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DebianGNU/LinuxInstallationGuideMarch6,2021DebianGNU/LinuxInstallationGuideCopyright2004–2021theDebianInstallerteamThismanualisfreesoftware;youmayredistributeitand/ormodifyitunderthetermsoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicense.
PleaserefertothelicenseinAppendixF.
Buildversionofthismanual:20210305.
iContents1WelcometoDebian11.
1WhatisDebian11.
2WhatisGNU/Linux11.
3WhatisDebianGNU/Linux21.
4WhatistheDebianInstaller31.
5GettingDebian31.
6GettingtheNewestVersionofThisDocument31.
7OrganizationofThisDocument31.
8AboutCopyrightsandSoftwareLicenses42SystemRequirements52.
1SupportedHardware52.
1.
1SupportedArchitectures52.
1.
2ThreedierentARMports62.
1.
3VariationsinARMCPUdesignsandsupportcomplexity62.
1.
4PlatformssupportedbyDebian/armhf62.
1.
5PlatformsnolongersupportedbyDebian/armhf82.
1.
6MultipleProcessors82.
1.
7GraphicsHardwareSupport82.
1.
8NetworkConnectivityHardware82.
1.
9PeripheralsandOtherHardware82.
2DevicesRequiringFirmware82.
3PurchasingHardwareSpecicallyforGNU/Linux92.
3.
1AvoidProprietaryorClosedHardware92.
4InstallationMedia92.
4.
1CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/BD-ROM92.
4.
2Network102.
4.
3HardDisk102.
4.
4Un*xorGNUsystem102.
4.
5SupportedStorageSystems102.
5MemoryandDiskSpaceRequirements103BeforeInstallingDebianGNU/Linux113.
1OverviewoftheInstallationProcess113.
2BackUpYourExistingData!
123.
3InformationYouWillNeed123.
3.
1Documentation123.
3.
1.
1InstallationManual123.
3.
1.
2Hardwaredocumentation123.
3.
2FindingSourcesofHardwareInformation123.
3.
3HardwareCompatibility133.
3.
3.
1TestinghardwarecompatibilitywithaLive-System143.
3.
4NetworkSettings143.
4MeetingMinimumHardwareRequirements143.
5Pre-PartitioningforMulti-BootSystems153.
6Pre-InstallationHardwareandOperatingSystemSetup153.
6.
1ARMrmware153.
6.
2Debian-providedU-Boot(systemrmware)images163.
6.
3SettingtheethernetMACaddressinU-Boot163.
6.
4Kernel/Initrd/Device-TreerelocationissuesinU-Boot16iiCONTENTS4ObtainingSystemInstallationMedia184.
1OcialDebianGNU/Linuxinstallationimages184.
2DownloadingFilesfromDebianMirrors184.
2.
1WheretoFindInstallationFiles184.
2.
1.
1ArmhfMultiplatformInstallationFiles184.
3PreparingFilesforTFTPNetBooting194.
3.
1SettingupRARPserver194.
3.
2SettingupaDHCPserver194.
3.
3SettingupaBOOTPserver194.
3.
4EnablingtheTFTPServer204.
3.
5MoveTFTPImagesIntoPlace204.
4AutomaticInstallation204.
4.
1AutomaticInstallationUsingtheDebianInstaller214.
5Verifyingtheintegrityofinstallationles215BootingtheInstallationSystem225.
1BootingtheInstalleron32-bithard-oatARMv7225.
1.
1Bootimageformats225.
1.
2Consoleconguration225.
1.
3BootingbyTFTP225.
1.
3.
1TFTP-bootinginU-Boot225.
1.
3.
2Pre-builtnetboottarball235.
1.
4BootingfromaUSBstickinU-Boot245.
1.
5Usingpre-builtSD-cardimageswiththeinstaller245.
2Accessibility255.
2.
1Installerfront-end255.
2.
2BoardDevices255.
2.
3High-ContrastTheme255.
2.
4Zoom255.
2.
5Expertinstall,rescuemode,automatedinstall255.
2.
6Accessibilityoftheinstalledsystem255.
3BootParameters255.
3.
1Bootconsole265.
3.
2DebianInstallerParameters265.
3.
3Usingbootparameterstoanswerquestions285.
3.
4Passingparameterstokernelmodules285.
3.
5Blacklistingkernelmodules295.
4TroubleshootingtheInstallationProcess295.
4.
1Reliabilityofopticalmedia295.
4.
1.
1Commonissues295.
4.
1.
2Howtoinvestigateandmaybesolveissues295.
4.
2BootConguration315.
4.
3InterpretingtheKernelStartupMessages315.
4.
4ReportingInstallationProblems315.
4.
5SubmittingInstallationReports316UsingtheDebianInstaller336.
1HowtheInstallerWorks336.
1.
1Usingthegraphicalinstaller336.
2ComponentsIntroduction346.
3UsingIndividualComponents356.
3.
1SettingupDebianInstallerandHardwareConguration356.
3.
1.
1Checkavailablememory/lowmemorymode356.
3.
1.
2SelectingLocalizationOptions366.
3.
1.
3ChoosingaKeyboard376.
3.
1.
4LookingfortheDebianInstallerISOImage376.
3.
1.
5ConguringtheNetwork376.
3.
1.
5.
1Automaticnetworkconguration376.
3.
1.
5.
2Manualnetworkconguration37iiiCONTENTS6.
3.
1.
5.
3IPv4andIPv6386.
3.
2SettingUpUsersAndPasswords386.
3.
2.
1SettheRootPassword386.
3.
2.
2CreateanOrdinaryUser386.
3.
3ConguringtheClockandTimeZone386.
3.
4PartitioningandMountPointSelection396.
3.
4.
1Supportedpartitioningoptions396.
3.
4.
2GuidedPartitioning406.
3.
4.
3ManualPartitioning416.
3.
4.
4ConguringMultidiskDevices(SoftwareRAID)426.
3.
4.
5ConguringtheLogicalVolumeManager(LVM)446.
3.
4.
6ConguringEncryptedVolumes456.
3.
5InstallingtheBaseSystem466.
3.
6InstallingAdditionalSoftware476.
3.
6.
1Conguringapt476.
3.
6.
1.
1InstallingfrommorethanoneCDorDVDimage476.
3.
6.
1.
2Usinganetworkmirror486.
3.
6.
1.
3Choosinganetworkmirror486.
3.
6.
2SelectingandInstallingSoftware496.
3.
7MakingYourSystemBootable506.
3.
7.
1Detectingotheroperatingsystems506.
3.
7.
2Makingthesystembootablewithash-kernel506.
3.
7.
3ContinueWithoutBootLoader506.
3.
8FinishingtheInstallation506.
3.
8.
1SettingtheSystemClock506.
3.
8.
2ReboottheSystem516.
3.
9Troubleshooting516.
3.
9.
1Savingtheinstallationlogs516.
3.
9.
2UsingtheShellandViewingtheLogs516.
3.
10InstallationOvertheNetwork516.
4LoadingMissingFirmware536.
4.
1Preparingamedium536.
4.
2FirmwareandtheInstalledSystem547BootingIntoYourNewDebianSystem557.
1TheMomentofTruth557.
2Mountingencryptedvolumes557.
2.
1Troubleshooting567.
3LogIn568NextStepsandWheretoGoFromHere578.
1Shuttingdownthesystem578.
2OrientingYourselftoDebian578.
2.
1DebianPackagingSystem578.
2.
2AdditionalSoftwareAvailableforDebian588.
2.
3ApplicationVersionManagement588.
2.
4CronJobManagement588.
3FurtherReadingandInformation588.
4SettingUpYourSystemToUseE-Mail588.
4.
1DefaultE-MailConguration598.
4.
2SendingE-MailsOutsideTheSystem598.
4.
3ConguringtheExim4MailTransportAgent598.
5CompilingaNewKernel608.
6RecoveringaBrokenSystem60ivCONTENTSAInstallationHowto61A.
1Preliminaries61A.
2Bootingtheinstaller61A.
2.
1Opticaldisc61A.
2.
2Bootingfromnetwork61A.
2.
3Bootingfromharddisk61A.
3Installation62A.
4Sendusaninstallationreport62A.
5Andnally…62BAutomatingtheinstallationusingpreseeding63B.
1Introduction63B.
1.
1Preseedingmethods63B.
1.
2Limitations64B.
2Usingpreseeding64B.
2.
1Loadingtheprecongurationle64B.
2.
2Usingbootparameterstopreseedquestions65B.
2.
3Automode65B.
2.
4Aliasesusefulwithpreseeding67B.
2.
5Examplesofbootpromptpreseeding67B.
2.
6UsingaDHCPservertospecifyprecongurationles67B.
3Creatingaprecongurationle68B.
4Contentsoftheprecongurationle(forbullseye)69B.
4.
1Localization69B.
4.
2Networkconguration69B.
4.
3Networkconsole71B.
4.
4Mirrorsettings71B.
4.
5Accountsetup71B.
4.
6Clockandtimezonesetup72B.
4.
7Partitioning73B.
4.
7.
1Partitioningexample73B.
4.
7.
2PartitioningusingRAID75B.
4.
7.
3Controllinghowpartitionsaremounted76B.
4.
8Basesysteminstallation76B.
4.
9Aptsetup76B.
4.
10Packageselection77B.
4.
11Finishinguptheinstallation78B.
4.
12Preseedingotherpackages78B.
5Advancedoptions78B.
5.
1Runningcustomcommandsduringtheinstallation78B.
5.
2Usingpreseedingtochangedefaultvalues79B.
5.
3Chainloadingprecongurationles79CPartitioningforDebian80C.
1DecidingonDebianPartitionsandSizes80C.
2TheDirectoryTree80C.
3RecommendedPartitioningScheme81C.
4DeviceNamesinLinux82C.
5DebianPartitioningPrograms82DRandomBits83D.
1LinuxDevices83D.
1.
1SettingUpYourMouse83D.
2DiskSpaceNeededforTasks84D.
3InstallingDebianGNU/LinuxfromaUnix/LinuxSystem84D.
3.
1GettingStarted85D.
3.
2Installdebootstrap85D.
3.
3Rundebootstrap86D.
3.
4CongureTheBaseSystem86vCONTENTSD.
3.
4.
1Createdeviceles86D.
3.
4.
2MountPartitions87D.
3.
4.
3SettingTimezone88D.
3.
4.
4CongureNetworking88D.
3.
4.
5CongureApt89D.
3.
4.
6CongureLocalesandKeyboard89D.
3.
5InstallaKernel89D.
3.
6SetuptheBootLoader90D.
3.
7Remoteaccess:InstallingSSHandsettingupaccess90D.
3.
8Finishingtouches90D.
4InstallingDebianGNU/LinuxusingPPPoverEthernet(PPPoE)91EAdministrivia92E.
1AboutThisDocument92E.
2ContributingtoThisDocument92E.
3MajorContributions92E.
4TrademarkAcknowledgement93FGNUGeneralPublicLicense94F.
1Preamble94F.
2GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSE94F.
3HowtoApplyTheseTermstoYourNewPrograms97viListofTables3BeforeInstallingDebianGNU/Linux3.
1HardwareInformationHelpfulforanInstall133.
2RecommendedMinimumSystemRequirements14viiAbstractThisdocumentcontainsinstallationinstructionsfortheDebianGNU/Linux11system(codename"bullseye"),forthe32-bithard-oatARMv7("armhf")architecture.
ItalsocontainspointerstomoreinformationandinformationonhowtomakethemostofyournewDebiansystem.
InstallingDebianGNU/Linux11forarmhfWearedelightedthatyouhavedecidedtotryDebian,andaresurethatyouwillndthatDebian'sGNU/Linuxdistri-butionisunique.
DebianGNU/Linuxbringstogetherhigh-qualityfreesoftwarefromaroundtheworld,integratingitintoacoherentwhole.
Webelievethatyouwillndthattheresultistrulymorethanthesumoftheparts.
WeunderstandthatmanyofyouwanttoinstallDebianwithoutreadingthismanual,andtheDebianinstallerisdesignedtomakethispossible.
Ifyoudon'thavetimetoreadthewholeInstallationGuiderightnow,werecommendthatyoureadtheInstallationHowto,whichwillwalkyouthroughthebasicinstallationprocess,andlinkstothemanualformoreadvancedtopicsorforwhenthingsgowrong.
