improveddrupal7

PHP7iAbouttheTutorialPHP7isthemostawaitedandisamajorfeaturereleaseofPHPprogramminglanguage.
PHP7wasreleasedon3rdDec2015.
ThistutorialwillteachyouthenewfeaturesofPHP7andtheirusageinasimpleandintuitiveway.
AudienceThistutorialhasbeenpreparedforPHPdevelopersfromabeginner'spointofview.
Aftercompletingthistutorial,youwillfindyourselfatamoderatelevelofexpertiseintheknowledgeofPHPfromwhereyoucantakeyourselftonextlevels.
PrerequisitesWeassumethatyoualreadyknowabouttheolderversionsofPHPandnowyoucanstartlearningthenewfeaturesofPHP7.
ExecutePHP-7OnlineFormostoftheexamplesgiveninthistutorial,youwillfindanoptionTryit.
JustusethisoptiontoexecuteyourPHP-7programsatthespotandenjoyyourlearning.
TrythefollowingexampleusingTryitoptionavailableatthetoprightcornerofthebelowsamplecodeboxOnlinePHP-7ScriptExecutionHello,PHP-7!
";>PHP7iiCopyright&DisclaimerCopyright2016byTutorialsPoint(I)Pvt.
Ltd.
Allthecontentandgraphicspublishedinthise-bookarethepropertyofTutorialsPoint(I)Pvt.
Ltd.
Theuserofthise-bookisprohibitedtoreuse,retain,copy,distributeorrepublishanycontentsorapartofcontentsofthise-bookinanymannerwithoutwrittenconsentofthepublisher.
Westrivetoupdatethecontentsofourwebsiteandtutorialsastimelyandaspreciselyaspossible,however,thecontentsmaycontaininaccuraciesorerrors.
TutorialsPoint(I)Pvt.
Ltd.
providesnoguaranteeregardingtheaccuracy,timelinessorcompletenessofourwebsiteoritscontentsincludingthistutorial.
Ifyoudiscoveranyerrorsonourwebsiteorinthistutorial,pleasenotifyusatcontact@tutorialspoint.
comPHP7iiiTableofContentsAbouttheTutorialiAudience.
iPrerequisites.
iExecutePHP-7Online.
iCopyright&Disclaimer.
iiTableofContentsiii1.
PHP7–Introduction.
1WhatisPHP71NewFeatures.
12.
PHP7–Performance3Magento1.
93Drupal7.
4Wordpress3.
64ComparisonofDynamicLanguages.
53.
PHP7–EnvironmentSetup6TryitOptionOnline.
6PHPParserInstallation7InstallationonLinux/Unix.
7InstallationonMacOSX.
10InstallationonWindowswithIIS.
11InstallationonWindowswithApache.
12ApacheConfiguration.
13PHPConfigurationinApache13PHP.
INIFileConfiguration14PHP.
INIConfiguration.
14WindowsIISConfiguration.
184.
PHP7–ScalarTypeDeclarations19Example–CoerciveMode.
195.
PHP7–ReturnTypeDeclarations.
21Example-ValidReturnType21Example-InvalidReturnType.
216.
PHP7–NullCoalescingOperator.
237.
PHP7–SpaceshipOperator.
248.
PHP7–ConstantArrays269.
PHP7–AnonymousClasses.
2710.
PHP7–Closure::call(28Example–PrePHP7.
28Example–PHP7+28PHP7iv11.
PHP7–Filteredunserialize(3012.
PHP7–IntlChar3213.
PHP7–CSPRNG.
33random_bytes(33random_int(3414.
PHP7–Expectations.
35Configurationdirectivesforassert(3515.
PHP7–useStatement.
3716.
PHP7–ErrorHandling.
3817.
PHP7–IntegerDivision.
4018.
PHP7–SessionOptions.
4119.
PHP7–DeprecatedFeatures.
42PHP4StyleConstructors.
42StaticCallstoNon-StaticMethods.
42password_hash()saltoption43capture_session_metaSSLcontextoption4320.
