unexpectedlocalsettings
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Protectingtheirreplaceable|f-secure.
comStudyoneffectivenessofpopulardefensemeasuresJarnoNiemel.
VirusBulletin2013Twitter:@jarnomnStatisticallyeffectiveprotectionagainstAPTattacksWhyThisResearchWasMadeApplyinghardeningincorporateenvironmentisexpensiveThusIwantedtogivedecisionmakingsupporttoolsforcorporatesecurityInthisresearchweevaluatedpopularhardeningapproachesagainstasetofexploitsAttacksanddefensesevolveconstantlysowefocusedmoreondifferentstylesofapproachratherthanexactsettingsortoolsFortestsweobviouslyusedpubliclyavailabletoolsExploitsUsedInTestsTheusedexploitsetconsistedof~930confirmedexploitdocumentsamplesSamplesinthewild2010-2013CVEidentificationwasdonebyscanresultsMostexploitshaveshortlifespaninactiveuseAPTnatureverifiedbycontextidentificationPressevents,conferenceproceedingsDiplomatic/politicalreports,analysisHumanrights/activismreports,articlesMilitaryreports,events,analysisBusinessrelatedmailF-SecureOctober10,20133050100150200250300051015202530354045500102030405060708090100110120130140150051015202530354045501.
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13AnalysisMethodWetestedsampleswithWindowsXPSP3AdobeAcrobat8.
0.
0AdobeFlashplayer6.
0Office2003WeintentionallyusedobsoletesoftwareversionstoenableasmanyexploitsaspossibleWeusedautomaticforensicstocheckforexploitsuccessindicatorsNetworkcommunicationProcesscreationFilecreationEachexploitwasverifiedtoworkconsistentlyinbasesystemF-SecureOctober10,20134ProtectionMethodsApplicationmemoryhandlingmitigationsApplicationSandboxingHardeningapplicationsettingsHardeningoperatingsystemF-SecureOctober10,20135ApplicationSanboxingChrome,Acrobat,etcpopularappshavebuiltinsandboxingTheproblemwiththemisthatattackerhastocircumventtheminordertoexploitThuswewantedtotestexploitsagainstunexpectedsandboxingWeusedSandboxie3.
76ProwithcustomconfigurationOwnsandboxforeachdocumenttypeFileexecutiondeniedforanyfilescreatedbysandboxedapplicationNofileaccessoutsidethesandboxforAcrobatAccessto%documents%%recent%andnetworkdrivesforOfficeapplicationsF-SecureOctober10,20136ChangestoOfficeInstalledOfficefilevalidationInstalledMOICEisolationSetMacrosecurityleveltohighDisabledtrustonadd-onsandtemplatesChangestoAcrobatDisabledopeningnon-PDFattachmentsDisabledtrustinmultimediacomponentsDisabledmultimediaplayerDisabledJavascriptF-SecureOctober10,20137HardenedSecuritySettingsForClientAppsAdvisoriesoftenhavemitigationinstructionswhattodobeforepatchisavailableWewantedtofindouthoweffectivethosemeasuresareingeneralWhoonearthneedsaflashcontentinPDFfileinthefirstplaceAfterVBpapersubmissionNSAcameoutwiththeirAcrobatguidelineshttp://www.
nsa.
gov/ia/_files/app/Recommendations_for_Configuring_Adobe_Acrobat_Reader_XI_in_a_Windows_Environment.
pdfHardenedSystemAccessPoliciesInT22011weannouncedresearchpointingtothathardeningbreaksmalwareHoweverAPTsarequiteadifferentbeastcomparedtoplainoldmalwareWetestedthesamplesagainstfollowinghardenedsystemsettingsBlockedfilewritingtorootsofC:\,D:\,etc,%localsettings%,%appdata%BlockedfilewritingrecursivelytoC:\windows,%programfiles%PreventedfileexecutionfromC:\,%documents%,c:\RECYCLER,%temp%,%APPDATA%,%localsettings%F-Secure10.
lokakuuta20138ApplicationMemoryHandlingMitigationsMemoryhandlingmitigationspreventtypesofmemoryoperationsneededbyexploitsThusnormalappsaremostlyunhinderedwhileexploitsfailtoworkCurrentlyonlytoolprovidingsuchcapabilitiesisMicrosoftEMETAllocationmitigations(SEHOP,Heapspray,ASLR,Nullpage)Codeexecutionorloadingmitigations(DEP,ROP,Bottomuprnd,EAF)Hookingpreventions(Deephooks,Antidetours,Bannedfunctions)ForthisresearchweusedEmet4.
