Packagesdebian下载

DebianDeveloper'sReference11.
0.
18Developer'sReferenceTeam2021-01-17i132ApplyingtoBecomeaMember52.
152.
2Debian(mentors)(sponsors)62.
3RegisteringasaDebianmember63Debian93.
193.
1.
1(stable)93.
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2(stable)93.
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3103.
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4/(upstream)103.
2113.
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1Debian113.
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6134ResourcesforDebianMembers154.
1154.
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2164.
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4164.
2IRC174.
3174.
4Debian184.
4.
1194.
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2ftp-master194.
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3www-master194.
4.
4people194.
4.
5salsa.
debian.
org:Gitrepositoriesandcollaborativedevelopmentplatform204.
4.
6chroot204.
5204.
6Debian214.
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1(stable)(testing)(unstable)254.
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3(experimental)264.
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5274.
7Debian274.
8Incoming284.
9294.
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1294.
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2dakls294.
10Debian304.
11Developer'spackagesoverview304.
12DebianFusionForge:Alioth304.
13GoodiesforDebianMembers315335.
1335.
2345.
3355.
4365.
5375.
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1:(stable)(oldstable)375.
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2Specialcase:thestable-updatessuite385.
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3:testing/testing-proposed-updates395.
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1ftp-master395.
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5Notications405.
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2(porterupload)565.
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1binary-onlyNMU565.
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2sourceNMU575.
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3585.
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3wanna-build585.
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4595.
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5non-freeauto-build605.
11Non-MaintainerUpload(NMU)605.
11.
1NMU605.
11.
2NMUdebian/changelog625.
11.
3DELAYED/625.
11.
4NMU635.
11.
5NMUvsNMU(binNMU)635.
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6NMUQA645.
11.
7NMU645.
12PackageSalvaging645.
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1Whenapackageiseligibleforpackagesalvaging655.
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2Howtosalvageapackage665.
1367iii5.
14685.
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2685.
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1(Out-of-date)695.
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2705.
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4(testing)705.
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5715.
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3715.
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4(FAQ)725.
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1725.
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2(testing)726756.
1debian/rules756.
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3776.
2debian/control776.
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3(longdescription)796.
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5806.
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1Vcs-Browser806.
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2Vcs-806.
3debian/changelog816.
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1changelog816.
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2Selectingtheuploadurgency826.
3.
3changelog826.
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4changelog826.
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5NEWS.
Debianchangelog836.
4846.
5debconf856.
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1debconf856.
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3fuzzy876.
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1Type896.
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2Description:shortextended906.
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3Choices916.
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4Default916.
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4Templateeldsspecicstyleguide916.
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2Description916.
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3Choices936.
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4Default936.
6946.
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1debconf946.
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1autoconf/automake956.
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7deboprhan976.
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orig.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}986.
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1(Pristinesource)986.
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2upstream986.
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1Automaticallygenerateddebugpackages1006.
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2Manual-dbgpackages1006.
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1010171037.
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1(massbugling)1047.
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1Usertag1047.
21057.
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2(BSP)1057.
31067.
4106v7.
5Debian1087.
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21107.
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2(advocate)1117.
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3(newmaintainerapplications)11181138.
1Debian1138.
2I18N&L10NFAQ1148.
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3I18N&L10NFAQ1158.
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4l10n1169Debian1179.
11179.
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1dpkg-dev1179.
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2debconf1189.
1.
3fakeroot1189.
2(lint)1189.
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1lintian1189.
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2lintian-brush1199.
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3piuparts1199.
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4debdiff1199.
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5diffoscope1209.
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6duck1209.
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7adequate1209.
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8i18nspector1219.
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9cme1219.
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10licensecheck1219.
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11blhc1219.
3debian/rules1219.
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1debhelper1219.
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2dh-make1229.
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3equivs1229.
4122vi9.
4.
1git-buildpackage1229.
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2debootstrap1239.
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3pbuilder1239.
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4sbuild1239.
51249.
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1dupload1249.
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2dput1249.
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3dcut1249.
61249.
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1devscripts1249.
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2reportbug1259.
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3autotools-dev1259.
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4dpkg-repack1259.
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5alien1269.
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6dpkg-dev-el1269.
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7dpkg-depcheck1269.
71269.
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1dpkg-cross1269.
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1debian-policy1279.
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2doc-debian1279.
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3developers-reference1289.
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4maint-guide1289.
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5packaging-tutorial1289.
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6how-can-i-help1289.
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7docbook-xml1289.
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8debiandoc-sgml1299.
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9debian-keyring1299.
8.
10debian-el129viiDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18Developer'sReferenceTeamCopyright2019-2021HolgerLevsenCopyright2015-2020HidekiYamaneCopyright2008-2015LucasNussbaumCopyright2004-2007AndreasBarthCopyright2002-2009RaphalHertzogCopyright1998-2003AdamDiCarloCopyright1997-1998ChristianSchwarzThismanualisfreesoftware;youmayredistributeitand/ormodifyitunderthetermsoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicenseaspublishedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation;eitherversion2,or(atyouroption)anylaterversion.
Thisisdistributedinthehopethatitwillbeuseful,butwithoutanywarranty;withouteventheimpliedwarrantyofmerchantabilityortnessforaparticularpurpose.
SeetheGNUGeneralPublicLicenseformoredetails.
AcopyoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicenseisavailableas/usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-2intheDebiandistribu-tionorontheWorldWideWebattheGNUwebsite.
YoucanalsoobtainitbywritingtotheFreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.
,51FranklinStreet,FifthFloor,Boston,MA02110-1301,USA.
ThisisDebianDeveloper'sReferenceversion11.
0.
18,releasedon2021-01-17.
Ifyouwanttoprintthisreference,youshouldusethepdfversion.
Thismanualisalsoavailableinsomeotherlanguages.
131ThepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovideanoverviewoftherecommendedproceduresandtheavailableresourcesforDebiandevelopersandmaintainers.
Theproceduresdiscussedwithinincludehowtobecomeamember(ApplyingtoBecomeaMember);howtocreatenewpackages()andhowtouploadpackages();howtohandlebugreports();howtomove,remove,ororphanpackages();howtoportpackages();andhowandwhentodointerimreleasesofothermaintainers'packages(Non-MaintainerUpload(NMU)).
()(Debian)Debian(Debian)(ftp-master)(Debian)DebianDebianDebianDebianDebian52ApplyingtoBecomeaMember2.
1So,you'vereadallthedocumentation,you'vegonethroughtheDebianNewMaintainers'Guide(oritssuccessor,GuideforDebianMaintainers),understandwhateverythinginthehelloexamplepackageisfor,andyou'reabouttoDebianizeyourfavoritepieceofsoftware.
HowdoyouactuallybecomeaDebiandevelopersothatyourworkcanbeincorporatedintotheProjectFirstly,subscribetodebian-devel@lists.
debian.
orgifyouhaven'talready.
SendthewordsubscribeintheSubjectofanemailtodebian-devel-REQUEST@lists.
debian.
org.
Incaseofproblems,contactthelistadministratoratlistmaster@lists.
debian.
org.
Moreinformationonavailablemailinglistscanbefoundin.
debian-devel-announce@lists.
debian.
orgisanotherlist,whichismandatoryforanyonewhowishestofollowDebian'sdevelopment.
()debian-mentors@lists.
debian.
orgDebian(men-tors)(sponsors)IRC#debianIRCDebianDebianDebianDebiandebian-mentors@lists.
debian.
org(https://wiki.
debian.
org/DebianMentorsFaq)Debian(QualityAssuaranceQA)DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18mailadminrootmasterhttps://www.
debian.
org/MailingLists/2.
2Debian(mentors)(sponsors)debian-mentors@lists.
debian.
org()()Inaddition,ifyouhavesomepackagesreadyforinclusioninDebian,butarewaitingforyournewmemberapplicationtogothrough,youmightbeablendasponsortouploadyourpackageforyou.
SponsorsarepeoplewhoareofcialDebianDevelopers,andwhoarewillingtocriticizeanduploadyourpackagesforyou.
Pleasereadthedebian-mentorsFAQathttps://wiki.
debian.
org/DebianMentorsFaqrst.
Debian2.
3RegisteringasaDebianmemberBeforeyoudecidetoregisterwithDebian,youwillneedtoreadalltheinformationavailableattheNewMembersCorner.
ItdescribesindetailthepreparationsyouhavetodobeforeyoucanregistertobecomeaDebianmember.
Forexample,beforeyouapply,youhavetoreadtheDebianSocialContract.
RegisteringasamembermeansthatyouagreewithandpledgetoupholdtheDebianSocialContract;itisveryimportantthatmemberareinaccordwiththeessentialideasbehindDebian.
ReadingtheGNUManifestowouldalsobeagoodidea.
Theprocessofregisteringasamemberisaprocessofverifyingyouridentityandintentions,andcheckingyourtechnicalskills.
AsthenumberofpeopleworkingonDebianhasgrowntoover1000andoursystemsareusedinseveralveryimportantplaces,wehavetobecarefulaboutbeingcompromised.
Therefore,weneedtoverifynewmembersbeforewecangivethemaccountsonourserversandletthemuploadpackages.
Debian!
DebianOpenPGPOpenPGP62ApplyingtoBecomeaMemberDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18DebianKeySigningCoordinationpageDebian(DebianID)IfyoudonothaveanOpenPGPkeyyet,generateone.
EverydeveloperneedsanOpenPGPkeyinordertosignandverifypackageuploads.
Youshouldreadthemanualforthesoftwareyouareusing,sinceithasmuchimportantinformationthatiscriticaltoitssecurity.
Manymoresecurityfailuresareduetohumanerrorthantosoftwarefailureorhigh-poweredspytechniques.
Seeformoreinformationonmaintainingyourpublickey.
DebianGNUPrivacyGuard(gnupg1)OpenPGPOpenPGPRFC2440Yourkeylengthmustbegreaterthan2048bits(4096bitsispreferred);thereisnoreasontouseasmallerkey,anddoingsowouldbemuchlesssecure.
subkeys.
pgp.
net2:DebianToapplyasanewmember,youneedanexistingDebianDevelopertosupportyourapplication(anadvocate).
AfteryouhavecontributedtoDebianforawhile,andyouwanttoapplytobecomearegistereddeveloper,anexistingdeveloperwithwhomyouhaveworkedoverthepastmonthshastoexpresstheirbeliefthatyoucancontributetoDebiansuccessfully.
Whenyouhavefoundanadvocate,haveyourOpenPGPkeysignedandhavealreadycontributedtoDebianforawhile,you'rereadytoapply.
Youcansimplyregisteronourapplicationpage.
Afteryouhavesignedup,youradvocatehastoconrmyourapplication.
WhenyouradvocatehascompletedthisstepyouwillbeassignedanApplicationManagerwhowillgowithyouthroughthenecessarystepsoftheNewMemberprocess.
Youcanalwayscheckyourstatusontheapplicationsstatusboard.
Formoredetails,pleaseconsultNewMembersCornerattheDebianwebsite.
MakesurethatyouarefamiliarwiththenecessarystepsoftheNewMemberprocessbeforeactuallyapplying.
Ifyouarewellprepared,youcansavealotoftimelateron.
2.
3.
RegisteringasaDebianmember793Debian3.
1Asapackagemaintainer,you'resupposedtoprovidehigh-qualitypackagesthatarewellintegratedintothesystemandthatadheretotheDebianPolicy.
3.
1.
1(stable)Providinghigh-qualitypackagesinunstableisnotenough;mostuserswillonlybenetfromyourpackageswhentheyarereleasedaspartofthenextstablerelease.
Youarethusexpectedtocollaboratewiththereleaseteamtoensureyourpackagesgetincluded.
(testing)()()((testing))(blocker)3.
1.
2(stable)(unstable)(stable)(stable)()important()(stable)(stable)DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18(stable)(:(stable)(oldstable))3.
1.
3(RCbug)criticalgraveserious(stable)((testing))Debian((unstable))(testing)RC2RC()help(testing)RCNon-MaintainerUpload(Non-MaintainerUpload(NMU))RCQAMIA()3.
1.
4/(upstream)AbigpartofyourjobasDebianmaintainerwillbetostayincontactwiththeupstreamdevelopers.
