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EncyclopediaofLifeSupportSystems(EOLSS)CONTENTSINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONSRESOURCESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTInformationTechnologyandCommunicationsResourcesforSustainableDevelopment-Volume1No.
ofPages:510ISBN:978-1-84826-313-0(eBook)ISBN:978-1-84826-763-3(PrintVolume)Formoreinformationofe-bookandPrintVolume(s)order,pleaseclickhereOrcontact:eolssunesco@gmail.
comINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONSRESOURCESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTCONTENTSPrefacexPacketSwitchedDataNetworkandItsEvolution1K.
Giridhar,TelecommunicationsandComputerNetworks(Tenet)Group,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyMadras,Chennai-600036,India1.
Historyofpacketswitching2.
Packetswitching2.
1.
Packet-switchednetwork2.
2.
Packetrouting3.
DatagramversusVirtualCircuits3.
1.
DatagramPacketNetworks3.
2.
VirtualCircuitPacketNetworks3.
3.
Differencesbetweendatagramandvirtualcircuitnetworks4.
PopularPacketSwitchedNetworks4.
1CDPD4.
2WirelessPacketData4.
3GPRSFibreOpticCommunications:TechnoEconomics12BalajiSrinivasanandAnilPrabhakar,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology–MadrasAdyar,Chennai600036.
India.
1.
Introduction2.
PropagationthroughOpticalFibers3.
ChallengesinFiberOpticCommunications3.
1.
AttenuationinFusedSilicaOpticalFibers3.
2.
DispersioninOpticalFibers3.
3.
NonlinearEffectsinOpticalFibers4.
WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing(WDM)4.
1.
CoarseWDM4.
2.
OpticalAmplifiers4.
3.
BroadbandOpticalAmplifiers5.
WavelengthMultiplexingTechnologies5.
1.
DielectricThin-FilmCavityFilters(DTMF)5.
2.
FiberBraggGratings(FBGs)5.
3.
ArrayedWaveguideGratings(AWGs)6.
FiberOpticCommunicationsApplications7.
TheIndianFiberOpticsIndustry7.
1.
Manufacturingofa24-CoreFiberCable7.
2.
LiberalizationoftheTelecommunicationIndustry7.
3.
TechnologicalImprovementsinOpticalFiber7.
4.
FiberCapacity7.
5.
OpticalFiberDeploymentinIndia7.
6.
OpticalHardwareSales8.
ConclusionSatelliteCommunications41AndrewThangaraj,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyMadras,India1.
Introduction2.
OverviewofSatelliteCommunicationSystemsEncyclopediaofLifeSupportSystems(EOLSS)iINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONSRESOURCESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT2.
1.
SatelliteOrbits2.
2.
FrequencyBands2.
3.
MultipleAccess2.
4.
Bent-pipeversusRegenerativeSatellites2.
5.
OtherSubsystems3.
SourceCodes-Codingmessagesintobits3.
1.
SourceCodesforEnglishAlphabet3.
2.
SourceCodesforImages4.
Modulation-Sendingbitsintotherealworld4.
1.
ElectromagneticWaves–TheCarriersofBits4.
2.
Modulation–FromBitstoEMWaves4.
3.
ErrorsinModulation4.
4.
BERandSNRofaDigitalCommunicationSystem4.
5.
DesignofaDigitalCommunicationSystem5.
ErrorControlCoding-Makingmodulationmoreefficient5.
1.
ChannelCapacity5.
2.
ErrorControlCodes6.
LinkBudgetforSatellites-Planningthelink7.
FutureDirections7.
1.
Futureservices7.
2.
Futuretechnologies8.
ConclusionsMultimodalInterfacestotheComputer64HemaA.
MurthyandC.
ChandraSekhar,DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,IITMadrasChennai,IndiaC.
S.
Ramalingam,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,IITMadrasChennai,IndiaSrinivasaChakravarthy,DepartmentofBiotechnology,IITMadrasChennai,India1.
Introduction2.
IssuesinprovidingMultimodalLocalLanguagesupporttotheComputer2.
1.
TheKeyboardInterface2.
2.
SpeechRecognition2.
3.
HandwritingRecognition3.
OutputMechanisms3.
1.
Display3.
2.
SpeechSynthesis4.
DevelopingLocalLanguageDatabases5.
BuildingMultimodalInterfacestotheComputer5.
1.
LimitationsofexistingMMI5.
2.
OverviewofMMIforLinuxOS5.
3.
MultilingualsupportonLinux5.
3.
1.
Console-basedsolution-KernelModification5.
