scrollwap网站制作
wap网站制作 时间:2021-05-04 阅读:()
WAP-DesigningforSmallUserInterfacesAlbrechtSchmidt,HenningSchrderTecO,UniversityofKarlsruhe76131Karlsruhe,Germany{Albrecht,schroder}@teco.
eduOliverFrickSAPCorporateResearch,CECKarlsruhe,76131Karlsruhe,Germanyo.
frick@sap.
comKeywordsWAP,WML,mobilepersonaldevices,smallUIdesignINTRODUCTIONCurrentandupcomingWAP-capablemobilephonesintroducenewuserinterfaceswherestandardmethodsforapplicationdesignoftenfail.
AutomatedtranslationofHTMLtoWMLproducesscreenlayoutsandinputmechanismsthatareoftennotuseableonamobilephone.
InthispaperwesuggestastructuredapproachforbuildingWAPapplicationandinparticularthedevelopmentoftheuserinterface.
FirstwegiveabriefsummaryonthediscriminatingfeatureofaphoneinterfaceandonmechanismstobuildapplicationsonWAPdevices.
ThenweprovideguidelinesonhowtoportfromWebtoWAPandhowtodevelopWAP-Applications.
WefinallyintroducetheWAPapplicationthatledtoourfindings.
WAP-DEVICESAnincreasinganumberofWAPdevicesbecomeavailabletoday.
IncontrasttodesktopmachinesthesedevicesdonotformahomogeneousplatformintermsofUIandusage.
ThisparagraphgivesabriefoverviewonourfindingsconcerningdifferentUIsandthesupportforWAP/WML.
UserInterfacesWAPdeviceshaveavarietyofinterfaces;outputcanbedisplayedastext,formattedtext,orgraphics.
Inputisprovidedbytouchscreensand/orbuttons.
DisplaysareingeneralmuchsmallerthanthatonPCs,howeverthesizevariesverymuch.
TheEricssonMC218forexamplehasa640x240pixeldisplaywhereastheNokia7110hasonly96x65pixel.
Thisisaratioofabout24:1whereasworkstationscreensdifferonlybyaratioof6:1(1600x1200comparedto640x480).
ThislargedifferencesinscreenspacemakesitalmostimpossibletodesignanapplicationsothatitfitsallWAP-devices[1].
TheinputmechanismsprovidedbyWAP-devicesarenotcoherenteither.
PDAlikedevicesofferpointandclickonatouchscreenwhereasmostphonesrelyonasetofbuttons.
Linknavigationwithabuttoninterfacehoweverismoredifficultthanpointandclick.
Scrollingupanddownissupportedverywellonmostdevices(e.
g.
scrollwheelonNokia7110)whereasoftenthedisplaywidthisfixedandnoleftrightscrollingisprovided.
Textinputisdifficultandtimeconsumingonmostphone-sizeddevices,whereasinputtingnumbersissupportedverywellandusersareaccustomedtothat.
PDAlikedevicesontheotherhandtypicallycomewithalpha-numerickeyboards.
Applications,WAP,WMLandWMLSPDAlikedevicesaswellasphonesofferanumberofapplicationsbeyondphoning,suchasmessaging,calculator,addressbook,andgames.
Fortheseapplications,andtosomeextentevenforphoning,theusageofdevicesfromdifferentmanufactures(orevenfordifferentmodelsofonemanufacturer)doesnotfollowthesamerules.
WiththeintroductionoftheWAPstandardamanufacturerindependentplatformforthedevelopmentanddistributionofapplicationsforWAP-phonesandotherWAP-devicesisgiven.
ApplicationsarewritteninWMLandorinWMLSandconstituteofoneormoredecksconsistingofonormorecards.
Theresourceisprovidedonaserverandcanbedownloadedbytheuser.
Inourexperimentsweobservedthatmostdevicessupportonlyasubsetofthespecifiedmarkuptagsandthatthewaysinwhichthesetagsareinterpretedarealsodifferent.
Thismakesitimpossibletoforeseetheappearanceofanapplicationontheusersscreen;thedifferenceobservedissignificantlylargerthanthedifferencesobservedwithapplicationsindifferentstandardWebbrowsersondesktopmachines.
DESIGNINGANDDEVELOPINGWAP-APPLICATIONSFromourexperienceindevelopingWAP-applications(aselectedapplicationisdescribedinthenextsection)wederivedasetofguidelinesforthedevelopmentofWAP-applications.
Inthenextparagraphstheseguidelinesarestatedasaninformalprocedure.