DebianuserswillsometimesreportbugsthatarenotspecictoDebiantoourbugtrackingsystem.
Thesebugreportsshouldbeforwardedtotheupstreamdeveloperssothattheycanbexedinafutureupstreamrelease.
Usuallyitisbestifyoucandothis,butalternatively,youmayaskthebugsubmittertodoit.
DebianDebianIncaseswhereabugreportisforwardedupstream,itmaybehelpfultorememberthatthebts-linkservicecanhelpwithsynchronizingstatesbetweentheupstreambugtrackerandtheDebianone.
DebianDebian103DebianDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18Debian3.
2Debian3.
2.
1DebianDebianLDAPhttps://db.
debian.
org/debian.
orgdebian-private3.
2.
2Beverycarefulwithyourprivatekeys.
Donotplacethemonanypublicserversormultiusermachines,suchastheDebianservers(seeDebian).
Backyourkeysup;keepacopyofine.
Readthedocumentationthatcomeswithyoursoftware;readthePGPFAQandOpenPGPBestPractices.
(revocationcerticate)()keyring.
debian.
orgDebian1debian-keyring(revocationcerticate)Keyringhttps://keyring.
debian.
org/replacing_keys.
htmlRegisteringasaDebianmemberDebiandebian-keyringhttps://keyring.
debian.
org/3.
2.
11DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
183.
2.
3DebianDebiandebian-vote@lists.
debian.
orgdebian-devel-announce@lists.
debian.
org()GPG()Debian3.
2.
4()NMU(Non-MaintainerUpload(NMU))2debian-private@lists.
debian.
org[VAC]*1vacation(Debian)vacation!
GPGcoordinationpages*1123DebianDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
183.
2.
5Debian:(orphan)Uploaders:@debian.
orgalias(:press@debian.
org)DebianRTaliasadmin@rt.
debian.
org"DebianRT"Pleaseremembertoalsoretirefromteams,e.
g.
removeyourselffromteamwikipagesorsalsagroups.
Usethelinkhttps://nm.
debian.
org/process/emeritustologintonm.
debian.
org,requestemeritusstatusandwriteagoodbyemessagethatwillbeautomaticallypostedondebian-private.
AuthenticationtotheNMsiterequiresanSSObrowsercerticate.
Youcangeneratethemonhttps://sso.
debian.
org.
Inthecaseyourunintoproblemsopeningtheretirementprocessyourself,contactNMfrontdeskusingnm@debian.
org3.
2.
6emeritusremovedemeritus:Getaccesstoanaliothaccount(eitherbyrememberingthecredentialsforyouroldguestaccountorbyrequest-inganewoneasdecribedatSSODebianwikipage.
Mailnm@debian.
orgforfurtherinstructions.
NM(P&PT&S)removedNM3.
2.
13154ResourcesforDebianMembersInthischapteryouwillndaverybriefroadmapoftheDebianmailinglists,theDebianmachineswhichmaybeavailabletoyouasamember,andalltheotherresourcesthatareavailabletohelpyouinyourwork.
4.
1Debian()lists.
debian.
orghttps://www.
debian.
org/MailingLists/4.
1.
1(CC)()DebianDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
184.
1.
2Debian:debian-devel-announce@lists.
debian.
orgdebian-devel@lists.
debian.
orgdebian-policy@lists.
debian.
orgDebiandebian-project@lists.
debian.
orghttps://lists.
debian.
org/4.
1.
3debian-private@lists.
debian.
orgDebiandebian-private@lists.
debian.
orgmaster.
debian.
org~debian/archive/debian-private/debian-email@lists.
debian.
orgupstreamDebian4.
1.
4Beforerequestingamailinglistthatrelatestothedevelopmentofapackage(orasmallgroupofrelatedpackages),pleaseconsiderifusinganalias(viaa.
forward-aliasnameleonmaster.
debian.
org,whichtranslatesintoareasonablyniceyou-aliasname@debian.
orgaddress)ismoreappropriate.
lists.
debian.
orgHOWTO164ResourcesforDebianMembersDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
184.
2IRCIRCDebianOpenandfreetechnologycommunity(OFTC)irc.
debian.
orgDNSirc.
oftc.
netDebian#debian#debian#debian.
de#debian-fr#debian-brDebian#debian-devel150Debian(#debian)()#debian-develdebian-private@lists.
debian.
org#debian-privatemaster.
debian.
org:~debian/archive/debian-private/Thereareotheradditionalchannelsdedicatedtospecicsubjects.
#debian-bugsisusedforcoordinatingbugsquashingparties.
#debian-bootisusedtocoordinatetheworkonthedebian-installer.
#debian-docisoc-casionallyusedtotalkaboutdocumentation,likethedocumentyouarereading.
Otherchannelsarededicatedtoanarchitectureorasetofpackages:#debian-kde,#debian-dpkg,#debian-perl,#debian-python.
.
.
#debian-devel-frDebianDebianIRCfreenodeIRC200664irc.
debian.
orgTogetacloakonfreenode,yousendJrgJaspertasignedmailwhereyoutellwhatyournickis.
PutcloaksomewhereintheSubject:header.
Thenickshouldberegistered:NickSetupPage.
ThemailneedstobesignedbyakeyintheDebiankeyring.
PleaseseeFreenodedocumentationformoreinformationaboutcloaks.
4.
3ThisdocumentcontainsalotofinformationwhichisusefultoDebiandevelopers,butitcannotcontaineverything.
MostoftheotherinterestingdocumentsarelinkedfromTheDevelopers'Corner.
Takethetimetobrowseallthelinks;youwilllearnmanymorethings.
4.
2.
IRC17DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
184.
4DebianDebianDebianDebianDebianCPUDebianDebianSSHTelnetFTPPOPDebianDebianDebianhttps://db.
debian.
org/machines.
cgiSSHDebianhttps://rt.
debian.
org/DSA(DebianSystemAdministration)(:"debian"master.
debian.
org:~debian/misc/rt-password)admin@rt.
debian.
org"DebianRT"DSAdsa@debian.
orgdebian-admin@lists.
debian.
orgDSAOFTCIRC#debian-admin()184ResourcesforDebianMembersDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
184.
4.
1bugs.
debian.
org(BTS)Debiandebian-devel@lists.
debian.
org4.
4.
2ftp-masterTheftp-master.
debian.
orgserverholdsthecanonicalcopyoftheDebianarchive.
Generally,packagesup-loadedtoftp.
upload.
debian.
orgenduponthisserver;see.
mirror.
ftp-master.
debian.
orgDebianFTPftp.
debian.
orgftpmaster@debian.
org4.
4.
3www-masterwebwww-master.
debian.
orgwebDebianIfyoundaproblemwiththeDebianwebserver,youshouldgenerallysubmitabugagainstthepseudo-packagewww.
debian.
org.
RemembertocheckwhetherornotsomeoneelsehasalreadyreportedtheproblemtotheBugTrackingSystem.
4.
4.
4peoplepeople.
debian.
orgDebianDebianpeople.
debian.
orgpublic_htmlhttps://people.
debian.
org/~your-user-id/URLdebian-devel@lists.
debian.
org4.
4.
Debian19DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
184.
4.
5salsa.
debian.
org:GitrepositoriesandcollaborativedevelopmentplatformIfyouwanttouseagitrepositoryforanyofyourDebianwork,youcanuseDebian'sGitLabinstancecalledSalsaforthatpurpose.
Gitlabprovidesalsothepossibilitytohavemergerequests,wikipages,bugtrackersamongmanyotherservicesaswellasane-grainedtuningofaccesspermission,tohelpworkingonprojectscollaboratively.
Formoreinformation,pleaseseethedocumentationathttps://wiki.
debian.
org/Salsa/Doc.
4.
4.
6chrootchrootvore$dchrootunstableExecutingshellinchroot:/org/vore.
debian.
org/chroots/user/unstablechroothomechroothttps://db.
debian.
org/machines.
cgi4.
5TheDevelopersDatabase,athttps://db.
debian.
org/,isanLDAPdirectoryformanagingDebiandeveloperattributes.
YoucanusethisresourcetosearchthelistofDebiandevelopers.
PartofthisinformationisalsoavailablethroughthengerserviceonDebianservers;tryfingeryourlogin@db.
debian.
orgtoseewhatitreports.
forwardingaddressforyourdebian.
orgemailaswellasspamhandling.
Seehttps://db.
debian.
org/forward.
htmlforadescriptionofalltheoptions.
debian-privateDebianIRCDebianhttps://db.
debian.
org/doc-general.
htmlDebianSSH*.
debian.
netDNShttps://db.
debian.
org/doc-mail.
html204ResourcesforDebianMembersDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
184.
6DebianDebian(30000)()Debiandists/stable/main/dists/stable/main/binary-amd64/dists/stable/main/binary-armel/dists/stable/main/binary-i386/.
.
.
dists/stable/main/source/.
.
.
dists/stable/main/disks-amd64/dists/stable/main/disks-armel/dists/stable/main/disks-i386/.
.
.
dists/stable/contrib/dists/stable/contrib/binary-amd64/dists/stable/contrib/binary-armel/dists/stable/contrib/binary-i386/.
.
.
dists/stable/contrib/source/dists/stable/non-free/dists/stable/non-free/binary-amd64/dists/stable/non-free/binary-armel/dists/stable/non-free/binary-i386/.
.
.
dists/stable/non-free/source/dists/testing/dists/testing/main/.
.
.
dists/testing/contrib/.
.
.
dists/testing/non-free/.
.
.
dists/unstabledists/unstable/main/.
.
.
dists/unstable/contrib/.
.
.
dists/unstable/non-free/.
.
.
()4.
6.
Debian21DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18()pool/pool/main/a/pool/main/a/apt/.
.
.
pool/main/b/pool/main/b/bash/.
.
.
pool/main/liba/pool/main/liba/libalias-perl/.
.
.
pool/main/m/pool/main/m/mailx/.
.
.
pool/non-free/f/pool/non-free/f/firmware-nonfree/.
.
.
dists/pool/2poolstabletestingunstablePackagesSourcespool/stableunstabletestingdists/stablemaincontribnon-free3source(source)(binary-i386binary-amd64)main(disks-i386disks-amd64)Debian4.
6.
1DebianmainDebianmain2DebianmainDebian(DFSG)DebianDFSGDebian224ResourcesforDebianMembersDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18contribDFSGnon-freeDFSGnon-freeDebiannon-free()Debian33FTPCD-ROMDebianmaincontribnon-freeCD-ROMnon-freeCD-ROM(Debian)Notethatthetermsectionisalsousedtorefertocategorieswhichsimplifytheorganizationandbrowsingofavailablepackages:admin,net,utils,etc.
Onceuponatime,thesesections(subsections,rather)existedintheformofsubdirectorieswithintheDebianarchive.
Nowadays,theseexistonlyintheSectionheadereldsofpackages.
4.
6.
2LinuxInteli386()DebianLinuxDebianDebianhurdkfreebsdUnixDebianGNU/Linux1.
3wasonlyavailableasi386.
Debian2.
0shippedfori386andm68karchitectures.
Debian2.
1shippedforthei386,m68k,alpha,andsparcarchitectures.
SincethenDebianhasgrownhugely.
Debian9supportsatotaloftenLinuxarchitectures(amd64,arm64,armel,armhf,i386,mips,mips64el,mipsel,ppc64el,ands390x)andtwokFreeBSDarchitectures(kfreebsd-i386andkfreebsd-amd64).
Debian4.
6.
Debian23DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
184.
6.
3Debian.
dsc:1.
0.
tar.
gz.
orig.
tar.
gz.
diff.
gz3.
0(quilt)tarball.
orig.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}tarball.
orig-component.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}debiantarballdebian.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}3.
0(native).
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}tarballIfapackageisdevelopedspeciallyforDebianandisnotdistributedoutsideofDebian,thereisjustone.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}le,whichcontainsthesourcesoftheprogram;it'scalledanativesourcepackage.
Ifapackageisdistributedelsewheretoo,the.
orig.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}lestorestheso-calledupstreamsourcecode,thatisthesourcecodethat'sdistributedbytheupstreammaintainer(oftentheauthorofthesoftware).
Inthiscase,the.
diff.
gzorthedebian.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}containsthechangesmadebytheDebianmaintainer.