PHP7–RemovedExtensions&SAPIs44PHP75WhatisPHP7PHP7isamajorreleaseofPHPprogramminglanguageandistoutedtobearevolutioninthewaywebapplicationscanbedevelopedanddeliveredformobiletoenterprisesandthecloud.
ThisreleaseisconsideredtobethemostimportantchangeforPHPafterthereleaseofPHP5in2004.
NewFeaturesTherearedozensoffeaturesaddedtoPHP7,themostsignificantonesarementionedbelow-Improvedperformance-HavingPHPNGcodemergedinPHP7,itistwiceasfastasPHP5.
LowerMemoryConsumption-OptimizedPHP7utilizeslesserresource.
Scalartypedeclarations-Nowparameterandreturntypescanbeenforced.
Consistent64-bitsupport-Consistentsupportfor64-bitarchitecturemachines.
ImprovedExceptionhierarchy-Exceptionhierarchyisimproved.
ManyfatalerrorsconvertedtoExceptions-Rangeofexceptionsisincreasedcoveringmanyfatalerrorconvertedasexceptions.
Securerandomnumbergenerator-AdditionofnewsecurerandomnumbergeneratorAPI.
DeprecatedSAPIsandextensionsremoved-VariousoldandunsupportedSAPIsandextensionsareremovedfromthelatestversion.
Thenullcoalescingoperator()-Newnullcoalescingoperatoradded.
ReturnandScalarTypeDeclarations-Supportforreturntypeandparametertypeadded.
AnonymousClasses-Supportforanonymousadded.
1.
PHP7–INTRODUCTIONPHP76Zerocostasserts-Supportforzerocostassertadded.
PHP7usesnewZendEngine3.
0toimproveapplicationperformancealmosttwiceand50%bettermemoryconsumptionthanPHP5.
6.
Itallowstoservemoreconcurrentuserswithoutrequiringanyadditionalhardware.
PHP7isdesignedandrefactoredconsideringtoday'sworkloads.
PHP77AspertheZendteam,followingillustrationsshowtheperformancecomparisonofPHP7vsPHP5.
6andHHVM3.
7onpopularPHPbasedapplications.
Magento1.
9PHP7provesitselfmorethantwiceasfaster,ascomparedtoPHP5.
6whileexecutingMagentotransactions.
2.
PHP7–PERFORMANCEPHP78Drupal7PHP7provesitselfmorethantwiceasfaster,ascomparedtoPHP5.
6whileexecutingDrupaltransactions.
Wordpress3.
6PHP7provesitselfmorethantwiceasfasterascomparedtoPHP5.
6whileexecutingWordpresstransactions.
PHP79ComparisonofDynamicLanguagesPHP710TryitOptionOnlineWehavesetupthePHPProgrammingenvironmenton-line,sothatyoucancompileandexecutealltheavailableexamplesonline.
Itgivesyouconfidenceinwhatyouarereadingandenablesyoutoverifytheprogramswithdifferentoptions.
Feelfreetomodifyanyexampleandexecuteitonline.
TrythefollowingexampleusingouronlinecompileravailableatCodingGround.
OnlinePHPScriptExecutionHello,PHP!
";>Formostoftheexamplesgiveninthistutorial,youwillfindaTryitoptioninourwebsitecodesectionsatthetoprightcornerthatwilltakeyoutotheonlinecompiler.
Sojustuseofandenjoyyourlearning.
InordertodevelopandrunPHPWebpages,threevitalcomponentsneedtobeinstalledonyourcomputersystem.
WebServerPHPworkswithvirtuallyallWebServersoftware,includingMicrosoft'sInternetInformationServer(IIS)butmostoftenusedisApacheServer.
DownloadApacheforfreeherehttp://httpd.
apache.
org/download.
cgiDatabasePHPworkswithvirtuallyalldatabasesoftware,includingOracleandSybasebutmostcommonlyusedisMySQLdatabase.
DownloadMySQLforfreeherehttp://www.
mysql.
com/downloads/3.
PHP7–ENVIRONMENTSETUPPHP711PHPParserInordertoprocessPHPscriptinstructions,aparsermustbeinstalledtogenerateHTMLoutputthatcanbesenttotheWebBrowser.
ThistutorialwillguideyouhowtoinstallPHPparseronyourcomputer.