GeneralIssuesThefirstandmostimportantmatteristoidentifythebenefitsforbringinganapplicationtotheWAPplatform.
Supportingthesebenefitsmustbetheprimegoaloftheapplicationdevelopment.
Apotentialbenefitis,e.
g.
,universalaccesstoinformationthatisvitalwhileontheway(e.
g.
contactaddress,travelmanagement).
Thenavigationspaceandimpliedinteractionwiththeapplicationshouldbereflectedinthestructureofdecksandcardsintheimplementation.
Whereverpossible(ifcardsdonotrelyonuserinput)provideamaximalnavigationspacewithinonedecktoavoidreloadingduringnavigation.
IfinformationisalreadyprovidedonaWebsiteandshouldalsobeavailableonWAPthefollowingapproachcanbeusedforporting:defineatypicalpathormoregeneralagraphandbuildanavigationalstructureforthispath,whichisthenrepresentedbyadeckconsistingofmultiplecards.
UsedthetitlesandheadlinesofWebpagesalongthepathtohavethecontentframework.
Reducetexttoaminimumanddesigninformationchunksthatfitonthesmallestdevicesyouaredesigningfor.
InputDesignMostcurrentphonesareoptimizedinputtingnumbersratherthantext.
Alsodirectpointandclick,asknownfromPDAsandPCs,istypicallynotgiven.
Basedonthisthefollowingrecommendationsforinputdesignshouldbeconsidered:§usenumbersforinputwheneverpossible§usecommonabbreviationslikecountrycodes§iflettersareusedkeeptheinputmechanismsinmind,e.
g.
preferfirstletteronkey§offerchoices(e.
g.
numbers,listboxes,radio-buttons,link-lists)ordefaultvalueswhenapplicable;evenlongerlinklistproveuseablebecauseofscrolling§providelabelstohardwarebuttonswerepossible§usestandardconventionsonbuttons(e.
g.
back)Onebasicissueistoreducetheneedforuserinputasmuchaspossible.
Herecustomizationofapplicationsfortheuserprovidesoneway.
AlsothecooperationbetweendesktopinterfacesandWAP-devicescanbebeneficial(cf.
ourcasestudydescribedinthenextsection).
OutputDesignDisplaysonmobilephonesareingeneralrathersmallandprovideonlyalowresolutionandcolordepth.
Thus,readingoflargertextsisratherdifficultwhereasthedisplayofsmallinformationchunksismuchbetter.
Theusageofgraphicsdoesoftennotprovideadditionalvaluebecauseofthelowresolutionandpoorrendering.
Thefollowingputsattentiontothemostimportantissues:assessthescreensizeandqualityofthetargetdeviceswithtextandgraphicsreducetheoutputbycustomizingtotheusersneed[2]designinformationchunksthatareseenatonceonthescreen,largertextblocks(morethan20words!
)withinoncardshouldbestructuredhorizontalscrollingiseasyonmostdevices,verticalisnot!
usemultiplecardsinonedeckinsteadofverylargecardsormultipledecksConsideringtherangeofdevicesandtheircapabilities,itisadvisabletodesigninputandoutputforcertaindevicesclassesindividually.
PERSONALWAP-ACASESTUDYWithintheprojectPersonalWAPweinvestigatethereductionofuserinteractioninWAPapplicationsbyprovidinguserswithapersonalizedWAPportal.
DuringourWAPusabilitystudieswefoundinputtingtext,e.
g.
settingbookmarksonaphone,veryinconvenient–butneverthelesswefounditimportanttohaveahotlistoflinkseasyaccessibleandmaintainable.
Inaddition,wewantedtohavemechanismtofilterinformationboth,personalandsituationspecific.
Finally,wewantedtohaveaccesstoshortpersonalnotes(e.
g.
anaddress,ashoppinglist,etc.
)whenleavingtheofficeorhome(a"WAPPostIt").
Thesolutionconsistsoftwointerfaces-oneforastandardWebbrowserandoneforaWAPphone.
TheWebbrowserinterfaceisusedtodefinethepersonalWAPportalwithlinksandnotes.
TheWAPinterfaceisacustomized,userspecificsetofWMLcardscarryingtheinformationpreviouslyselectedoreditedwithintheWebinterface.
TheWebInterfaceAWebservicewheretheuserisidentifiedbyhisphonenumber,accessisgrantedbyusingapassword.
Onthispagetheusercaninputlinks,newsitems,andnotesthatshouldbeavailableonhispersonalWAPportal(Figure1).