0bwhichwasthelatestavailableF-SecureOctober10,20139ApplicationSandboxingResultsUnfortunatelySandboxieinterferedwithourautomaticforensicsWewereabletogetresultsfor452sampleswith100%protectionOftheremainingsampleswetested60randomsampleswhichhad100%protectionSowecantsaywithfullcertainty,butthirdpartysandboxingseemstobeeffectiveBuiltinpayloadsweredroppedbutnotexecutedSampleswhichtriedtodownloadwereblockedF-SecureOctober10,201310CVEFailed:networkeventFailed:fileeventFailed:processeventSuccessCVE-2004-02101CVE-2006-24921CVE-2006-35903CVE-2007-565921CVE-2008-48411CVE-2009-09271CVE-2009-3129219CVE-2009-43249CVE-2010-01886221231CVE-2010-08068CVE-2010-12975CVE-2010-257217CVE-2010-288382CVE-2010-3333133946CVE-2010-365429CVE-2011-00971CVE-2011-010168CVE-2011-061121CVE-2011-12691CVE-2012-0158144916CVE-2012-07792GrandTotal894556737HardenedClientAppsresultsHardeningapplicationsgave80%totalprotectionagainstexploitsCVE-2010-0188failedasnotallsampleswereusingJavaScriptCVE-2010-0188failedaswedidnotthinkifisolatingRTFfilesCVE-2012-0158alsofailedduenotisolatingRTFfilesInOffice2013OFVandMOICEarebuiltinInAcrobattherecommendationsstillapplyF-SecureOctober10,201311HardenedSystemAccessPoliciesresultsHardenedsystemaccesspoliciesgaveverysmalltotalprotectionof~10%~7%werepartiallymitigatedNetworkwasblockedin40samplesProcesscreationblockedin28samplesSointotalsystemhardeningisineffectiveF-SecureOctober10,201312CVEFailed:networkeventFailed:fileeventFailed:processeventSuccessCVE-2004-02101CVE-2006-24921CVE-2006-35903CVE-2007-5659201CVE-2008-48411CVE-2009-09271CVE-2009-3129159528CVE-2009-4324324CVE-2010-01882942CVE-2010-080671CVE-2010-12975CVE-2010-2572287CVE-2010-2883327250CVE-2010-3333182141CVE-2010-365411126CVE-2011-00971CVE-2011-010145113CVE-2011-0611192CVE-2011-12691CVE-2012-015815217CVE-2012-07792GrandTotal34634115189MemoryHandlingMitigationsResultsEMETwasabletostopeverysingleexploit!
However4.
0bisnewerthansamples,soresultscanbeskewedThereareclaimsthatEMETcanbecircumventedButinourtestswecouldnotfindasamplethatactuallydoessoMemoryhandlingmitigationsarenoteffectiveagainstallexploittypesIfexploitisbasedonotherthancodeexecution,EMETwillnothelpButsuchexploitsareveryrareandwecouldnotfindinthewildsampleF-SecureOctober10,201313CVEfailedsuccesscve-2004-021001cve-2006-249201cve-2006-359003cve-2007-5659021cve-2008-484101cve-2009-092701cve-2009-31290219cve-2009-432409cve-2010-01880296cve-2010-080608cve-2010-129705cve-2010-2572017cve-2010-2883082cve-2010-3333098cve-2010-3654029cve-2011-009701cve-2011-0101068cve-2011-0611021cve-2011-126901cve-2012-0158043cve-2012-077902GrandTotal0927DefenceInDepth,HardenYourNetworkPreventlateralmovementwithinyournetworkIsolateeverythinginnetwork,noinboundtoclientsnooutboundfromserverBlockremoteexecutionandRDPfromotherthanadminnetworksegmentAllowusertologinonlytohisworkstationsIsolateemailtoapprovedbusinessuseonlyAllowemailonlyovercompanymailserverDon'tallowmailsendingwithoutuserauthenticationControlDNSresolution,donotallowunknowndomainstoresolveMostAPTC&CinfrarelyonbeingabletoresolvedomainnamesMakedatadifficulttostealUseDRMtomakestolendocumentsworthlessUserightsmanagementservertoprovidetransparentcryptofordocumentsValiduserscanreaddocuments,stolendocsareworthlessoutsidecompanyWatermarkcompanybrowsersandcheckwatermarkinserverHaveownbrowserthatcanaccessonlyintra.