3.
2.
X-WindowSystembasedsolution5.
3.
3.
SpeechInterfaceDesign5.
3.
4.
Hand-writingInterfaceDesign5.
4.
MMIIllustration6.
ConclusionDisplayTechnologies(ICTandVisualization)75R.
Sharan,L.
N.
MittalInstituteofInformationTechnology,Jaipur,IndiaK.
R.
Sarma,SamtelColorLtd.
,NewDelhi,IndiaB.
MazhariandS.
S.
K.
Iyer,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur,India1.
IntroductionEncyclopediaofLifeSupportSystems(EOLSS)iiINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONSRESOURCESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT1.
1.
DisplaySystems1.
1.
1.
DisplaySystem:TV1.
1.
2.
DisplaySystem:ComputerMonitor1.
1.
3.
DisplaySystem:Cellphone1.
2.
Computer-assistedVisualization2.
PerformanceRequirementsandSpecificationsforDisplayScreens2.
1.
ASimpleFlatPanelDisplay2.
1.
1.
PerformanceSpecificationsforDisplay2.
2.
DriveElectronics3.
TechnologyformanufactureofDisplayScreens3.
1.
CathodeRayTube(CRT)3.
2.
OrganicLightEmittingDiode(OLED)Displays3.
3.
PlasmaDisplayPanel(PDP)3.
4.
LiquidCrystalDisplay(LCD)4.
Computer-aidedVisualization4.
1.
BasicConsiderations4.
2.
EvolutionandApplicationofCAV4.
3.
ApplicationtoActivitiesofLifeSupportSystem(LSS)5.
ConclusionsGoeographicInformationSystem(GIS)AsAToolForDevelopment109ParvathamVenkatachalam,CentreofStudiesinResourcesEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyBombay,Powai,Mumbai,India1.
Introduction1.
1.
ComponentsofaGIS1.
2.
GISApplications2.
HistoryofGIS3.
ConceptsofSpatialData3.
1.
SpatialObjects3.
2.
ComponentsofSpatialData3.
3.
TransformingObjects3.
4.
SpatialRelations3.
5.
Geo-RelationalDataModel3.
6.
ObjectRelationalDataModel4.
SpatialDataSources4.
1.
PrimaryDataSources4.
2.
SecondaryDataSources4.
3.
ScalesofMeasurement5.
MapProjections5.
1.
GeographicCoordinateSystem5.
2.
Datum5.
3.
Scale5.
4.
MapProjections6.
SpatialDataModeling6.
1.
RasterDataModel6.
2.
VectorDataModel6.
3.
Regions6.
4.
Routes6.
5.
TriangulatedIrregularNetwork(TIN)Model7.
SpatialDataInputandEditing7.
1.
ScanningandDigitization7.
2.
SpatialDataEditing8.
GeometricTransformation8.
1.
GeometricTransformationProcess8.
2.
PixelValuesRe-sampling9.
AttributedataManagement10.
SpatialAnalysis10.
1.
AttributeDataQueryEncyclopediaofLifeSupportSystems(EOLSS)iiiINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONSRESOURCESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT10.
2.
SpatialDataQuery10.
3.
VectorDataAnalysis10.
3.
1.
VectorOperationsonTwoLayers10.
3.
2.
VectorOperationsonSingleLayer10.
4.
RasterDataAnalysis10.
4.
1.
DisplayOperations10.
4.
2.
LocalOperations10.
4.
3.
LocalNeighborhoodOperations10.
4.
4.
ExtendedNeighborhoodOperations10.
4.
5.
ZonalOperations10.
5.
ComparisonofVectorandRasterDataAnalysis11.
SpatialInterpolation12.
DigitalTerrainMapping12.
1.
DigitalElevationModel12.
2.
TriangulatedIrregularNetwork(TIN)Model12.
3.
TerrainMappingMethods12.
4.
SlopeandAspect13.
WatershedDelineationUsingDEM13.
1.
PreprocessingDEM13.
2.
FlowDirectionandFlowAccumulation13.
3.
DerivationofDrainageNetwork13.
4.
WatershedDelineation14.
NetworkAnalysis15.
StatisticalAnalysisinGIS15.
1.
DescriptiveStatistics15.
2.
SpatialAutoCorrelation15.
3.
TrendSurfaceAnalysis15.
4.
GravityModel16.
RoleofRemoteSensinginGIS17.
SpatialDataVisualization17.
1.
UseofColorSchemes17.
2.
TypesofMaps17.
3.
MapLayout18.
GlobalPositioningSystem18.
