthatsort.
50Theoneassociatedwith,theonewhoassociates,theonewho'stouched,theonewhotouchesanother—likeanarrowsmearedwithpoison—contaminatesthequiver.
So,fearingcontamination,theenlightenedshouldnotbecomradeswithevilpeople.
Amanwhowrapsrottingfishinabladeofkusagrassmakesthegrasssmelly:soitisifyouseekoutfools.
Butamanwhowrapspowderedincenseintheleafofatreemakestheleaffragrant:soitisifyouseekouttheenlightened.
So,knowingyourownoutcomeasliketheleaf-wrapper's,youshouldn'tseekoutthosewhoaren'tgood.
Thewisewouldassociatewiththosewhoare.
Thosewhoaren'tgoodleadyoutohell.
Thegoodhelpyoureachagooddestination.
Seealso:AN8:54;AN9:1;Ud4:1§77.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thisbodyfallsapart;consciousnessissubjecttofading;allacquisitionsareinconstant,stressful,subjecttochange.
"Knowingthebodyasfallingapart,&consciousnessasdissolvingaway,seeingthedangerinacquisitions,you'vegonebeyond51birth&death.
Havingreachedtheforemostpeace,youbideyourtime,composed.
Seealso:Thag11;Thag14:1§78.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,it'sinaccordancewiththeirpropertiesthatbeingscometogether&associatewithoneanother.
Beingsoflowdispositionscometogether&associatewithbeingsoflowdispositions.
Beingsofadmirabledispositionscometogether&associatewithbeingsofadmirabledispositions.
Inthepast,itwasinaccordancewiththeirpropertiesthatbeingscametogether&associatedwithoneanother.
…Inthefuture,itwillbeinaccordancewiththeirpropertiesthatbeingswillcometogether&associatewithoneanother.
…Andnowatpresent,it'sinaccordancewiththeirpropertiesthatbeingscometogether&associatewithoneanother.
Beingsoflowdispositionscometogether&associatewithbeingsoflowdispositions.
Beingsofadmirabledispositionscometogether&associatewithbeingsofadmirabledispositions.
"Theunderbrushbornofassociationiscutawaybynon-association.
Justasoneridingasmallwoodenplankwouldsinkinthegreatsea,sodoesevenoneofrightlivingsink,associatingwiththelazy.
Soavoidthelazy,thosewithlowpersistence.
Livewiththenobleones—secluded,resolute,absorbedinjhna,theirpersistenceconstantlyaroused:thewise.
Seealso:SN45:2§79.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thesethreethingsleadtothefallingawayofamonkintraining.
WhichthreeThereisthecasewhereamonkintrainingenjoysactivity,1delightsinactivity,is52intentonhisenjoymentofactivity.
Heenjoyschatter,delightsinchatter,isintentonhisenjoymentofchatter.
Heenjoyssleep,delightsinsleep,isintentonhisenjoymentofsleep.
Thesearethethreethingsthatleadtothefallingawayofamonkintraining.
"Thesethreethingsleadtothenon-fallingawayofamonkintraining.
WhichthreeThereisthecasewhereamonkintrainingdoesn'tenjoyactivity,doesn'tdelightinactivity,isn'tintentonhisenjoymentofactivity.
Hedoesn'tenjoychatter,doesn'tdelightinchatter,isn'tintentonhisenjoymentofchatter.
Hedoesn'tenjoysleep,doesn'tdelightinsleep,isn'tintentonhisenjoymentofsleep.
Thesearethethreethingsthatleadtothenon-fallingawayofamonkintraining.
"Enjoyingactivity,delightinginchatter,enjoyingsleep,&restless:he'sincapable—amonklikethis—oftouchingsuperlativeself-awakening.
Soheshouldbeamanoffewduties,oflittlesloth,notrestless.
He'scapable—amonklikethis—oftouchingsuperlativeself-awakening.
NOTE:1.
Activity=workofvarioussorts,suchasconstructionwork,robe-making,etc.
SeeSN7:17andThig13:2.
§80.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreekindsofunskillfulthinking.
WhichthreeThinkingconcernedwithnotwantingtobedespised;1thinkingconcernedwithgains,offerings,&tribute;thinkingconcernedwithanempathyforothers.
2Therearethreekindsofunskillfulthinking.
"Fetteredtonotwantingtobedespised;togains,offerings,respect;todelightincompanions:you'refarfromtheendingoffetters.
Butwhoeverhere,havingabandonedsons,53cattle,marriage,intimates:he'scapable—amonklikethis—oftouchingsuperlativeself-awakening.
NOTES1.
SeeAN3:102.
2.
AccordingtotheCommentary,thisreferstoamonk'stendencytobeoverlyintimatewithlaypeople,overlysusceptibletotherisesandfallsintheirfortunes,"happywhentheyarehappy,sadwhentheyaresad,busyinghimselfwiththeiraffairs.
"Seealso:SN17:5;SN17:8;Thig5:6§81.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,Ihaveseenbeingsconqueredbyreceivingofferings—theirmindsoverwhelmed—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,reappearinginaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
Ihaveseenbeingsconqueredbynotreceivingofferings—theirmindsoverwhelmed—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,reappearinginaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
Ihaveseenbeingsconqueredbothbyreceivingofferings&bynotreceivingofferings—theirmindsoverwhelmed—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,reappearinginaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
"It'snotthroughhavinghearditfromanothercontemplativeorbrahmanthatIsay,'Ihaveseenbeingsconqueredbyreceivingofferings—theirmindsoverwhelmed—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,reappearinginaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
Ihaveseenbeingsconqueredbynotreceivingofferings—theirmindsoverwhelmed—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,reappearinginaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
Ihaveseenbeingsconqueredbothbyreceivingofferings&bynotreceivingofferings—theirmindsoverwhelmed—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,reappearinginaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
'"Instead,it'sfromhavingknownitmyself,seenitmyself,observeditmyselfthatIsay,'Ihaveseenbeingsconqueredbyreceivingofferings—theirmindsoverwhelmed—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,reappearinginaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
Ihaveseenbeingsconqueredbynotreceivingofferings—theirmindsoverwhelmed—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,reappearinginaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
Ihaveseenbeingsconqueredbothbyreceiving54offerings&bynotreceivingofferings—theirmindsoverwhelmed—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,reappearinginaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
'"Bothwhenreceivingofferings¬,hisconcentrationdoesn'twaver;heremainsheedful:he—continuallyabsorbedinjhna,subtleinview&clear-seeing,enjoyingtheendingofclinging—iscalledamanofintegrity.
§82.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thesethreedivinesoundssoundforthamongthedevasonappropriateoccasions.
WhichthreeWhenadiscipleofthenobleones,shavingoffhishair&beard,clothinghimselfintheochrerobe,makesuphismindtogoforthfromthehomelifeintohomelessness,onthatoccasionthedivinesoundsoundsforthamongthedevas:'ThisdiscipleofthenobleoneshasmadeuphismindtodobattlewithMra.
'Thisisthefirstdivinesoundthatsoundsforthamongthedevasonappropriateoccasions.
"Whenadiscipleofthenobleoneslivesdevotedtodevelopingtheseven[setsof]qualitiesthatarewingstoawakening,1onthatoccasionthedivinesoundsoundsforthamongthedevas:'ThisdiscipleofthenobleonesisdoingbattlewithMra.
'Thisistheseconddivinesoundthatsoundsforthamongthedevasonappropriateoccasions.
"Whenadiscipleofthenobleones,throughtheendingofeffluents,dwellsintheeffluent-freeawareness-release&discernment-release,directlyknowing&realizingitforhimselfrightinthehere-&-now,onthatoccasionthedivinesoundsoundsforthamongthedevas:'Thisdiscipleofthenobleoneshaswonthebattle.
Havingbeeninthefrontlinesofthebattle,henowdwellsvictorious.
'Thisisthethirddivinesoundthatsoundsforthamongthedevasonappropriateoccasions.
"Thesearethethreedivinesoundsthatsoundforthamongthedevasonappropriateoccasions.
"Seeinghe'swonthebattle—thediscipleoftheRightlySelf-awakenedOne—eventhedevaspayhomagetothisgreatone,thoroughlymature.
"Homagetoyou,Othoroughbredman—55youwhohavewonthehardvictory,defeatingthearmyofDeath,unhinderedinemancipation.
"Thustheypayhomage,thedevas,toonewhohasreachedtheheart'sgoal,fortheyseeinhimnomeans2thatwouldbringhimunderDeath'ssway.
NOTES1.
Thewingstoawakeningarethefourestablishingsofmindfulness,thefourrightexertions,thefourbasesforpower,thefivefaculties,thefivestrengths,thesevenfactorsforawakening,andthenobleeightfoldpath.
2.
ReadingnapassantiwiththeSriLankanedition.