.
dsc(md5sums,sha1sumssha256sums)(etc)4.
6.
4Thedirectorysystemdescribedinthepreviouschapterisitselfcontainedwithindistributiondirectories.
EachdistributionisactuallycontainedinthepooldirectoryinthetopleveloftheDebianarchiveitself.
DebianFTPftp.
us.
debian.
orgDebian/debian(/pub/debian)DebianSourcesPackages()pool/dists/()244ResourcesforDebianMembersDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
184.
6.
4.
1(stable)(testing)(unstable)(stable)(dists/stable)(testing)(dists/testing)(unstable)(dists/unstable)Debian(unstable)(+rm5.
9.
2.
1IncomingInthepast,itwaspossibletoremovepackagesfromincoming.
However,withtheintroductionofthenewincomingsystem,thisisnolongerpossible.
*4Instead,youhavetouploadanewrevisionofyourpackagewithahigherversionthanthepackageyouwanttoreplace.
Bothversionswillbeinstalledinthearchivebutonlythehigherversionwillactuallybeavailableinunstablesincethepreviousversionwillimmediatelybereplacedbythehigher.
However,ifyoudopropertestingofyourpackages,theneedtoreplaceapackageshouldnotoccurtoooftenanyway.
5.
9.
3()debian/controlReplaceProvidesConicts(Debianl)Providesftp.
debian.
org():tarballfoo_1.
00.
orig.
tar.
gzfoo_1.
00+0.
orig.
tar.
gzfoo_1.
00.
orig.
tar.
bz2ftp*4Though,ifapackagestillisintheintheuploadqueueandhasn'tbeenmovedtoIncomingyet,itcanberemoved.
(seeftp-master)525DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
185.
9.
4(or-phaned)DebianQAGroupwnppO:--(normal);(priority)standard(important)X-Debbugs-CC:debian-devel@lists.
debian.
org(CC:CC:)wnppRFA:--RFARequestForAdoption()WNPP5.
9.
5(WNPPWork-NeedingandProspectivePackageslist)WNPPItisnotOKtosimplytakeoverapackagewithoutassentofthecurrentmaintainerthatwouldbepackagehijacking.
Youcan,ofcourse,contactthecurrentmaintainerandaskthemforpermissiontotakeoverthepackage.
However,whenapackagehasbeenneglectedbythemaintainer,youmightbeabletotakeoverpackagemaintainer-shipbyfollowingthepackagesalvagingprocessasdescribedinPackageSalvaging.
Ifyouhavereasontobelieveamaintainerisnolongeractiveatall,see.
Complaintsaboutmaintainersshouldbebroughtuponthedevelopers'mailinglist.
Ifthediscussiondoesn'tendwithapositiveconclusion,andtheissueisofatechnicalnature,considerbringingittotheattentionofthetechnicalcommittee(seethetechnicalcommitteewebpageformoreinformation).
MaintainerDebian5.
9.
53DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
185.
9.
6PTS()unstablesnapshotcontrol(testingstableoldstable)unstable()+rmunarchivereopenPackageremovalsfromunstablealsotriggermarkingthepackageasremovedinthe.
Debianmembersshouldmarkremovedissuesasunxedinthesecuritytrackerrepositoryandallothersshouldcontactthesecurityteamtoreportreintroducedpackages.
5.
10DebianPortingistheactofbuildingDebianpackagesforarchitecturesthataredifferentfromtheoriginalarchitectureofthepackagemaintainer'sbinarypackage.
Itisauniqueandessentialactivity.
Infact,portersdomostoftheactualcompilingofDebianpackages.
Forinstance,whenamaintaineruploadsa(portable)sourcepackagewithbinariesforthei386architecture,itwillbebuiltforeachoftheotherarchitectures,amountingto10morebuilds.
545DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
185.
10.
1DebianTherstandmostimportantthingistorespondquicklytobugsorissuesraisedbyporters.
Pleasetreatporterswithcourtesy,asiftheywereinfactco-maintainersofyourpackage(which,inaway,theyare).
Pleasebetolerantofsuccinctorevenunclearbugreports;doyourbesttohuntdownwhatevertheproblemis.
1.
MakesurethatyourBuild-DependsandBuild-Depends-Indepsettingsindebian/controlaresetproperly.
Thebestwaytovalidatethisistousethedebootstrappackagetocreateanunstablechrootenvironment(seedebootstrap).
Withinthatchrootedenvironment,installthebuild-essentialpackageandanypackagedependenciesmentionedinBuild-Dependsand/orBuild-Depends-Indep.
Finally,trybuildingyourpackagewithinthatchrootedenvironment.
Thesestepscanbeautomatedbytheuseofthepbuilderprogram,whichisprovidedbythepackageofthesamename(seepbuilder).
chrootdpkg-depcheck(dpkg-depcheck)Debian2.
allanyDebian(i386amd64)3.
dpkg-source-xpackage.
dscdpkg-buildpackage4.
debian/filesdebian/substvarsdebian/rulesclean5.
Makesureyoudon'trelyonlocallyinstalledorhackedcongurationsorprograms.
Forinstance,youshouldneverbecallingprogramsin/usr/local/binorthelike.
Trynottorelyonprogramsbeingsetupinaspecialway.
Trybuildingyourpackageonanothermachine,evenifit'sthesamearchitecture.
6.
()5.
10.
55DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
187.
8.
debian/rulesDebianbinary-archbinary-indepdpkg-buildpackage-B5.
10.
2(porterupload):NMUNMU(porterupload)debian/changelogdpkg-buildpackagedpkg-buildpackage-B-mporter-emailporter-emaildebian/rulesbinary-archDebian.
changesdebsigndpkg-sig5.
10.
2.
1binary-onlyNMU()Debian(dak)binary-onlyNMUdpkgsubstitution$(Source-Version)changelogbinary-onlyNMU565DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18magicDebian()NMUmagicb2.
9-3NMU2.
9-3+b13.
4+b1(NMU)NMU3.
4+b2*2(porterupload)dpkg-buildpackagedpkg-buildpackage-B5.
10.
2.
2sourceNMUNon-MaintainerUpload(NMU)NMUNMU(unstable)NMU2BTSNMUOK(unstable)7()(stable)(testing)NMUBTSseriousDebianlibc#ifdef*2NMUDebianNMUNMUNMU5.
10.
57DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
185.
10.
35.
10.
3.
1https://www.
debian.
org/ports/Debianhttps://lists.
debian.
org/ports.
html5.
10.
3.
25.
10.
3.
3wanna-buildThewanna-buildsystemisusedasadistributed,client-serverbuilddistributionsystem.
Itisusuallyusedinconjunctionwithbuilddaemonsrunningthebuilddprogram.
Builddaemonsareslavehosts,whichcontactthecentralwanna-buildsystemtoreceivealistofpackagesthatneedtobebuilt.
wanna-buildisnotyetavailableasapackage;however,allDebianportingeffortsareusingitforautomatedpackagebuilding.
Thetoolusedtodotheactualpackagebuilds,sbuild,isavailableasapackage;seeitsdescriptioninsbuild.
Pleasenotethatthepackagedversionisnotthesameastheoneusedonbuilddaemons,butitiscloseenoughtoreproduceproblems.
Mostofthedataproducedbywanna-buildthatisgenerallyusefultoportersisavailableonthewebathttps://buildd.
debian.
org/.
Thisdataincludesnightlyupdatedstatistics,queueinginformationandlogsforbuildattempts.
Debian(gccDebian)Debian585DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18builddwanna-builddebian-wb-team@lists.
debian.
org(wanna-build)(BTS)https://lists.
debian.
org/debian-project/2009/03/msg00096.
htmlbinNMUgive-back()https://release.
debian.
org/wanna-build.
txt5.
10.
4DebianSVGA(i386amd64)buildd:debian/controlanyautobuilderwanna-buildPackages-arch-specifichttps://wiki.
debian.
org/PackagesArchSpecic:PleasenotethatitisinsufcienttoonlyaddyourpackagetoPackages-arch-specificwithoutmakingitfailtobuildonunsupportedarchitectures:Aporteroranyotherpersontryingtobuildyourpackagemightaccidentallyuploaditwithoutnoticingitdoesn'twork.
Ifinthepastsomebinarypackageswereuploadedonunsupportedarchitectures,requesttheirremovalbylingabugagainstftp.
debian.
org.
5.
10.
59DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
185.
10.
5non-freeauto-buildBydefaultpackagesfromthenon-freesectionarenotbuiltbytheautobuildernetwork(mostlybecausethelicenseofthepackagescoulddisapprove).
Toenableapackagetobebuilt,youneedtoperformthefollowingsteps:1.
auto-build;2.
debian/controlXS-Autobuild:yes;3.
non-free@buildd.
debian.
orgauto-build5.
11Non-MaintainerUpload(NMU)Non-MaintainerUpload(NMU)5.
11.
1NMUNMU:NMUDELAYEDDELAYEDNMUdiffNMU(""wishlist)NMU(cdbsdh)BTS:100%NMU605DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18BTSNMU(IRC)NMUNMUNMUBTSNMUdevscriptsnmudiffWhilepreparingthepatch,youhadbetterbeawareofanypackage-specicpracticesthatthemaintainermightbeusing.
Takingthemintoaccountreducestheburdenofintegratingyourchangesintothenormalpackageworkowandthusincreasesthechancesthatintegrationwillhappen.
Agoodplacetolookforpossiblepackage-specicpracticesisQAhttps://qa.
debian.
org/orphaned.
htmlInsteadofdoingaQAupload,youcanalsoconsideradoptingthepackagebymakingyourselfthemaintainer.
Youdon'tneedpermissionfromanybodytoadoptanorphanedpackage;youcanjustsetyourselfasmaintaineranduploadthenewversion(see).
5.
11.
7NMUSometimesyouarexingand/orupdatingapackagebecauseyouarememberofapackagingteam(whichusesamail-inglistasMaintainerorUploader;see)butyoudon'twanttoaddyourselftoUploadersbecauseyoudonotplantocontributeregularlytothisspecicpackage.
Ifitconformswithyourteam'spolicy,youcanperformanormaluploadwithoutbeinglisteddirectlyasMaintainerorUploader.
Inthatcase,youshouldstartyourchangelogentrywiththefollowingline:*Teamupload.
5.
12PackageSalvagingPackagesalvagingistheprocessbywhichoneattemptstosaveapackagethat,whilenotofciallyorphaned,appearspoorlymaintainedorcompletelyunmaintained.
ThisisaweakerandfasterprocedurethanorphaningapackageofciallythroughthepowersoftheMIAteam.
SalvagingapackageisnotmeanttoreplaceMIAhandling,anddiffersinthatitdoesnotimplyanythingabouttheoverallactivityofamaintainer.
Instead,ithandlesapackagemaintainershiptransitionforasinglepackageonly,leavinganyotherpackageorDebianmembershiporuploadrights(whenapplicable)untouched.
645DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18Notethattheprocessisonlyintendedforactivelytakingovermaintainership.
Donotstartapackagesalvagingprocesswhenyoudonotintendtomaintainthepackageforaprolongedtime.
Ifyouonlywanttoxcertainthings,butnottakeoverthepackage,youmustusetheNMUprocess,evenifthepackagewouldbeeligibleforsalvaging.
TheNMUprocessisexplainedinNon-MaintainerUpload(NMU).
Anotherimportantthingtoremember:Itisnotacceptabletohijackothers'packages.
Iffollowed,thissalvagingprocesswillhelpyoutoensurethatyourendeavourisnotahijackbuta(legal)salvagingprocedure,andyoucancounteranyallegationsofhijackingwithareferencetothisprocess.
Thankstothisprocess,newcontributorsshouldnolongerbeafraidtotakeoverpackagesthathavebeenneglectedorentirelyforgotten.
Theprocessissplitintotwophases:Intherstphaseyoudeterminewhetherthepackageinquestioniseligibleforthesalvagingprocess.
Onlywhentheeligibilityhasbeendeterminedyoumayenterthesecondphase,theactualpackagesalvaging.
Foradditionalinformation,rationalesandFAQsonpackagesalvaging,pleasevisittheSalvagingPackagespageontheDebianwiki.
5.
12.
1WhenapackageiseligibleforpackagesalvagingApackagebecomeseligibleforsalvagingwhenithasbeenneglectedbythecurrentmaintainer.