TheInstallationHowtocanbefoundinAppendixA.
Withthatsaid,wehopethatyouhavethetimetoreadmostofthismanual,anddoingsowillleadtoamoreinformedandlikelymoresuccessfulinstallationexperience.
ixChapter1WelcometoDebianThischapterprovidesanoverviewoftheDebianProjectandDebianGNU/Linux.
IfyoualreadyknowabouttheDebianProject'shistoryandtheDebianGNU/Linuxdistribution,feelfreetoskiptothenextchapter.
1.
1WhatisDebianDebianisanall-volunteerorganizationdedicatedtodevelopingfreesoftwareandpromotingtheidealsoftheFreeSoftwarecommunity.
TheDebianProjectbeganin1993,whenIanMurdockissuedanopeninvitationtosoftwaredeveloperstocontributetoacompleteandcoherentsoftwaredistributionbasedontherelativelynewLinuxkernel.
Thatrelativelysmallbandofdedicatedenthusiasts,originallyfundedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundationandinuencedbytheGNUphilosophy,hasgrownovertheyearsintoanorganizationofaround1000DebianDevelopers.
DebianDevelopersareinvolvedinavarietyofactivities,includingWebandFTPsiteadministration,graphicdesign,legalanalysisofsoftwarelicenses,writingdocumentation,and,ofcourse,maintainingsoftwarepackages.
IntheinterestofcommunicatingourphilosophyandattractingdeveloperswhobelieveintheprinciplesthatDebianstandsfor,theDebianProjecthaspublishedanumberofdocumentsthatoutlineourvaluesandserveasguidestowhatitmeanstobeaDebianDeveloper:TheDebianSocialContractisastatementofDebian'scommitmentstotheFreeSoftwareCommunity.
AnyonewhoagreestoabidetotheSocialContractmaybecomeamaintainer.
AnymaintainercanintroducenewsoftwareintoDebian—providedthatthesoftwaremeetsourcriteriaforbeingfree,andthepackagefollowsourqualitystandards.
TheDebianFreeSoftwareGuidelinesareaclearandconcisestatementofDebian'scriteriaforfreesoftware.
TheDFSGisaveryinuentialdocumentintheFreeSoftwareMovement,andwasthefoundationoftheTheOpenSourceDenition.
TheDebianPolicyManualisanextensivespecicationoftheDebianProject'sstandardsofquality.
Debiandevelopersarealsoinvolvedinanumberofotherprojects;somespecictoDebian,othersinvolvingsomeoralloftheLinuxcommunity.
Someexamplesinclude:TheFilesystemHierarchyStandard(FHS)isaneorttostandardizethelayoutoftheLinuxlesystem.
TheFHSwillallowsoftwaredeveloperstoconcentratetheireortsondesigningprograms,withouthavingtoworryabouthowthepackagewillbeinstalledindierentGNU/Linuxdistributions.
DebianJr.
isaninternalproject,aimedatmakingsureDebianhassomethingtooertoouryoungestusers.
FormoregeneralinformationaboutDebian,seetheDebianFAQ.
1.
2WhatisGNU/LinuxLinuxisanoperatingsystem:aseriesofprogramsthatletyouinteractwithyourcomputerandrunotherprograms.
Anoperatingsystemconsistsofvariousfundamentalprogramswhichareneededbyyourcomputersothatitcancommunicateandreceiveinstructionsfromusers;readandwritedatatoharddisks,tapes,andprinters;controltheuseofmemory;andrunothersoftware.
Themostimportantpartofanoperatingsystemisthekernel.
InaGNU/Linuxsystem,Linuxisthekernelcomponent.
Therestofthesystemconsistsofotherprograms,manyofwhichwerewritten1CHAPTER1.
WELCOMETODEBIAN1.
3.
WHATISDEBIANGNU/LINUXbyorfortheGNUProject.
BecausetheLinuxkernelalonedoesnotformaworkingoperatingsystem,weprefertousetheterm"GNU/Linux"torefertosystemsthatmanypeoplecasuallyrefertoas"Linux".
LinuxismodelledontheUnixoperatingsystem.
Fromthestart,Linuxwasdesignedtobeamulti-tasking,multi-usersystem.
ThesefactsareenoughtomakeLinuxdierentfromotherwell-knownoperatingsystems.
However,Linuxisevenmoredierentthanyoumightimagine.
Incontrasttootheroperatingsystems,nobodyownsLinux.
Muchofitsdevelopmentisdonebyunpaidvolunteers.
DevelopmentofwhatlaterbecameGNU/Linuxbeganin1984,whentheFreeSoftwareFoundationbegandevel-opmentofafreeUnix-likeoperatingsystemcalledGNU.
TheGNUProjecthasdevelopedacomprehensivesetoffreesoftwaretoolsforusewithUnixandUnix-likeoperatingsystemssuchasLinux.
Thesetoolsenableuserstoperformtasksrangingfromthemundane(suchascopyingorremovinglesfromthesystem)tothearcane(suchaswritingandcompilingprogramsordoingsophisticatededitinginavarietyofdocumentformats).
WhilemanygroupsandindividualshavecontributedtoLinux,thelargestsinglecontributorisstilltheFreeSoft-wareFoundation,whichcreatednotonlymostofthetoolsusedinLinux,butalsothephilosophyandthecommunitythatmadeLinuxpossible.
TheLinuxkernelrstappearedin1991,whenaFinnishcomputingsciencestudentnamedLinusTorvaldsan-nouncedanearlyversionofareplacementkernelforMinixtotheUsenetnewsgroupcomp.
os.
minix.
SeeLinuxInternational'sLinuxHistoryPage.
LinusTorvaldscontinuestocoordinatetheworkofseveralhundreddeveloperswiththehelpofanumberofsubsystemmaintainers.
ThereisanocialwebsitefortheLinuxkernel.
Informationaboutthelinux-kernelmailinglistcanbefoundonthelinux-kernelmailinglistFAQ.
Linuxusershaveimmensefreedomofchoiceintheirsoftware.
Forexample,Linuxuserscanchoosefromadozendierentcommandlineshellsandseveralgraphicaldesktops.
Thisselectionisoftenbewilderingtousersofotheroperatingsystems,whoarenotusedtothinkingofthecommandlineordesktopassomethingthattheycanchange.
Linuxisalsolesslikelytocrash,betterabletorunmorethanoneprogramatthesametime,andmoresecurethanmanyoperatingsystems.
Withtheseadvantages,Linuxisthefastestgrowingoperatingsystemintheservermarket.
Morerecently,Linuxhasbeguntobepopularamonghomeandbusinessusersaswell.
1.
3WhatisDebianGNU/LinuxThecombinationofDebian'sphilosophyandmethodologyandtheGNUtools,theLinuxkernel,andotherimportantfreesoftware,formauniquesoftwaredistributioncalledDebianGNU/Linux.
Thisdistributionismadeupofalargenumberofsoftwarepackages.
Eachpackageinthedistributioncontainsexecutables,scripts,documentation,andcongurationinformation,andhasamaintainerwhoisprimarilyresponsibleforkeepingthepackageup-to-date,trackingbugreports,andcommunicatingwiththeupstreamauthor(s)ofthepackagedsoftware.
Ourextremelylargeuserbase,combinedwithourbugtrackingsystemensuresthatproblemsarefoundandxedquickly.
Debian'sattentiontodetailallowsustoproduceahigh-quality,stable,andscalabledistribution.
Installationscanbeeasilyconguredtoservemanyroles,fromstripped-downrewallstodesktopscienticworkstationstohigh-endnetworkservers.
DebianisespeciallypopularamongadvancedusersbecauseofitstechnicalexcellenceanditsdeepcommitmenttotheneedsandexpectationsoftheLinuxcommunity.
DebianalsointroducedmanyfeaturestoLinuxthatarenowcommonplace.
Forexample,DebianwastherstLinuxdistributiontoincludeapackagemanagementsystemforeasyinstallationandremovalofsoftware.
ItwasalsotherstLinuxdistributionthatcouldbeupgradedwithoutrequiringreinstallation.
DebiancontinuestobealeaderinLinuxdevelopment.
ItsdevelopmentprocessisanexampleofjusthowwelltheOpenSourcedevelopmentmodelcanwork—evenforverycomplextaskssuchasbuildingandmaintainingacompleteoperatingsystem.
ThefeaturethatmostdistinguishesDebianfromotherLinuxdistributionsisitspackagemanagementsystem.
ThesetoolsgivetheadministratorofaDebiansystemcompletecontroloverthepackagesinstalledonthatsystem,includingtheabilitytoinstallasinglepackageorautomaticallyupdatetheentireoperatingsystem.
Individualpackagescanalsobeprotectedfrombeingupdated.
Youcaneventellthepackagemanagementsystemaboutsoftwareyouhavecompiledyourselfandwhatdependenciesitfullls.
Toprotectyoursystemagainst"Trojanhorses"andothermalevolentsoftware,Debian'sserversverifythatup-loadedpackagescomefromtheirregisteredDebianmaintainers.
Debianpackagersalsotakegreatcaretoconguretheirpackagesinasecuremanner.
Whensecurityproblemsinshippedpackagesdoappear,xesareusuallyavail-ableveryquickly.
WithDebian'ssimpleupdateoptions,securityxescanbedownloadedandinstalledautomaticallyacrosstheInternet.
2CHAPTER1.
WELCOMETODEBIAN1.
4.
WHATISTHEDEBIANINSTALLERTheprimary,andbest,methodofgettingsupportforyourDebianGNU/LinuxsystemandcommunicatingwithDebianDevelopersisthroughthemanymailinglistsmaintainedbytheDebianProject(therearemorethan322atthiswriting).
TheeasiestwaytosubscribetooneormoreoftheselistsisvisitDebian'smailinglistsubscriptionpageandllouttheformyou'llndthere.
1.
4WhatistheDebianInstallerDebianInstaller,alsoknownas"d-i",isthesoftwaresystemtoinstallabasicworkingDebiansystem.
Awiderangeofhardwaresuchasembeddeddevices,laptops,desktopsandservermachinesissupportedandalargesetoffreesoftwareformanypurposesisoered.
Theinstallationisconductedbyansweringabasicsetofquestions.
Alsoavailableareanexpertmodethatallowstocontroleveryaspectoftheinstallationandanadvancedfeaturetoperformautomatedinstallations.
Theinstalledsystemcanbeusedasisorfurthercustomized.
Theinstallationcanbeperformedfromamultitudeofsources:USB,CD/DVD/Blu-Rayorthenetwork.
Theinstallersupportslocalizedinstallationsinmorethan80languages.
Theinstallerhasitsoriginintheboot-oppiesproject,anditwasrstmentionedbyJoeyHessin2000.
Sincethentheinstallationsystemhasbeencontinuouslydevelopedbyvolunteersimprovingandaddingmorefeatures.
MoreinformationcanbefoundontheDebianInstallerpage,ontheWikiandonthedebian-bootmailinglist.
1.
5GettingDebianForinformationonhowtodownloadDebianGNU/LinuxfromtheInternetorfromwhomocialDebianinstallationmediacanbepurchased,seethedistributionwebpage.
ThelistofDebianmirrorscontainsafullsetofocialDebianmirrors,soyoucaneasilyndthenearestone.
Debiancanbeupgradedafterinstallationveryeasily.
Theinstallationprocedurewillhelpsetupthesystemsothatyoucanmakethoseupgradesonceinstallationiscomplete,ifneedbe.
1.
6GettingtheNewestVersionofThisDocumentThisdocumentisconstantlybeingrevised.
BesuretochecktheDebian11pagesforanylast-minuteinformationaboutthe11releaseoftheDebianGNU/Linuxsystem.
UpdatedversionsofthisinstallationmanualarealsoavailablefromtheocialInstallManualpages.
1.
7OrganizationofThisDocumentThisdocumentismeanttoserveasamanualforrst-timeDebianusers.
Ittriestomakeasfewassumptionsaspossibleaboutyourlevelofexpertise.
However,wedoassumethatyouhaveageneralunderstandingofhowthehardwareinyourcomputerworks.
Expertusersmayalsondinterestingreferenceinformationinthisdocument,includingminimuminstallationsizes,detailsaboutthehardwaresupportedbytheDebianinstallationsystem,andsoon.