TheThaieditionreads,namassanti,"theypayhomage,"whichmakesnosense.
§83.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,whenadevaisabouttopassawayfromthecompanyofdevas,fiveomensappear:hisgarlandswither,hisclothesgetsoiled,sweatcomesoutofhisarmpits,adullnessdescendsonhisbody,henolongerdelightsinhisowndeva-seat.
Thedevas,knowingfromthisthat'Thisdeva-sonisabouttopassaway,'encouragehimwiththreesayings:'Gofromhere,honorablesir,toagooddestination.
Havinggonetoagooddestination,gainthegainthatisgoodtogain.
Havinggainedthegainthatisgoodtogain,becomewell-established.
'"Whenthiswassaid,acertainmonksaidtotheBlessedOne,"What,lord,isthedevas'reckoningofgoingtoagooddestinationWhatistheirreckoningofthegainthatisgoodtogainWhatistheirreckoningofbecomingwell-established""Thehumanstate,monks,1isthedevas'reckoningofgoingtoagooddestination.
Havingbecomeahumanbeing,acquiringconvictionintheDhamma-&-VinayataughtbytheTathgata:thisisthedevas'reckoningofthegainthatisgoodtogain.
Whenthatconvictionissettledwithinone—rooted,established,&strong,nottobedestroyedbyanybrahmanorcontemplative;deva,Mra,orBrahma;oranyoneelseintheworld:thisisthedevas'reckoningofbecomingwell-established.
"Whenadevapassesawayfromthecompanyofdevasthroughhislife-span'sending,threesoundssoundforth—thedevas'encouragement.
'Gofromhere,honorablesir,toagooddestination,56tocompanionshipwithhumanbeings.
Onbecomingahumanbeing,acquireaconvictionunsurpassedinTrueDhamma.
ThatconvictionofyoursinTrueDhamma,well-taught,shouldbesettled,rooted,established,—undestroyedaslongasyoulive.
Havingabandonedbodilymisconduct,verbalmisconduct,mentalmisconduct,andwhateverelseisflawed;havingdonewiththebodywhat'sskillful,andmuchthatisskillfulwithspeech,havingdonewhat'sskillfulwithaheartwithoutlimit,withnoacquisitions,then—havingmademuchofthemeritthat'sagroundforspontaneouslyarising[inheaven]throughgiving—establishothermortalsinTrueDhamma&theholylife.
'Withthissympathy,thedevas—whentheyknowadevaispassingaway—encouragehim:'Comeback,deva,again&again.
'NOTE:1.
ReadingbhikkhavewiththeThaiedition.
TheBurmeseandSriLankaneditionsreadbhikkhu,"monk.
"§84.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thesethreepersons,appearingintheworld,appearforthebenefitofmany,thehappinessofmany,insympathyfortheworld—forthewelfare,thebenefit,thehappinessofbeingshuman&divine.
Whichthree"ThereisthecasewhereaTathgataappearsintheworld,worthy&rightlyself-awakened,consummateinclearknowing&conduct,well-gone,anexpert57withregardtothecosmos,unsurpassedtraineroftamablepeople,teacherofbeingshuman&divine,awakened,blessed.
HeteachestheDhammaadmirableinitsbeginning,admirableinitsmiddle,admirableinitsend.
Heproclaimstheholylifebothinitsparticulars&initsessence,entirelyperfect,surpassinglypure.
Thisisthefirstpersonwho,appearingintheworld,appearsforthebenefitofmany,thehappinessofmany,insympathyfortheworld—forthewelfare,thebenefit,thehappinessofbeingshuman&divine.
"Furthermore,thereisthediscipleofthatTeacherwhoisaworthyone,hiseffluentsended,whohasreachedfulfillment,donethetask,laiddowntheburden,attainedthetruegoal,totallydestroyedthefetterofbecoming,andwhoisreleasedthroughrightgnosis.
HeteachestheDhammaadmirableinitsbeginning,admirableinitsmiddle,admirableinitsend.
Heproclaimstheholylifebothinitsparticulars&initsessence,entirelyperfect,surpassinglypure.
Thisisthesecondpersonwho,appearingintheworld,appearsforthebenefitofmany,thehappinessofmany,insympathyfortheworld—forthewelfare,thebenefit,thehappinessofbeingshuman&divine.
"Furthermore,thereisthediscipleofthatTeacherisonewhofollowsthepracticeforoneintraining,1erudite,havingenteredinto[good]habits&practices.
He,too,teachestheDhammaadmirableinitsbeginning,admirableinitsmiddle,admirableinitsend.
Heproclaimstheholylifebothinitsparticulars&initsessence,entirelyperfect,surpassinglypure.
Thisisthethirdpersonwho,appearingintheworld,appearsforthebenefitofmany,thehappinessofmany,insympathyfortheworld—forthewelfare,thebenefit,thehappinessofbeingshuman&divine.
"Thesearethethreepersonswho,appearingintheworld,appearforthebenefitofmany,thehappinessofmany,insympathyfortheworld—forthewelfare,thebenefit,thehappinessofbeingshuman&divine.
"TheTeacher,GreatSeer,isfirstintheworld;followinghim,thedisciplewithmindcomposed;andthentheeruditeonewhofollowsthepracticeforoneintraining,havingenteredintogoodhabits,practices.
Thesethree,chiefamongbeingsdivine&human,givinglight,proclaimingtheDhamma,throwopenthedoortotheDeathless,releasemanyfrombondage.
Thosewhofollowthepath,well-taughtbytheCaravanLeaderunsurpassed,58willputanendtostressrighthere—thoseheedingthemessageoftheOneWell-gone.
NOTE:1.
Sekkhopipado.
ThisphrasealsoappearinMN53,whosecommentarytreatsit,notastwowords,butasacompoundmeaning"onewhofollowsthesekha-paipad":inotherwords,apersonwhohasattainedatleastthefirstlevelofawakening,stream-entry,buthasnotyetbecomeanArahant.
§85.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Remainfocused,monks,onfoulnessinthebody.
Havemindfulnessofin-&-outbreathingwell-establishedtotheforewithinyou.
Remainfocusedontheinconstancyofallfabrications.
Foronewhoremainsfocusedonthefoulnessofthebody,theobsessionwithpassionforthepropertyofbeautyisabandoned.
Foronewhohasmindfulnessofin-&-outbreathingwell-establishedtotheforewithinoneself,annoyingexternalthoughts&inclinationsdon'texist.
Foronewhoremainsfocusedontheinconstancyofallfabrications,ignoranceisabandoned,clearknowingarises.
"Focusingonfoulnessinthebody,mindfulofin-&-outbreathing,seeingthestillingofallfabrications—ardentalways:heisamonkwho'sseenrightly.
Fromthatheistherereleased.
Amasterofdirectknowing,atpeace,heisasagegonebeyondbonds.
Seealso:DN22;SN8:4§86.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,withreferencetoamonkwhopracticestheDhammainaccordancewiththeDhamma,itisthiswayofaccordingwiththeDhammathatheshouldbedescribedaspracticingtheDhammainaccordancewiththeDhamma.
Whenspeaking,hespeaksDhammaandnotnon-Dhamma.
Whenthinking,hethinks59aboutDhammaandnotaboutnon-Dhamma.
Avoidingboththesethings,hestaysequanimous,mindful,alert.
"Dhammahisdwelling,Dhammahisdelight,amonkponderingDhamma,callingDhammatomind,doesn'tfallawayfromtrueDhamma.
1Whetherwalking,standing,sitting,orlyingdown—hismindinwardlyrestrained—hearrivesrightatpeace.
NOTE:1.
Thisverse=Dhp364.
§87.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreekindsofunskillfulthinkingthatproduceblindness,producelackofvision,producelackofknowledge,leadtothecessationofdiscernment,sidewithvexation,andarenotconducivetoUnbinding.
WhichthreeThinkingimbuedwithsensuality.
…Thinkingimbuedwithill-will.
…Thinkingimbuedwithharmfulnessproducesblindness,produceslackofvision,produceslackofknowledge,leadstothecessationofdiscernment,sideswithvexation,andisnotconducivetoUnbinding.
Thesearethethreekindsofunskillfulthinkingthatproduceblindness,producelackofvision,producelackofknowledge,leadtothecessationofdiscernment,sidewithvexation,andarenotconducivetoUnbinding.
"Therearethesethreekindsofskillfulthinkingthatproducenon-blindness,producevision,produceknowledge,fosterdiscernment,sidewithnon-vexation,andareconducivetoUnbinding.
WhichthreeThinkingimbuedwithrenunciation.
…Thinkingimbuedwithnon-ill-will.
…Thinkingimbuedwithharmlessnessproducesnon-blindness,producesvision,producesknowledge,fostersdiscernment,sideswithnon-vexation,andisconducivetoUnbinding.