PHPParserInstallationBeforeyouproceed,itisimportanttomakesurethatyouhaveproperenvironmentsetuponyourmachinetodevelopyourwebprogramsusingPHP.
StorethefollowingphpfileinApache'shtdocsfolder.
phpinfo.
phpTypethefollowingaddressintoyourbrowser'saddressbox.
http://127.
0.
0.
1/phpinfo.
phpIfthisdisplaysapageshowingyourPHPinstallationrelatedinformation,thenitmeansyouhavePHPandWebserverinstalledproperly.
Otherwise,youhavetofollowthegivenproceduretoinstallPHPonyourcomputer.
ThissectionwillguideyoutoinstallandconfigurePHPoverthefollowingfourplatformsPHPInstallationonLinuxorUnixwithApachePHPInstallationonMacOSXwithApachePHPInstallationonWindowsNT/2000/XPwithIISPHPInstallationonWindowsNT/2000/XPwithApacheInstallationonLinux/UnixIfyouplantoinstallPHPonLinuxoranyothervariantofUnix,thenhereisthelistofprerequisitesThePHPsourcedistributionhttp://www.
php.
net/downloads.
phpThelatestApachesourcedistributionhttp://httpd.
apache.
org/download.
cgiAworkingPHP-supporteddatabase,ifyouplantouseone(ForexampleMySQL,Oracleetc.
)Anyothersupportedsoftware,towhichPHPmustconnect(mailserver,BCMathpackage,JDK,andsoforth)PHP712AnANSICcompiler.
Gnumakeutilityyoucanfreelydownloaditathttp://www.
gnu.
org/software/makeNow,herearethestepstoinstallApacheandPHP5onyourLinuxorUnixmachine.
IfyourPHPorApacheversionsaredifferentthenpleasetakecareaccordingly.
Step1Ifyouhavenotalreadydoneso,unzipanduntaryourApachesourcedistribution.
Unlessyouhaveareasontodootherwise,/usr/localisthestandardplace.
gunzip-capache_2.
4.
x.
tar.
gztar-xvfapache_2.
4.
x.
tarStep2BuildtheapacheServerasfollows-cdapache_2.
4.
x.
/configure--prefix=/usr/local/apache--enable-somakemakeinstallStep3UnzipanduntaryourPHPsourcedistribution.
Unlessyouhaveareasontodootherwise,/usr/localisthestandardplace.
gunzip-cphp-7.
x.
tar.
gztar-xvfphp-7.
x.
tarcdphp-7.
xStep4ConfigureandBuildyourPHP,assumingyouareusingMySQLdatabase.
.
/configure--with-apxs=/usr/sbin/apxs\PHP713--with-mysql=/usr/bin/mysqlmakemakeinstallStep5Installthephp.
inifile.
Editthisfiletogetconfigurationdirectivescd.
.
/.
.
/php-7.
xcpphp.
ini-development/usr/local/lib/php.
iniStep6TellyourApacheserverwhereyouwanttoservefilesfrom,andwhatextension(s)youwanttoidentifyPHPfiles.
A.
phpextensionisstandard,butyoucanuse.
html,.
phtml,orwhateveryouwant.
oGotoyourHTTPconfigurationfiles(/usr/local/apache/conforwhateveryourpathis).
oOpenhttpd.
confwithatexteditor.
oSearchforthewordDocumentRoot(whichshouldappeartwice),andchangeboththepathstothedirectoryyouwanttoservefilesoutof(inourcase,/home/httpd).
Werecommendahomedirectoryratherthanthedefault/usr/local/apache/htdocsbecauseitismoresecure,butitdoesnothavetobeinahomedirectory.
YouwillkeepallyourPHPfilesinthisdirectory.
AddatleastonePHPextensiondirective,asshowninthefirstlineofthecodethatfollows.
Inthesecondline,wehavealsoaddedasecondhandlertohaveallHTMLfilesparsedasPHP.
AddTypeapplication/x-httpd-php.
phpAddTypeapplication/x-httpd-php.
htmlStep7Restartyourserver.