Weencourageexpertuserstojumparoundinthedocument.
Ingeneral,thismanualisarrangedinalinearfashion,walkingyouthroughtheinstallationprocessfromstarttonish.
HerearethestepsininstallingDebianGNU/Linux,andthesectionsofthisdocumentwhichcorrelatewitheachstep:1.
Determinewhetheryourhardwaremeetstherequirementsforusingtheinstallationsystem,inChapter2.
2.
Backupyoursystem,performanynecessaryplanningandhardwarecongurationpriortoinstallingDebian,inChapter3.
Ifyouarepreparingamulti-bootsystem,youmayneedtocreatepartitionablespaceonyourharddiskforDebiantouse.
3.
InChapter4,youwillobtainthenecessaryinstallationlesforyourmethodofinstallation.
4.
ThenextChapter5describesbootingintotheinstallationsystem.
Thischapteralsodiscussestroubleshootingproceduresincaseyouhaveproblemswiththisstep.
5.
PerformtheactualinstallationaccordingtoChapter6.
Thisinvolveschoosingyourlanguage,conguringpe-ripheraldrivermodules,conguringyournetworkconnection,sothatremaininginstallationlescanbeob-taineddirectlyfromaDebianserver(ifyouarenotinstallingfromasetofCD/DVDinstallationimages),3CHAPTER1.
WELCOMETODEBIAN1.
8.
ABOUTCOPYRIGHTSANDSOFTWARELICENSESpartitioningyourharddrivesandinstallationofabasesystem,thenselectionandinstallationoftasks.
(SomebackgroundaboutsettingupthepartitionsforyourDebiansystemisexplainedinAppendixC.
)6.
Bootintoyournewlyinstalledbasesystem,fromChapter7.
Onceyou'vegotyoursysteminstalled,youcanreadChapter8.
ThatchapterexplainswheretolooktondmoreinformationaboutUnixandDebian,andhowtoreplaceyourkernel.
Finally,informationaboutthisdocumentandhowtocontributetoitmaybefoundinAppendixE.
1.
8AboutCopyrightsandSoftwareLicensesWe'resurethatyou'vereadsomeofthelicensesthatcomewithmostcommercialsoftware—theyusuallysaythatyoucanonlyuseonecopyofthesoftwareonasinglecomputer.
Thissystem'slicenseisn'tlikethatatall.
WeencourageyoutoputacopyofDebianGNU/Linuxoneverycomputerinyourschoolorplaceofbusiness.
Lendyourinstallationmediatoyourfriendsandhelptheminstallitontheircomputers!
Youcanevenmakethousandsofcopiesandsellthem—albeitwithafewrestrictions.
YourfreedomtoinstallandusethesystemcomesdirectlyfromDebianbeingbasedonfreesoftware.
Callingsoftwarefreedoesn'tmeanthatthesoftwareisn'tcopyrighted,anditdoesn'tmeanthatinstallationmediacontainingthatsoftwaremustbedistributedatnocharge.
Freesoftware,inpart,meansthatthelicensesofindividualprogramsdonotrequireyoutopayfortheprivilegeofdistributingorusingthoseprograms.
Freesoftwarealsomeansthatnotonlymayanyoneextend,adapt,andmodifythesoftware,butthattheymaydistributetheresultsoftheirworkaswell.
NTheDebianproject,asapragmaticconcessiontoitsusers,doesmakesomepack-agesavailablethatdonotmeetourcriteriaforbeingfree.
Thesepackagesarenotpartoftheocialdistribution,however,andareonlyavailablefromthecontribornon-freeareasofDebianmirrorsoronthird-partyCD/DVD-ROMs;seetheDe-bianFAQ,under"TheDebianFTParchives",formoreinformationaboutthelayoutandcontentsofthearchives.
ManyoftheprogramsinthesystemarelicensedundertheGNUGeneralPublicLicense,oftensimplyreferredtoas"theGPL".
TheGPLrequiresyoutomakethesourcecodeoftheprogramsavailablewheneveryoudistributeabinarycopyoftheprogram;thatprovisionofthelicenseensuresthatanyuserwillbeabletomodifythesoftware.
Becauseofthisprovision,thesourcecodeforallsuchprogramsisavailableintheDebiansystem.
ThereareseveralotherformsofcopyrightstatementsandsoftwarelicensesusedontheprogramsinDebian.
Youcanndthecopyrightsandlicensesforeverypackageinstalledonyoursystembylookinginthele/usr/share/doc/package-name/copyrightonceyou'veinstalledapackageonyoursystem.
FormoreinformationaboutlicensesandhowDebiandetermineswhethersoftwareisfreeenoughtobeincludedinthemaindistribution,seetheDebianFreeSoftwareGuidelines.
Themostimportantlegalnoticeisthatthissoftwarecomeswithnowarranties.
Theprogrammerswhohavecreatedthissoftwarehavedonesoforthebenetofthecommunity.
Noguaranteeismadeastothesuitabilityofthesoftwareforanygivenpurpose.
However,sincethesoftwareisfree,youareempoweredtomodifythatsoftwaretosuityourneeds—andtoenjoythebenetsofthechangesmadebyotherswhohaveextendedthesoftwareinthisway.
Forinformationonhowtolocate,unpack,andbuildbinariesfromDebiansourcepackages,seetheDebianFAQ,under"BasicsoftheDebianPackageManagementSystem".
4Chapter2SystemRequirementsThissectioncontainsinformationaboutwhathardwareyouneedtogetstartedwithDebian.
YouwillalsondlinkstofurtherinformationabouthardwaresupportedbyGNUandLinux.
2.
1SupportedHardwareDebiandoesnotimposehardwarerequirementsbeyondtherequirementsoftheLinuxorkFreeBSDkernelandtheGNUtool-sets.
Therefore,anyarchitectureorplatformtowhichtheLinuxorkFreeBSDkernel,libc,gcc,etc.
havebeenported,andforwhichaDebianportexists,canrunDebian.
PleaserefertothePortspagesathttps://www.
debian.
org/ports/arm/formoredetailson32-bithard-oatARMv7architecturesystemswhichhavebeentestedwithDebianGNU/Linux.
Ratherthanattemptingtodescribeallthedierenthardwarecongurationswhicharesupportedfor32-bithard-oatARMv7,thissectioncontainsgeneralinformationandpointerstowhereadditionalinformationcanbefound.
2.
1.
1SupportedArchitecturesDebianGNU/Linux11supports9majorarchitecturesandseveralvariationsofeacharchitectureknownas"avors".
ArchitectureDebianDesignationSubarchitectureFlavorAMD64&Intel64amd64Intelx86-basedi386defaultx86machinesdefaultXenPVdomainsonlyxenARMarmelMarvellKirkwoodandOrionmarvellARMwithhardwareFPUarmhfmultiplatformarmmp64bitARMarm6464bitMIPS(little-endian)mips64elMIPSMalta5kc-maltaCaviumOcteonocteonLoongson3loongson-332bitMIPS(little-endian)mipselMIPSMalta4kc-maltaCaviumOcteonocteonLoongson3loongson-3PowerSystemsppc64elIBMPOWER8ornewermachines64bitIBMS/390s390xIPLfromVM-readerandDASDgenericThisdocumentcoversinstallationforthe32-bithard-oatARMv7architectureusingtheLinuxkernel.
IfyouarelookingforinformationonanyoftheotherDebian-supportedarchitecturestakealookattheDebian-Portspages.
5CHAPTER2.
SYSTEMREQUIREMENTS2.
1.
SUPPORTEDHARDWARE2.
1.
2ThreedierentARMportsTheARMarchitecturehasevolvedovertimeandmodernARMprocessorsprovidefeatureswhicharenotavailableinoldermodels.
DebianthereforeprovidesthreeARMportstogivethebestsupportforaverywiderangeofdierentmachines:Debian/armeltargetsolder32-bitARMprocessorswithoutsupportforahardwareoatingpointunit(FPU),Debian/armhfworksonlyonnewer32-bitARMprocessorswhichimplementatleasttheARMv7architecturewithversion3oftheARMvectoroatingpointspecication(VFPv3).
Itmakesuseoftheextendedfeaturesandperformanceenhancementsavailableonthesemodels.
Debian/arm64workson64-bitARMprocessorswhichimplementatleasttheARMv8architecture.
Technically,allcurrentlyavailableARMCPUscanberunineitherendianmode(bigorlittle),butinpracticethevastmajorityuselittle-endianmode.
AllofDebian/arm64,Debian/armhfandDebian/armelsupportonlylittle-endiansystems.
2.
1.
3VariationsinARMCPUdesignsandsupportcomplexityARMsystemsaremuchmoreheterogeneousthanthosebasedonthei386/amd64-basedPCarchitecture,sothesupportsituationcanbemuchmorecomplicated.
TheARMarchitectureisusedmainlyinso-called"system-on-chip"(SoC)designs.
TheseSoCsaredesignedbymanydierentcompanieswithvastlyvaryinghardwarecomponentsevenfortheverybasicfunctionalityrequiredtobringthesystemup.
Systemrmwareinterfaceshavebeenincreasinglystandardisedovertime,butespeciallyonolderhardwarermware/bootinterfacesvaryagreatdeal,soonthesesystemstheLinuxkernelhastotakecareofmanysystem-speciclow-levelissueswhichwouldbehandledbythemainboard'sBIOS/UEFIinthePCworld.
AtthebeginningoftheARMsupportintheLinuxkernel,thehardwarevarietyresultedintherequirementofhavingaseparatekernelforeachARMsystemincontrasttothe"one-ts-all"kernelforPCsystems.
Asthisapproachdoesnotscaletoalargenumberofdierentsystems,workwasdonetoallowbootingwithasingleARMkernelthatcanrunondierentARMsystems.
SupportfornewerARMsystemsisnowimplementedinawaythatallowstheuseofsuchamultiplatformkernel,butforseveraloldersystemsaseparatespecickernelisstillrequired.
Becauseofthis,thestandardDebiandistributiononlysupportsinstallationonaselectednumberofsucholderARMsystems,alongsidethenewersystemswhicharesupportedbytheARMmultiplatformkernels(called"armmp")inDebian/armhf.
2.
1.
4PlatformssupportedbyDebian/armhfThefollowingsystemsareknowntoworkwithDebian/armhfusingthemultiplatform(armmp)kernel:FreescaleMX53QuickStartBoard(MX53LOCOBoard)TheIMX53QSBisadevelopmentboardbasedonthei.
MX53SoC.
VersatileExpressTheVersatileExpressisadevelopmentboardseriesfromARMconsistingofabaseboardwhichcanbeequippedwithvariousCPUdaughterboards.
CertainAllwinnersunXi-baseddevelopmentboardsandembeddedsystemsThearmmpkernelsupportssev-eraldevelopmentboardsandembeddedsystemsbasedontheAllwinnerA10(architecturecodename"sun4i"),A10s/A13(architecturecodename"sun5i"),A20(architecturecodename"sun7i"),A31/A31s(architecturecodename"sun6i")andA23/A33(partofthe"sun8i"family)SoCs.
Fullinstallersupport(includingprovisionofready-madeSDcardimageswiththeinstaller)iscurrentlyavailableforthefollowingsunXi-basedsystems:CubietechCubieboard1+2/CubietruckLeMakerBananaPiandBananaProLinkSpritepcDuinoandpcDuino3OlimexA10-Olinuxino-LIME/A20-Olinuxino-LIME/A20-Olinuxino-LIME2/A20-OlinuxinoMicro/A20-SOM-EVBXunlongOrangePiPlusSystemsupportforAllwinnersunXi-baseddevicesislimitedtodriversanddevice-treeinformationavailableinthemainlineLinuxkernel.
Vendor-specickerneltrees(suchastheAllwinnerSDKkernels)andtheandroid-derivedlinux-sunxi.
orgkernel3.
4seriesarenotsupportedbyDebian.
6CHAPTER2.
SYSTEMREQUIREMENTS2.
1.
SUPPORTEDHARDWAREThemainlineLinuxkernelgenerallysupportsserialconsole,ethernet,SATA,USBandMMC/SD-cardsonAllwinnerA10,A10s/A13,A20,A23/A33andA31/A31sSoCs.