Todeterminethatapackagehasreallybeenneglectedbythemaintainer,thefollowingindicatorsgivearoughideawhattolookfor:NMUs,especiallyiftherehasbeenmorethanoneNMUinarow.
Bugsledagainstthepackagedonothaveanswersfromthemaintainer.
Upstreamhasreleasedseveralversions,butdespitetherebeingabugentryaskingforit,ithasnotbeenpack-aged.
ThereareQAissueswiththepackage.
Youwillhavetouseyourjudgementastowhetheragivencombinationfactorsconstitutesneglect;incasethemain-tainerdisagreestheyhaveonlytosayso(seebelow).
Ifyou'renotsureaboutyourjudgementorsimplywanttobeonthesafeside,thereisamoreprecise(andconservative)setofconditionsinthePackageSalvagingwikipage.
TheseconditionsrepresentacurrentDebianconsensusonsalvagingcriteria.
InanycaseyoushouldexplainyourreasonsforthinkingthepackageisneglectedwhenyouleanIntenttoSalvagebuglater.
5.
12.
PackageSalvaging65DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
185.
12.
2HowtosalvageapackageIfandonlyifapackagehasbeendeterminedtobeeligibleforpackagesalvaging,anyprospectivemaintainermaystartthefollowingpackagesalvagingprocedure.
1.
Openabugwiththeseverity"important"againstthepackageinquestion,expressingtheintenttotakeovermaintainershipofthepackage.
Forthis,thetitleofthebugshouldstartwithITS:package-name*3.
Youmayalternativelyoffertoonlytakeco-maintenanceofthepackage.
Whenyoulethebug,youmustinformallmaintainers,uploadersandifapplicablethepackagingteamexplicitlybyaddingthemtoX-Debbugs-CC.
Additionally,ifthemaintainer(s)seem(s)tobegenerallyinactive,pleaseinformtheMIAteambyaddingmia@qa.
debian.
orgtoX-Debbugs-CCaswell.
Aswellastheexplicitexpressionoftheintenttosal-vage,pleasealsotakethetimetodocumentyourassessmentoftheeligibilityinthebugreport,forexamplebylistingthecriteriayou'veappliedandaddingsomedatatomakeiteasierforotherstoassessthesituation.
2.
Inthisstepyouneedtowaitincaseanyobjectionstothesalvagingareraised;themaintainer,anycurrentuploaderoranymemberoftheassociatedpackagingteamofthepackageinquestionmayobjectpubliclyinresponsetothebugyou'veledwithin21days,andthisterminatesthesalvagingprocess.
Thecurrentmaintainersmayalsoagreetoyourintenttosalvagebylinga(signed)publicresponsetothethebug.
Theymightproposethatyoubecomeaco-maintainerinsteadofthesolemaintainer.
Onteammaintainedpackages,amemberoftheassociatedteamcanacceptyoursalvagingproposalbysendingoutasignedagree-mentnoticetotheITSbug,alternativelyinvitingyoutobecomeanewco-maintainerofthepackage.
Theteammayrequireyoutokeepthepackageundertheteam'sumbrella,butthenmayaskorinviteyoutojointheteam.
InanyofthesecaseswhereyouhavereceivedtheOKtoproceed,youcanuploadthenewpackageimmediatelyasthenew(co-)maintainer,withouttheneedtoutilisetheDELAYEDqueueasdescribedinthenextstep.
3.
Afterthe21daysdelay,ifnoanswerhasbeensenttothebugfromthemaintainer,oneoftheuploadersorteam,youmayuploadthenewreleaseofthepackageintotheDELAYEDqueuewithaminimumdelayofsevendays.
Youshouldclosethesalvagebuginthechangelogandyoumustalsosendannmudifftothebugensuringthatcopiesaresenttothemaintainerandanyuploaders(includingteams)ofthepackagebyCC'ingtheminthemailtotheBTS.
DuringthewaitingtimeoftheDELAYEDqueue,themaintainercanacceptthesalvaging,doanuploadthem-selvesor(askto)canceltheupload.
Thelattertwoofthesewillalsostopthesalvagingprocess,butthemain-tainermustreplytothesalvagingbugwithmoreinformationabouttheiraction.
*3ITSisshorthandfor"IntendtoSalvage"665DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
185.
13(collaborativemaintenance)Debian(standard)(base)(co-maintainer)debian/controlMaintainerdebian/controlUploaders:Setuptheco-maintainerwithaccesstothesourcesyoubuildthepackagefrom.
Generallythisimpliesyouareusinganetwork-capableversioncontrolsystem,suchasGit.
Salsa(seesalsa.
debian.
org:Gitrepositoriesandcollaborativedevelopmentplatform)providesGitrepositories,amongstothercollaborativetools.
debian/controlUploadersUploaders:JohnBuzz,AdamRexPTS(Debian)MaintainerUploaders:1.
MaintainerUploaders2.
PutthemailinglistaddressintheMaintainereld.
IntheUploaderseld,puttheteammemberswhocareforthepackage.
Inthiscase,youmustmakesurethemailinglistacceptsbugreportswithoutanyhumaninteraction(likemoderationfornon-subscribers).
UploadersDeveloper'sPackageOverview(Developer'spackagesoverview)(TeamUpload)Uploaders(NMU)MaintainerUploaders5.
13.
67DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
185.
145.
14.
1(unstable)(testing)(testing)(testing)5.
14.
2(testing)britney(testing)Packages(unstable):urgency(highmediumlow)2510(unstable)urgency(testing)urgency;((unstable)RC(testing));unstabledakls;(testing);(testing)(testing)((testing)));(testing)(testing)(testing)devscriptsgrep-excuses(testing)crontab5685DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18update_excuses(testing)Somefurtherdependencyanalysisisshownonhttps://release.
debian.
org/migration/butbewarned:thispagealsoshowsbuilddependenciesthatarenotconsideredbybritney.
5.
14.
2.
1(Out-of-date)Forthetestingmigrationscript,outdatedmeans:Therearedifferentversionsinunstableforthereleasearchi-tectures(exceptforthearchitecturesinoutofsync_arches;outofsync_archesisalistofarchitecturesthatdon'tkeepup(inbritney.
py),butcurrently,it'sempty).
Outdatedhasnothingwhatsoevertodowiththearchitecturesthispackagehasintesting.
:alphaarm112Thepackageisoutofdateonalphainunstable,andwillnotgototesting.
Removingthepackagewouldnothelpatall;thepackageisstilloutofdateonalpha,andwillnotpropagatetotesting.
ftp-master(unstable)(arm):alphaarmhurd-i3861121(unstable)(hurd-i386):(glibc)5.
14.
69DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
185.
14.
2.
2:ababOfcourse,thereisanotherreasontoremoveapackagefromtesting:it'sjusttoobuggy(andhavingasingleRC-bugisenoughtobeinthisstate).
(unstable)(testing)5.
14.
2.
3britneyab:a1;depends:b=12;depends:b=2b1;depends:a=12;depends:a=2abdebian-release@lists.
debian.
org5.
14.
2.
4(testing)Generally,thereisnothingthatthestatusofapackageintestingmeansfortransitionofthenextversionfromunstabletotesting,withtwoexceptions:IftheRC-bugginessofthepackagegoesdown,itmaygoinevenifitisstillRC-buggy.
Thesecondexceptionisiftheversionofthepackageintestingisoutofsynconthedifferentarches:Thenanyarchmightjustupgradetotheversionofthesourcepackage;however,thiscanhappenonlyifthepackagewaspreviouslyforcedthrough,thearchisinoutofsync_arches,ortherewasnobinarypackageofthatarchpresentinunstableatallduringthetestingmigration.
:(testing)705DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
185.
14.
2.
5britney:(tooyoung)RCbritneybritneyhints():Britney(testing)britney(testing)(testing)hintshttps://release.
debian.
org/britney/update_output/Thehintsareavailableviahttps://release.
debian.
org/britney/hints/,whereyoucanndthedescriptionaswell.
Withthehints,theDebianReleaseteamcanblockorunblockpackages,easeorforcepackagesintotesting,removepackagesfromtesting,approveuploadstooroverridetheurgency.
5.
14.
3(testing)(unstable)(testing)testing-proposed-updatesKeepinmindthatpackagesuploadedtherearenotautomaticallyprocessed;theyhavetogothroughthehandsofthere-leasemanager.
Soyou'dbetterhaveagoodreasontouploadthere.
Inordertoknowwhatagoodreasonisinthereleasemanagers'eyes,youshouldreadtheinstructionsthattheyregularlygiveondebian-devel-announce@lists.
debian.
org.
Youshouldnotuploadtotesting-proposed-updateswhenyoucanupdateyourpackagesthroughunstable.
Ifyoucan't(forexamplebecauseyouhaveanewerdevelopmentversioninunstable),youmayusethisfacility.
Evenifapackageisfrozen,updatesthroughunstablearepossible,iftheuploadviaunstabledoesnotpullinanynewdependencies.
+debXuYXDebianY1:1:2.
4.
3-4+deb10u1:5.
14.
71DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18testing-proposed-updatesunstable;;changelog;testing(e.
g.
bullseye);(unstable)(testing);testingtesting-proposed-updatesunstable;Askforauthorizationforuploadingfromthereleasemanagers.
debian-release@lists.
debian.
org5.
14.
4(FAQ)5.
14.
4.
1critical()grave()serious()Debian(stable):(testing)(stable)Theunstablebugcountcomprisesallrelease-criticalbugsthataremarkedtoapplytopackage/versioncombinationsavailableinunstableforareleasearchitecture.
Thetestingbugcountisdenedanalogously.
5.
14.
4.
2(testing)acmefoo(testing)acme-foo-binacme-bar-binlibacme-foo1libacme-foo-devHowever,theoldversionmayhaveprovidedabinarypackagewithanoldsonameofalibrary,suchaslibacme-foo0.
Removingtheoldacmefoowillremovelibacme-foo0,whichwillbreakanypackagesthatdependonit.
725DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18Evidently,thismainlyaffectspackagesthatprovidechangingsetsofbinarypackagesindifferentversions(inturn,mainlylibraries).
However,itwillalsoaffectpackagesuponwhichversioneddependencieshavebeendeclaredofthe==,Vcs-Git:https://salsa.
debian.
org/vim-team/vim.
git()806DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18()Vcs-Browser:https://salsa.
debian.
org/vim-team/vimHomepage:https://www.
vim.
org6.
3debian/changelogchangelog6.
3.
1changelogchangelog()README.
Debianchangelogcloses:#nnnnn6.
3.
debian/changelog81DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
186.
3.
2SelectingtheuploadurgencyThereleaseteamhaveindicatedthattheyexpectmostuploadstounstabletouseurgency=medium.
Thatis,youshouldchooseurgency=mediumunlessthereissomeparticularreasonfortheuploadtomigratetotestingmorequicklyorslowly(see).
Forexample,youmightselecturgency=lowifthechangessincethelastuploadarelargeandmightbedisruptiveinunanticipatedways.
6.
3.
3changelogchangelog(foo.
conf/etc/blah)Debianchangelogchangelogchangelog(foobar;)()()changelognon-maintaineruploadNMUchangelogchangelog6.
3.
4changelogchangelog*Fixedalloutstandingbugs.
*AppliedpatchfromJaneRandom.
826DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18*Latenightinstalltargetoverhaul.
*Fixvsyncfwglitchw/ancientCRTs.
Toomanyacronyms(whatdoes"fw"mean,"rmware"),andit'snotoverlyclearwhattheglitchwasactuallyabout,orhowitwasxed.
*Thisisnotabug,closes:#nnnnnn.
;*Hasbeenfixedforages,butIforgottoclose;closes:#54321.
Ifforsomereasonyoudidn'tmentionthebugnumberinapreviouschangelogentry,there'snoproblem,justclosethebugnormallyintheBTS.
There'snoneedtotouchthechangelogle,presumingthedescriptionofthexisalreadyin(thisappliestothexesbytheupstreamauthors/maintainersaswell;youdon'thavetotrackbugsthattheyxedagesagoinyourchangelog).
*Closes:#12345,#12346,#154326.
3.
5NEWS.
DebianchangelogNEWS.
Debianapt-listchangeschangelogNEWS.