TheWAPInterfaceTheWMLdeckwhichrepresentsthepersonalWAPportalisgeneratedfromtheinformationeditedontheWebinterface.
TheWAPURLtothepersonalWAPportalisfixed,whereasthecontentoftheWMLdeckisdynamicallygenerated.
AsthemanagementoftheWAPportaltakesplaceontheWebinterface,notediousbookmarkmanagementonthephoneisneeded(Figure1).
Figure1Figure2CONCLUSIONWAPapplicationsrequireanewtechniqueforuserinterfacedesign.
Primedesignguidelineisminimaluserinteractionduringinputandoutput.
SuggestedtechniquesforoutputreductionareWAPspecificpresentationaswellasuserdrivencustomization.
Suggestedtechniquesforinputreductionisservicepreselection,provisionofchoices,inputbynavigation,andfocusonnumericinput.
REFERENCES1.
Brewster,S.
,Cryer,P.
MaximisingScreen-SpaceonMobileComputingDevices,inProc.
CHI'99,1999.
2.
Barret,R.
,Maglio,P.
,Kellem,C.
HowToPersonalizetheWeb,inProc.
CHI'97,1997.
eduOliverFrickSAPCorporateResearch,CECKarlsruhe,76131Karlsruhe,Germanyo.
frick@sap.
comKeywordsWAP,WML,mobilepersonaldevices,smallUIdesignINTRODUCTIONCurrentandupcomingWAP-capablemobilephonesintroducenewuserinterfaceswherestandardmethodsforapplicationdesignoftenfail.
AutomatedtranslationofHTMLtoWMLproducesscreenlayoutsandinputmechanismsthatareoftennotuseableonamobilephone.
InthispaperwesuggestastructuredapproachforbuildingWAPapplicationandinparticularthedevelopmentoftheuserinterface.
FirstwegiveabriefsummaryonthediscriminatingfeatureofaphoneinterfaceandonmechanismstobuildapplicationsonWAPdevices.
ThenweprovideguidelinesonhowtoportfromWebtoWAPandhowtodevelopWAP-Applications.
WefinallyintroducetheWAPapplicationthatledtoourfindings.
WAP-DEVICESAnincreasinganumberofWAPdevicesbecomeavailabletoday.
IncontrasttodesktopmachinesthesedevicesdonotformahomogeneousplatformintermsofUIandusage.
ThisparagraphgivesabriefoverviewonourfindingsconcerningdifferentUIsandthesupportforWAP/WML.
UserInterfacesWAPdeviceshaveavarietyofinterfaces;outputcanbedisplayedastext,formattedtext,orgraphics.
Inputisprovidedbytouchscreensand/orbuttons.
DisplaysareingeneralmuchsmallerthanthatonPCs,howeverthesizevariesverymuch.
TheEricssonMC218forexamplehasa640x240pixeldisplaywhereastheNokia7110hasonly96x65pixel.
Thisisaratioofabout24:1whereasworkstationscreensdifferonlybyaratioof6:1(1600x1200comparedto640x480).
ThislargedifferencesinscreenspacemakesitalmostimpossibletodesignanapplicationsothatitfitsallWAP-devices[1].
TheinputmechanismsprovidedbyWAP-devicesarenotcoherenteither.
PDAlikedevicesofferpointandclickonatouchscreenwhereasmostphonesrelyonasetofbuttons.
Linknavigationwithabuttoninterfacehoweverismoredifficultthanpointandclick.
Scrollingupanddownissupportedverywellonmostdevices(e.
g.
scrollwheelonNokia7110)whereasoftenthedisplaywidthisfixedandnoleftrightscrollingisprovided.
Textinputisdifficultandtimeconsumingonmostphone-sizeddevices,whereasinputtingnumbersissupportedverywellandusersareaccustomedtothat.
PDAlikedevicesontheotherhandtypicallycomewithalpha-numerickeyboards.
Applications,WAP,WMLandWMLSPDAlikedevicesaswellasphonesofferanumberofapplicationsbeyondphoning,suchasmessaging,calculator,addressbook,andgames.
Fortheseapplications,andtosomeextentevenforphoning,theusageofdevicesfromdifferentmanufactures(orevenfordifferentmodelsofonemanufacturer)doesnotfollowthesamerules.
WiththeintroductionoftheWAPstandardamanufacturerindependentplatformforthedevelopmentanddistributionofapplicationsforWAP-phonesandotherWAP-devicesisgiven.
ApplicationsarewritteninWMLandorinWMLSandconstituteofoneormoredecksconsistingofonormorecards.