Thelevelofsupportforlocaldisplay(HD-MI/VGA/LCD)andaudiohardwarevariesbetweenindividualsystems.
Formostsystems,thekerneldoesn'thavenativegraphicsdriversbutinsteadusesthe"simplefb"infrastructureinwhichthebootloaderinitializesthedisplayandthekerneljustre-usesthepre-initializedframebuer.
Thisgenerallyworksreasonablywell,althoughitresultsincertainlimitations(thedisplayresolutioncannotbechangedontheyanddisplaypower-managementisnotpossible).
OnboardashmemoryintendedtobeusedasamassstoragedevicegenerallyexistsintwobasicvariantsonsunXi-basedsystems:rawNANDashandeMMCash.
MostoldersunXi-basedboardswithonboardashstorageuserawNANDashforwhichsupportisnotgenerallyavailableinthemainlinekernelandthereforealsonotinDebian.
AnumberofnewersystemsuseeMMCashinsteadofrawNANDash.
AneMMCashchipbasicallyappearsasafast,non-removableSDcardandissupportedinthesamewayasaregularSDcard.
TheinstallerincludesbasicsupportforanumberofsunXi-basedsystemsnotlistedabove,butitislargelyuntestedonthosesystemsastheDebianprojectdoesn'thaveaccesstothecorrespondinghardware.
Nopre-builtSDcardimageswiththeinstallerareprovidedforthosesystems.
Developmentboardswithsuchlimitedsupportinclude:OlimexA10s-OlinuxinoMicro/A13-Olinuxino/A13-OlinuxinoMicroSinovoipBPI-M2(A31s-based)XunlongOrangePi(A20-based)/OrangePiMini(A20-based)InadditiontotheSoCsandsystemslistedabove,theinstallerhasverylimitedsupportfortheAllwinnerH3SoCandanumberofboardsbasedonit.
MainlinekernelsupportfortheH3isstilllargelyworkinprogressatthetimeoftheDebian9releasefreeze,sotheinstalleronlysupportsserialconsole,MMC/SDandtheUSBhostcontrolleronH3-basedsystems.
Thereisnodriverfortheon-boardethernetportoftheH3yet,sonetworkingisonlypossiblewithaUSBethernetadaptororaUSBwidongle.
SystemsbasedontheH3forwhichsuchverybasicinstallersupportisavailableinclude:FriendlyARMNanoPiNEOXunlongOrangePiLite/OrangePiOne/OrangePiPC/OrangePiPCPlus/OrangePiPlus/OrangePiPlus2E/OrangePi2NVIDIAJetsonTK1TheNVIDIAJetsonTK1isadeveloperboardbasedontheTegraK1chip(alsoknownasTegra124).
TheTegraK1featuresaquad-core32-bitARMCortex-A15CPUandKeplerGPU(GK20A)with192CUDAcores.
OthersystemsbasedontheTegra124maywork,too.
SeagatePersonalCloudandSeagateNASTheSeagatePersonalCloudandSeagateNASareNASdevicesbasedonMarvell'sArmada370platform.
DebiansupportsthePersonalCloud(SRN21C),PersonalCloud2-Bay(SRN22C),SeagateNAS2-Bay(SRPD20)andSeagateNAS4-Bay(SRPD40).
SolidRunCubox-i2eX/Cubox-i4ProTheCubox-iseriesisasetofsmall,cubical-shapedsystemsbasedontheFreescalei.
MX6SoCfamily.
SystemsupportfortheCubox-iseriesislimitedtodriversanddevice-treeinfor-mationavailableinthemainlineLinuxkernel;theFreescale3.
0kernelseriesfortheCubox-iisnotsupportedbyDebian.
Availabledriversinthemainlinekernelincludeserialconsole,ethernet,USB,MMC/SD-cardanddisplaysupportoverHDMI(consoleandX11).
Inadditiontothat,theeSATAportontheCubox-i4Proissupported.
WandboardTheWandboardQuad,DualandSoloaredevelopmentboardsbasedontheFreescalei.
MX6QuadSoC.
Systemsupportislimitedtodriversanddevice-treeinformationavailableinthemainlineLinuxkernel;thewandboard-specic3.
0and3.
10kernelseriesfromwandboard.
orgarenotsupportedbyDebian.
Themainlinekernelincludesdriversupportforserialconsole,displayviaHDMI(consoleandX11),ethernet,USB,MMC/SD,SATA(Quadonly)andanalogaudio.
Supportfortheotheraudiooptions(S/PDIF,HDMI-Audio)andfortheonboardWLAN/BluetoothmoduleisuntestedornotavailableinDebian9.
Generally,theARMmultiplatformsupportintheLinuxkernelallowsrunningdebian-installeronarmhfsystemsnotexplicitlylistedabove,aslongasthekernelusedbydebian-installerhassupportforthetargetsystem'scomponentsandadevice-treeleforthetargetisavailable.
Inthesecases,theinstallercanusuallyprovideaworkinginstallation,butitmaynotbeabletoautomaticallymakethesystembootable.
Doingthatinmanycasesrequiresdevice-specicinformation.
Whenusingdebian-installeronsuchsystems,youmayhavetomanuallymakethesystembootableattheendoftheinstallation,e.
g.
byrunningtherequiredcommandsinashellstartedfromwithindebian-installer.
7CHAPTER2.
SYSTEMREQUIREMENTS2.
2.
DEVICESREQUIRINGFIRMWARE2.
1.
5PlatformsnolongersupportedbyDebian/armhfEkaMXTheEkaMXplatform(GenesiEkaSmartbookandGenesiEkaMXnettop)wassupportedinDebian7withaplatform-specickernel,butisnolongersupportedfromDebian8onwards.
Thecoderequiredtobuildtheformerlyusedplatform-specickernelhasbeenremovedfromtheupstreamLinuxkernelsourcein2012,soDebiancannotprovidenewerbuilds.
UsingthearmmpmultiplatformkernelontheEkaMXplatformwouldrequiredevice-treesupportforit,whichiscurrentlynotavailable.
2.
1.
6MultipleProcessorsMultiprocessorsupport—alsocalled"symmetricmultiprocessing"orSMP—isavailableforthisarchitecture.
ThestandardDebian11kernelimagehasbeencompiledwithSMP-alternativessupport.
Thismeansthatthekernelwilldetectthenumberofprocessors(orprocessorcores)andwillautomaticallydeactivateSMPonuniprocessorsystems.
Havingmultipleprocessorsinacomputerwasoriginallyonlyanissueforhigh-endserversystemsbuthasbecomecommoninrecentyearsnearlyeverywherewiththeintroductionofsocalled"multi-core"processors.
Thesecontaintwoormoreprocessorunits,called"cores",inonephysicalchip.
2.
1.
7GraphicsHardwareSupportDebian'ssupportforgraphicalinterfacesisdeterminedbytheunderlyingsupportfoundinX.
Org'sX11system,andthekernel.
Basicframebuergraphicsisprovidedbythekernel,whilstdesktopenvironmentsuseX11.
Whetheradvancedgraphicscardfeaturessuchas3D-hardwareaccelerationorhardware-acceleratedvideoareavailable,dependsontheactualgraphicshardwareusedinthesystemandinsomecasesontheinstallationofadditional"rmware"images(seeSection2.
2).
NearlyallARMmachineshavethegraphicshardwarebuilt-in,ratherthanbeingonaplug-incard.
Somemachinesdohaveexpansionslotswhichwilltakegraphicscards,butthatisararity.
Hardwaredesignedtobeheadlesswithnographicsatallisquitecommon.
Whilstbasicframebuervideoprovidedbythekernelshouldworkonalldevicesthathavegraphics,fast3Dgraphicsinvariablyneedsbinarydriverstowork.
Thesituationischangingquicklybutatthetimeofthebullseyereleasefreedriversfornouveau(NvidiaTegraK1SoC)andfreedreno(QualcommSnapdragonSoCs)areavailableintherelease.
Otherhardwareneedsnon-freedriversfrom3rdparties.
Detailsonsupportedgraphicshardwareandpointingdevicescanbefoundathttps://wiki.
freedesktop.
org/xorg/.
Debian11shipswithX.
Orgversion7.
7.
2.
1.
8NetworkConnectivityHardwareAlmostanynetworkinterfacecard(NIC)supportedbytheLinuxkernelshouldalsobesupportedbytheinstallationsystem;driversshouldnormallybeloadedautomatically.
On32-bithard-oatARMv7,mostbuilt-inEthernetdevicesaresupportedandmodulesforadditionalPCIandUSBdevicesareprovided.
2.
1.
9PeripheralsandOtherHardwareLinuxsupportsalargevarietyofhardwaredevicessuchasmice,printers,scanners,PCMCIA/CardBus/ExpressCardandUSBdevices.
However,mostofthesedevicesarenotrequiredwhileinstallingthesystem.
2.
2DevicesRequiringFirmwareBesidestheavailabilityofadevicedriver,somehardwarealsorequiresso-calledrmwareormicrocodetobeloadedintothedevicebeforeitcanbecomeoperational.
Thisismostcommonfornetworkinterfacecards(especiallywirelessNICs),butforexamplesomeUSBdevicesandevensomeharddiskcontrollersalsorequirermware.
Withmanygraphicscards,basicfunctionalityisavailablewithoutadditionalrmware,buttheuseofadvancedfeaturesrequiresanappropriatermwareletobeinstalledinthesystem.
Onmanyolderdeviceswhichrequirermwaretowork,thermwarelewaspermanentlyplacedinanEEP-ROM/Flashchiponthedeviceitselfbythemanufacturer.
Nowadaysmostnewdevicesdonothavethermwareembeddedthiswayanymore,sothermwarelemustbeuploadedintothedevicebythehostoperatingsystemeverytimethesystemboots.
Inmostcasesrmwareisnon-freeaccordingtothecriteriausedbytheDebianGNU/Linuxprojectandthuscannotbeincludedinthemaindistributionorintheinstallationsystem.
Ifthedevicedriveritselfisincludedin8CHAPTER2.
SYSTEMREQUIREMENTS2.
3.
PURCHASINGHARDWARESPECIFICALLY…thedistributionandifDebianGNU/Linuxlegallycandistributethermware,itwilloftenbeavailableasaseparatepackagefromthenon-freesectionofthearchive.
However,thisdoesnotmeanthatsuchhardwarecannotbeusedduringaninstallation.
StartingwithDebianGNU/Linux5.
0,debian-installersupportsloadingrmwarelesorpackagescontainingrmwarefromaremovablemedium,suchasaUSBstick.
SeeSection6.
4fordetailedinformationonhowtoloadrmwarelesorpackagesduringtheinstallation.
Ifthedebian-installerpromptsforarmwareleandyoudonothavethisrmwareleavailableordonotwanttoinstallanon-freermwareleonyoursystem,youcantrytoproceedwithoutloadingthermware.
Thereareseveralcaseswhereadriverpromptsforadditionalrmwarebecauseitmaybeneededundercertaincircumstances,butthedevicedoesworkwithoutitonmostsystems(thise.
g.
happenswithcertainnetworkcardsusingthetg3driver).
2.
3PurchasingHardwareSpecicallyforGNU/LinuxThereareseveralvendors,whoshipsystemswithDebianorotherdistributionsofGNU/Linuxpre-installed.
Youmightpaymorefortheprivilege,butitdoesbuyalevelofpeaceofmind,sinceyoucanbesurethatthehardwareiswell-supportedbyGNU/Linux.
WhetherornotyouarepurchasingasystemwithLinuxbundled,orevenausedsystem,itisstillimportanttocheckthatyourhardwareissupportedbytheLinuxkernel.
Checkifyourhardwareislistedinthereferencesfoundabove.
Letyoursalesperson(ifany)knowthatyou'reshoppingforaLinuxsystem.
SupportLinux-friendlyhardwarevendors.
2.
3.
1AvoidProprietaryorClosedHardwareSomehardwaremanufacturerssimplywon'ttellushowtowritedriversfortheirhardware.
Otherswon'tallowusaccesstothedocumentationwithoutanon-disclosureagreementthatwouldpreventusfromreleasingthedriver'ssourcecode,whichisoneofthecentralelementsoffreesoftware.
Sincewehaven'tbeengrantedaccesstousabledocumentationonthesedevices,theysimplywon'tworkunderLinux.