Thesearethethreekindsofskillfulthinkingthatproducenon-blindness,producevision,produceknowledge,fosterdiscernment,sidewithnon-vexation,andareconducivetoUnbinding.
"Threeskillfulthoughtsshouldbethought,threeunskillfulthoughtsrejected.
60Whoeverstillsthoughts&evaluations—asrainwould,acloudofdust—throughanawarenesswiththinkingstilled,attainsrightherethestateofpeace.
Seealso:MN19;MN20;§110§88.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreeinsidestains,insideenemies,insidefoes,insidemurderers,insideadversaries.
WhichthreeGreedisaninsidestain,insideenemy,insidefoe,insidemurderer,insideadversary.
Aversionisaninsidestain.
…Delusionisaninsidestain,insideenemy,insidefoe,insidemurderer,insideadversary.
Thesearethethreeinsidestains,insideenemies,insidefoes,insidemurderers,insideadversaries.
"Greedcausesharm.
Greedprovokesthemind.
Peopledon'trealizeitasadangerbornfromwithin.
Aperson,whengreedy,doesn'tknowhisownwelfare;whengreedy,doesn'tseeDhamma.
Overcomewithgreed,he'sinthedark,blind.
Butwhenone,abandoninggreed,feelsnogreedforwhatwouldmeritgreed,greedgetsshedfromhim—likeadropofwateroffalotusleaf.
Aversioncausesharm.
Aversionprovokesthemind.
Peopledon'trealizeitasadangerbornfromwithin.
Aperson,whenaversive,doesn'tknowhisownwelfare;whenaversive,doesn'tseeDhamma.
Overcomewithaversionhe'sinthedark,blind.
Butwhenone,abandoningaversion,61feelsnoaversionforwhatwouldmeritaversion,aversiondropsawayfromhim—likeapalmleaffromitsstem.
Delusioncausesharm.
Delusionprovokesthemind.
Peopledon'trealizeitasadangerbornfromwithin.
Aperson,whendeluded,doesn'tknowhisownwelfare;whendeluded,doesn'tseeDhamma.
Overcomewithdelusionhe'sinthedark,blind.
Butwhenone,abandoningdelusion,feelsnodelusionforwhatwouldmeritdelusion,hedispersesalldelusion—astherisingofthesun,thedark.
§89.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,conqueredbythreeformsoffalseDhamma—hismindoverwhelmed—Devadatta1isincurablydoomedtodeprivation,tohell,foraneon.
WhichthreeConqueredbyevildesires—hismindoverwhelmed—Devadattaisincurablydoomedtodeprivation,tohell,forthedurationofaneon.
Conqueredbyfriendshipwithevilpeople—hismindoverwhelmed—Devadattaisincurablydoomedtodeprivation,tohell,forthedurationofaneon.
And,therebeingsomethingfurthertobedone,heneverthelessstoppedhalfwaywithalowermodicumofdistinctiveattainment.
ConqueredbythesethreeformsoffalseDhamma—hismindoverwhelmed—Devadattaisincurablydoomedtodeprivation,tohell,foraneon.
"Maynooneintheworldeverberebornwithevildesire.
Knowthatthroughthatevildesire,hisdestination'sthatofallwhohaveevildesires.
I'veheardhowDevadatta,—regardedaswise,composed,incandescentwithhonor—62inthethrallofheedlessnessassaultedtheTathgataandfelltothefour-gated,fearfulplace:Avci,unmitigatedhell.
Whoeverplotsagainstonefreeofcorruptionwho'sdonenoevildeed:thateviltoucheshimhimself,corruptedinmind,disrespectful.
Whoevermightthinkofpollutingtheoceanwithapotofpoison,couldn'tsucceed,forthemassofwaterisgreat.
SoitiswhenanyoneattackswithabusetheTathgata—rightly-gone,ofpeacefulmind—forabusedoesn'tgrowonhim.
Awisepersonshouldmakefriends,shouldassociate,withapersonlikehim—whosepathamonkcanpursueandreachtheendingofsuffering&stress.
NOTE:1.
Devadatta,oneoftheBuddha'scousins,plottedtotakeovertheSagha,andendedupcausingaschism.
HisstoryistoldinCvVII.
Seealso§18.
His"lowermodicumofdistinctiveattainment"washismasteryofpsychicpowers.
§90.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreesupremeobjectsofconfidence.
Whichthree"Amongwhateverbeingstheremaybe—footless,two-footed,four-footed,manyfooted;withformorformless;percipient,non-percipient,neitherpercipientnornon-percipient—theTathgata,worthy&rightlyself-awakened,isconsideredsupreme.
ThosewhohaveconfidenceintheAwakenedOnehaveconfidenceinwhatissupreme;andforthosewithconfidenceinthesupreme,supremeistheresult.
"Amongwhateverdhammastheremaybe,fabricatedorunfabricated,dispassion—thesubduingofintoxication,theeliminationofthirst,theuprootingofattachment,thebreakingoftheround,thedestructionofcraving,dispassion,63cessation,therealizationofUnbinding—isconsideredsupreme.
Thosewhohaveconfidenceinthedhammaofdispassionhaveconfidenceinwhatissupreme;andforthosewithconfidenceinthesupreme,supremeistheresult.
"Amongwhateverfabricatedqualitiestheremaybe,thenobleeightfoldpath—rightview,rightresolve,rightspeech,rightaction,rightlivelihood,righteffort,rightmindfulness,rightconcentration—isconsideredsupreme.
Thosewhohaveconfidenceinthedhammaofthenoblepathhaveconfidenceinwhatissupreme;andforthosewithconfidenceinthesupreme,supremeistheresult.
"Amongwhatevercommunitiesorgroupstheremaybe,theSaghaoftheTathgata'sdisciplesisconsideredsupreme—i.
e.
,thefour[groupsofnobledisciples]whentakenaspairs,theeightwhentakenaspersons.
1ThosewhohaveconfidenceintheSaghahaveconfidenceinwhatissupreme;andforthosewithconfidenceinthesupreme,supremewillbetheresult.
"These,monks,arethethreesupremeobjectsofconfidence.
"Withconfidence,realizingthesupremeDhammatobesupreme;confidenceinthesupremeBuddha,unsurpassedindeservingofferings;confidenceinthesupremeDhamma,theblissofstilling,dispassion;confidenceinthesupremeSagha,unsurpassedasafieldofmerit;havinggivengiftstothesupreme,onedevelopssuprememerit,supremelonglife&beauty,status,honor,bliss,&strength.
Havinggiventothesupreme,thewiseperson,centeredinsupremeDhamma,whetherbecomingadivineorhumanbeing,rejoices,havingattainedthesupreme.
NOTE:1.
Thefourgroupsofnoblediscipleswhentakenaspairsarethosewhohaveattained(1)thepathtostream-entryandthefruitionofstream-entry;(2)thepathtoonce-returningandthefruitionofonce-returning;(3)thepathtonon-returningandthefruitionofnon-returning;and(4)thepathtoArahantshipandthefruitionofArahantship.
Takingeachattainmentsinglygiveseight"individuals.
"ThisitivuttakaisalmostidenticalwithAN4:34.
64Seealso:SN6:2;SN11:3;AN4:52;AN7:56;AN10:92;Khp6;Dhp188–192§91.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thisisalowlymeansoflivelihood,almsgathering.
It'saformofabuseintheworld[tosay],'Yougoaroundasanalmsgathererwithabowlinyourhand!
'Yetreasonableyoungmenofgoodfamilieshavetakenitupforacompellingreason.
Theyhavenotbeenforcedintoitbykingsorrobbers,northroughdebt,throughfear,northroughthelossoftheirlivelihood,butthroughthethought:'Wearebesetbybirth,aging,&death,bysorrows,lamentations,pains,distresses,&despairs,besetbystress,overcomewithstress.
O,thattheendofthisentiremassofsuffering&stressmightbeknown!
'Butthisyoungmanofgoodfamily,havinggoneforthinthisway,maybegreedyforsensualpleasures,stronginhispassions,malevolentinmind,corruptinhisresolves,hismindfulnessmuddled,unalert,uncentered,hismindscattered,&hisfacultiesuncontrolled.
Justasafirebrandfromafuneralpyre—burningatbothends,coveredwithexcrementinthemiddle—isusedasfuelneitherinavillagenorinthewilderness:Itellyouthatthisisasimileforthisperson.
Hehasmissedoutonthehouseholder'senjoymentsanddoesnotfulfillthepurposeofthecontemplativelife.
"He'smissedoutonthehouseholder'senjoyment&thepurposeofthecontemplativelife—unfortunateman!
Ruiningit,hethrowsitaway,perisheslikeafirebrandusedatafuneral.
Bettertoeatanironball—glowing,aflame—thanthat,unprincipled&unrestrained,heshouldeatthealmsofthecountry.
1NOTE:1.