1.
SpaceSegment18.
2.
ControlSegment18.
3.
UserSegment18.
4.
ObservationPrinciple18.
5.
SurveyingwithGPS18.
6.
GPSReceivers18.
7.
TransformationfromGlobaltoLocalDatum18.
8.
GPSHeightsandMeanSeaLandHeights18.
9.
GPSApplications19.
SpatialDecisionSupportSystems20.
SpatialDataAccuracy21.
GISApplications22.
AnExampleonUseofGISTechnology22.
1.
StudyArea22.
2.
DataUsed22.
3.
Analysis23.
CurrentScenarioandFutureProspectsinGIS23.
1.
CurrentScenario23.
2.
OpenSourceGISSoftwareTools23.
3.
FutureProspects23.
4.
AreasofResearch24.
ConclusionsEncyclopediaofLifeSupportSystems(EOLSS)ivINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONSRESOURCESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTStorageSystemsAndTechnologies204JaiMenon,IBMAcademyofTechnology,SanJose,CA,USAClodoaldoBarrera,IBMSystemsGroup,SanJose,CA,USA1.
Introduction2.
StorageDevices2.
1.
StorageDeviceIndustryOverview2.
2.
HardDiskDrives2.
3.
DigitalTapeDrives2.
4.
OpticalStorage2.
5.
EmergingStorageTechnologies2.
5.
1.
HolographicStorage2.
5.
2.
FlashStorage2.
5.
3.
StorageClassMemories3.
BlockStorageSystems3.
1.
StorageSystemFunctions–Current3.
2.
StorageSystemFunctions–Emerging4.
FileandArchiveStorageSystems4.
1.
NetworkAttachedStorage4.
2.
ArchiveStorageSystems5.
StorageNetworks5.
1.
SANFabrics5.
2.
IPFabrics5.
3.
ConvergedNetworking6.
StorageSoftware6.
1.
DataBackup6.
2.
DataArchive6.
3.
InformationLifecycleManagement6.
4.
DisasterProtection7.
ConcludingRemarksArtificialIntelligence228PushpakBhattacharyya,DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyBombay,India.
1.
Introduction1.
1.
DefinitionofAI1.
2.
SubfieldsofAI1.
3.
TheoreticalUnderpinnings2.
Search2.
1.
AlgorithmicsofSearch2.
1.
1.
The8-puzzleproblem2.
1.
2.
MissionariesandtheCannibalsProblem[RichandKnight1991]2.
1.
3.
TheGeneralGraphSearchAlgorithm[Nilsson1986]2.
1.
4.
A*algorithm2.
1.
5.
PropertiesofA*3.
LogicandInferencing3.
1.
Deduction,InductionandAbduction3.
2.
PropositionalCalculus3.
2.
1.
TruthTable3.
2.
2.
Functionalcompletenessofand3.
2.
3.
LawsofPropositionalCalculus3.
2.
4.
Tautologies3.
2.
5.
SemanticTableauMethodofProvingaTautology3.
3.
FormalSystem3.
3.
1.
FormalizationofPropositionalCalculus3.
3.
2.
ProofsandTheoremsinaFormalSystemEncyclopediaofLifeSupportSystems(EOLSS)vINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONSRESOURCESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT3.
3.
3.
TheDeductionTheorem3.
4.
Theorems,Meta-TheoremsAndSelfReference3.
5.
TautologiesandTheorems3.
6.
Soundness,completenessandconsistency3.
7.
Anexampletoillustratetheapplicationofpropositionalcalculus3.
8.
Predicatecalculus3.
8.
1.
Limitationsofpropositionalcalculus3.
8.
2.
Thepowerfulconstructsofpredicatecalculus:predicates,variablesandquantifiers3.
9.
InferencinginPredicateCalculus:ResolutionandUnification3.
10.
Anexampletoillustratetheapplicationofpredicatecalculus4.
KnowledgeRepresentation5.
DescriptionLogicandSemanticWeb5.
1.
DescriptionLogicandPredicateCalculus5.
2.
ConstituentsofDL5.
3.
InheritanceandSubsumption6.
Conclusion6.
1.
TheRoleofHumanIntelligenceintheFormalSystem6.
2.
TheRoleofHumanIntelligenceinPuzzleSolvingbyPropositionalCalculusComputerVisionandInformationTechnology275SubhasisChaudhuriandAmitPrabhudesai,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Bombay,Mumbai-400076,India1.
Introduction2.
ContentBasedImageRetrieval2.
1.
ImageContentDescriptors2.
1.
1.
Color2.