Inmanycasestherearestandards(oratleastsomede-factostandards)describinghowanoperatingsystemanditsdevicedriverscommunicatewithacertainclassofdevices.
Alldeviceswhichcomplytosucha(de-facto-)standardcanbeusedwithasinglegenericdevicedriverandnodevice-specicdriversarerequired.
Withsomekindsofhardware(e.
g.
USB"HumanInterfaceDevices",i.
e.
keyboards,mice,etc.
,andUSBmassstoragedeviceslikeUSBashdisksandmemorycardreaders)thisworksverywellandpracticallyeverydevicesoldinthemarketisstandards-compliant.
Inotherelds,amongtheme.
g.
printers,thisisunfortunatelynotthecase.
Whiletherearemanyprinterswhichcanbeaddressedviaasmallsetof(de-facto-)standardcontrollanguagesandthereforecanbemadetoworkwithoutproblemsinanyoperatingsystem,therearequiteafewmodelswhichonlyunderstandproprietarycontrolcommandsforwhichnousabledocumentationisavailableandthereforeeithercannotbeusedatallonfreeoperatingsystemsorcanonlybeusedwithavendor-suppliedclosed-sourcedriver.
Evenifthereisavendor-providedclosed-sourcedriverforsuchhardwarewhenpurchasingthedevice,thepracticallifespanofthedeviceislimitedbydriveravailability.
Nowadaysproductcycleshavebecomeshortanditisnotuncommonthatashorttimeafteraconsumerdevicehasceasedproduction,nodriverupdatesgetmadeavailableanymorebythemanufacturer.
Iftheoldclosed-sourcedriverdoesnotworkanymoreafterasystemupdate,anotherwiseperfectlyworkingdevicebecomesunusableduetolackingdriversupportandthereisnothingthatcanbedoneinthiscase.
Youshouldthereforeavoidbuyingclosedhardwareintherstplace,regardlessoftheoperatingsystemyouwanttouseitwith.
Youcanhelpimprovethissituationbyencouragingmanufacturersofclosedhardwaretoreleasethedocumentationandotherresourcesnecessaryforustoprovidefreedriversfortheirhardware.
2.
4InstallationMediaThissectionwillhelpyoudeterminewhichdierentmediatypesyoucanusetoinstallDebian.
Thereisawholechapterdevotedtomedia,Chapter4,whichliststheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachmediatype.
Youmaywanttoreferbacktothispageonceyoureachthatsection.
2.
4.
1CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/BD-ROMInstallationfromopticaldiscissupportedformostarchitectures.
9CHAPTER2.
SYSTEMREQUIREMENTS2.
5.
MEMORYANDDISKSPACEREQUIREMENTS2.
4.
2NetworkThenetworkcanbeusedduringtheinstallationtoretrievelesneededfortheinstallation.
Whetherthenetworkisusedornotdependsontheinstallationmethodyouchooseandyouranswerstocertainquestionsthatwillbeaskedduringtheinstallation.
Theinstallationsystemsupportsmosttypesofnetworkconnections(includingPPPoE,butnotISDNorPPP),viaeitherHTTPorFTP.
Aftertheinstallationiscompleted,youcanalsocongureyoursystemtouseISDNandPPP.
YoucanalsoboottheinstallationsystemoverthenetworkwithoutneedinganylocalmedialikeCDs/DVDsorUSBsticks.
Ifyoualreadyhaveanetboot-infrastructureavailable(i.
e.
youarealreadyrunningDHCPandTFTPservicesinyournetwork),thisallowsaneasyandfastdeploymentofalargenumberofmachines.
Settingupthenecessaryinfrastructurerequiresacertainleveloftechnicalexperience,sothisisnotrecommendedfornoviceusers.
Disklessinstallation,usingnetworkbootingfromalocalareanetworkandNFS-mountingofalllocallesystems,isanotheroption.
2.
4.
3HardDiskBootingtheinstallationsystemdirectlyfromaharddiskisanotheroptionformanyarchitectures.
Thiswillrequiresomeotheroperatingsystemtoloadtheinstallerontotheharddisk.
Thismethodisonlyrecommendedforspecialcaseswhennootherinstallationmethodisavailable.
2.
4.
4Un*xorGNUsystemIfyouarerunninganotherUnix-likesystem,youcoulduseittoinstallDebianGNU/Linuxwithoutusingthedebian-installerdescribedintherestofthismanual.
Thiskindofinstallmaybeusefulforuserswithotherwiseunsupportedhard-wareoronhostswhichcan'taorddowntime.
Ifyouareinterestedinthistechnique,skiptotheSectionD.
3.
Thisinstallationmethodisonlyrecommendedforadvanceduserswhennootherinstallationmethodisavailable.
2.
4.
5SupportedStorageSystemsTheDebianinstallercontainsakernelwhichisbuilttomaximizethenumberofsystemsitrunson.
2.
5MemoryandDiskSpaceRequirementsYoumusthaveatleast80MBofmemoryand920MBofharddiskspacetoperformanormalinstallation.
Notethatthesearefairlyminimalnumbers.
Formorerealisticgures,seeSection3.
4.
Installationonsystemswithlessmemoryordiskspaceavailablemaybepossiblebutisonlyadvisedforexperiencedusers.
10Chapter3BeforeInstallingDebianGNU/LinuxThischapterdealswiththepreparationforinstallingDebianbeforeyouevenboottheinstaller.
Thisincludesbackingupyourdata,gatheringinformationaboutyourhardware,andlocatinganynecessaryinformation.
3.
1OverviewoftheInstallationProcessFirst,justanoteaboutre-installations.
WithDebian,acircumstancethatwillrequireacompletere-installationofyoursystemisveryrare;perhapsmechanicalfailureoftheharddiskwouldbethemostcommoncase.
ManycommonoperatingsystemsmayrequireacompleteinstallationtobeperformedwhencriticalfailurestakeplaceorforupgradestonewOSversions.
Evenifacompletelynewinstallationisn'trequired,oftentheprogramsyouusemustbere-installedtooperateproperlyinthenewOS.
UnderDebianGNU/Linux,itismuchmorelikelythatyourOScanberepairedratherthanreplacedifthingsgowrong.
Upgradesneverrequireawholesaleinstallation;youcanalwaysupgradein-place.
AndtheprogramsarealmostalwayscompatiblewithsuccessiveOSreleases.
Ifanewprogramversionrequiresnewersupportingsoftware,theDebianpackagingsystemensuresthatallthenecessarysoftwareisautomaticallyidentiedandinstalled.
Thepointis,mucheorthasbeenputintoavoidingtheneedforre-installation,sothinkofitasyourverylastoption.
Theinstallerisnotdesignedtore-installoveranexistingsystem.
Here'saroadmapforthestepsyouwilltakeduringtheinstallationprocess.
1.
Backupanyexistingdataordocumentsontheharddiskwhereyouplantoinstall.
2.
Gatherinformationaboutyourcomputerandanyneededdocumentation,beforestartingtheinstallation.
3.
CreatepartitionablespaceforDebianonyourharddisk.
4.
Locateand/ordownloadtheinstallersoftwareandanyspecializeddriverorrmwarelesyourmachinerequires.
5.
SetupbootmediasuchasCDs/DVDs/USBsticksorprovideanetworkbootinfrastructurefromwhichtheinstallercanbebooted.
6.
Boottheinstallationsystem.
7.
Selecttheinstallationlanguage.
8.
Activatetheethernetnetworkconnection,ifavailable.
9.
CreateandmountthepartitionsonwhichDebianwillbeinstalled.
10.
Watchtheautomaticdownload/install/setupofthebasesystem.
11.
Selectandinstalladditionalsoftware.
12.
InstallabootloaderwhichcanstartupDebianGNU/Linuxand/oryourexistingsystem.
13.
Loadthenewlyinstalledsystemforthersttime.
11CHAPTER3.
BEFOREINSTALLINGDEBIAN…3.
2.
BACKUPYOUREXISTINGDATA!
Ifyouhaveproblemsduringtheinstallation,ithelpstoknowwhichpackagesareinvolvedinwhichsteps.
Intro-ducingtheleadingsoftwareactorsinthisinstallationdrama:Theinstallersoftware,debian-installer,istheprimaryconcernofthismanual.
Itdetectshardwareandloadsappropriatedrivers,usesdhcp-clienttosetupthenetworkconnection,runsdebootstraptoinstallthebasesystempackages,andrunstaskseltoallowyoutoinstallcertainadditionalsoftware.
Manymoreactorsplaysmallerpartsinthisprocess,butdebian-installerhascompleteditstaskwhenyouloadthenewsystemforthersttime.
Totunethesystemtoyourneeds,taskselallowsyoutochoosetoinstallvariouspredenedbundlesofsoftwarelikeaWebserveroraDesktopenvironment.
Oneimportantoptionduringtheinstallationiswhetherornottoinstallagraphicaldesktopenvironment,consistingoftheXWindowSystemandoneoftheavailablegraphicaldesktopenvironments.
Ifyouchoosenottoselectthe"Desktopenvironment"task,youwillonlyhavearelativelybasic,commandlinedrivensystem.
InstallingtheDesktopenvironmenttaskisoptionalbecauseinrelationtoatext-mode-onlysystemitrequiresacomparativelylargeamountofdiskspaceandbecausemanyDebianGNU/Linuxsystemsareserverswhichdon'treallyhaveanyneedforagraphicaluserinterfacetodotheirjob.
JustbeawarethattheXWindowSystemiscompletelyseparatefromdebian-installer,andinfactismuchmorecomplicated.
TroubleshootingoftheXWindowSystemisnotwithinthescopeofthismanual.
3.
2BackUpYourExistingData!
Beforeyoustart,makesuretobackupeverylethatisnowonyoursystem.
Ifthisisthersttimeanon-nativeoperatingsystemisgoingtobeinstalledonyourcomputer,itisquitelikelyyouwillneedtore-partitionyourdisktomakeroomforDebianGNU/Linux.
Anytimeyoupartitionyourdisk,yourunariskoflosingeverythingonthedisk,nomatterwhatprogramyouusetodoit.
TheprogramsusedintheinstallationofDebianGNU/Linuxarequitereliableandmosthaveseenyearsofuse;buttheyarealsoquitepowerfulandafalsemovecancostyou.
Evenafterbackingup,becarefulandthinkaboutyouranswersandactions.
Twominutesofthinkingcansavehoursofunnecessarywork.
Ifyouarecreatingamulti-bootsystem,makesurethatyouhavethedistributionmediaofanyotherpresentoperatingsystemsonhand.
Eventhoughthisisnormallynotnecessary,theremightbesituationsinwhichyoucouldberequiredtoreinstallyouroperatingsystem'sbootloadertomakethesystembootorinaworstcaseevenhavetoreinstallthecompleteoperatingsystemandrestoreyourpreviouslymadebackup.
3.
3InformationYouWillNeed3.
3.
1Documentation3.
3.
1.
1InstallationManualThedocumentyouarenowreading,whichistheocialversionoftheInstallationGuideforthebullseyereleaseofDebian;availableinvariousformatsandtranslations.
3.
3.
1.
2HardwaredocumentationOftencontainsusefulinformationonconguringorusingyourhardware.
3.
3.
2FindingSourcesofHardwareInformationInmanycases,theinstallerwillbeabletoautomaticallydetectyourhardware.
Buttobeprepared,wedorecommendfamiliarizingyourselfwithyourhardwarebeforetheinstall.
Hardwareinformationcanbegatheredfrom:Themanualsthatcomewitheachpieceofhardware.
TheBIOS/UEFIsetupscreensofyourcomputer.
Youcanviewthesescreenswhenyoustartyourcomputerbypressingacombinationofkeys.
Checkyourmanualforthecombination.
Often,itistheDeleteortheF2key,butsomemanufacturersuseotherkeysorkeycombinations.
Usuallyuponstartingthecomputertherewillbeamessagestatingwhichkeytopresstoenterthesetupscreen.
Thecasesandboxesforeachpieceofhardware.
12CHAPTER3.
BEFOREINSTALLINGDEBIAN…3.
3.
INFORMATIONYOUWILLNEEDSystemcommandsortoolsinanotheroperatingsystem,includinglemanagerdisplays.
ThissourceisespeciallyusefulforinformationaboutRAMandharddrivememory.