Thislastverse=Dhp308.
§92.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,evenifamonk,takingholdofmyouterrobe,weretofollowrightbehindme,placinghisfeetinmyfootsteps,yetifheweretobegreedyforsensualpleasures,stronginhispassions,malevolentinmind,corruptinhisresolves,hismindfulnessmuddled,unalert,uncentered,hismindscattered,&hisfacultiesuncontrolled,thenhewouldbefarfromme,andIfromhim.
WhyisthatBecausehedoesnotseetheDhamma.
NotseeingtheDhamma,hedoesnotsee65me.
"Butevenifamonkweretoliveonehundredleaguesaway,yetifheweretohavenogreedforsensualobjects,werenotstronginhispassions,notmalevolentinmind,uncorruptinhisresolves,hismindfulnessestablished,alert,centered,hismindatsingleness,&hisfacultieswell-restrained,thenhewouldbeneartome,andItohim.
WhyisthatBecauseheseestheDhamma.
SeeingtheDhamma,heseesme.
"Thoughfollowingrightbehind,ambitious,annoyed:seehowfarheis!
—theperturbedfromtheunperturbed,theboundfromtheUnbound,thegreedyonefromtheonewithnogreed.
Butthewisepersonwho,throughdirectknowledgeofDhamma,gnosisofDhamma,growsstill&unperturbedlikealakeunruffledbywind:seehowcloseheis!
—theunperturbedtotheunperturbed,theUnboundtotheUnbound,thegreedlessonetotheonewithnogreed.
§93.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreefires.
WhichthreeThefireofpassion,thefireofaversion,thefireofdelusion.
Thesearethethreefires.
"Thefireofpassionburnsinamortaldelightingin,smittenwithsensualdesires;thefireofaversion,inamalevolentpersontakinglife;thefireofdelusion,inabewilderedpersonignorantofthenobleteaching.
Notunderstandingthesefires,people—fondofself-identity—unreleasedfromMra'sshackles,66swelltheranksofhell,thewombsofcommonanimals,demons,therealmofthehungryghosts.
Whilethosewho,day&night,aredevotedtothemessageoftherightlyself-awakened,putoutthefireofpassion,constantlyperceivingthefoul.
They,superlativepeople,putoutthefireofaversionwithgoodwill,andthefireofdelusionwiththediscernmentleadingtopenetration.
They,themasterful,untiringbynight&day,havingputout[thefires],having,withoutremainder,comprehendedstress,are,withoutremainder,totallyunbound.
They,thewise,withanattainer-of-wisdom'snoblevision,rightgnosis,directlyknowingtheendingofbirth,cometonofurtherbecoming.
Seealso:SN35:28;Ud3:10§94.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,amonkshouldinvestigateinsuchawaythat—hisconsciousnessneitherexternallyscattered&diffused,norinternallypositioned—heis,fromlackofclinging/sustenance,unagitated,andthereisnocomingintobeingoftheoriginationoffuturebirth,aging,death,orstress.
"1Foramonkwhohasabandonedsevenattachmentsandcuttheguide:2thewandering-oninbirthisfinished;thereis,forhim,nofurtherbecoming.
67NOTES1.
InMN138,Ven.
MahKaccyanaoffersthefollowingexplanationofthiscrypticstatement:"Andhowisconsciousnesssaidnottobeexternallyscattered&diffusedThereisthecasewhere,havingseenaformwiththeeye,consciousnessdoesnotfollowthedriftofthethemeoftheform,isnottiedto…chainedto…fettered,orjoinedtotheattractionofthethemeoftheform.
Consciousnessissaidnottobeexternallyscattered&diffused.
[Similarlywiththeothersenses.
]…"AndhowisthemindsaidnottobeinternallypositionedThereisthecasewhereamonk,quitesecludedfromsensuality,secludedfromunskillfulqualities,enters&remainsinthefirstjhna:rapture&pleasurebornofseclusion,accompaniedbydirectedthought&evaluation.
Hisconsciousnessdoesnotfollowthedriftoftherapture&pleasurebornofseclusion,isnottiedto…chainedto…fettered,orjoinedtotheattractionoftherapture&pleasurebornofseclusion.
[Similarlywiththesecond,third,andfourthjhnas.
]Themindissaidnottobeinternallypositioned.
""Andhowisnon-agitationcausedbylackofclinging/sustenanceThereisthecasewhereaninstructeddiscipleofthenobleones—whohasregardfornobleones,iswell-versed&disciplinedintheirDhamma;whohasregardformenofintegrity,iswell-versed&disciplinedintheirDhamma—doesn'tassumeformtobetheself,ortheselfaspossessingform,orformasintheself,ortheselfasinform.
Hisformchanges&isunstable,buthisconsciousnessdoesn't—becauseofthechange&instabilityofform—alterinaccordancewiththechangeinform.
Hismindisnotconsumedwithanyagitationbornfromanalterationinaccordancewiththechangeinformorcomingfromtheco-arisingof[unskillfulmental]qualities.
Andbecausehisawarenessisnotconsumed,hefeelsneitherfearful,threatened,norsolicitous.
[Similarlywiththeaggregatesoffeeling,perception,fabrications,andconsciousness.
]"This,friends,ishownon-agitationiscausedbylackofclinging/sustenance.
"2.
The"sevenattachments"arepassion,aversion,delusion,views,conceit,defilement,&misconduct.
The"guide"iscraving,whichleadstobecoming.
§95.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesethreewaysofobtainingsensualpleasures.
WhichthreeThosewhosesensualpleasuresarealreadyprovided,thosewhodelightincreating,thosewithcontroloverwhatiscreatedbyothers.
1Thesearethethreewaysofobtainingsensualpleasures.
"Devaswhosepleasuresarealreadyprovided,thosewithcontrol,thosewhodelightincreation,andanyothersenjoyingsensualpleasuresinthisstatehereoranywhereelse,don'tgobeyond68thewandering-on.
Knowingthisdrawbackinsensualpleasures,thewiseshouldabandonallsensualdesires,whetherhumanordivine.
Havingcuttheflowofgreedforlovely,alluringformssohardtotranscend,having,withoutremainder,comprehendedstress,theyare,withoutremainder,totallyunbound.
They,thewise,withanattainer-of-wisdom'snoblevision,rightgnosis,directlyknowingtheendingofbirth,cometonofurtherbecoming.
NOTE:1.
Astheversemakesclear,thesethreecategoriesdenotethreelevelsofdevasintheheavensofsensualpleasure.
"Thoseincontrol"areatthehighestoftheselevels.
Seealso:SN55:54;Dhp186–187§96.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Tiedbytheyokeofsensuality&theyokeofbecoming,monks,oneisareturner,returningtothisstate.
Untiedfromtheyokeofsensualitybuttiedbytheyokeofbecoming,oneisanon-returner,notreturningtothisstate.
Untiedfrom[both]theyokeofsensuality&fromtheyokeofbecoming,oneisanArahantwhoseeffluentsareended.
"Tiedbyboththeyokeofsensuality&theyokeofbecoming,beingsgotothewandering-onleadingtobirth&death.
Thosewho'veabandonedthesensualwithoutreachingtheendingofeffluents,aretiedbytheyokeofbecoming,aresaidtobeNon-returners.
Whilethosewho'vecutoffdoubthavenomoreconceitorfurtherbecoming.
Theywhohavereached69theendingofeffluents,whileintheworldhavegonebeyond.
Seealso:AN2:36;AN4:10§97.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,amonkwhohasadmirablevirtue,admirablequalities,&admirablediscernmentiscalled,inthisDhamma-&-Vinaya,onewhoiscomplete,fulfilled,asuperlativeperson.
"AndhowisamonkapersonwithadmirablevirtueThereisthecasewhereamonkisvirtuous.
HedwellsrestrainedinaccordancewiththePimokkha,consummateinhisbehavior&sphereofactivity.
Hetrainshimself,havingundertakenthetrainingrules,seeingdangerintheslightestfaults.
Inthiswayamonkisapersonwithadmirablevirtue.
Thusheisofadmirablevirtue.
"AndhowisamonkapersonwithadmirablequalitiesThereisthecasewhereamonklivesdevotedtodevelopingtheseven[setsof]qualitiesthatarewingstoawakening.
1Inthiswayamonkisapersonwithadmirablequalities.
Thusheisofadmirablevirtue&admirablequalities.
"AndhowisamonkapersonwithadmirablediscernmentThereisthecasewhereamonk—withtheendingofeffluents—remainsintheeffluent-freeawareness-release&discernment-release,directlyknowing&realizingitforhimselfrightinthehere-&-now.
Inthiswayamonkisapersonwithadmirablediscernment.
Thusheisofadmirablevirtue,admirablequalities,admirablediscernment.
InthisDhamma-&-Vinayaheiscalledonewhoiscomplete,fulfilled,asuperlativeperson.