DebiandebconfnotesREADME.
Debiandebianchangelog(*)changelogchangelogdpkg-parsechangelogNEWS.
Debian:cron(3.
0pl1-74)unstable;urgency=lowThechecksecurityscriptisnolongerincludedwiththecronpackage:()6.
3.
debian/changelog83DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18()itnowhasitsownpackage,checksecurity.
Ifyoulikedthefunctionalityprovidedwiththatscript,pleaseinstallthenewpackage.
--SteveGreenlandSat,6Sep200317:15:03-0500NEWS.
Debian/usr/share/doc/package/NEWS.
Debian.
gzDebiandebhelperdh_installchangelogsdebian/NEWSchangelogNEWS.
DebianNEWS.
Debian(Nonewsisgoodnews!
)6.
4Maintainerscriptsincludethelesdebian/postinst,debian/preinst,debian/prermanddebian/postrm.
Thesescriptstakecareofanypackageinstallationordeinstallationsetupthatisn'thandledmerelybythecreationorremovaloflesanddirectories.
ThefollowinginstructionssupplementtheDebianPolicy.
12(:)ttydebconfpostinstconfigurePOSIXbashbashdebhelperPerlPOSIXBashpurgepurge846DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18ifcommand-vinstall-docs>/dev/null;then.
.
.
$PATHtrue()falsecommand-vPOSIXUsingwhichisanacceptablealternative,sinceitisfromtherequireddebianutilspackage.
6.
5debconfDebconfisacongurationmanagementsystemthatcanbeusedbyallthevariouspackagingscripts(postinstmainly)torequestfeedbackfromtheuserconcerninghowtocongurethepackage.
Directuserinteractionsmustnowbeavoidedinfavorofdebconfinteraction.
Thiswillenablenon-interactiveinstallationsinthefuture.
debconfdebconf-devel7mandebconf()debconf6.
5.
1debconfdebconfDebiandebconfDebianKeepusagenotestowheretheybelong:theNEWS.
Debian,orREADME.
Debianle.
Onlyusenotesforimportantnotesthatmaydirectlyaffectthepackageusability.
Rememberthatnoteswillalwaysblocktheinstalluntilconrmedorbothertheuserbyemail.
Carefullychoosethequestions'prioritiesinmaintainerscripts.
Seedebconf-devel7fordetailsaboutpriorities.
Mostquestionsshouldusemediumandlowpriorities.
6.
5.
debconf85DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
186.
5.
26.
5.
2.
1Debiandebian-l10n-english@lists.
debian.
org()Debian()6.
5.
2.
2Debconftemplatesmaybetranslated.
Debconf,alongwithitssisterpackagepo-debconf,offersasimpleframeworkforgettingtemplatestranslatedbytranslationteamsorevenindividuals.
gettextpo-debconf(manpo-debconf)Avoidchangingtemplatestoooften.
Changingtemplatetextinducesmoreworkfortranslators,whichwillgettheirtranslationfuzzied.
Afuzzytranslationisastringforwhichtheoriginalchangedsinceitwastranslated,thereforerequiringsomeupdatebyatranslatortobeusable.
Whenchangesaresmallenough,theoriginaltranslationiskeptinPOlesbutmarkedasfuzzy.
po-debconfpodebconf-report-pogettextPOpodebconf-report-po:cddebian/po&&podebconf-report-po--call--languageteam--withtranslators--deadline=→"+10days"ThiscommandwillrstsynchronizethePOandPOTlesindebian/powiththetemplateleslistedindebian/po/POTFILES.
in.
Then,itwillsendacallfornewtranslations,inthedebian-i18n@lists.
debian.
orgmailinglist.
Finally,itwillalsosendacallfortranslationupdatestothelanguageteam(mentionedinthe866DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18Language-TeameldofeachPOle)aswellasthelasttranslator(mentionedinLast-translator).
10(debian-l10n-xxxxx@lists.
debian.
org)debian-i18n@lists.
debian.
org6.
5.
2.
3fuzzydebconffuzzyfuzzy(po4a)msguntypot1.
POTPOdebconf-updatepo2.
POTcptemplates.
pottemplates.
pot.
orig3.
POmkdirpo_fridge;cp*.
popo_fridge4.
debconf5.
POTPO()debconf-updatepotypofuzzyPOfridgePO6.
fuzzyfridgecppo_fridge/*.
po.
7.
POPOTfuzzy6.
5.
debconf87DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18msguntypot-otemplates.
pot.
orig-ntemplates.
pot*.
po8.
rm-rftemplates.
pot.
origpo_fridge6.
5.
2.
4Templatestextshouldnotmakereferencetowidgetsbelongingtosomedebconfinterfaces.
SentenceslikeIfyouanswerYes.
.
.
havenomeaningforusersofgraphicalinterfacesthatusecheckboxesforbooleanquestions.
(debconfpreseed)6.
5.
2.
5Youshouldavoidtheuseofrstperson(Iwilldothis.
.
.
orWerecommend.
.
.
).
ThecomputerisnotapersonandtheDebconftemplatesdonotspeakfortheDebiandevelopers.
Youshoulduseneutralconstruction.
Thoseofyouwhoalreadywrotescienticpublications,justwriteyourtemplateslikeyouwouldwriteascienticpaper.
However,tryusingtheactivevoiceifstillpossible,likeEnablethisif.
.
.
insteadofThiscanbeenabledif.
.
.
.
6.
5.
2.
6Asawayofshowingourcommitmenttoourdiversitystatement,pleaseusegender-neutralconstructionsinyourwrit-ing.
Thismeansavoidingpronounslikehe/shewhenreferringtoarole(like"maintainer")whosegenderisunknown.
Instead,youshouldusethepluralform(singularthey).
886DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
186.
5.
3debconf-devel76.
5.
3.
1Typestringpassword:debconfbooleantrue/false:true/falseyes/no.
.
.
select'Choices':Choices:yes,no,maybe'Choices'__Choices2po-debconf:Template:foo/barType:Select#flag:translate:3__Choices:PAL,SECAM,Other_Description:TVstandard:PleasechoosetheTVstandardusedinyourcountry.
'Other''Other'POPOTdebconfpo-debconf76.
5.
debconf89DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18multiselectselect()notedebconf()texttype:errorThistypeisdesignedtohandleerrormessages.
Itismostlysimilartothenotetype.
Frontendsmaypresentitdifferently(forinstance,thedialogfrontendofcdebconfdrawsaredscreeninsteadoftheusualblueone).
type6.
5.
3.
2Description:shortextended2:shortextended(shortdescription)Description:debconf(50)Theshortdescriptionshouldbeabletostandonitsown.
Someinterfacesdonotshowthelongdescriptionbydefault,oronlyiftheuserexplicitlyasksforitorevendonotshowitatall.
Avoidthingslike:"Whatdoyouwanttodo"(extendeddescription)debian-devel!
2906DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
1820type(stringboolean)6.
5.
3.
3ChoicesThiseldshouldbeusedforselectandmultiselecttypes.
Itcontainsthepossiblechoicesthatwillbepresentedtousers.
Thesechoicesshouldbeseparatedbycommas.
6.
5.
3.
4Defaultstringselectmultiselectmultiselect6.
5.
4Templateeldsspecicstyleguide6.
5.
4.
1Typetype6.
5.
4.
2DescriptionDescription(shortextended)String/password(IP)(IP:)(:)6.
5.
debconf91DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18BooleanTheshortdescriptionshouldbephrasedintheformofaquestion,whichshouldbekeptshortandshouldgenerallyendwithaquestionmark.
Tersewritingstyleispermittedandevenencouragedifthequestionisratherlong(rememberthattranslationsareoftenlongerthanoriginalversions).
Select/MultiselectTheshortdescriptionisapromptandnotatitle.
Donotuseuseless"Pleasechoose.
.
.
"constructions.
Usersarecleverenoughtogureouttheyhavetochoosesomething.
.
.
:)multiselect1()NotenoteDonotabusedebconf.
Notesarethemostcommonwaytoabusedebconf.
Aswritteninthedebconf-develmanualpage:it'sbesttousethemonlyforwarningaboutveryseriousproblems.
TheNEWS.
DebianorREADME.
Debianlesaretheappropriatelocationforalotofnotes.
If,byreadingthis,youconsidercon-vertingyourNotetypetemplatestoentriesinNEWS.
DebianorREADME.
Debian,pleaseconsiderkeepingexistingtranslationsforthefuture.
926DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
186.
5.
4.
3ChoicesChoise__Choices6.
5.
4.
4DefaultIfthedefaultvalueforaselecttemplateislikelytovarydependingontheuserlanguage(forinstance,ifthechoiceisalanguagechoice),pleaseusethe_Defaulttrick,documentedinpo-debconf7.
Thisspecialeldallowstranslatorstoputthemostappropriatechoiceaccordingtotheirownlanguage.
ItwillbecomethedefaultchoicewhentheirlanguageisusedwhileyourownmentionedDefaultChoicewillbeusedwhenusingEnglish.
Donotuseanemptydefaulteld.
Ifyoudon'twanttousedefaultvalues,donotuseDefaultatall.
Ifyouusepo-debconf(andyoushould;see),considermakingthiseldtranslatable,ifyouthinkitmaybetranslated.
geneweb:Template:geneweb/langType:select__Choices:Afrikaans(af),Bulgarian(bg),Catalan(ca),Chinese(zh),Czech(cs),→Danish(da),Dutch(nl),English(en),Esperanto(eo),Estonian(et),Finnish(fi),→French(fr),German(de),Hebrew(he),Icelandic(is),Italian(it),Latvian(lv),→Norwegian(no),Polish(pl),Portuguese(pt),Romanian(ro),Russian(ru),Spanish→(es),Swedish(sv)#Thisisthedefaultchoice.
Translatorsmayputtheirownlanguagehere#insteadofthedefault.
#WARNING:youMUSTusetheENGLISHNAMEofyourlanguage#Forinstance,theFrenchtranslatorwillneedtoputFrench(fr)here.
_Default:English[translators,pleaseseecommentinPOfiles]_Description:Genewebdefaultlanguage:Notetheuseofbrackets,whichallowinternalcommentsindebconfelds.
Alsonotetheuseofcomments,whichwillshowupinlesthetranslatorswillworkwith.
Thecommentsareneededasthe_Defaulttrickisabitconfusing:thetranslatorsmayputintheirownchoice.
6.
5.
debconf93DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
186.
6Thissectioncontainsglobalinformationfordeveloperstomaketranslators'liveseasier.
Moreinformationfortransla-torsanddevelopersinterestedininternationalizationareavailableintheInternationalisationandlocalisationinDebiandocumentation.
6.
6.
1debconfThegoalofdebconfwastomakepackagecongurationeasierformaintainersandforusers.
Originally,translationofdebconftemplateswashandledwithdebconf-mergetemplate.
However,thattechniqueisnowdeprecated;thebestwaytoaccomplishdebconfinternationalizationisbyusingthepo-debconfpackage.
Thismethodiseasierbothformaintainerandtranslators;transitionscriptsareprovided.
po-debconf.
po(gettext)debconf-updatepodh_installdebconfpo-debconf76.
6.
22debian-installerdoc-checkVCSIfyoumaintainXMLorSGMLdocumentation,wesuggestthatyouisolateanylanguage-independentinformationanddenethoseasentitiesinaseparatelethatisincludedbyallthedifferenttranslations.
Thismakesitmucheasier,forinstance,tokeepURLsuptodateacrossmultipleles.
946DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18Sometools(e.
g.
po4a,poxml,orthetranslate-toolkit)arespecializedinextractingthetranslatablematerialfromdifferentformats.
TheyproducePOles,aformatquitecommontotranslators,whichpermitsseeingwhatneedstobere-translatedwhenthetranslateddocumentisupdated.
6.
76.
7.
1autoconf/automakeautoconfconfig.
subconfig.
guessautoconfautomakeautotools-dev/usr/share/doc/autotools-dev/README.
Debian.
gz6.
7.
2thelibrarypackagingguide6.
7.
3XMLSGMLXMLSGMLHTMLPDFHTMLdoc-basedoc-baseDebian(12.
1)6.
7.
95DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18(upstream)Themanpagesdonotneedtobewrittendirectlyinthetroffformat.