EverytimeyouchangeyourHTTPconfigurationorphp.
inifiles,youmuststopandstartyourserveragain.
cd.
.
/bin.
/apachectlstartPHP714Step8Setthedocumentroot-directorypermissionstoworld-executable.
TheactualPHPfilesinthedirectoryneedonlybeworld-readable(644).
Ifnecessary,replace/home/httpdwithyourdocumentrootbelowchmod755/home/httpd/html/phpStep9Openatexteditor.
Type:.
SavethisfileinyourWebserver'sdocumentrootasinfo.
php.
StartanyWebbrowserandbrowsethefile.
YoumustalwaysuseanHTTPrequest(http://www.
testdomain.
com/info.
phporhttp://localhost/info.
phporhttp://127.
0.
0.
1/info.
php)ratherthanafilename(/home/httpd/info.
php)forthefiletobeparsedcorrectly.
YouwillseealongtableofinformationaboutyournewPHPinstallationmessageCongratulations!
InstallationonMacOSXMacusershaveachoiceofeitherabinaryorasourceinstallation.
Infact,yourOSXprobablycamewithApacheandPHPpreinstalled.
Thisislikelytobequiteanoldbuild,anditprobablylacksmanyofthelesscommonextensions.
However,ifallyouwantisaquickApache+PHP+MySQL/PostgreSQLsetuponyourlaptop,thisiscertainlytheeasiestwaytofly.
AllyouneedtodoisedityourApacheconfigurationfileandturnontheWebserver.
JustfollowthestepsgivenbelowStep1OpentheApacheconfigfileinatexteditorasroot.
sudoopen-aTextEdit/etc/httpd/httpd.
confStep2Editthefile.
UncommentthefollowinglinesLoadModulephp7_moduleAddModulemod_php7.
cAddTypeapplication/x-httpd-php.
phpPHP715Step3YoumayalsowanttouncommenttheblockorotherwisetellApachewhichdirectorytoserve.
RestarttheWebserver.
sudoapachectlgracefulStep4Openatexteditor.
Type:.
SavethisfileinyourWebserver'sdocumentrootasinfo.
php.
StartanyWebbrowserandbrowsethefile.
YoumustalwaysuseanHTTPrequest(http://www.
testdomain.
com/info.
phporhttp://localhost/info.
phporhttp://127.
0.
0.
1/info.
php)ratherthanafilename(/home/httpd/info.
php)forthefiletobeparsedcorrectly.
YouwillseealongtableofinformationaboutyournewPHPinstallationmessageCongratulations!
InstallationonWindowswithIISTheWindowsserverinstallationofPHPrunningIISismuchsimplerthanonUnix,sinceitinvolvesaprecompiledbinaryratherthanasourcebuild.
IfyouplantoinstallPHPoverWindows,thenhereisthelistofprerequisitesAworkingPHP-supportedWebserver.
UnderpreviousversionsofPHP,IIS/PWSwastheeasiestchoicebecauseamoduleversionofPHPwasavailableforit;butPHPnowhasaddedamuchwiderselectionofmodulesforWindows.
AcorrectlyinstalledPHP-supporteddatabaselikeMySQLorOracleetc.
(ifyouplantouseone).
ThePHPWindowsbinarydistribution(downloaditatwww.
php.
net/downloads.
php)Autilitytounzipfiles(searchhttp://download.
cnet.
comforPCfilecompressionutilities)NowherearethestepstoinstallApacheandPHP5onyourWindowsmachine.
IfyourPHPversionisdifferent,thenpleasetakecareaccordingly.
1.
Extractthebinaryarchiveusingyourunziputility;C:\PHPisacommonlocation.
2.
Copysome.
dllfilesfromyourPHPdirectorytoyoursystemsdirectory(usuallyC:\Winnt\System32).
Youneedphp5ts.
dllforeverycase.
YouwillalsoprobablyneedtocopythefilecorrespondingtoyourWebservermodule-C:\PHP\Sapi\php7isapi.
dll.
Itispossibleyouwillalsoneedotherfilesfromthedllssubfolder,butstartwiththetwofilesmentionedaboveandaddmoreifyouneedthem.
PHP7163.