"Devoidofwrong-doinginthought,word,ordeed,he'scalledapersonofadmirablevirtue:themonkconscientious.
Well-developedinthequalitiesthatgototheattainmentofself-awakening,he'scalledapersonofadmirablequalities:themonkunassuming.
Discerningrighthereforhimself,inhimself,theendingofstresshe'scalledapersonofadmirablediscernment:themonkwithnoeffluent.
Consummateinthesethings,untroubled,withdoubtcutaway,unattachedinalltheworld,70he'ssaidtohaveabandonedtheAll.
NOTE:1.
Seethenoteto§82.
§98.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesetwokindsofgifts:agiftofmaterialthings&agiftoftheDhamma.
Ofthesetwokindsofgifts,thisissupreme:agiftoftheDhamma.
Therearethesetwokindsofsharing:sharingofmaterialthings&sharingoftheDhamma.
Ofthesetwokindsofsharing,thisissupreme:sharingoftheDhamma.
Therearethesetwokindsofassistance:assistancewithmaterialthings&assistancewiththeDhamma.
Ofthesetwokindsofassistance,thisissupreme:assistancewiththeDhamma.
"Thegifthedescribesassupreme&unsurpassed,thesharingtheBlessedOnehasextolled:who—confidentinthesupremefieldofmerit,wise,discerning—wouldn'tgiveitatappropriatetimesBothforthosewhoproclaimitandthosewholisten,confidentinthemessageoftheOneWell-gone:itpurifiestheirforemostbenefit—thoseheedingthemessageoftheOneWell-gone.
§99.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"It'swithreferencetoDhamma,monks,thatIdescribe[apersonas]abrahmanwiththreefoldknowledge,andnotanotherasmeasuredbyciting&reciting.
AndhowisitwithreferencetoDhammathatIdescribe[apersonas]abrahmanwiththreefoldknowledge,andnotanotherasmeasuredbyciting&reciting"Thereisthecasewhereamonkrecollectshismanifoldpastlives,i.
e.
,onebirth,two…five,ten…fifty,ahundred,athousand,ahundredthousand,manyeonsofcosmiccontraction,manyeonsofcosmicexpansion,manyeonsofcosmiccontraction&expansion:'ThereIhadsuchaname,belongedtosuchaclan,hadsuchanappearance.
Suchwasmyfood,suchmysensitivitytopleasure&pain,suchtheendofmylife.
Passingawayfromthatstate,Ire-arosethere.
TheretooIhadsuchaname,belongedtosuchaclan,hadsuchanappearance.
Suchwasmyfood,suchmysensitivitytopleasure&pain,suchtheendofmylife.
Passingawayfromthatstate,Ire-arosehere.
'Thusherecollectshismanifoldpastlivesintheirmodes&details.
"Thisisthefirstknowledgehehasattained.
Ignorancehasbeendestroyed;71knowledgehasarisen;darknesshasbeendestroyed;lighthasarisen—ashappensinonewhoremainsheedful,ardent,&resolute.
"Thenagain,themonksees—bymeansofthedivineeye,purified&surpassingthehuman—beingspassingaway&re-appearing,andhediscernshowtheyareinferior&superior,beautiful&ugly,fortunate&unfortunateinaccordancewiththeiractions:'Thesebeings—whowereendowedwithbodilymisconduct,verbalmisconduct,&mentalmisconduct;whorevilednobleones,heldwrongviewsandundertookactionsundertheinfluenceofwrongviews—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,havere-appearedinaplaneofdeprivation,abaddestination,alowerrealm,hell.
Butthesebeings—whowereendowedwithbodilygoodconduct,verbalgoodconduct,&mentalgoodconduct;whodidnotrevilenobleones,whoheldrightviewsandundertookactionsundertheinfluenceofrightviews—atthebreak-upofthebody,afterdeath,havere-appearedinagooddestination,aheavenlyworld.
'Thus—bymeansofthedivineeye,purified&surpassingthehuman—heseesbeingspassingaway&re-appearing,anddiscernshowtheyareinferior&superior,beautiful&ugly,fortunate&unfortunateinaccordancewiththeiractions.
"Thisisthesecondknowledgehehasattained.
Ignorancehasbeendestroyed;knowledgehasarisen;darknesshasbeendestroyed;lighthasarisen—ashappensinonewhoremainsheedful,ardent,&resolute.
"Thenagain,themonk—withtheendingofeffluents—remainsintheeffluent-freeawareness-release&discernment-release,directlyknowing&realizingitforhimselfrightinthehere-&-now.
"Thisisthethirdknowledgehehasattained.
Ignorancehasbeendestroyed;knowledgehasarisen;darknesshasbeendestroyed;lighthasarisen—ashappensinonewhoremainsheedful,ardent,&resolute.
"It'sinthiswaythat,withreferencetoDhamma,Idescribe[apersonas]abrahmanwiththreefoldknowledge,andnotanotherasmeasuredbyciting&reciting.
"Heknowshisformerlives.
Heseesheavens&statesofwoe,hasattainedtheendingofbirth,isasagewhohasmastereddirect-knowing.
Bymeansofthesethreeknowledgeshebecomesathree-knowledgebrahman.
1He'swhatIcallathree-knowledgeman—notanother,citing,reciting.
NOTE:1.
Inthebrahmanicalreligion,a"three-knowledgeman"wasonewhohadmemorizedthethreeVedas.
Thisversetakesthebrahmanicaltermandgivesitanew,Buddhistmeaning.
Seealso:MN4;Dhp423;Thag4:8;Thig5:11;Thig5:12;Thig12;Thig13:272TheGroupofFours§100.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Iamabrahman,monks,alwaysresponsivetorequests,open-handed,bearingmylastbody,anunsurpasseddoctor&surgeon.
Youaremychildren,mysons,bornfrommymouth,bornoftheDhamma,createdbytheDhamma,heirstotheDhamma,notheirsinmaterialthings.
"Therearethesetwokindsofgifts:agiftofmaterialthings&agiftoftheDhamma.
Ofthesetwokindsofgifts,thisissupreme:agiftoftheDhamma.
"Therearethesetwokindsofsharing:sharingofmaterialthings&sharingoftheDhamma.
Ofthesetwokindsofsharing,thisissupreme:sharingoftheDhamma.
"Therearethesetwokindsofassistance:assistancewithmaterialthings&assistancewiththeDhamma.
Ofthesetwokindsofassistance,thisissupreme:assistancewiththeDhamma.
"Therearethesetwokindsofmass-donations:amass-donationofmaterialthings&amass-donationoftheDhamma.
Ofthesetwokindsofmass-donations,thisissupreme:amass-donationoftheDhamma.
"Hewho,unstinting,madethemass-donationofDhamma,theTathgata,sympathetictoallbeings:tooneofthatsort—thebestofbeings,human&divine—livingbeingspayhomage—toonegonetothebeyondofbecoming.
§101.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thesefourthingsarenexttonothing,botheasytogain&blameless.
WhichfourCast-offclothisnexttonothing,botheasytogain&blameless.
Almsfoodisnexttonothing,botheasytogain&blameless.
Therootofatreeasadwellingplaceisnexttonothing,botheasytogain&blameless.
Medicinemadeofsmellyurine1isnexttonothing,botheasytogain&blameless.
Thesearethefourthingsthatarenexttonothing,botheasytogain&blameless.
Whenamonkiscontentwithwhatisnexttonothing,easytogain&blameless,thenIsaythathehasoneofthecomponentfactorsofthecontemplativelife.
"Contentwithwhat'sblameless,nexttonothing,73easytogain,hismindnotvexedoverlodging,clothing,food,ordrink:thefourdirectionsofferhimnoobstruction.
Thesethings,declaredcongenialforthecontemplativelife,arepossessedbythemonkheedful,content.
NOTE:1.
Thisisoneofamonk'sbasicrequisites.
Thereissomedisagreementastowhetheritreferstomedicinepickledinurine,ortotheuseofurineasamedicine(asisstillpracticedinpartsofAsiatoday).
ThisitivuttakaisidenticalwithAN4:27.
§102.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,foroneknowing&seeing,Itellyou,thereistheendingofeffluents,notforonenotknowing&seeing.
Foroneknowingwhat&seeingwhatistheretheendingofeffluentsForoneknowing&seeing,'Thisisstress,'thereistheendingofeffluents.
Foroneknowing&seeing,'Thisistheoriginationofstress,'thereistheendingofeffluents.
Foroneknowing&seeing,'Thisisthecessationofstress,'thereistheendingofeffluents.
Foroneknowing&seeing,'Thisisthepathofpracticeleadingtothecessationofstress,'thereistheendingofeffluents.
Foroneknowinginthiswayandseeinginthiswayistheretheendingofeffluents.