CheckagainstthatintheserverWatermarkcanbefaked,buthardtoget100%rightonthefirstgo->alarmUsetokenbasedemailcertificatesandcryptoforallinternalmailDirectstealingofmailfilesbecomesuselessAttackerneedstodecryptmessagesbeforestealing,whichslowsdownattackandgivesyoutimetoreactConclusionsWiththeexceptionofOShardeningallothermethodswereveryeffectiveVeryfewattackersaimatanythingbutdefaultconfigurationWhichmethodstousedependsonwhatyourcorporateITfindseasiesttodeployAsruleofthumballapplicationsthatdealwithexternaldatashouldbehardenedPersonallyIwouldrecommendacombinationofhardenedapplicationsettingsandEMETSandboxingisalsoveryeffectivebutcanrequireefforttomakeittransparenttousersMostimportantthingtodoisnottorelyonasinglesecuritylayerOurcorporatesecurityproductisverygoodatcatchingexploitsbutnosinglelayerisgoingtobeenoughF-SecureOctober10,201316
comStudyoneffectivenessofpopulardefensemeasuresJarnoNiemel.
VirusBulletin2013Twitter:@jarnomnStatisticallyeffectiveprotectionagainstAPTattacksWhyThisResearchWasMadeApplyinghardeningincorporateenvironmentisexpensiveThusIwantedtogivedecisionmakingsupporttoolsforcorporatesecurityInthisresearchweevaluatedpopularhardeningapproachesagainstasetofexploitsAttacksanddefensesevolveconstantlysowefocusedmoreondifferentstylesofapproachratherthanexactsettingsortoolsFortestsweobviouslyusedpubliclyavailabletoolsExploitsUsedInTestsTheusedexploitsetconsistedof~930confirmedexploitdocumentsamplesSamplesinthewild2010-2013CVEidentificationwasdonebyscanresultsMostexploitshaveshortlifespaninactiveuseAPTnatureverifiedbycontextidentificationPressevents,conferenceproceedingsDiplomatic/politicalreports,analysisHumanrights/activismreports,articlesMilitaryreports,events,analysisBusinessrelatedmailF-SecureOctober10,20133050100150200250300051015202530354045500102030405060708090100110120130140150051015202530354045501.
1.
101.
3.
101.
5.
101.
7.
101.
9.
101.
11.
101.
1.
111.
3.
111.
5.
111.
7.
111.
9.
111.
11.
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1.
121.
3.
121.
5.
121.
7.
121.
9.
121.
11.
121.
1.
131.
3.
13AnalysisMethodWetestedsampleswithWindowsXPSP3AdobeAcrobat8.
0.
0AdobeFlashplayer6.
0Office2003WeintentionallyusedobsoletesoftwareversionstoenableasmanyexploitsaspossibleWeusedautomaticforensicstocheckforexploitsuccessindicatorsNetworkcommunicationProcesscreationFilecreationEachexploitwasverifiedtoworkconsistentlyinbasesystemF-SecureOctober10,20134ProtectionMethodsApplicationmemoryhandlingmitigationsApplicationSandboxingHardeningapplicationsettingsHardeningoperatingsystemF-SecureOctober10,20135ApplicationSanboxingChrome,Acrobat,etcpopularappshavebuiltinsandboxingTheproblemwiththemisthatattackerhastocircumventtheminordertoexploitThuswewantedtotestexploitsagainstunexpectedsandboxingWeusedSandboxie3.