YoursystemadministratororInternetServiceProvider.
Thesesourcescantellyouthesettingsyouneedtosetupyournetworkingande-mail.
Table3.
1HardwareInformationHelpfulforanInstallHardwareInformationYouMightNeedHardDrivesHowmanyyouhave.
Theirorderonthesystem.
WhetherIDE(alsoknownasPATA),SATAorSCSI.
Availablefreespace.
Partitions.
Partitionswhereotheroperatingsystemsareinstalled.
NetworkinterfacesType/modelofavailablenetworkinterfaces.
PrinterModelandmanufacturer.
VideoCardType/modelandmanufacturer.
3.
3.
3HardwareCompatibilityManyproductsworkwithouttroubleonLinux.
Moreover,hardwaresupportinLinuxisimprovingdaily.
However,Linuxstilldoesnotrunasmanydierenttypesofhardwareassomeoperatingsystems.
DriversinLinuxinmostcasesarenotwrittenforacertain"product"or"brand"fromaspecicmanufacturer,butforacertainhardware/chipset.
Manyseeminglydierentproducts/brandsarebasedonthesamehardwaredesign;itisnotuncommonthatchipmanufacturersprovideso-called"referencedesigns"forproductsbasedontheirchipswhicharethenusedbyseveraldierentdevicemanufacturersandsoldunderlotsofdierentproductorbrandnames.
Thishasadvantagesanddisadvantages.
Anadvantageisthatadriverforonechipsetworkswithlotsofdierentproductsfromdierentmanufacturers,aslongastheirproductisbasedonthesamechipset.
Thedisadvantageisthatitisnotalwayseasytoseewhichactualchipsetisusedinacertainproduct/brand.
Unfortunatelysometimesdevicemanufacturerschangethehardwarebaseoftheirproductwithoutchangingtheproductnameoratleasttheproductversionnumber,sothatwhenhavingtwoitemsofthesamebrand/productnameboughtatdierenttimes,theycansometimesbebasedontwodierentchipsetsandthereforeusetwodierentdriversortheremightbenodriveratallforoneofthem.
ForUSBandPCI/PCI-Express/ExpressCarddevices,agoodwaytondoutonwhichchipsettheyarebasedistolookattheirdeviceIDs.
AllUSB/PCI/PCI-Express/ExpressCarddeviceshavesocalled"vendor"and"product"IDs,andthecombinationofthesetwoisusuallythesameforanyproductbasedonthesamechipset.
OnLinuxsystems,theseIDscanbereadwiththelsusbcommandforUSBdevicesandwiththelspci-nncom-mandforPCI/PCI-Express/ExpressCarddevices.
ThevendorandproductIDsareusuallygivenintheformoftwohexadecimalnumbers,separatedbyacolon,suchas"1d6b:0001".
Anexamplefortheoutputoflsusb:"Bus001Device001:ID1d6b:0002LinuxFoundation2.
0roothub",whereby1d6bisthevendorIDand0002istheproductID.
Anexamplefortheoutputoflspci-nnforanEthernetcard:"03:00.
0Ethernetcontroller[0200]:RealtekSemi-conductorCo.
,Ltd.
RTL8111/8168BPCIExpressGigabitEthernetcontroller[10ec:8168](rev06)".
TheIDsaregiveninsidetherightmostsquarebrackets,i.
e.
here10ecisthevendor-and8168istheproductID.
Asanotherexample,agraphicscardcouldgivethefollowingoutput:"04:00.
0VGAcompatiblecontroller[0300]:AdvancedMicroDevices[AMD]neeATIRV710[RadeonHD4350][1002:954f]".
OnWindowssystems,theIDsforadevicecanbefoundintheWindowsdevicemanageronthetab"details",wherethevendorIDisprexedwithVEN_andtheproductIDisprexedwithDEV_.
OnWindows7systems,youhavetoselecttheproperty"HardwareIDs"inthedevicemanager'sdetailstabtoactuallyseetheIDs,astheyarenotdisplayedbydefault.
Searchingontheinternetwiththevendor/productID,"Linux"and"driver"asthesearchtermsoftenresultsinin-formationregardingthedriversupportstatusforacertainchipset.
Ifasearchforthevendor/productIDdoesnotyieldusableresults,asearchforthechipcodenames,whicharealsooftenprovidedbylsusbandlspci("RTL8111"/"RTL8168B"inthenetworkcardexampleand"RV710"inthegraphicscardexample),canhelp.
13CHAPTER3.
BEFOREINSTALLINGDEBIAN…3.
4.
MEETINGMINIMUMHARDWARE…3.
3.
3.
1TestinghardwarecompatibilitywithaLive-SystemDebianGNU/Linuxisalsoavailableasaso-called"livesystem"forcertainarchitectures.
Alivesystemisaprecon-guredready-to-usesysteminacompressedformatthatcanbebootedandusedfromaread-onlymediumlikeaCDorDVD.
Usingitbydefaultdoesnotcreateanypermanentchangesonyourcomputer.
Youcanchangeusersettingsandinstalladditionalprogramsfromwithinthelivesystem,butallthisonlyhappensinthecomputer'sRAM,i.
e.
ifyouturnothecomputerandbootthelivesystemagain,everythingisresettoitsdefaults.
IfyouwanttoseewhetheryourhardwareissupportedbyDebianGNU/Linux,theeasiestwayistorunaDebianlivesystemonitandtryitout.
Thereareafewlimitationsinusingalivesystem.
Therstisthatasallchangesyoudowithinthelivesystemmustbeheldinyourcomputer'sRAM,thisonlyworksonsystemswithenoughRAMtodothat,soinstallingadditionallargesoftwarepackagesmayfailduetomemoryconstraints.
AnotherlimitationwithregardstohardwarecompatibilitytestingisthattheocialDebianGNU/Linuxlivesystemcontainsonlyfreecomponents,i.
e.
therearenonon-freermwarelesincludedinit.
Suchnon-freepackagescanofcoursebeinstalledmanuallywithinthesystem,butthereisnoautomaticdetectionofrequiredrmwareleslikeinthedebian-installer,soinstallationofnon-freecomponentsmustbedonemanuallyifneeded.
InformationabouttheavailablevariantsoftheDebianliveimagescanbefoundattheDebianLiveImageswebsite.
3.
3.
4NetworkSettingsIfyourcomputerisconnectedtoaxednetwork(i.
e.
anEthernetorequivalentconnection—notadialup/PPPconnection)whichisadministeredbysomebodyelse,youshouldaskyournetwork'ssystemadministratorforthisinformation:Yourhostname(youmaybeabletodecidethisonyourown).
Yourdomainname.
Yourcomputer'sIPaddress.
Thenetmasktousewithyournetwork.
TheIPaddressofthedefaultgatewaysystemyoushouldrouteto,ifyournetworkhasagateway.
ThesystemonyournetworkthatyoushoulduseasaDNS(DomainNameService)server.
IfthenetworkyouareconnectedtousesDHCP(DynamicHostCongurationProtocol)forconguringnetworksettings,youdon'tneedthisinformationbecausetheDHCPserverwillprovideitdirectlytoyourcomputerduringtheinstallationprocess.
IfyouhaveinternetaccessviaDSLorcablemodem(i.
e.
overacabletvnetwork)andhavearouter(oftenprovidedpreconguredbyyourphoneorcatvprovider)whichhandlesyournetworkconnectivity,DHCPisusuallyavailablebydefault.
IfyouuseaWLAN/WiFinetwork,youshouldndout:TheESSID("networkname")ofyourwirelessnetwork.
TheWEPorWPA/WPA2securitykeytoaccessthenetwork(ifapplicable).
3.
4MeetingMinimumHardwareRequirementsOnceyouhavegatheredinformationaboutyourcomputer'shardware,checkthatyourhardwarewillletyoudothetypeofinstallationthatyouwanttodo.
Dependingonyourneeds,youmightmanagewithlessthansomeoftherecommendedhardwarelistedinthetablebelow.
However,mostusersriskbeingfrustratediftheyignorethesesuggestions.
Table3.
2RecommendedMinimumSystemRequirementsInstallTypeRAM(minimum)RAM(recommended)HardDriveNodesktop256megabytes512megabytes2gigabytesWithDesktop1gigabytes2gigabytes10gigabytesTheminimumvaluesassumesthatswapwillbeenabledandanon-liveCDimageisused.
The"Nodesktop"valueassumesthatthenon-graphicalinstallerisused.
14CHAPTER3.
BEFOREINSTALLINGDEBIAN…3.
5.
PRE-PARTITIONINGFORMULTI-BOOTSYSTEMSTheactualminimummemoryrequirementsarealotlessthanthenumberslistedinthistable.
Withswapenabled,itispossibletoinstallDebianwithaslittleas32MB.
Thesamegoesforthediskspacerequirements,especiallyifyoupickandchoosewhichapplicationstoinstall;seeSectionD.
2foradditionalinformationondiskspacerequirements.
Itispossibletorunagraphicaldesktopenvironmentonolderorlow-endsystems,butinthatcaseitisrecom-mendedtoinstallawindowmanagerthatislessresource-hungrythanthoseoftheGNOMEorKDEPlasmadesktopenvironments;alternativesincludexfce4,icewmandwmaker,butthereareotherstochoosefrom.
Itispracticallyimpossibletogivegeneralmemoryordiskspacerequirementsforserverinstallationsasthoseverymuchdependonwhattheserveristobeusedfor.
Rememberthatthesesizesdon'tincludealltheothermaterialswhichareusuallytobefound,suchasuserles,mail,anddata.
Itisalwaysbesttobegenerouswhenconsideringthespaceforyourownlesanddata.
DiskspacerequiredforthesmoothoperationoftheDebianGNU/Linuxsystemitselfistakenintoaccountintheserecommendedsystemrequirements.
Notably,the/varpartitioncontainsalotofstateinformationspecictoDebianinadditiontoitsregularcontents,likelogles.
Thedpkgles(withinformationonallinstalledpackages)caneasilyconsume40MB.
Also,aptputsdownloadedpackagesherebeforetheyareinstalled.
Youshouldusuallyallocateatleast200MBfor/var,andalotmoreifyouinstallagraphicaldesktopenvironment.
3.
5Pre-PartitioningforMulti-BootSystemsPartitioningyourdisksimplyreferstotheactofbreakingupyourdiskintosections.
Eachsectionisthenindependentoftheothers.
It'sroughlyequivalenttoputtingupwallsinsideahouse;ifyouaddfurnituretooneroomitdoesn'taectanyotherroom.
IfyoualreadyhaveanoperatingsystemonyoursystemwhichusesthewholediskandyouwanttostickDebianonthesamedisk,youwillneedtorepartitionit.
Debianrequiresitsownharddiskpartitions.
ItcannotbeinstalledonWindowsorMacOSXpartitions.
ItmaybeabletosharesomepartitionswithotherUnixsystems,butthat'snotcoveredhere.
AttheveryleastyouwillneedadedicatedpartitionfortheDebianrootlesystem.
Youcanndinformationaboutyourcurrentpartitionsetupbyusingapartitioningtoolforyourcurrentoperatingsystem.
Partitioningtoolsalwaysprovideawaytoshowexistingpartitionswithoutmakingchanges.
Ingeneral,changingapartitionwithalesystemalreadyonitwilldestroyanyinformationthere.
Thusyoushouldalwaysmakebackupsbeforedoinganyrepartitioning.
Usingtheanalogyofthehouse,youwouldprobablywanttomoveallthefurnitureoutofthewaybeforemovingawalloryouriskdestroyingit.
Severalmodernoperatingsystemsoertheabilitytomoveandresizecertainexistingpartitionswithoutdestroyingtheircontents.
Thisallowsmakingspaceforadditionalpartitionswithoutlosingexistingdata.
Eventhoughthisworksquitewellinmostcases,makingchangestothepartitioningofadiskisaninherentlydangerousactionandshouldonlybedoneafterhavingmadeafullbackupofalldata.
Creatinganddeletingpartitionscanbedonefromwithindebian-installeraswellasfromanexistingoperatingsystem.