"Foralearnerintrainingalongthestraightpath,therearises:first,theknowledgeofending;then,thegnosisunsurpassed;then,thegnosisofonereleased—release-knowledge,superlative,theknowledgeofending:'Thefettersareended.
'Certainlynotbythelazyfooluncomprehending,isthereattainedUnbinding,thelooseningofallties.
Seealso:SN12:70;AN3:86;§62§103.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,anycontemplativesorbrahmanswhodonotdiscern,asithascometobe,that74'Thisisstress,'…that'Thisistheoriginationofstress,'…that'Thisisthecessationofstress,'whodonotdiscern,asithascometobe,that'Thisisthepathofpracticeleadingtothecessationofstress':tomethesecontemplatives&brahmansdonotcountascontemplativesamongcontemplativesorasbrahmansamongbrahmans.
Furthermore,theydonotenter&remaininthegoalofthecontemplativelifeorthegoalofbrahmanlylife,havingdirectlyknown&realizeditforthemselvesrightinthehere-&-now.
"Butanycontemplativesorbrahmanswhodiscern,asithascometobe,that'Thisisstress,'…that'Thisistheoriginationofstress,'…that'Thisisthecessationofstress,'whodiscern,asithascometobe,that'Thisisthepathofpracticeleadingtothecessationofstress':tomethesecontemplatives&brahmanscountascontemplativesamongcontemplativesandasbrahmansamongbrahmans.
Furthermore,theyenter&remaininthegoalofthecontemplativelife&thegoalofthebrahmanlylife,havingdirectlyknown&realizeditforthemselvesrightinthehere-&-now.
"Thosewhodon'tdiscernstress,stress'scomingintoplay,&whereittotallystops,withouttrace,whodon'tknowthepath,thewaytothestillingofstress:lowlyintheirawareness-release&discernment-release,incapableofmakinganend,they'reheadedtobirth&aging.
Butthosewhodiscernstress,stress'scomingintoplay,&whereittotallystops,withouttrace,whodiscernthepath,thewaytothestillingofstress:consummateintheirawareness-release&discernment-release,capableofmakinganend,theyarenotheadedtobirth&aging.
Seealso:SN56:22;Sn3:1275§104.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,thosemonkswhoareconsummateinvirtue,consummateinconcentration,consummateindiscernment,consummateinrelease,consummateintheknowledge&visionofrelease;whoexhort,demonstrate,instruct,urge,rouse&encourage;whoarecompetentrightlytopointoutthetrueDhamma:seeingthem,Itellyou,accomplishesagreatdeal;listeningtothem…approachingthem…attendingtothem…recollectingthem…followingthemingoingforthaccomplishesagreatdeal.
Whyisthat"Byassociatingwithmonksofthissort,sharingwiththem,attendingtothem,theas-yet-unculminatedaggregateofvirtuegoestotheculminationofitsdevelopment,theas-yet-unculminatedaggregateofconcentrationgoestotheculminationofitsdevelopment,theas-yet-unculminatedaggregateofdiscernmentgoestotheculminationofitsdevelopment,theas-yet-unculminatedaggregateofreleasegoestotheculminationofitsdevelopment,theas-yet-unculminatedaggregateofknowledge&visionofreleasegoestotheculminationofitsdevelopment.
Monksofthissortaresaidtobeteachers,caravanleaders,abandonersofstrife,dispellersofdarkness,makersoflight,makersofradiance,makersofbrightness,makersofbrilliance,bringersofillumination,nobleones,endowedwitheyesthatsee.
"Thisisaconditioncreatingjoyforthosewhoknow:livingtheDhammaofthenobleones,composedinmind.
TheybrightenthetrueDhamma,illumineit,shiningbrilliantly.
Theyaremakersoflight,enlightened,abandonersofstrife.
Theyhaveeyesthatsee.
Havingheardtheirmessagewithrightgnosis,thewisedirectlyknowingtheendingofbirth,cometonofurtherbecoming.
Seealso:SN45:2;AN9:1§105.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,therearethesefourbirthplacesofcravingwhereamonk'scraving,whentakingbirth,takesbirth.
WhichfourEitherforthesakeofclothamonk'scraving,when76takingbirth,takesbirth.
Orforthesakeofalmsfoodamonk'scraving,whentakingbirth,takesbirth.
Orforthesakeoflodgingamonk'scraving,whentakingbirth,takesbirth.
Orforthesakeofbecomingornotbecomingthisorthatamonk'scraving,whentakingbirth,takesbirth.
Thesearethefourbirthplacesofcravingwhereamonk'scraving,whentakingbirth,takesbirth.
"Withcravinghiscompanion,amanwandersonalong,longtime.
Neitherinthisstateherenoranywhereelsedoeshegobeyondthewandering-on.
Knowingthisdrawback—thatcravingbringsstressintoplay—freefromcraving,devoidofclinging,mindful,themonklivesthemendicantlife.
Seealso:SN21:10;SN35:63;AN4:9;AN4:28;Sn3:12§106.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,livingwithBrahmaarethosefamilieswhere,inthehome,mother&fatherarereveredbythechildren.
Livingwiththefirstdevasarethosefamilieswhere,inthehome,mother&fatherarereveredbythechildren.
Livingwiththefirstteachersarethosefamilieswhere,inthehome,mother&fatherarereveredbythechildren.
Livingwiththoseworthyofgiftsarethosefamilieswhere,inthehome,mother&fatherarereveredbythechildren.
'Brahma'isasynonymformother&father.
'Thefirstdevas'isasynonymformother&father.
'Thefirstteachers'isasynonymformother&father.
'Thoseworthyofgifts'isasynonymformother&father.
WhyisthatMother&fatherdomuchfortheirchildren.
Theycareforthem,nourishthem,introducethemtothisworld.
"Mother&father,compassionatetotheirfamily,arecalledBrahma,firstteachers,thoseworthyofgiftsfromtheirchildren.
Sothewiseshouldpaythemhomage,honor,withfood&drink,clothing&bedding,77anointing&bathing,&washingtheirfeet.
Performingtheseservicestotheirparents,thewisearepraisedrighthereandafterdeathrejoiceinheaven.
Seealso:SN7:14;AN2:31–32;AN4:63§107.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,brahmans&householdersareveryhelpfultoyou,astheyprovideyouwiththerequisitesofrobes,almsfood,lodgings,&medicalrequisitesforthesick.
Andyou,monks,areveryhelpfultobrahmans&householders,asyouteachthemtheDhammaadmirableinthebeginning,admirableinthemiddle,admirableintheend;asyouexpoundtheholylifebothinitsparticulars&initsessence,entirelycomplete,surpassinglypure.
Inthiswaytheholylifeislivedinmutualdependence,forthepurposeofcrossingovertheflood,formakingarightendtostress.
"Householders&thehomelessinmutualdependencebothreachthetrueDhamma:theunsurpassedsafetyfrombondage.
Fromhouseholders,thehomelessreceiverequisites:robes,lodgings,protectionfrominclemencies.
Whileindependenceonthosewell-gone,home-lovinghouseholdershaveconvictioninArahantsofnoblediscernment,absorbedinjhna.
HavingpracticedtheDhammahere—thepathleadingtogooddestinations—delightinginthedevaworld,theyrejoice,enjoyingsensualpleasures.
§108.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,anymonkswhoaredeceitful,stubborn,talkers,frauds,arrogant,&uncenteredarenotfollowersofmine.
TheyhaveturnedawayfromthisDhamma-&-Vinaya.
Theyattain,intermsofthisDhamma-&-Vinaya,nogrowth,increase,orabundance.
78"Butanymonkswhoarenotdeceitful,nottalkers,whoareenlightened,pliant,&well-centered:theyarefollowersofmine.
TheyhavenotturnedawayfromthisDhamma-&-Vinaya.
Theyattain,intermsofthisDhamma-&-Vinaya,growth,increase,&abundance.
Deceitful,stubborn,talkers,frauds,arrogant,uncentered:theydon'tgrowintheDhammataughtbytheRightlySelf-awakenedOne.
Notdeceitful,nottalkers,enlightened,pliant,well-centered:theygrowintheDhammataughtbytheOneRightlySelf-awakened.
§109.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,supposeamanwerebeingcarriedalongbytheflowofariver,lovely&alluring.
Andthenanothermanwithgoodeyesight,standingonthebank,onseeinghimwouldsay,'Mygoodman,eventhoughyouarebeingcarriedalongbytheflowofariver,lovely&alluring,furtherdownfromhereisapoolwithwaves&whirlpools,withseizers&demons.
Onreachingthatpoolyouwillsufferdeathordeath-likepain.
'Thenthefirstman,onhearingthewordsofthesecondman,wouldmakeaneffortwithhishands&feettogoagainsttheflow.
"Ihavegivenyouthissimiletoillustrateameaning.