76ProwithcustomconfigurationOwnsandboxforeachdocumenttypeFileexecutiondeniedforanyfilescreatedbysandboxedapplicationNofileaccessoutsidethesandboxforAcrobatAccessto%documents%%recent%andnetworkdrivesforOfficeapplicationsF-SecureOctober10,20136ChangestoOfficeInstalledOfficefilevalidationInstalledMOICEisolationSetMacrosecurityleveltohighDisabledtrustonadd-onsandtemplatesChangestoAcrobatDisabledopeningnon-PDFattachmentsDisabledtrustinmultimediacomponentsDisabledmultimediaplayerDisabledJavascriptF-SecureOctober10,20137HardenedSecuritySettingsForClientAppsAdvisoriesoftenhavemitigationinstructionswhattodobeforepatchisavailableWewantedtofindouthoweffectivethosemeasuresareingeneralWhoonearthneedsaflashcontentinPDFfileinthefirstplaceAfterVBpapersubmissionNSAcameoutwiththeirAcrobatguidelineshttp://www.
nsa.
gov/ia/_files/app/Recommendations_for_Configuring_Adobe_Acrobat_Reader_XI_in_a_Windows_Environment.
pdfHardenedSystemAccessPoliciesInT22011weannouncedresearchpointingtothathardeningbreaksmalwareHoweverAPTsarequiteadifferentbeastcomparedtoplainoldmalwareWetestedthesamplesagainstfollowinghardenedsystemsettingsBlockedfilewritingtorootsofC:\,D:\,etc,%localsettings%,%appdata%BlockedfilewritingrecursivelytoC:\windows,%programfiles%PreventedfileexecutionfromC:\,%documents%,c:\RECYCLER,%temp%,%APPDATA%,%localsettings%F-Secure10.
lokakuuta20138ApplicationMemoryHandlingMitigationsMemoryhandlingmitigationspreventtypesofmemoryoperationsneededbyexploitsThusnormalappsaremostlyunhinderedwhileexploitsfailtoworkCurrentlyonlytoolprovidingsuchcapabilitiesisMicrosoftEMETAllocationmitigations(SEHOP,Heapspray,ASLR,Nullpage)Codeexecutionorloadingmitigations(DEP,ROP,Bottomuprnd,EAF)Hookingpreventions(Deephooks,Antidetours,Bannedfunctions)ForthisresearchweusedEmet4.
0bwhichwasthelatestavailableF-SecureOctober10,20139ApplicationSandboxingResultsUnfortunatelySandboxieinterferedwithourautomaticforensicsWewereabletogetresultsfor452sampleswith100%protectionOftheremainingsampleswetested60randomsampleswhichhad100%protectionSowecantsaywithfullcertainty,butthirdpartysandboxingseemstobeeffectiveBuiltinpayloadsweredroppedbutnotexecutedSampleswhichtriedtodownloadwereblockedF-SecureOctober10,201310CVEFailed:networkeventFailed:fileeventFailed:processeventSuccessCVE-2004-02101CVE-2006-24921CVE-2006-35903CVE-2007-565921CVE-2008-48411CVE-2009-09271CVE-2009-3129219CVE-2009-43249CVE-2010-01886221231CVE-2010-08068CVE-2010-12975CVE-2010-257217CVE-2010-288382CVE-2010-3333133946CVE-2010-365429CVE-2011-00971CVE-2011-010168CVE-2011-061121CVE-2011-12691CVE-2012-0158144916CVE-2012-07792GrandTotal894556737HardenedClientAppsresultsHardeningapplicationsgave80%totalprotectionagainstexploitsCVE-2010-0188failedasnotallsampleswereusingJavaScriptCVE-2010-0188failedaswedidnotthinkifisolatingRTFfilesCVE-2012-0158alsofailedduenotisolatingRTFfilesInOffice2013OFVandMOICEarebuiltinInAcrobattherecommendationsstillapplyF-SecureOctober10,201311HardenedSystemAccessPoliciesresultsHardenedsystemaccesspoliciesgaveverysmalltotalprotectionof~10%~7%werepartiallymitigatedNetworkwasblockedin40samplesProcesscreationblockedin28samplesSointotalsystemhardeningisineffectiveF-SecureOctober10,201312CVEFailed:networkeventFailed:fileeventFailed:processeventSuccessCVE-2004-02101CVE-2006-24921CVE-2006-35903CVE-2007-5659201CVE-2008-48411CVE-2009-09271CVE-2009-3129159528CVE-2009-4324324CVE-2010-01882942CVE-2010-080671CVE-2010-12975CVE-2010-2572287CVE-2010-2883327250CVE-2010-3333182141CVE-2010-365411126CVE-2011-00971CVE-2011-010145113CVE-2011-0611192CVE-2011-12691CVE-2012-015815217CVE-2012-07792GrandTotal34634115189MemoryHandlingMitigationsResultsEMETwasabletostopeverysingleexploit!