Asaruleofthumb,partitionsshouldbecreatedbythesystemforwhichtheyaretobeused,i.
e.
partitionstobeusedbyDebianGNU/Linuxshouldbecreatedfromwithindebian-installerandpartitionstobeusedfromanotheroperatingsystemshouldbecreatedfromthere.
debian-installeriscapableofcreatingnon-Linuxpartitions,andpartitionscreatedthiswayusuallyworkwithoutproblemswhenusedinotheroperatingsystems,butthereareafewrarecornercasesinwhichthiscouldcauseproblems,soifyouwanttobesure,usethenativepartitioningtoolstocreatepartitionsforusebyotheroperatingsystems.
Ifyouaregoingtoinstallmorethanoneoperatingsystemonthesamemachine,youshouldinstallallothersystem(s)beforeproceedingwiththeDebianinstallation.
WindowsandotherOSinstallationsmaydestroyyourabilitytostartDebian,orencourageyoutoreformatnon-nativepartitions.
Youcanrecoverfromtheseactionsoravoidthem,butinstallingthenativesystemrstsavesyoutrouble.
3.
6Pre-InstallationHardwareandOperatingSystemSetupThissectionwillwalkyouthroughpre-installationhardwaresetup,ifany,thatyouwillneedtodopriortoinstallingDebian.
Generally,thisinvolvescheckingandpossiblychangingBIOS/UEFI/systemrmwaresettingsforyoursys-tem.
The"BIOS/UEFI"or"systemrmware"isthecoresoftwareusedbythehardware;itismostcriticallyinvokedduringthebootstrapprocess(afterpower-up).
3.
6.
1ARMrmwareAsalreadymentionedbefore,thereisunfortunatelynostandardforsystemrmwareonARMsystems.
Eventhebehaviourofdierentsystemswhichusenominallythesamermwarecanbequitedierent.
Thisresultsfromthefact15CHAPTER3.
BEFOREINSTALLINGDEBIAN…3.
6.
PRE-INSTALLATIONHARDWAREAND…thatalargepartofthedevicesusingtheARMarchitectureareembeddedsystems,forwhichthemanufacturersusuallybuildheavilycustomizedrmwareversionsandincludedevice-specicpatches.
Unfortunatelythemanufacturersoftendonotsubmittheirchangesandextensionsbacktothemainlinermwaredevelopers,sotheirchangesarenotintegratedintonewerversionsoftheoriginalrmware.
Asaresultevennewlysoldsystemsoftenusearmwarethatisbasedonayears-oldmanufacturer-modiedversionofarmwarewhosemainlinecodebasehasevolvedalotfurtherinthemeantimeandoersadditionalfeaturesorshowsdierentbehaviourincertainaspects.
Inadditiontothat,thenamingofonboarddevicesisnotconsistentbetweendierentmanufacturer-modiedversionsofthesamermware,thereforeitisnearlyimpossibletoprovideusableproduct-independendinstructionsforARM-basedsystems.
3.
6.
2Debian-providedU-Boot(systemrmware)imagesDebianprovidesU-BootimagesforvariousarmhfsystemsthatcanloadtheirU-BootfromanSDcardat.
.
.
/images/-u-boot/.
TheU-Bootbuildsareoeredintwoformats:rawU-Bootcomponentsandaready-madecardimagethatcaneasilybewrittenontoanSDcard.
TherawU-Bootcomponentsareprovidedforadvancedusers;thegenerallyrecommendedwayistouseoneoftheready-madeSDcardimages.
Theyarenamed.
sdcard.
img.
gzandcanbewrittentoacarde.
g.
withzcat.
sdcard.
img.
gz>/dev/SD_CARD_DEVICEAswithallimages,pleasebeawarethatwritingtheimagetoanSDcardwipesallpreviouscontentsofthecard!
IfDebianprovidesaU-Bootimageforyoursystem,itisrecommendedthatyouusethisimageinsteadofthevendor-providedU-Boot,astheversioninDebianisusuallynewerandhasmorefeatures.
3.
6.
3SettingtheethernetMACaddressinU-BootTheMACaddressofeveryethernetinterfaceshouldnormallybegloballyunique,andittechnicallyhastobeuniquewithinitsethernetbroadcastdomain.
Toachievethis,themanufacturerusuallyallocatesablockofMACaddressesfromacentrally-administeredpool(forwhichafeehastobepaid)andpreconguresoneoftheseaddressesoneachitemsold.
Inthecaseofdevelopmentboards,sometimesthemanufacturerwantstoavoidpayingthesefeesandthereforeprovidesnogloballyuniqueaddresses.
InthesecasestheusersthemselveshavetodeneMACaddressesfortheirsystems.
WhennoMACaddressisdenedforanethernetinterface,somenetworkdriversgeneratearandomMACaddressthatcanchangeoneveryboot,andifthishappens,networkaccesswouldbepossibleevenwhentheuserhasnotmanuallysetanaddress,bute.
g.
assigningsemi-staticIPaddressesbyDHCPbasedontheMACaddressoftherequestingclientwouldobviouslynotworkreliably.
Toavoidconictswithexistingocially-assignedMACaddresses,thereisanaddresspoolwhichisreservedforso-called"locallyadministered"addresses.
Itisdenedbythevalueoftwospecicbitsintherstbyteoftheaddress(thearticle"MACaddress"intheEnglishlanguageWikipediagivesagoodexplanation).
Inpracticethismeansthate.
g.
anyaddressstartingwithhexadecimalca(suchasca::ee:12:34:56)canbeusedasalocallyadministeredaddress.
OnsystemsusingU-Bootassystemrmware,theethernetMACaddressisplacedinthe"ethaddr"environmentvariable.
ItcanbecheckedattheU-Bootcommandpromptwiththecommand"printenvethaddr"andcanbesetwiththecommand"setenvethaddrca::ee:12:34:56".
Aftersettingthevalue,thecommand"saveenv"makestheassignmentpermanent.
3.
6.
4Kernel/Initrd/Device-TreerelocationissuesinU-BootOnsomesystemswitholderU-BootversionstherecanbeproblemswithproperlyrelocatingtheLinuxkernel,theinitialramdiskandthedevice-treeblobinmemoryduringthebootprocess.
Inthiscase,U-Bootshowsthemessage"Startingkernel.
.
.
",butthesystemfreezesafterwardswithoutfurtheroutput.
TheseissueshavebeensolvedwithnewerU-Bootversionsfromv2014.
07onwards.
IfthesystemhasoriginallyusedaU-Bootversionolderthanv2014.
07andhasbeenupgradedtoanewerversionlater,theproblemmightstilloccurevenafterupgradingU-Boot.
UpgradingU-BootusuallydoesnotmodifytheexistingU-Bootenvironmentvariablesandthexrequiresanadditionalenvironmentvariable(bootm_size)tobeset,whichU-Bootdoesautomaticallyonlyonfreshinstallationswithoutexistingenvironmentdata.
Itispossibletomanuallysetbootm_sizetothenewU-Boot'sdefaultvaluebyrunningthecommand"envdefaultbootm_size;saveenv"attheU-Bootprompt.
16CHAPTER3.
BEFOREINSTALLINGDEBIAN…3.
6.
PRE-INSTALLATIONHARDWAREAND…Anotherpossibilitytocircumventrelocation-relatedproblemsistorunthecommand"setenvfdt_high;setenvinitrd_high0x;saveenv"attheU-Bootprompttocompletelydisabletherelocationoftheinitialramdiskandthedevice-treeblob.
17Chapter4ObtainingSystemInstallationMedia4.
1OcialDebianGNU/LinuxinstallationimagesByfartheeasiestwaytoinstallDebianGNU/LinuxisfromasetofocialDebianinstallationimages.
YoucanbuyasetofCDs/DVDsfromavendor(seetheCDvendorspage).
YoumayalsodownloadtheinstallationimagesfromaDebianmirrorandmakeyourownset,ifyouhaveafastnetworkconnectionandaCD/DVDburner(seetheDebianCD/DVDpageandDebianCDFAQfordetailedinstructions).
Ifyouhavesuchopticalinstallationmedia,andtheyarebootableonyourmachine,youcanskiprighttoChapter5.
Mucheorthasbeenexpendedtoensurethemost-usedlesareontherstCDandDVDimage,sothatabasicdesktopinstallationcanbedonewithonlytherstDVDor-toalimitedextent-evenwithonlytherstCDimage.
AsCDshavearatherlimitedcapacitybytoday'sstandards,notallgraphicaldesktopenvironmentsareinstallablewithonlytherstCD;forsomedesktopenvironmentsaCDinstallationrequireseithernetworkconnectivityduringtheinstallationtodownloadtheremaininglesoradditionalCDs.
Also,keepinmind:iftheinstallationmediayouareusingdon'tcontainsomepackagesyouneed,youcanalwaysinstallthosepackagesafterwardsfromyourrunningnewDebiansystem(aftertheinstallationhasnished).
Ifyouneedtoknowonwhichinstallationimagetondaspecicpackage,visithttps://cdimage-search.
debian.
org/.
Ifyourmachinedoesn'tsupportbootingfromopticalmedia,butyoudohaveasetofCD/DVD,youcanuseanalternativestrategysuchasnetboot,ormanuallyloadingthekernelfromthedisctoinitiallybootthesysteminstaller.
Thelesyouneedforbootingbyanothermeansarealsoonthedisc;theDebiannetworkarchiveandfolderorganizationonthediscareidentical.
Sowhenarchivelepathsaregivenbelowforparticularlesyouneedforbooting,lookforthoselesinthesamedirectoriesandsubdirectoriesonyourinstallationmedia.
Oncetheinstallerisbooted,itwillbeabletoobtainalltheotherlesitneedsfromthedisc.
Ifyoudon'thaveaninstallationmediaset,thenyouwillneedtodownloadtheinstallersystemlesandplacethemontheaconnectedcomputersotheycanbeusedtoboottheinstaller.
4.
2DownloadingFilesfromDebianMirrorsTondthenearest(andthusprobablythefastest)mirror,seethelistofDebianmirrors.
4.
2.
1WheretoFindInstallationFilesVariousinstallationlescanbefoundoneachDebianmirrorinthedirectorydebian/dists/bullseye/main/installer-armhf/current/images/—theMANIFESTlistseachimageanditspurpose.
4.
2.
1.
1ArmhfMultiplatformInstallationFilesTheinstallationlesforsystemssupportedbythearmhfmultiplatformkernel(seeSection2.
1.
4)consistofastandardLinuxkernelimage,astandardLinuxinitialramdiskimageandasystem-specicdevice-treeblob.
Thekernelandtheinitialramdiskimagefortftp-bootingcanbeobtainedfrom.
.
.
/images/netboot/andthedevice-treeblobcanbeobtainedfrom.
.
.
/images/device-tree/.
ThetararchiveforcreatingabootableUSBstickwiththeinstallercanbeobtainedfrom.
.
.
/images/hd-media/.
U-bootimagesforvariousarmhfplatformsareavailableat.
.
.
/images/u-boot/.
18CHAPTER4.
OBTAININGSYSTEMINSTALLATION…4.
3.
PREPARINGFILESFORTFTPNETBOOTING4.
3PreparingFilesforTFTPNetBootingIfyourmachineisconnectedtoalocalareanetwork,youmaybeabletobootitoverthenetworkfromanothermachine,usingTFTP.
Ifyouintendtoboottheinstallationsystemfromanothermachine,thebootleswillneedtobeplacedinspeciclocationsonthatmachine,andthemachineconguredtosupportbootingofyourspecicmachine.
YouneedtosetupaTFTPserver,andformanymachinesaDHCPserver,orRARPserver,orBOOTPserver.
TheReverseAddressResolutionProtocol(RARP)isonewaytotellyourclientwhatIPaddresstouseforitself.
AnotherwayistousetheBOOTPprotocol.
BOOTPisanIPprotocolthatinformsacomputerofitsIPaddressandwhereonthenetworktoobtainabootimage.
TheDHCP(DynamicHostCongurationProtocol)isamoreexible,backwards-compatibleextensionofBOOTP.
SomesystemscanonlybeconguredviaDHCP.
TheTrivialFileTransferProtocol(TFTP)isusedtoservethebootimagetotheclient.
Theoretically,anyserver,onanyplatform,whichimplementstheseprotocols,maybeused.
Intheexamplesinthissection,weshallprovidecommandsforSunOS4.
x,SunOS5.
x(a.
k.
a.