Themeaningisthis:theflowoftheriverstandsforcraving.
Lovely&alluringstandsforthesixinternalsense-media.
Thepoolfurtherdownstandsforthefivelowerfetters.
1Thewavesstandforanger&distress.
Thewhirlpoolsstandforthefivestringsofsensuality.
Theseizers&demonsstandfortheoppositesex.
Againsttheflowstandsforrenunciation.
Makinganeffortwithhands&feetstandsforthearousingofpersistence.
ThemanwithgoodeyesightstandingonthebankstandsfortheTathgata,worthy&rightlyself-awakened.
"Evenifit'swithpain,youshouldabandonsensualdesiresifyouaspiretofuturesafetyfrombondage.
Rightlydiscerning,withamindwell-released,touchreleasenowhere,nowthere.
79Anattainer-of-wisdom,havingfulfilledtheholylife,issaidtohavegonetotheendoftheworld,gonebeyond.
NOTE:1.
Thefivelowerfettersareself-identityview,uncertainty,attachmenttohabits&practices,sensualpassion,andresistance.
SeealsoAN7:48andAN10:13.
§110.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"If,whileheiswalking,monks,therearisesinamonkathoughtofsensuality,athoughtofill-will,orathoughtofharmfulness,andhedoesnotquicklyabandon,dispel,demolish,orwipethatthoughtoutofexistence,thenamonkwalkingwithsuchalackofardency&compunctioniscalledcontinually&continuouslylethargic&lowinhispersistence.
"If,whileheisstanding.
…"If,whileheissitting.
…"If,whileheislyingdown,therearisesinamonkathoughtofsensuality,athoughtofill-will,orathoughtofharmfulness,andhedoesnotquicklyabandon,dispel,demolish,orwipethatthoughtoutofexistence,thenamonklyingdownwithsuchalackofardency&compunctioniscalledcontinually&continuouslylethargic&lowinhispersistence.
"Butif,whileheiswalking,therearisesinamonkathoughtofsensuality,athoughtofill-will,orathoughtofharmfulness,andhequicklyabandons,dispels,demolishes,&wipesthatthoughtoutofexistence,thenamonkwalkingwithsuchardency&compunctioniscalledcontinually&continuouslyresolute,onewithpersistencearoused.
"If,whileheisstanding.
…"If,whileheissitting.
…"If,whileheislyingdown,therearisesinamonkathoughtofsensuality,athoughtofill-will,orathoughtofharmfulness,andhequicklyabandons,dispels,demolishes,&wipesthatthoughtoutofexistence,thenamonklyingdownwithsuchardency&compunctioniscalledcontinually&continuouslyresolute,onewithpersistencearoused.
"Whetherwalking,standing,sitting,orlyingdown,whoeverthinksevilthoughts,relatedtothehouseholdlife,isfollowingnopathatall,smittenwithdelusorythings.
He'sincapable,amonklikethis,oftouchingsuperlative80self-awakening.
Butwhoever—walking,standing,sitting,orlyingdown—overcomesthought,delightinginthestillingofthought:he'scapable,amonklikethis,oftouchingsuperlativeself-awakening.
Seealso:MN19;MN20;AN3:102;AN4:11;AN6:20;AN10:51§111.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Beconsummateinvirtue,monks,andconsummateinthePimokkha.
DwellrestrainedinaccordancewiththePimokkha,consummateinyourbehavior&sphereofactivity.
Trainyourselves,havingundertakenthetrainingrules,seeingdangerintheslightestfaults.
"Whenoneisconsummateinvirtue,consummateinthePimokkha;dwellingrestrainedinaccordancewiththePimokkha,consummateinone'sbehavior&sphereofactivity;trainingoneself,havingundertakenthetrainingrules,seeingdangerintheslightestfaults—whatmoreistobedone"If,whileheiswalking,anygreedinamonkisdoneawaywith,anyillwill…anysloth&torpor…anyrestlessness&anxietyisdoneawaywith,anyuncertaintyisabandoned;ifhispersistenceisarousedandnotlax;ifhismindfulnessisestablished&unmuddled;ifhisbodyiscalm&unaroused;ifhismindiscentered&unified:thenamonkwalkingwithsuchardency&compunctioniscalledcontinually&continuouslyresolute,onewithpersistencearoused.
"If,whileheisstanding.
…"If,whileheissitting.
…"If,whileheislyingdown,anygreedinamonkisdoneawaywith,anyillwill…anysloth&torpor…anyrestlessness&anxietyisdoneawaywith,anyuncertaintyisabandoned;ifhispersistenceisarousedandnotlax;ifhismindfulnessisestablished&unmuddled;ifhisbodyiscalm&unaroused;ifhismindiscentered&unified:thenamonklyingdownwithsuchardency&compunctioniscalledcontinually&continuouslyresolute,onewithpersistencearoused.
"Controlledinwalking,controlledinstanding,controlledinsitting,controlledinlyingdown,controlledinflexing&extendinghislimbs—above,around,&below,81asfarastheworldsextend—observingthearising&passingawayofphenomena,ofaggregates:amonkwhodwellsthusardently,notrestlessly,atpeace—alwaysmindful,traininginthemasteryofawareness-tranquility—issaidtobecontinuallyresolute.
1NOTE:1.
ThisitivuttakaisidenticalwithAN4:12.
§112.
ThiswassaidbytheBlessedOne,saidbytheArahant,soIhaveheard:"Monks,theworld1hasbeenfullyawakenedtobytheTathgata.
Fromtheworld,theTathgataisdisjoined.
TheoriginationoftheworldhasbeenfullyawakenedtobytheTathgata.
Theoriginationoftheworldhas,bytheTathgata,beenabandoned.
ThecessationoftheworldhasbeenfullyawakenedtobytheTathgata.
Thecessationoftheworldhas,bytheTathgata,beenrealized.
ThepathleadingtothecessationoftheworldhasbeenfullyawakenedtobytheTathgata.
Thepathleadingtothecessationoftheworldhas,bytheTathgata,beendeveloped.
2"Whateverinthisworld—withitsgods,Mras,&Brahmas,itsgenerationscompletewithcontemplatives&brahmans,princes&men—isseen,heard,sensed,cognized,attained,soughtafter,ponderedbytheintellect,thathasbeenfullyawakenedtobytheTathgata.
ThusheiscalledtheTathgata.
"FromthenighttheTathgatafullyawakenstotheunsurpassedRightSelf-awakeningtothenightheistotallyunboundintheUnbindingpropertywithnofuelremaining,3whatevertheTathgatahassaid,spoken,explainedisjustso(tatha)andnototherwise.
ThusheiscalledtheTathgata.
"TheTathgataisonewhodoesinlinewith(tath)whatheteaches,onewhoteachesinlinewithwhathedoes.
Becauseheisonewhodoesinlinewithwhatheteaches,onewhoteachesinlinewithwhathedoes,heisthuscalledtheTathgata.
"Inthisworldwithitsgods,Mras,&Brahmas,itsgenerationscompletewithcontemplatives&brahmans,princes&men,theTathgataistheunconqueredconqueror,totalseer,thewielderofpower.
4ThusheiscalledtheTathgata.
"ThisisthemeaningofwhattheBlessedOnesaid.
Sowithregardtothisitwassaid:Directlyknowingalltheworld,alltheworldasitreallyis,fromalltheworlddisjoined,82inalltheworldunmatched.
Conqueringallinallways,enlightened,releasedfromallbonds,hetouchestheforemostpeace—Unbinding,freefromfear.
Heisfreeofeffluent,oftrouble,awakened,hisdoubtscutthrough;hasattainedtheendingofaction,isreleasedinthedestructionofacquisitions.
Heisblessed,awakened.
Heisalion,unsurpassed.
IntheworldwithitsdevashesettheBrahma-wheelgoing.
5Thusdodivine&humanbeingswhohavegonetotheBuddhaforrefuge,gathering,payhomagetothegreatone,thoroughlymature:'Tamed,he'sthebestofthosewhocanbetamed;calm,theseerofthosewhocanbecalmed;released,supremeamongthosewhocanbereleased;crossed,theforemostofthosewhocancross.
'Thustheypayhomagetothegreatone,thoroughlymature:'Inthisworldwithitsdevas,there'snoonetocomparewithyou.
'This,too,wasthemeaningofwhatwassaidbytheBlessedOne,soIhaveheard.
NOTES1.
SN35:82definesthe"world"asthesixsensespheres,theirobjects,consciousness83atthosespheres,contactatthosespheres,andwhateverarisesindependenceonthatcontact,experiencedaspleasure,pain,orneitherpleasurenorpain.
2.
Thispassageparallels,withonechange,thedutiesappropriatetothefournoblestruths:abandoningtheoriginationofstress,realizingitscessation,anddevelopingthepathofpracticeleadingtoitscessation.