Copyeitherthephp.
ini-developmentorphp.
ini-recommended(preferablythelatter)toyourWindowsdirectory(C:\WinntorC:\Winnt40),andrenameitphp.
ini.
Openthisfileinatexteditor(forexample,Notepad).
Editthisfiletogettheconfigurationdirectives.
Wehighlyrecommendthenewuserstoseterror-reportingtoE_ALLontheirdevelopmentmachinesatthispoint.
Fornow,themostimportantthingisthedoc_rootdirectiveunderthePathsandDirectoriessection.
MakesurethismatchestheIISInetpubfolder(orwhereveryouplantoserveoutof).
4.
StopandrestarttheWWWservice.
GototheStartmenu→Settings→ControlPanel→Services.
ScrolldownthelisttoIISAdminService.
SelectitandclickStop.
Afteritstops,selecttheWorldWideWebPublishingServiceandclickStart.
StoppingandrestartingtheservicefromwithintheInternetServiceManagerwillnotsuffice.
SincethisisWindows,youmayalsowishtoreboot.
5.
Openatexteditor.
Type:.
SavethisfileinyourWebserver'sdocumentrootasinfo.
php.
6.
StartanyWebbrowserandbrowsethefile.
YoumustalwaysuseanHTTPrequest(http://www.
testdomain.
com/info.
phporhttp://localhost/info.
phporhttp://127.
0.
0.
1/info.
php)ratherthanafilename(/home/httpd/info.
php)forthefiletobeparsedcorrectly.
YouwillseealongtableofinformationaboutyournewPHPinstallationmessageCongratulations!
InstallationonWindowswithApacheToinstallApachewithPHP5onWindows,followthegivensteps.
IfyourPHPandApacheversionsaredifferentthenpleasetakecareaccordingly.
Step1DownloadApacheserverfromwww.
apache.
org/dist/httpd/binaries/win32.
Youwantthecurrentstablereleaseversionwiththeno_src.
msiextension.
Double-clicktheinstallerfiletoinstall;C:\ProgramFilesisacommonlocation.
TheinstallerwillalsoaskyouwhetheryouwanttorunApacheasaserviceorfromthecommandlineorDOSprompt.
Werecommendyoudonotinstallasaservice,asthismaycauseproblemswithstartup.
ExtractthePHPbinaryarchiveusingyourunziputility;C:\php7isacommonlocation.
Renamephp.
ini-developmenttophp.
ini.
Openthisfileinatexteditor(forexample,Notepad).
Editthisfiletogettheconfigurationdirectives.
Atthispoint,wehighlyrecommendthatthenewusersseterrorreportingtoE_ALLontheirdevelopmentmachines.
PHP717TellyourApacheserverwhereyouwanttoservefilesfromandwhatextension(s)youwanttoidentifythePHPfiles(.
phpisthestandard,butyoucanuse.
html,.
phtml,orwhateveryouwant).
GotoyourHTTPconfigurationfiles(C:\ProgramFiles\ApacheGroup\Apache\conforwhateveryourpathis),andopenhttpd.
confwithatexteditor.
SearchforthewordDocumentRoot(whichshouldappeartwice)andchangeboththepathstothedirectoryyouwanttoservefilesoutof.
(ThedefaultisC:\ProgramFiles\ApacheGroup\Apache\htdocs.
).
AddatleastonePHPextensiondirectiveasshowninthefirstlineofthefollowingcodeAddHandlerapplication/x-httpd-php.
phpAddTypeapplication/x-httpd-php.
php.
htmlLoadModulephp7_module"C:/php7/php7apache2_4.
dll"PHPiniDir"c:/php7"Step2Openatexteditor.
Type:.
SavethisfileinyourWebserver'sdocumentrootasinfo.
php.
StartanyWebbrowserandbrowsethefile.
YoumustalwaysuseanHTTPrequest(http://www.
testdomain.
com/info.
phporhttp://localhost/info.
phporhttp://127.
0.
0.
1/info.
php)ratherthanafilename(/home/httpd/info.
php)forthefiletobeparsedcorrectly.
YouwillseealongtableofinformationaboutyournewPHPinstallationmessageCongratulations!