However4.
0bisnewerthansamples,soresultscanbeskewedThereareclaimsthatEMETcanbecircumventedButinourtestswecouldnotfindasamplethatactuallydoessoMemoryhandlingmitigationsarenoteffectiveagainstallexploittypesIfexploitisbasedonotherthancodeexecution,EMETwillnothelpButsuchexploitsareveryrareandwecouldnotfindinthewildsampleF-SecureOctober10,201313CVEfailedsuccesscve-2004-021001cve-2006-249201cve-2006-359003cve-2007-5659021cve-2008-484101cve-2009-092701cve-2009-31290219cve-2009-432409cve-2010-01880296cve-2010-080608cve-2010-129705cve-2010-2572017cve-2010-2883082cve-2010-3333098cve-2010-3654029cve-2011-009701cve-2011-0101068cve-2011-0611021cve-2011-126901cve-2012-0158043cve-2012-077902GrandTotal0927DefenceInDepth,HardenYourNetworkPreventlateralmovementwithinyournetworkIsolateeverythinginnetwork,noinboundtoclientsnooutboundfromserverBlockremoteexecutionandRDPfromotherthanadminnetworksegmentAllowusertologinonlytohisworkstationsIsolateemailtoapprovedbusinessuseonlyAllowemailonlyovercompanymailserverDon'tallowmailsendingwithoutuserauthenticationControlDNSresolution,donotallowunknowndomainstoresolveMostAPTC&CinfrarelyonbeingabletoresolvedomainnamesMakedatadifficulttostealUseDRMtomakestolendocumentsworthlessUserightsmanagementservertoprovidetransparentcryptofordocumentsValiduserscanreaddocuments,stolendocsareworthlessoutsidecompanyWatermarkcompanybrowsersandcheckwatermarkinserverHaveownbrowserthatcanaccessonlyintra.
CheckagainstthatintheserverWatermarkcanbefaked,buthardtoget100%rightonthefirstgo->alarmUsetokenbasedemailcertificatesandcryptoforallinternalmailDirectstealingofmailfilesbecomesuselessAttackerneedstodecryptmessagesbeforestealing,whichslowsdownattackandgivesyoutimetoreactConclusionsWiththeexceptionofOShardeningallothermethodswereveryeffectiveVeryfewattackersaimatanythingbutdefaultconfigurationWhichmethodstousedependsonwhatyourcorporateITfindseasiesttodeployAsruleofthumballapplicationsthatdealwithexternaldatashouldbehardenedPersonallyIwouldrecommendacombinationofhardenedapplicationsettingsandEMETSandboxingisalsoveryeffectivebutcanrequireefforttomakeittransparenttousersMostimportantthingtodoisnottorelyonasinglesecuritylayerOurcorporatesecurityproductisverygoodatcatchingexploitsbutnosinglelayerisgoingtobeenoughF-SecureOctober10,201316
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