PopularsourceformatsareDocBook,PODandreST,whichcanbeconvertedusingxsltproc,pod2manandrst2manrespectively.
Toalesserextent,thehelp2manprogramcanalsobeusedtowriteastub.
6.
7.
4:PerlrelatedpackageshaveaPerlpolicy;someexamplesofpackagesfollowingthatpolicyarelibdbd-pg-perl(binaryperlmodule)orlibmldbm-perl(archindependentperlmodule).
PythonrelatedpackageshavetheirPythonpolicy;see/usr/share/doc/python/python-policy.
txt.
gzinthepythonpackage.
EmacsemacsJavajavaOCamlrelatedpackageshavetheirownpolicy,foundin/usr/share/doc/ocaml/ocaml_packaging_policy.
gzfromtheocamlpackage.
Agoodexampleisthecamlzipsourcepackage.
XMLSGMLDTDsgml-base-doclispcommon-lisp-controller/usr/share/doc/common-lisp-controller/README.
packaging6.
7.
5However,ifthesizeofthedataisconsiderable,considersplittingitoutintoaseparate,architecture-independentpackage(_all.
deb).
Bydoingthis,youavoidneedlessduplicationofthesamedataintotenormore.
debs,onepereacharchitecture.
WhilethisaddssomeextraoverheadintothePackagesles,itsavesalotofdiskspaceon966DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18Debianmirrors.
Separatingoutarchitecture-independentdataalsoreducesprocessingtimeoflintian(see(lint))whenrunovertheentireDebianarchive.
6.
7.
6:LOCPATH/usr/lib/localeLC_ALLroot:LOCALE_PATH=debian/tmpdir/usr/lib/localeLOCALE_NAME=en_INLOCALE_CHARSET=UTF-8mkdir-p$LOCALE_PATHlocaledef-i$LOCALE_NAME.
$LOCALE_CHARSET-f$LOCALE_CHARSET$LOCALE_PATH/$LOCALE_NAME.
→$LOCALE_CHARSET#UsingthelocaleLOCPATH=$LOCALE_PATHLC_ALL=$LOCALE_NAME.
$LOCALE_CHARSETdate6.
7.
7deboprhandeborphan;libsoldlibsForexample,with--guess-dummy,deborphantriestosearchalltransitionalpackageswhichwereneededforupgradebutwhichcannowberemoved.
Forthat,itcurrentlylooksforthestringdummyortransitionalintheirshortdescription,thoughitwouldbebettertosearchforbothstrings,astherearesomedummyortransitionalpackages,whichhaveotherpurposes.
transitionaldummypackage:apt-cachesearch.
|grepdummyapt-cachesearch.
|greptransitionalAlso,itisrecommendedtoadjustitssectiontooldlibsanditsprioritytooptionalinordertoeasedeborphan'sjob.
6.
7.
97DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
186.
7.
8.
orig.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}tarball2:(Pristinesource)(repackagedupstreamsource)6.
7.
8.
1(Pristinesource)tarball(pristinesourcetarball).
orig.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}tarball1*1DebiandiffDebianupstreamtarballupstreamTherearenouniversallyacceptedguidelinesthatupstreamauthorsfollowregardingthedirectorystructureinsidetheirtarball,butdpkg-sourceisneverthelessabletodealwithmostupstreamtarballsaspristinesource.
Itsstrategyisequivalenttothefollowing:1.
tarballzcatpath/to/packagename_upstream-version.
orig.
tar.
gz|tarxf-2.
1dpkg-source-(.
orig)tarball3.
upstreamtarball(upstream!
)dpkg-source-(.
orig)6.
7.
8.
2upstreamtarballupstreamgziptarballupstreamtarballDFSG-free.
orig.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}tarball(repackagedupstreamsource)Debian*1Wecannotpreventupstreamauthorsfromchangingthetarballtheydistributewithoutalsoincrementingtheversionnumber,sotherecanbenoguaranteethatapristinetarballisidenticaltowhatupstreamcurrentlydistributingatanypointintime.
Allthatcanbeexpectedisthatitisidenticaltosomethingthatupstreamoncediddistribute.
Ifadifferenceariseslater(say,ifupstreamnoticesthattheyweren'tusingmaximalcompressionintheiroriginaldistributionandthenre-gzipit),that'sjusttoobad.
Sincethereisnogoodwaytouploadanew.
orig.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}forthesameversion,thereisnotevenanypointintreatingthissituationasabug.
986DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18Debian.
diff.
gz.
debian.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}debian.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}tarupstream.
orig.
tar.
{gz,bz2,xz}1.
debian/copyright:<__debian/rulesget-orig-source2.
*23.
MS-DOSMakefiledebian/rulescongure(:DebianDebianDebian)4.
mayusepackagename-upstream-version+dfsg(oranyattersufxwhichisaddedtothetarballname)asthenameofthetop-leveldirectoryinitstarball.
Thismakesitpossibletodistinguishpristinetarballsfromrepackagedones.
5.
xzgzipbzip6.
7.
8.
3Sometimesitisnecessarytochangebinarylescontainedintheoriginaltarball,ortoaddbinarylesthatarenotinit.
Thisisfullysupportedwhenusingsourcepackagesin3.
0(quilt)format;seethedpkg-source1manualpagefordetails.
Whenusingtheolderformat1.
0,binarylescan'tbestoredinthe.
diff.
gzsoyoumuststoreauuencoded(orsimilar)versionofthele(s)anddecodeitatbuildtimeindebian/rules(andmoveitinitsofciallocation).
*2Asaspecialexception,iftheomissionofnon-freeleswouldleadtothesourcefailingtobuildwithoutassistancefromtheDebiandiff,itmightbeappropriatetoinsteadedittheles,omittingonlythenon-freepartsofthem,and/orexplainthesituationinaREADME.
sourceleintherootofthesourcetree.
Butinthatcasepleasealsourgetheupstreamauthortomakethenon-freecomponentseasiertoseparatefromtherestofthesource.
6.
7.
99DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
186.
7.
9Adebugpackageisapackagethatcontainsadditionalinformationthatcanbeusedbygdb.
SinceDebianbinariesarestrippedbydefault,debugginginformation,includingfunctionnamesandlinenumbers,isotherwisenotavailablewhenrunninggdbonDebianbinaries.
Debugpackagesallowuserswhoneedthisadditionaldebugginginformationtoinstallitwithoutbloatingaregularsystemwiththeinformation.
Thedebugpackagescontainseparateddebuggingsymbolsthatgdbcanndandloadontheywhendebuggingaprogramorlibrary.
TheconventioninDebianistokeepthesesymbolsin/usr/lib/debug/path,wherepathisthepathtotheexecutableorlibrary.
Forexample,debuggingsymbolsfor/usr/bin/foogoin/usr/lib/debug/usr/bin/foo,anddebuggingsymbolsfor/usr/lib/libfoo.
so.
1goin/usr/lib/debug/usr/lib/libfoo.
so.
1.
6.
7.
9.
1AutomaticallygenerateddebugpackagesDebugsymbolpackagescanbegeneratedautomaticallyforanybinarypackagethatcontainsexecutablebinaries,andexceptforcornercases,itshouldnotbenecessarytousetheoldmanuallygeneratedonesanymore.
Thepackagenameforaautomaticgenerateddebugsymbolpackageendsin-dbgsym.
Thedbgsympackagesarenotinstalledintotheregulararchives,butindedicatedarchives.
Thatmeans,ifyouneedthedebugsymbolsfordebugging,youneedtoaddthisarchivestoyouraptcongurationandtheninstallthedbgsympackageyouareinterestedin.
Pleasereadhttps://wiki.
debian.
org/HowToGetABacktraceonhowtodothat.
6.
7.
9.
2Manual-dbgpackagesBeforetheadventoftheautomaticdbgsympackages,debugpackagesneededtobemanuallygenerated.
Thenameofamanualdebugpackagesendsin-dbg.
Itisrecommendedtomigratesucholdlegacypackagestothenewdbgsympackageswheneverpossible.
Theproceduretoconvertyourpackageisdescribedinhttps://wiki.
debian.
org/AutomaticDebugPackagesbutthegististousethe--dbgsym-migration='pkgname-dbg(<However,sometimesitisnotpossibletoconverttothenewdbgsympackages,oryouwillencountertheoldmanual-dbgpackagesinthearchives,soyoumightneedtodealwiththem.
Itisnotrecommendedtocreatemanual-dbgpackagesfornewpackages,exceptiftheautomaticoneswon'tworkforsomereason.
Onereasoncouldbethatdebugpackagescontainsanentirespecialdebuggingbuildofalibraryorotherbinary.
However,usuallyseparatingdebugginginformationfromthealreadybuiltbinariesissufcientandwillalsosavespaceandbuildtime.
Thisisthecase,forexample,fordebuggingsymbolsofPythonextensions.
FornowtherightwaytopackagePythonextensiondebugsymbolsistouse-dbgpackagesasdescribedinhttps://wiki.
debian.
org/Python/DbgBuilds.
Tocreate-dbgpackages,thepackagemaintainerhastoexplicitlyspecifythemindebian/control.
1006DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18Thedebuggingsymbolscanbeextractedfromanobjectleusingobjcopy--only-keep-debug.
Thentheobjectlecanbestripped,andobjcopy--add-gnu-debuglinkusedtospecifythepathtothedebuggingsymbolle.
objcopy1explainsindetailhowthisworks.
:Depends:libfoo(=${binary:Version})Thedh_stripcommandindebhelpersupportscreatingdebugpackages,andcantakecareofusingobjcopytoseparateoutthedebuggingsymbolsforyou.
Ifyourpackageusesdebhelper/9.
20151219ornewer,youdon'tneedtodoanything.
debhelperwillgeneratedebugsymbolpackages(aspackage-dbgsym)foryouwithnoadditionalchangestoyoursourcepackage.
6.
7.
10APT(aptitude)gnomelinux-image-amd642(meta-gnome2andlinux-latest)Thelongdescriptionofthemeta-packagemustclearlydocumentitspurposesothattheuserknowswhattheywillloseiftheyremovethepackage.
Beingexplicitabouttheconsequencesisrecommended.
Thisisparticularlyimportantformeta-packagesthatareinstalledduringinitialinstallationandthathavenotbeenexplicitlyinstalledbytheuser.
Thosetendtobeimportanttoensuresmoothsystemupgradesandtheusershouldbediscouragedfromuninstallingthemtoavoidpotentialbreakages.
6.
7.
1011037DebianDebianDebian7.
1DebianDebianDebianDebian(BTS)(instructionsforreportingbugs)rootreportbug1https://bugs.
debian.
org/querybts1(reportbugquerybts)DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18xed()https://bugs.
debian.
org/from:your-email-addr7.
1.
1(massbugling)(10)lintian10debian-devel@lists.
debian.
orgdd-list(devscripts)whodependsdebian-devel@lists.
debian.
orgmaintonly@bugs.
debian.
orgTheprogrammass-bug(fromthepackagedevscripts)canbeusedtolebugreportsagainstalistofpackages.
7.
1.
1.
1UsertagBTSusertagusertag'patch''wishlist'usertag(pseudo-header)UserUsertagsTo:submit@bugs.
debian.
orgSubject:title-of-bugPackage:pkgname()1047DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18()[.
.
.
]User:email-addrUsertags:tag-name[tag-name.
.
.
]description-of-bug.
.
.
Notethattagsareseparatedbyspacesandcannotcontainunderscores.
IfyouarelingbugsforaparticulargrouporteamitisrecommendedthatyousettheUsertoanappropriatemailinglistafterdescribingyourintentionthere.
usertaghttps://bugs.
debian.
org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.
cgiusers=&tag=7.
27.
2.
1QAlintianclean(lintian)(orphan)()(debian-qa@lists.
debian.
orgdebian-devel@lists.
debian.
org)(co-maintainer)()7.
2.
2(BSP)FromtimetotimetheQAgrouporganizesbugsquashingpartiestogetridofasmanyproblemsaspossible.
Theyareannouncedondebian-devel-announce@lists.
debian.
organdtheannouncementexplainswhichareawillbethefocusoftheparty:usuallytheyfocusonreleasecriticalbugsbutitmayhappenthattheydecidetohelpnishamajorupgrade(likeanewperlversionthatrequiresrecompilationofallthebinarymodules).