1.
2.
Texture2.
1.
3.
Shape2.
2.
Similarity/DistanceMeasures2.
3.
IndexingSchemes2.
4.
SomeInterestingApplications2.
4.
1.
LogoSearch2.
4.
2.
PersonalImageCollectionBrowser2.
4.
3.
RetrievalofBuildingsandArchitecturalMonuments3.
AutomaticIlluminationCorrectionforSceneEnhancement3.
1.
SkinColorCorrection3.
1.
1.
StandardColorPaletteBasedColorCorrection3.
1.
2.
AutomatedColorCorrection3.
2.
ExperimentalDemonstration4.
ImageSuper-resolution4.
1.
Single-frameImageSuper-resolutionusinglearntWaveletcoefficients4.
2.
ExperimentalDemonstration4.
3.
ApplicationofSuper-resolutiontoSurveillance4.
3.
1.
DefiningtheProblem4.
3.
2.
HighResolution(HR)Slow-Motion(Slo-Mo)SequencingAlgorithm4.
3.
3.
PerformanceDemonstration5.
PhotoAlbumation:Highresolutionphotoalbumthroughvideoshooting5.
1.
ExtractingtheKeyFrames5.
1.
1.
TemporalSegmentation5.
1.
2.
KeyFrameSelection5.
2.
GenerationofHigh-resolutionImages5.
3.
AfewIllustrativeExamples6.
Virtual-viewGeneration6.
1.
WhatExactlyisVirtual-viewGeneration6.
1.
1.
View-morphingwithChangeinCameraPosition6.
1.
2.
View-morphingwithChangeinLightSourcePosition6.
1.
3.
View-morphingwithChangeinCameraParameterSettingsEncyclopediaofLifeSupportSystems(EOLSS)viINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONSRESOURCESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT6.
2.
ExperimentalDemonstration7.
ConclusionTelecommunicationNetworking307DebasishDatta,DepartmentofElectronicsandElectricalCommunicationEngineeringIndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur,India1.
Introduction2.
Howitevolved3.
TransmissionSystems4.
SwitchingandBroadcastingSchemes5.
SomeBasicNetworkingExamples6.
SomeReal-lifeNetworkingScenarios7.
ConclusionReviewofResearchonRuralPCKIOSKS345KentaroToyama,MicrosoftResearchIndiaReneeKuriyan,UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley,USASavitaBailur,LondonSchoolofEconomics,UKNimmiRangaswamy,AishwaryaRatanandRajeshVeeraraghavan,MicrosoftResearchIndiaDeepakMenon,JoyojeetPalandJanakiSrinivasan,UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley,USA1.
Introduction2.
RuralPCKiosksaredifficulttoSustain3.
SuccessfulRuralPCKiosksFallintoSeveralCategories4.
MeetingBusinessNeedsandSocialDevelopmentGoalsSimultaneouslyisDifficult5.
WhatRuralVillagerswantandwhatwethinktheyNeedareFrequentlyDifferent6.
TheKioskEntrepreneurPlaystheMostCriticalRoleintheSuccessofaKiosk7.
AKioskChampionCanHelpSustainaSetofKiosks8.
ServicesRequireAttentiontotheEntireSupplyChain,notonlytotheKiosk9.
FocusonaSingleClassofServicesIncreasesLikelihoodofSuccess10.
KiosksdoBetterinTowns;KiosksdoBetterinRemoteVillages11.
KiosksinOfficesandSchoolsMayProvideAlternativestotheStandaloneKiosk12.
KioskUsageisDominatedbyRelativelyAffluent,MoreEducatedYoungMen13.
Per-TransactionFeesareResistedbyManyCustomers14.
Mobile-Phone-BasedKiosksOfferanAlternativetoPC-BasedKiosks15.
ConclusionIntelligentTransportationSystems(ITS)andtheTransportationSystem364DineshMohan,TransportationResearchandInjuryPreventionProgramme,IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi,India1.
Introduction1.
1.
HistoryofITS1.
2.
ITSapplications2.
ITSandBehaviorAdaptation3.
ITSandsafety3.
1.
RiskReduction3.
1.
1.
RoadandInfrastructureBased3.
1.
2.
VehicleBased3.
2.
InjuryControl3.
3.
PostCrashManagement3.
4.
SummaryoftheSection4.
ITSandmobility4.
1.
TrafficManagementEncyclopediaofLifeSupportSystems(EOLSS)viiINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONSRESOURCESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT4.
2.
PublicandGoodsTransport4.
2.
1.
PassengerInformation4.