Theresourceisprovidedonaserverandcanbedownloadedbytheuser.
Inourexperimentsweobservedthatmostdevicessupportonlyasubsetofthespecifiedmarkuptagsandthatthewaysinwhichthesetagsareinterpretedarealsodifferent.
Thismakesitimpossibletoforeseetheappearanceofanapplicationontheusersscreen;thedifferenceobservedissignificantlylargerthanthedifferencesobservedwithapplicationsindifferentstandardWebbrowsersondesktopmachines.
DESIGNINGANDDEVELOPINGWAP-APPLICATIONSFromourexperienceindevelopingWAP-applications(aselectedapplicationisdescribedinthenextsection)wederivedasetofguidelinesforthedevelopmentofWAP-applications.
Inthenextparagraphstheseguidelinesarestatedasaninformalprocedure.
GeneralIssuesThefirstandmostimportantmatteristoidentifythebenefitsforbringinganapplicationtotheWAPplatform.
Supportingthesebenefitsmustbetheprimegoaloftheapplicationdevelopment.
Apotentialbenefitis,e.
g.
,universalaccesstoinformationthatisvitalwhileontheway(e.
g.
contactaddress,travelmanagement).
Thenavigationspaceandimpliedinteractionwiththeapplicationshouldbereflectedinthestructureofdecksandcardsintheimplementation.
Whereverpossible(ifcardsdonotrelyonuserinput)provideamaximalnavigationspacewithinonedecktoavoidreloadingduringnavigation.
IfinformationisalreadyprovidedonaWebsiteandshouldalsobeavailableonWAPthefollowingapproachcanbeusedforporting:defineatypicalpathormoregeneralagraphandbuildanavigationalstructureforthispath,whichisthenrepresentedbyadeckconsistingofmultiplecards.
UsedthetitlesandheadlinesofWebpagesalongthepathtohavethecontentframework.
Reducetexttoaminimumanddesigninformationchunksthatfitonthesmallestdevicesyouaredesigningfor.
InputDesignMostcurrentphonesareoptimizedinputtingnumbersratherthantext.
Alsodirectpointandclick,asknownfromPDAsandPCs,istypicallynotgiven.
Basedonthisthefollowingrecommendationsforinputdesignshouldbeconsidered:§usenumbersforinputwheneverpossible§usecommonabbreviationslikecountrycodes§iflettersareusedkeeptheinputmechanismsinmind,e.
g.
preferfirstletteronkey§offerchoices(e.
g.
numbers,listboxes,radio-buttons,link-lists)ordefaultvalueswhenapplicable;evenlongerlinklistproveuseablebecauseofscrolling§providelabelstohardwarebuttonswerepossible§usestandardconventionsonbuttons(e.
g.
back)Onebasicissueistoreducetheneedforuserinputasmuchaspossible.
Herecustomizationofapplicationsfortheuserprovidesoneway.
AlsothecooperationbetweendesktopinterfacesandWAP-devicescanbebeneficial(cf.
ourcasestudydescribedinthenextsection).
OutputDesignDisplaysonmobilephonesareingeneralrathersmallandprovideonlyalowresolutionandcolordepth.
Thus,readingoflargertextsisratherdifficultwhereasthedisplayofsmallinformationchunksismuchbetter.
Theusageofgraphicsdoesoftennotprovideadditionalvaluebecauseofthelowresolutionandpoorrendering.
Thefollowingputsattentiontothemostimportantissues:assessthescreensizeandqualityofthetargetdeviceswithtextandgraphicsreducetheoutputbycustomizingtotheusersneed[2]designinformationchunksthatareseenatonceonthescreen,largertextblocks(morethan20words!
)withinoncardshouldbestructuredhorizontalscrollingiseasyonmostdevices,verticalisnot!
usemultiplecardsinonedeckinsteadofverylargecardsormultipledecksConsideringtherangeofdevicesandtheircapabilities,itisadvisabletodesigninputandoutputforcertaindevicesclassesindividually.
PERSONALWAP-ACASESTUDYWithintheprojectPersonalWAPweinvestigatethereductionofuserinteractioninWAPapplicationsbyprovidinguserswithapersonalizedWAPportal.
DuringourWAPusabilitystudieswefoundinputtingtext,e.
g.
settingbookmarksonaphone,veryinconvenient–butneverthelesswefounditimportanttohaveahotlistoflinkseasyaccessibleandmaintainable.
Inaddition,wewantedtohavemechanismtofilterinformationboth,personalandsituationspecific.