Therulesfornon-maintaineruploadsdifferduringthepartiesbecausetheannouncementofthepartyisconsideredpriornoticeforNMU.
Ifyouhavepackagesthatmaybeaffectedbytheparty(becausetheyhavereleasecriticalbugsforexample),youshouldsendanupdatetoeachofthecorrespondingbugtoexplaintheircurrentstatusandwhatyouexpectfromtheparty.
Ifyoudon'twantanNMU,orifyou'reonlyinterestedinapatch,orifyouwilldealwiththebugyourself,pleaseexplainthatintheBTS.
PeopleparticipatinginthepartyhavespecialrulesforNMU;theycanNMUwithoutpriornoticeiftheyuploadtheirNMUtoDELAYED/3-dayatleast.
AllotherNMUrulesapplyasusual;theyshouldsendthepatchoftheNMUtotheBTS(tooneoftheopenbugsxedbytheNMU,ortoanewbug,taggedxed).
Theyshouldalsorespectany7.
2.
105DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18particularwishesofthemaintainer.
NMUBTSNMU7.
3Debian@packages.
debian.
orgDebian@packages.
qa.
debian.
org7.
4Ifyounoticethatapackageislackingmaintenance,youshouldmakesurethatthemaintainerisactiveandwillcontinuetoworkontheirpackages.
Itispossiblethattheyarenotactiveanymore,buthaven'tregisteredoutofthesystem,sotospeak.
Ontheotherhand,itisalsopossiblethattheyjustneedareminder.
MissingInAction()(MIA)(QA)MIAqa.
debian.
org/org/qa.
debian.
org/miamia-querymia-query--helpAnon-functionale-mailaddressisaviolationofDebianPolicy.
Ifane-mail"bounces",pleaseleabugagainstthepackageandsubmitthisinformationtotheMIAdatabase.
(1067DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18LDAPechelonDebian(debian-devel-changes@lists.
debian.
org)RCNMUDebianDebiannewsDebianechelonDebiandebian-devel@lists.
debian.
orgCc:mia@qa.
debian.
org(Orphan)NMU(Orphan)NMUNMU:Debian-Ontheotherhand,althoughwearevolunteers,apackagemaintainerhasmadeacommitmentandthereforehasaresponsibilitytomaintainthepackage.
Soyoucanstresstheimportanceofthegreatergoodifamaintainerdoesnothavethetimeorinterestanymore,theyshouldletgoandgivethepackagetosomeonewithmoretimeand/orinterest.
IfyouareinterestedinworkingontheMIAteam,pleasehavealookattheREADMElein/org/qa.
debian.
org/miaonqa.
debian.
org,wherethetechnicaldetailsandtheMIAproceduresaredocumented,andcontactmia@qa.
debian.
org.
7.
4.
107DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
187.
5DebianDebian7.
5.
1Sponsoringapackagemeansuploadingapackageforamaintainerwhoisnotabletodoitontheirown.
It'snotatrivialmatter;thesponsormustverifythepackagingandensurethatitisofthehighlevelofqualitythatDebianstrivestohave.
DebianDebian:1.
Themaintainerpreparesasourcepackage(.
dsc)andputsitonlinesomewhere(likeonmentors.
debian.
net)orevenbetter,providesalinktoapublicVCSrepository(seesalsa.
debian.
org:Gitrepositoriesandcollaborativedevelopmentplatform)wherethepackageismaintained.
2.
Thesponsordownloads(orchecksout)thesourcepackage.
3.
(step1)4.
DebianBeforedelvingintothedetailsofhowtosponsorapackage,youshouldaskyourselfwhetheraddingtheproposedpackageisbenecialtoDebian.
There'snosimpleruletoanswerthisquestion;itcandependonmanyfactors:istheupstreamcodebasematureandnotfullofsecurityholesAretherepre-existingpackagesthatcandothesametaskandhowdotheycomparetothisnewpackageHasthenewpackagebeenrequestedbyusersandhowlargeistheuserbaseHowactivearetheupstreamdevelopers()It'salsoagoodideatoknowwheretheystandwithrespecttoDebian:dotheyagreewithDebian'sphilosophyanddotheyintendtojoinDebianGivenhoweasyitistobecomeaDebianMember,youmightwanttoonlysponsorpeoplewhoplantojoin.
Thatwayyouknowfromthestartthatyouwon'thavetoactasasponsorindenitely.
1087DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
187.
5.
1.
1NewmaintainersusuallyhavecertaindifcultiescreatingDebianpackagesthisisquiteunderstandable.
Theywillmakemistakes.
That'swhysponsoringabrandnewpackageintoDebianrequiresathoroughreviewoftheDebianpackaging.
SometimesseveraliterationswillbeneededuntilthepackageisgoodenoughtobeuploadedtoDebian.
Thusbeingasponsorimpliesbeingamentor.
ftpmasterDebian()*1upstreamtarballupstream(Debiantarball)Runlintian(seelintian).
Itwillcatchmanycommonproblems.
Besuretoverifythatanylintianoverridessetupbythemaintainerarefullyjustied.
licensecheck(devscripts)debian/copyright(AllrightsreservedDFSG)grep-ripbuilder()(pbuilder)debian/control:(debian/control)debian/rules:(debian/rules)(preinst,postinst,prerm,postrm,config):(idempotent)(.
diff.
gzdebian/patches/debiantarball)(DEP-3)*1Youcanndmorechecksinthewiki,whereseveraldeveloperssharetheirownsponsorshipchecklists.
7.
5.
Debian109DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18()Buildthepackages,installthemandtrythesoftware.
Ensurethatyoucanremoveandpurgethepackages.
Maybetestthemwithpiuparts.
Iftheauditdidnotrevealanyproblems,youcanbuildthepackageanduploadittoDebian.
Rememberthatevenifyou'renotthemaintainer,asasponsoryouarestillresponsibleforwhatyouuploadtoDebian.
That'swhyyou'reencouragedtokeepupwiththepackagethroughDebian.
Notethatyoushouldnotneedtomodifythesourcepackagetoputyournameinthechangelogorinthecontrolle.
TheMaintainereldofthecontrolleandthechangelogshouldlistthepersonwhodidthepackaging,i.
e.
thesponsee.
ThatwaytheywillgetalltheBTSmail.
Instead,youshouldinstructdpkg-buildpackagetouseyourkeyforthesignature.
Youdothatwiththe-koption:dpkg-buildpackage-kKEY-IDdebuilddebsign~/.
devscripts:DEBSIGN_KEYID=KEY-ID7.
5.
1.
2Youwillusuallyassumethatthepackagehasalreadygonethroughafullreview.
Soinsteadofdoingitagain,youwillcarefullyanalyzethedifferencebetweenthecurrentversionandthenewversionpreparedbythemaintainer.
Ifyouhavenotdonetheinitialreviewyourself,youmightstillwanttohaveadeeperlookjustincasetheinitialreviewerwassloppy.
Tobeabletoanalyzethedifference,youneedbothversions.
Downloadthecurrentversionofthesourcepackage(withapt-getsource)andrebuildit(ordownloadthecurrentbinarypackageswithaptitudedownload).
Downloadthesourcepackagetosponsor(usuallywithdget).
Readthenewchangelogentry;itshouldtellyouwhattoexpectduringthereview.
Themaintoolyouwilluseisdebdiff(providedbythedevscriptspackage);youcanrunitwithtwosourcepackages(.
dscles),ortwobinarypackages,ortwo.
changesles(itwillthencompareallthebinarypackageslistedinthe.
changes).
(debdifffilterdiff-i'*/debian/*')DebianchangelogIfeverythingisne,buildthepackageandcomparethebinarypackagestoverifythatthechangesonthesourcepackagehavenounexpectedconsequences(somelesdroppedbymistake,missingdependencies,etc.
).
YoumightwanttocheckoutthePackageTrackingSystem(seeDebian)toverifyifthemaintainerhasnotmissedsomethingimportant.
MaybetherearetranslationupdatessittingintheBTSthatcould1107DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18havebeenintegrated.
MaybethepackagehasbeenNMUedandthemaintainerforgottointegratethechangesfromtheNMUintotheirpackage.
Maybethere'sareleasecriticalbugthattheyhaveleftunhandledandthat'sblockingmigrationtotesting.
Ifyoundsomethingthattheycouldhavedone(better),it'stimetotellthemsothattheycanimprovefornexttime,andsothattheyhaveabetterunderstandingoftheirresponsibilities.
7.
5.
2(advocate)Debian(advocatingaprospectivedeveloper)7.
5.
3(newmaintainerapplications)Debian(ChecklistforApplicationManagers)7.
5.
Debian1111138Debian(internationalization'i''n'18i18n)AccordingtoIntroductiontoi18nfromTomohiroKUBOTA,I18N(internationalization)meansmodicationofsoft-wareorrelatedtechnologiessothatsoftwarecanpotentiallyhandlemultiplelanguages,customs,andotherdifferences,whileL10N(localization)meansimplementationofaspeciclanguageforalready-internationalizedsoftware.
l10ni18ni18nbuilddDebianl10n8.
1DebianForprogrammessages,thegettextinfrastructureisusedmostofthetime.
Mostofthetime,thetranslationishandledupstreamwithinprojectsliketheFreeTranslationProject,theGNOMETranslationProjectortheKDELocalizationproject.
TheonlycentralizedresourceswithinDebianaretheCentralDebiantranslationstatistics,whereyoucanndsomestatisticsaboutthetranslationlesfoundintheactualpackages,butnorealinfrastructuretoeasethetranslationprocess.
PackagedescriptionshavetranslationssincemanyyearsandMaintainersdon'tneedtodoanythingspecialtosupportDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18translatedpackagedescriptions;translatorsshouldusetheDebianDescriptionTranslationProject(DDTP).
debconfpo-debconfDDTP()DDTP()Debian()l10nVCSDebianDebian(VCS)(maninfo)8.
2I18N&L10NFAQi18nl10nDebian8.
2.
1Totranslatepackagedescriptionsordebconftemplates,youhavenothingtodo;theDDTPinfrastructurewilldis-patchthematerialtotranslatetovolunteerswithnoneedforinteractiononyourpart.
(gettextman)debian-i18n8.
2.
2l10n1148DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
188.
2.
31l10n8.
2.
4(forward)(debian-l10n-XXX)8.
3I18N&L10NFAQDebian8.
3.
1(debian-l10n-XXXdebian-doc@debian.
or.
jp)l10n()8.
3.
2(l10n)patchl10nwishlist8.
3.
I18N&L10NFAQ115DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
188.
4l10nl10n()()l10nl10ndebian-i18ndebian-devel(l10ndebian-devel:)11681179DebianDebianLarryWall(there'smorethanonewaytodoit)Somepeopleprefertousehigh-levelpackagemaintenancetoolsandsomedonot.
Debianisofciallyagnosticonthisissue;anytoolthatgetsthejobdoneisne.
Therefore,thissectionisnotmeanttostipulatetoanyonewhichtoolstheyshoulduseorhowtheyshouldgoabouttheirdutiesofmaintainership.
Norisitmeanttoendorseanyparticulartooltotheexclusionofacompetingtool.
apt-cacheshow9.
19.
1.
1dpkg-devdpkg-devDebian(dpkg-source)DebianDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
189.
1.
2debconfdebconfHTMLdebconf-docManyfeelthatthissystemshouldbeusedforallpackagesthatrequireinteractiveconguration;seedebconf.
debconfisnotcurrentlyrequiredbyDebianPolicy,butthatmaychangeinthefuture.
9.
1.
3fakerootfakerootrootroot(root)fakerootdpkg-buildpackage9.
2(lint)AccordingtotheFreeOn-lineDictionaryofComputing(FOLDOC),lintis:"AUnixClanguageprocessorwhichcarriesoutmorethoroughchecksonthecodethanisusualwithCcompilers.
"Packagelinttoolshelppackagemain-tainersbyautomaticallyndingcommonproblemsandpolicyviolationsintheirpackages.
9.
2.
1lintianlintianDebianDebianlintianunstable-iLintianLintianhttps://lintian.
debian.
org/lintian(unstable)1189DebianDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
189.
2.
2lintian-brushlintian-brushcontainsasetofscriptsthatcanautomaticallyxmorethan80commonlintianissuesinDebianpackages.