2.
2.
FleetManagement4.
2.
3.
RapidTransitSystems4.
2.
4.
OptimizingTaxiSystems5.
Managementandrevenuecollection6.
Energyandenvironment7.
ConclusionsSparseAndRuralAreaCommunicationSystems379AshokJhunjhunwala,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,IIT-Madras,Chennai,IndiaSangamitraRamachander,ConsultantDevelopmentEconomist,IIT-Madras,Chennai,India1.
Introduction1.
1.
RuralAreasoftheWorld1.
2.
Rural-UrbanDisparitiesinEconomicandSocialSpheres1.
3.
Rural-UrbanDifferencesinPhysicalInfrastructure2.
Connectivity2.
1.
TelecomNetworks2.
2.
ScenariosforConnectivity3.
BackboneNetwork3.
1.
OpticalFiberCommunications3.
2.
MicrowaveRadioCommunications3.
3.
SatelliteRadioCommunications3.
4.
TechnologyChoiceforBackbone4.
AccessNetworks4.
1.
DataConnectivityonWireless4.
2.
SpecificWirelessTechnologies4.
2.
1.
EarlyAnalogMulti-AccessWirelessSystems4.
2.
2.
TDM-TDMAPoint-to-Multi-PointSystems4.
2.
3.
CurrentSystems4.
2.
3.
1.
corDECTWirelessinLocalLoop4.
2.
3.
2.
GSMandCDMA(IS-95/3G-1X)4.
2.
4.
WirelessConnectivityTomorrow4.
2.
4.
1.
BroadbandcorDECT4.
2.
4.
2.
3GTechnologies4.
2.
4.
3.
OFDMATechnologies4.
2.
4.
4.
OtherTechnologies5.
SparseAreaCommunicationSystems6.
TheEvolutionofRuralNeeds7.
ConcludingRemarksKeyIssuesinCompatingtheDigitalDivide403KumarRicha,History,Anthropology,Science,Technology,andSocietyProgram,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,USAPalJoyojeet,DepartmentofCityandRegionalPlanning,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkley,USANgaiJames,SloanUndergraduatePrograminManagementScience,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,USA1.
Introduction2.
AppropriateApplicationsandNeedsAssessment3.
LocalEntrepreneurship4.
MarketingandOutreach5.
UbiquityandAccessibility(Branding)6.
UserDensity7.
TechnicalChallenges:Maintenance,ObsolescenceandInfrastructureEncyclopediaofLifeSupportSystems(EOLSS)viiiINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONSRESOURCESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT8.
ConclusionRegulatoryReformAndRuralRoll-OutofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICTs)420RohanSamarajivaandAyeshaZainudeen,LIRNEasia,12BalcombePlace,Colombo08,SriLanka1.
ImportanceofRuralAccesstoInformationandCommunicationTechnologies2.
UndersupplyofRuralICTInfrastructure2.
1.
RegulatoryBarriersandShortcomings2.
1.
1.
RequirementsforruralaccesstoICTs2.
1.
1.
1.
TransparentMarketEntry2.
1.
1.
2.
AccesstoWellManagedScarceResources2.
1.
1.
3.
InterconnectionandAccess2.
1.
1.
4.
CompetentEnforcementofCompetitionandRegulatoryRules2.
2.
HighCostsofProvidingICTInfrastructuretoRuralAreas2.
3.
Perceptionsofloweconomicdemandinruralmarkets3.
TheNeedforRegulatoryReform4.
ConcludingRemarksFree-OpenSourceSoftwareForDevelopment435C.
N.
KrishnanandKennethGonsalves,NationalResourceCentreforFree/OpenSourceSoftware,(NRCF/OSS),AU-KBCResearchCentre,AnnaUniversity–M.
I.
T.
Campus,Chennai,India.
1.
Introduction2.
Development,ICTandSoftware2.
1.
SomeSpecificAreaswhereICTcanimpact2.
2.
SoftwareandICT3.
TheF/OSSMovement--ItsMoorings,MethodsandResults.
3.
1.
SomeDefinitions3.
2.
ProprietarySoftwarevs.
OpenSourceSoftware3.
3.
LicensingModelsinF/OSS3.
4.
TheF/OSSSoftwareDevelopmentModel3.
5.
TheStatusofF/OSSProducts4.
F/OSSforDevelopment4.
1.
SomeSpecificApplicationAreas.
4.
2.
PossiblePlayersandtheirRoles5.
DiscussionandConclusionIndex453AboutEOLSS461EncyclopediaofLifeSupportSystems(EOLSS)ix