Finally,wewantedtohaveaccesstoshortpersonalnotes(e.
g.
anaddress,ashoppinglist,etc.
)whenleavingtheofficeorhome(a"WAPPostIt").
Thesolutionconsistsoftwointerfaces-oneforastandardWebbrowserandoneforaWAPphone.
TheWebbrowserinterfaceisusedtodefinethepersonalWAPportalwithlinksandnotes.
TheWAPinterfaceisacustomized,userspecificsetofWMLcardscarryingtheinformationpreviouslyselectedoreditedwithintheWebinterface.
TheWebInterfaceAWebservicewheretheuserisidentifiedbyhisphonenumber,accessisgrantedbyusingapassword.
Onthispagetheusercaninputlinks,newsitems,andnotesthatshouldbeavailableonhispersonalWAPportal(Figure1).
TheWAPInterfaceTheWMLdeckwhichrepresentsthepersonalWAPportalisgeneratedfromtheinformationeditedontheWebinterface.
TheWAPURLtothepersonalWAPportalisfixed,whereasthecontentoftheWMLdeckisdynamicallygenerated.
AsthemanagementoftheWAPportaltakesplaceontheWebinterface,notediousbookmarkmanagementonthephoneisneeded(Figure1).
Figure1Figure2CONCLUSIONWAPapplicationsrequireanewtechniqueforuserinterfacedesign.
Primedesignguidelineisminimaluserinteractionduringinputandoutput.
SuggestedtechniquesforoutputreductionareWAPspecificpresentationaswellasuserdrivencustomization.
Suggestedtechniquesforinputreductionisservicepreselection,provisionofchoices,inputbynavigation,andfocusonnumericinput.
REFERENCES1.
Brewster,S.
,Cryer,P.
MaximisingScreen-SpaceonMobileComputingDevices,inProc.
CHI'99,1999.
2.
Barret,R.
,Maglio,P.
,Kellem,C.
HowToPersonalizetheWeb,inProc.
CHI'97,1997.
RackNerd美国大硬盘服务器促销：120G SSD+192TB HDD,1Gbps大带宽,月付$599，促销美国月付$服务器促销带宽
racknerd怎么样?racknerd最近发布了一些便宜美国服务器促销，包括大硬盘服务器，提供120G SSD+192TB HDD，有AMD和Intel两个选择，默认32G内存，1Gbps带宽，每个月100TB流量，5个IP地址，月付$599。价格非常便宜，需要存储服务器的朋友可以关注一下。RackNerd主要经营美国圣何塞、洛杉矶、达拉斯、芝加哥、亚特兰大、新泽西机房基于KVM虚拟化的VPS、...
SunthyCloud阿里云国际版分销商注册教程，即可PayPal信用卡分销商服务器
阿里云国际版注册认证教程-免绑卡-免实名买服务器安全、便宜、可靠、良心，支持人民币充值，提供代理折扣简介SunthyCloud成立于2015年，是阿里云国际版正规战略级渠道商，也是阿里云国际版最大的分销商，专业为全球企业客户提供阿里云国际版开户注册、认证、充值等服务，通过SunthyCloud开通阿里云国际版只需要一个邮箱，不需要PayPal信用卡就可以帮你开通、充值、新购、续费阿里云国际版，服务...
pia云低至20/月，七折美国服务器
Pia云是一家2018的开办的国人商家，原名叫哔哔云，目前整合到了魔方云平台上，商家主要销售VPS服务，采用KVM虚拟架构 ，机房有美国洛杉矶、中国香港和深圳地区，洛杉矶为crea机房，三网回程CN2 GIA，带20G防御，常看我测评的朋友应该知道，一般带防御去程都是骨干线路，香港的线路也是CN2直连大陆，目前商家重新开业，价格非常美丽，性价比较非常高，有需要的朋友可以关注一下。活动方案...
wap网站制作为你推荐
-
flashwind用flashwind这个加速器玩游戏,会被盗号吗?会被封号吗?asp.net网页制作如何用ASP.NET做网站？flashfxp下载求最新无需注册的FlashFXP下载地址filezilla_serverFileZilla无法连接服务器怎么解决本公司www资费标准中国移动4g18元套餐介绍网站方案设计求一篇校园网络设计的方案最土团购程序团购网真实吗，流程是什么？kingcmsKingCMS 开始该则呢么设置呢？骑士人才系统公司要采购一套人才系统源码，看了一下骑士和嘉缘的，谁家的比较好一点呢？托就不要回答了。