Itcomeswithawrapperscriptthatinvokesthescripts,updatesthechangelog(ifdesired)andcommitseachchangetoversioncontrol.
9.
2.
3piupartspiupartsisthe.
debpackageinstallation,upgrading,andremovaltestingtool.
piupartsteststhat.
debpackageshandleinstallation,upgrading,andremovalcorrectly.
ItdoesthisbycreatingaminimalDebianinstallationinachroot,andinstalling,upgrading,andremovingpackagesinthatenvironment,andcomparingthestateofthedirectorytreebeforeandafter.
piupartsreportsanylesthathavebeenadded,removed,ormodiedduringthisprocess.
piupartsismeantasaqualityassurancetoolforpeoplewhocreate.
debpackagestotestthembeforetheyuploadthemtotheDebianarchive.
9.
2.
4debdiff(devscriptsdevscripts)debdiffcontrolcontrol:debdiffpackage_1-1_arch.
debpackage_2-1_arch.
debchanges:debdiffpackage_1-1_arch.
changespackage_2-1_arch.
changesdebdiff19.
2.
(lint)119DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
189.
2.
5diffoscopediffoscopeprovidesin-depthcomparisonofles,archives,anddirectories.
diffoscopewilltrytogettothebottomofwhatmakeslesordirectoriesdifferent.
Itwillrecursivelyunpackarchivesofmanykindsandtransformvariousbinaryformatsintomorehumanreadableformtocomparethem.
Originallydevelopedtocomparetwo.
deblesortwochangeslesnowadaysitcancomparetwotarballs,ISOimages,orPDFjustaseasilyandsupportsahugevarietyofletypes.
ThedifferencescanbeshowninatextorHTMLreportorasJSONoutput.
9.
2.
6duckduck,theDebianUrlChecKer,processesseveraleldsinthedebian/control,debian/upstream,debian/copyright,debian/patches/*andsystemd.
unitlesandchecksifURLs,VCSlinksandemailaddressdomainsfoundthereinarevalid.
9.
2.
7adequateadequatecheckspackagesinstalledonthesystemandreportsbugsandpolicyviolations.
Thefollowingchecksarecurrentlyimplemented:brokensymlinksmissingcopyrightleobsoleteconflesPythonmodulesnotbyte-compiled/binand/sbinbinariesrequiring/usr/liblibrariesmissinglibraries,undenedsymbols,symbolsizemismatcheslicenseconictsprogramnamecollisionsmissingalternativesmissingbinfmtinterpretersanddetectorsmissingpkg-configdependencies1209DebianDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
189.
2.
8i18nspectori18nspectorisatoolforcheckingtranslationtemplates(POT),messagecatalogues(PO)andcompiledmessagecatalogues(MO)lesforcommonproblems.
9.
2.
9cmecmeisatoolfromthelibconfig-model-dpkg-perlpackageisaneditorfordpkgsourceleswithvalidation.
Checkthepackagedescriptiontoseewhatitcando.
9.
2.
10licensechecklicensecheckattemptstodeterminethelicensethatappliestoeachlepassedtoit,bysearchingthestartofthelefortextbelongingtovariouslicenses.
9.
2.
11blhcblhcisatoolwhichchecksbuildlogsformissinghardeningags.
9.
3debian/rulesdebian/rules9.
3.
1debhelperdebhelperisacollectionofprogramsthatcanbeusedindebian/rulestoautomatecommontasksrelatedtobuildingbinaryDebianpackages.
debhelperincludesprogramstoinstallvariouslesintoyourpackage,compressles,xlepermissions,andintegrateyourpackagewiththeDebianmenusystem.
Unlikesomeapproaches,debhelperisbrokenintoseveralsmall,simplecommands,whichactinaconsistentmanner.
Assuch,itallowsmorene-grainedcontrolthansomeoftheotherdebian/rulestools.
debhelperapt-cachesearch^dh-Whenchoosingadebhelpercompatibilitylevelforyourpackage,youshouldchoosethehighestcompatibilitylevelthatissupportedinthemostrecentstablerelease.
Onlyuseahighercompatibilitylevelifyouneedspecicfeaturesthatareprovidedbythatcompatibilitylevelthatarenotavailableinearlierlevels.
9.
3.
debian/rules121DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
18Inthepastthecompatibilitylevelwasdenedindebian/compat,howevernowadaysitismuchbettertonotusethatbutrathertouseaversionedbuild-dependencylikedebhelper-compat(=12).
9.
3.
2dh-makeThedh-makepackagecontainsdh_make,aprogramthatcreatesaskeletonoflesnecessarytobuildaDebianpackageoutofasourcetree.
Asthenamesuggests,dh_makeisarewriteofdebmake,anditstemplatelesusedh_*programsfromdebhelper.
dh_makerules9.
3.
3equivsequivs(meta-packages)9.
4Thefollowingpackageshelpwiththepackagebuildingprocess,generaldrivingofdpkg-buildpackage,aswellashandlingsupportingtasks.
9.
4.
1git-buildpackagegit-buildpackageDebianGitDebianGitDebianGitstableunstableexperimentalGit1229DebianDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
189.
4.
2debootstrapdebootstrapDebianchrootchroot9.
4.
3pbuilderpbuilderconstructsachrootedsystem,andbuildsapackageinsidethechroot.
Itisveryusefultocheckthatapackage'sbuilddependenciesarecorrect,andtobesurethatunnecessaryandwrongbuilddependencieswillnotexistintheresultingpackage.
Arelatedpackageiscowbuilder,whichspeedsupthebuildprocessusingaCOWlesystemonanystandardLinuxlesystem.
9.
4.
4sbuildsbuildchrootwanna-buildhttps://buildd.
debian.
org/9.
4.
123DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
189.
59.
5.
1duploadduploadDebianDebian9.
5.
2dputThedputpackageandscriptdomuchthesamethingasdupload,butinadifferentway.
Ithassomefeaturesoverdupload,suchastheabilitytochecktheGnuPGsignatureandchecksumsbeforeuploading,andthepossibilityofrunningdinstallindry-runmodeaftertheupload.
9.
5.
3dcutdcut(dputdput)ftp9.
6changelogEmacsconfig.
sub9.
6.
1devscriptsdevscriptsisapackagecontainingwrappersandtoolsthatareveryhelpfulformaintainingyourDebianpackages.
Examplescriptsincludedebchange(oritsalias,dch),whichmanipulatesyourdebian/changeloglefromthecommand-line,anddebuild,whichisawrapperarounddpkg-buildpackage.
Thebtsutilityisalsoveryhelpfultoupdatethestateofbugreportsonthecommandline.
uscancanbeusedtowatchfornewupstreamversionsofyourpackages.
suspicious-sourceoutputsalistofleswhicharenotcommonsourceles.
devscripts11249DebianDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
189.
6.
2reportbugreportbugisatooldesignedtomakethereportingofbugsinDebianandderiveddistributionsrelativelypainless.
Itsfeaturesinclude:Integrationwithmuttandmh/nmhmailreaders.
Accesstooutstandingbugreportstomakeiteasiertoidentifywhetherproblemshavealreadybeenreported.
Automaticcheckingfornewerversionsofpackages.
reportbugisdesignedtobeusedonsystemswithaninstalledmailtransportagent;however,youcaneditthecongurationleandsendreportsusinganyavailablemailserver.
ThispackagealsoincludesthequerybtsscriptforbrowsingtheDebianbugtrackingsystem.
9.
6.
3autotools-devautotools-devcontainsbestpracticesforpeoplewhomaintainpackagesthatuseautoconfand/orautomake.
Alsocontainscanonicalconfig.
subandconfig.
guessles,whichareknowntoworkonallDebianports.
9.
6.
4dpkg-repackdpkg-repackcreatesaDebianpackageleoutofapackagethathasalreadybeeninstalled.
Ifanychangeshavebeenmadetothepackagewhileitwasunpacked(e.
g.
,lesin/etcweremodied),thenewpackagewillinheritthechanges.
Thisutilitycanmakeiteasytocopypackagesfromonecomputertoanother,ortorecreatepackagesthatareinstalledonyoursystembutnolongeravailableelsewhere,ortosavethecurrentstateofapackagebeforeyouupgradeit.
9.
6.
125DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
189.
6.
5alienalienDebianRPM(RedHat)LSB(LinuxStandardBase)SolarisSlackware9.
6.
6dpkg-dev-eldpkg-dev-elisanEmacslisppackagethatprovidesassistancewheneditingsomeofthelesinthedebiandirectoryofyourpackage.
Forinstance,therearehandyfunctionsforlistingapackage'scurrentbugs,andfornalizingthelatestentryinadebian/changelogle.
9.
6.
7dpkg-depcheck(devscriptsdevscripts)dpkg-depcheckstraceDebianBuild-Dependsdpkg-depcheck:dpkg-depcheck-bdebian/rulesbuilddpkg-depcheckexec2dpkg-depcheck19.
79.
7.
1dpkg-crossdpkg-crossdpkgdpkg-buildpackagedpkg-shlibdeps1269DebianDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
189.
89.
8.
1debian-policyThedebian-policypackagecontainstheDebianPolicyManualandrelateddocuments,whichare:DebianPolicyManualFilesystemHierarchyStandard(FHS)DebianMenusub-policyDebianPerlsub-policyDebiancongurationmanagementspecicationMachine-readabledebian/copyrightspecicationAutopkgtest-automaticas-installedpackagetestingAuthoritativelistofvirtualpackagenamesPolicychecklistforupgradingyourpackagesTheDebianPolicyManualthepolicyrelatingtopackagesanddetailsofthepackagingmechanism.
Itcoverseverythingfromrequiredgccoptionstothewaythemaintainerscripts(postinstetc.
)work,packagesectionsandpriorities,etc.
Alsousefulisthele/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/upgrading-checklist.
txt.
gz,whichlistschangesbetweenversionsofpolicy.
9.
8.
2doc-debiandoc-debiancontainslotsofusefulDebian-specicdocumentation:DebianLinuxManifestoConstitutionfortheDebianProjectDebianSocialContractDebianFreeSoftwareGuidelinesDebianBugTrackingSystemdocumentationIntroductiontotheDebianmailinglists9.
8.
127DebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
189.
8.
3developers-referenceThedevelopers-referencepackagecontainsthedocumentyouarereadingrightnow,theDebianDeveloper'sReference,asetofguidelinesandbestpracticeswhichhasbeenestablishedbyandforthecommunityofDebiandevelopers.
9.
8.
4maint-guideThemaint-guidepackagecontainstheDebianNewMaintainers'Guide.
ThisdocumenttriestodescribethebuildingofaDebianpackagetoordinaryDebianusersandprospectivedevelopers.
Itusesfairlynon-technicallanguage,andit'swellcoveredwithworkingexamples.
9.
8.
5packaging-tutorialThistutorialisanintroductiontoDebianpackaging.
Itteachesprospectivedevelopershowtomodifyexistingpack-ages,howtocreatetheirownpackages,andhowtointeractwiththeDebiancommunity.
Inadditiontothemaintutorial,itincludesthreepracticalsessionsonmodifyingthegreppackage,andpackagingthegnujumpgameandaJavalibrary.
9.
8.
6how-can-i-helphow-can-i-helpshowsopportunitiesforcontributingtoDebian.
how-can-i-helphooksintoAPTtolistopportunitiesforcontributionstoDebian(orphanedpackages,bugstagged'newcomer')forpackagesinstalledlocally,aftereachAPTinvocation.
Itcanalsobeinvokeddirectly,andthenlistsallopportunitiesforcontribution(notjustthenewones).
9.
8.
7docbook-xmldocbook-xmlDebianDocBookXMLDTD(debiandocSGMLDTD)DocBookXMLdocbook-xslXSLXSLxsltprocXSLTdocbook-xsl-doc-*FOPDFxmlrofffopFODocBookXMLPDFdblatex1289DebianDebianDeveloper'sReference,11.
0.
189.
8.
8debiandoc-sgmldebiandoc-sgmlDebianDebianDocSGMLDTD(deprecated)(docbook-xmlpython3-sphinx)9.
8.
9debian-keyringDebianDebianGPG9.
8.
10debian-eldebian-elDebianEmacs9.
8.
129