ApacheConfigurationIfyouareusingApacheasaWebServer,thenthissectionwillguideyoutoeditApacheConfigurationFiles.
CheckherePHPConfigurationinApacheServerPHPConfigurationinApacheApacheuseshttpd.
conffileforglobalsettings,andthe.
htaccessfileforper-directoryaccesssettings.
OlderversionsofApachesplituphttpd.
confintothreefiles(access.
conf,httpd.
conf,andsrm.
conf),andsomeusersstillpreferthisarrangement.
Apacheserverhasaverypowerful,butslightlycomplex,configurationsystemofitsown.
LearnmoreaboutitattheApacheWebsitewww.
apache.
orgThefollowingsectiondescribesthesettingsinhttpd.
confthataffectPHPdirectlyandcannotbesetelsewhere.
Ifyouhavestandardinstallationthenhttpd.
confwillbefoundat/etc/httpd/conf:PHP718TimeoutThisvaluesetsthedefaultnumberofsecondsbeforeanyHTTPrequestwilltimeout.
IfyousetPHP'smax_execution_timetolongerthanthisvalue,PHPwillkeepgrindingawaybuttheusermayseea404error.
Insafemode,thisvaluewillbeignored;instead,youmustusethetimeoutvalueinphp.
ini.
DocumentRootDocumentRootdesignatestherootdirectoryforallHTTPprocessesonthatserver.
ItlookssomethinglikethisonUnixDocumentRoot.
/usr/local/apache_2.
4.
0/htdocs.
Youcanchooseanydirectoryasthedocumentroot.
AddTypeThePHPMIMEtypeneedstobesethereforPHPfilestobeparsed.
RememberthatyoucanassociateanyfileextensionwithPHPlike.
php3,.
php5or.
htm.
AddTypeapplication/x-httpd-php.
phpAddTypeapplication/x-httpd-phps.
phpsAddTypeapplication/x-httpd-php3.
php3.
phtmlAddTypeapplication/x-httpd-php.
htmlActionYoumustuncommentthislinefortheWindowsapxsmoduleversionofApachewithsharedobjectsupportLoadModulephp7_modulemodules/php7apache2_4.
dllonUnixflavorsLoadModulephp7_modulemodules/mod_php.
soAddModuleYoumustuncommentthislineforthestaticmoduleversionofApache.
AddModulemod_php7.
cPHP719PHP.
INIFileConfigurationThePHPconfigurationfile,php.
ini,isthefinalandimmediatewaytoaffectPHP'sfunctionality.
CheckherePHP.
INIFileConfigurationPHP.
INIConfigurationThePHPconfigurationfile,php.
ini,isthefinalandimmediatewaytoaffectPHP'sfunctionality.
Thephp.
inifileisreadeachtimePHPisinitialized.
Inotherwords,httpdisrestartedforthemoduleversionorwitheachscriptexecutionfortheCGIversion.
Ifyourchangeisnotshowingup,remembertostopandrestarthttpd.
Ifitisstillnotshowingup,usephpinfo()tocheckthepathtophp.
ini.
Theconfigurationfileiswellcommentedandthorough.
Keysarecasesensitive,keywordvaluesarenot;whitespace,andlinesbeginningwithsemicolonsareignored.
Booleanscanberepresentedby1/0,Yes/No,On/Off,orTrue/False.
Thedefaultvaluesinphp.
ini-distwillresultinareasonablePHPinstallationthatcanbetweakedlater.
Hereweareexplainingtheimportantsettingsinphp.
ini,whichyoumayneedforyourPHPParser.
short_open_tag=OffShortopentagslooklikethis:ThisoptionmustbesettoOff,ifyouwanttousetheXMLfunctions.
safe_mode=OffIfthisissettoON,youprobablycompiledPHPwiththe--enable-safe-modeflag.
TheSafemodeismostrelevanttoCGIuse.
Seetheexplanationinthesection"CGIcompile-timeoptions"givenearlierinthischapter.
safe_mode_exec_dir=[DIR]ThisoptionisrelevantonlyifthesafemodeisON;itcanalsobesetwiththe--with-exec-dirflagduringtheUnixbuildprocess.
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