Theonedeviationisthatwhereasthedutywithregardtostressistocomprehendit,heretheTathgataisdisjoinedfromtheworld.
SeeSN56:11.
3.
See§44.
3.
TheseareepithetsusuallyassociatedwiththeGreatBrahma.
See§22.
4.
TheBrahma-wheel=theDhamma-wheel,thenameoftheBuddha'sfirstsermon,socalledbecauseitcontainsa"wheel"thatlistsalltwelvecombinationsoftwovariables:thefournobletruths—stress,itsorigination,itscessation,andthewayleadingtoitscessation—andthethreelevelsofknowledgeappropriatetoeachtruth:knowledgeofthetruth,knowledgeofthetaskappropriatetothetruth,andknowledgethatthetaskhasbeencompleted.
ThiswheelconstitutestheBuddha'smostcentralteaching.
ThisitivuttakaisidenticalwithAN4:23.
Seealso:MN72;MN140;MN146;SN22:36;SN22:85–86;AN4:24;AN10:81;§63;Sn5:684GlossaryAcquisition(upadhi):Themental"baggage"thattheunawakenedmindcarriesaround.
TheCulaniddesaliststentypesofacquisition:craving,views,defilement,action,misconduct,nutriment(physicalandmental),resistance,thefourphysicalpropertiessustainedinthebody(earth,water,wind,andfire),thesixexternalsensemedia(forms,sounds,smells,tastes,tactilesensations,andideas),andthesixformsofsensoryconsciousness(eye-consciousness,ear-,nose-,tongue-,body-,andintellect-consciousness).
ThestatewithoutacquisitionsisUnbinding(seebelow).
Aggregate(khandha):Anyoneofthefivecomponentsforcreatingasenseofselfandclingingtoit:form(physicalphenomena,includingthebody),feelings,perceptions(mentallabels),thought-fabrications,andconsciousness.
Arahant:A"worthyone"or"pureone.
"Apersonwhosemindisfreeofdefilementandthusisnotdestinedforfurtherrebirth.
AtitlefortheBuddhaandthehighestlevelofhisnobledisciples.
Avci:Thelowestlevelofhell.
HellsinBuddhismareplacesoftemporary,noteternal,torment.
Abeinggoestohell,notbecauseanyoutsidepowerhassenthim/herthere,butthroughthepowerofhis/herownactions.
Whentheresultsoftheactionscometotheirend,thebeingisreleasedfromhell.
Becoming(bhava):Statesofbeingthatdevelopfirstinthemindandallowforbirthonanyofthreelevels:thelevelofsensuality,thelevelofform,andthelevelofformlessness.
Brahm:Adevalivingonthehighest,non-sensuallevelsofheaven.
TheGreatBrahmaisoneofthemorepowerfulinhabitantsoftheseheavens.
Asanadjective,brahmameans"sublime,""ideal,""embodyingthebestqualities.
"Assuch,itisoftenusedtodescribetheArahantorthehighestqualitiesoftheDhamma.
Brahman:TheBrahmansofIndiahavelongmaintainedthatthey,bytheirbirth,areworthyofthehighestrespect.
Buddhistsborrowedtheterm"brahman"toapplytoArahantstoshowthatrespectisearnednotbybirth,race,orcaste,butbyspiritualattainmentthroughfollowingtherightpathofpractice.
SomeofthepassagesintheItivuttakausethewordbrahmaninthisspecialsense;othersinamoreordinarysense.
Theintendedsenseshouldbeobviousfromthecontext.
Deva:Literally,"shiningone.
"Aninhabitantofterrestrialorheavenlyrealmsabovethehuman.
85Dhamma:(1)Event;aphenomenoninandofitself;(2)mentalquality;(3)doctrine,teaching;(4)nibbna.
Sanskritform:Dharma.
Enlightenedone(dhra):ThroughoutthistranslationIhaverenderedbuddhaas"Awakened,"anddhraas"enlightened.
"AsJanGondapointsoutinhisbook,TheVisionoftheVedicPoets,theworddhrawasusedinVedicandBuddhistpoetrytomeanapersonwhohastheheightenedpowersofmentalvisionneededtoperceivethe"light"oftheunderlyingprinciplesofthecosmos,togetherwiththeexpertisetoimplementthoseprinciplesintheaffairsoflifeandtorevealthemtoothers.
Apersonenlightenedinthissensemayalsobeawakened,butisnotnecessarilyso.
Fabrication(sakhra):Sakhraliterallymeans"puttingtogether,"andcarriesconnotationsofjerry-riggedartificiality.
Itisappliedtophysicalandtomentalprocesses,aswellastotheproductsofthoseprocesses.
Insomecontextsitfunctionsasthefourthofthefiveaggregates—thought-fabrications;inothers,itcoversallfive.
Effluent(sava):Oneoffourqualities—sensuality,views,becoming,andignorance—thatfermentinthemindandflowoutofit,creatingthefloodoftheroundofdeathandrebirth.
Heart(manas):Themindinitsroleaswillandintention.
Jhna:Meditativeabsorption.
Astateofstrongconcentration,devoidofsensualityorunskillfulthoughts,focusedonasinglephysicalsensationormentalnotionwhichisthenexpandedtofillthewholerangeofone'sawareness.
Jhnaissynonymouswithrightconcentration,theeighthfactorinthenobleeightfoldpath.
Kamma:Intentionalact,bearingfruitintermsofstatesofbecomingandbirth.
Sanskritform:Karma.
Mra:Thepersonificationoftemptationanddeath.
Pimokkha:Thebasiccodeofmonasticdiscipline,composedof227rulesformonksand311fornuns.
Sakka:KingofthedevasintheHeavenoftheThirty-three.
Sasra:Transmigration;the"wandering-on";theroundofdeathandrebirth.
Sagha:Ontheconventional(sammati)level,thistermdenotesthecommunitiesofBuddhistmonksandnuns;ontheideal(ariya)level,itdenotesthosefollowersoftheBuddha,layorordained,whohaveattainedatleaststream-entry.
86Stress(dukkha):Alternativetranslationsfordukkhaincludesuffering,burdensomeness,andpain.
However—despitetheunfortunateconnotationsithaspickedupfromprogramsin"stress-management"and"stress-reduction"—theEnglishwordstress,initsbasicmeaningasthereactiontostrainonthebodyormind,hastheadvantageofcoveringmuchthesamerangeasthePaliworddukkha.
Itappliesbothtophysicalandmentalphenomena,rangingfromtheintensestressofacuteanguishorpaintotheinnateburdensomenessofeventhesubtlestmentalorphysicalfabrications.
Italsohastheadvantageofbeinguniversallyrecognizedassomethingdirectlyexperiencedinalllife,andisatthesametimeausefultoolforcuttingthroughthespiritualpridethatkeepspeopleattachedtoespeciallyrefinedorsophisticatedformsofsuffering.
Onceallsuffering,nomatterhownobleorrefined,isrecognizedasbeingnothingmorethanstress,themindcanabandonthepridethatkeepsitattachedtothatsuffering,andsogainreleasefromit.
Still,insomeoftheversesoftheItivuttaka,stressseemstooweaktoconveythemeaning,sointhoseversesIhaverendereddukkhaaspain,suffering,orsuffering&stress.
Tathgata:Literally,"onewhohasbecomeauthentic(tatha-gata),"or"onewhoisreallygone(tatha-gata),"anepithetusedinancientIndiaforapersonwhohasattainedthehighestreligiousgoal.
(Forotheretymologies,see§112.
)InBuddhism,thisusuallydenotestheBuddha,althoughoccasionallyitalsodenotesanyofhisArahantdisciples.
Unbinding(nibbna):BecausenibbnaisusedtodenotenotonlytheBuddhistgoal,butalsotheextinguishingofafire,itisusuallyrenderedas"extinguishing"or,evenworse,"extinction.
"However,astudyofancientIndianviewsoftheworkingsoffire(seeTheMindLikeFireUnbound)revealsthatpeopleoftheBuddha'stimefeltthatafire,ingoingout,didnotgooutofexistencebutwassimplyfreedfromitsagitation,entrapment,andattachmenttoitsfuel.
Thus,whenappliedtotheBuddhistgoal,theprimaryconnotationofnibbnaisoneofrelease,alongwithcoolingandpeace.
Sanskritform:Nirva.
Vinaya:Themonasticdiscipline.
TheBuddha'snameforhisownteachingwas,"thisDhamma-and-Vinaya,"thisdoctrineanddiscipline.
87AbbreviationsReferencesaretotextsfromthePaliCanon:ANAguttaraNikyaCvCullavaggaDhpDhammapadaDNDghaNikyaKhpKhuddakaphaMNMajjhimaNikyaSNSayuttaNikyaSnSuttaNiptaThagTheragthThigThergthUdUdna88