Solaris),andGNU/Linux.
4.
3.
1SettingupRARPserverTosetupRARP,youneedtoknowtheEthernetaddress(a.
k.
a.
theMACaddress)oftheclientcomputerstobeinstalled.
Ifyoudon'tknowthisinformation,youcanbootinto"Rescue"modeandusethecommandipaddrshowdeveth0.
OnaRARPserversystemusingaLinuxkernelorSolaris/SunOS,youusetherarpdprogram.
YouneedtoensurethattheEthernethardwareaddressfortheclientislistedinthe"ethers"database(eitherinthe/etc/ethersle,orviaNIS/NIS+)andinthe"hosts"database.
ThenyouneedtostarttheRARPdaemon.
Issuethecommand(asroot):/usr/sbin/rarpd-aonmostLinuxsystemsandSunOS5(Solaris2),/usr/sbin/in.
rarpd-aonsomeotherLinuxsystems,or/usr/etc/rarpd-ainSunOS4(Solaris1).
4.
3.
2SettingupaDHCPserverOnefreesoftwareDHCPserverisISCdhcpd.
ForDebianGNU/Linux,theisc-dhcp-serverpackageisrec-ommended.
Hereisasamplecongurationleforit(see/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.
conf):optiondomain-name"example.
com";optiondomain-name-serversns1.
example.
com;optionsubnet-mask255.
255.
255.
0;default-lease-time600;max-lease-time7200;server-name"servername";subnet192.
168.
1.
0netmask255.
255.
255.
0{range192.
168.
1.
200192.
168.
1.
253;optionrouters192.
168.
1.
1;}hostclientname{filename"/tftpboot.
img";server-name"servername";next-serverservername;hardwareethernet01:23:45:67:89:AB;fixed-address192.
168.
1.
90;}Inthisexample,thereisoneserverservernamewhichperformsalloftheworkofDHCPserver,TFTPserver,andnetworkgateway.
Youwillalmostcertainlyneedtochangethedomain-nameoptions,aswellastheservernameandclienthardwareaddress.
ThefilenameoptionshouldbethenameofthelewhichwillberetrievedviaTFTP.
Afteryouhaveeditedthedhcpdcongurationle,restartitwith/etc/init.
d/isc-dhcp-serverrestart.
4.
3.
3SettingupaBOOTPserverTherearetwoBOOTPserversavailableforGNU/Linux.
TherstisCMUbootpd.
TheotherisactuallyaDHCPserver:ISCdhcpd.
InDebianGNU/Linuxthesearecontainedinthebootpandisc-dhcp-serverpackagesrespectively.
19CHAPTER4.
OBTAININGSYSTEMINSTALLATION…4.
4.
AUTOMATICINSTALLATIONTouseCMUbootpd,youmustrstuncomment(oradd)therelevantlinein/etc/inetd.
conf.
OnDebianGNU/Linux,youcanrunupdate-inetd--enablebootps,then/etc/init.
d/inetdreloadtodoso.
JustincaseyourBOOTPserverdoesnotrunDebian,thelineinquestionshouldlooklike:bootpsdgramudpwaitroot/usr/sbin/bootpdbootpd-i-t120Now,youmustcreatean/etc/bootptable.
ThishasthesamesortoffamiliarandcrypticformatasthegoodoldBSDprintcap,termcap,anddisktables.
Seethebootptabmanualpageformoreinformation.
ForCMUbootpd,youwillneedtoknowthehardware(MAC)addressoftheclient.
Hereisanexample/etc/bootptab:client:\hd=/tftpboot:\bf=tftpboot.
img:\ip=192.
168.
1.
90:\sm=255.
255.
255.
0:\sa=192.
168.
1.
1:\ha=0123456789AB:Youwillneedtochangeatleastthe"ha"option,whichspeciesthehardwareaddressoftheclient.
The"bf"optionspeciestheleaclientshouldretrieveviaTFTP;seeSection4.
3.
5formoredetails.
Bycontrast,settingupBOOTPwithISCdhcpdisreallyeasy,becauseittreatsBOOTPclientsasamoderatelyspecialcaseofDHCPclients.
SomearchitecturesrequireacomplexcongurationforbootingclientsviaBOOTP.
Ifyoursisoneofthose,readthesectionSection4.
3.
2.
Otherwiseyouwillprobablybeabletogetawaywithsimplyaddingtheallowbootpdirectivetothecongurationblockforthesubnetcontainingtheclientin/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.
conf,andrestartdhcpdwith/etc/init.
d/isc-dhcp-serverrestart.
4.
3.
4EnablingtheTFTPServerTogettheTFTPserverreadytogo,youshouldrstmakesurethattftpdisenabled.
Inthecaseoftftpd-hpatherearetwowaystheservicecanberun.
Itcanbestartedondemandbythesystem'sinetddaemon,oritcanbesetuptorunasanindependentdaemon.
Whichofthesemethodsisusedisselectedwhenthepackageisinstalledandcanbechangedbyreconguringthepackage.
NHistorically,TFTPserversused/tftpbootasdirectorytoserveimagesfrom.
However,DebianGNU/LinuxpackagesmayuseotherdirectoriestocomplywiththeFilesystemHierarchyStandard.
Forexample,tftpd-hpabydefaultuses/srv/tftp.
Youmayhavetoadjustthecongurationexamplesinthissectionaccordingly.
Allin.
tftpdalternativesavailableinDebianshouldlogTFTPrequeststothesystemlogsbydefault.
Someofthemsupporta-vargumenttoincreaseverbosity.
Itisrecommendedtochecktheselogmessagesincaseofbootproblemsastheyareagoodstartingpointfordiagnosingthecauseoferrors.
4.
3.
5MoveTFTPImagesIntoPlaceNext,placetheTFTPbootimageyouneed,asfoundinSection4.
2.
1,inthetftpdbootimagedirectory.
Youmayhavetomakealinkfromthatletothelewhichtftpdwilluseforbootingaparticularclient.
Unfortunately,thelenameisdeterminedbytheTFTPclient,andtherearenostrongstandards.
4.
4AutomaticInstallationForinstallingonmultiplecomputersit'spossibletodofullyautomaticinstallations.
Debianpackagesintendedforthisincludefai-quickstart(whichcanuseaninstallserver)andtheDebianInstalleritself.
HavealookattheFAIhomepagefordetailedinformation.
20CHAPTER4.
OBTAININGSYSTEMINSTALLATION…4.
5.
VERIFYINGTHEINTEGRITYOF…4.
4.
1AutomaticInstallationUsingtheDebianInstallerTheDebianInstallersupportsautomatinginstallsviaprecongurationles.
Aprecongurationlecanbeloadedfromthenetworkorfromremovablemedia,andusedtollinanswerstoquestionsaskedduringtheinstallationprocess.
FulldocumentationonpreseedingincludingaworkingexamplethatyoucaneditisinAppendixB.
4.
5VerifyingtheintegrityofinstallationlesYoucanverifytheintegrityofdownloadedlesagainstchecksumsprovidedinSHA256SUMSorSHA512SUMSlesonDebianmirrors.
Youcanndtheminthesameplacesastheinstallationimagesitself.
Visitthefollowinglocations:checksumlesforCDimages,checksumlesforDVDimages,checksumlesforotherinstallationles.
Tocomputethechecksumofadownloadedinstallationle,usesha256sumfilename.
isorespectivesha512sumfilename.
isoandthencomparetheshownchecksumagainstthecorrespondingoneintheSHA256SUMSrespectiveSHA512SUMSle.
TheDebianCDFAQhasmoreusefulinformationonthistopic(suchasthescriptcheck_debian_iso,tosemi-automateaboveprocedure),aswellasinstructions,howtoverifytheintegrityoftheabovechecksumlesthemselves.
21Chapter5BootingtheInstallationSystem5.
1BootingtheInstalleron32-bithard-oatARMv75.
1.
1BootimageformatsOnARM-basedsystemsinmostcasesoneoftwoformatsforbootimagesisused:a)standardLinuxzImage-formatkernels("vmlinuz")inconjunctionwithstandardLinuxinitialramdisks("initrd.
gz")orb)uImage-formatkernels("uImage")inconjunctionwithcorrespondinginitialramdisks("uInitrd").
uImage/uInitrdareimageformatsdesignedfortheU-BootrmwarethatisusedonmanyARM-basedsystems(mostly32-bitones).
OlderU-BootversionscanonlybootlesinuImage/uInitrdformat,sotheseareoftenusedonolderarmelsystems.
NewerU-Bootversionscan-besidesbootinguImages/uInitrds-alsobootstandardLinuxkernelsandramdiskimages,butthecommandsyntaxtodothatisslightlydierentfromthatforbootinguImages.
Forsystemsusingamultiplatformkernel,besideskernelandinitialramdiskaso-calleddevice-treele(ordevice-treeblob,"dtb")isneeded.
Itisspecictoeachsupportedsystemandcontainsadescriptionoftheparticularhardware.
Thedtbshouldbesuppliedonthedevicebythermware,butinpracticeaneweroneoftenneedstobeloaded.
5.
1.
2ConsolecongurationThenetboottarball(Section5.
1.
3.
2),andtheinstallerSD-cardimages(Section5.
1.
5)usethe(platform-specic)defaultconsolethatisdenedbyU-Bootinthe"console"variable.
Inmostcasesthatisaserialconsole,soonthoseplatformsyoubydefaultneedaserialconsolecabletousetheinstaller.
Onplatformswhichalsosupportavideoconsole,youcanmodifytheU-Boot"console"variableaccordinglyifyouwouldliketheinstallertostartonthevideoconsole.
5.
1.
3BootingbyTFTPBootingfromthenetworkrequiresthatyouhaveanetworkconnectionandaTFTPnetworkbootserver(andprobablyalsoaDHCP,RARP,orBOOTPserverforautomaticnetworkconguration).
Theserver-sidesetuptosupportnetworkbootingisdescribedinSection4.
3.
5.
1.
3.
1TFTP-bootinginU-BootNetworkbootingonsystemsusingtheU-Bootrmwareconsistsofthreesteps:a)conguringthenetwork,b)loadingtheimages(kernel/initialramdisk/dtb)intomemoryandc)actuallyexecutingtheprevioslyloadedcode.
Firstyouhavetocongurethenetwork,eitherautomaticallyviaDHCPbyrunningsetenvautoloadnodhcpormanuallybysettingseveralenvironmentvariablessetenvipaddrsetenvnetmasksetenvserveripsetenvdnsip22CHAPTER5.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLATIONSYSTEM5.
1.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLERON32-BIT…setenvgatewayipIfyouprefer,youcanmakethesesettingspermanentbyrunningsaveenvAfterwardsyouneedtoloadtheimages(kernel/initialramdisk/dtb)intomemory.
Thisisdonewiththetftpbootcommand,whichhastobeprovidedwiththeaddressatwhichtheimageshallbestoredinmemory.
Unfortunatelythememorymapcanvaryfromsystemtosystem,sothereisnogeneralrulewhichaddressescanbeusedforthis.
Onsomesystems,U-Bootpredenesasetofenvironmentvariableswithsuitableloadaddresses:kernel_addr_r,ramdisk_addr_randfdt_addr_r.
Youcancheckwhethertheyaredenedbyrunningprintenvkernel_addr_rramdisk_addr_rfdt_addr_rIftheyarenotdened,youhavetocheckyoursystem'sdocumentationforappropriatevaluesandsetthemmanually.
ForsystemsbasedonAllwinnerSunXiSOCs(e.
g.
theAllwinnerA10,architecturename"sun4i"ortheAllwinnerA20,architecturename"sun7i"),youcane.
g.
usethefollowingvalues:setenvkernel_addr_r0x46000000setenvfdt_addr_r0x47000000setenvramdisk_addr_r0x48000000Whentheloadaddressesaredened,youcanloadtheimagesintomemoryfromthepreviouslydenedtftpserverwithtftpboot${kernel_addr_r}tftpboot${fdt_addr_r}tftpboot${ramdisk_addr_r}Thethirdpartissettingthekernelcommandlineandactuallyexecutingtheloadedcode.
U-Bootpassesthecontentofthe"bootargs"environmentvariableascommandlinetothekernel,soanyparametersforthekernelandtheinstaller-suchastheconsoledevice(seeSection5.
3.
1)orpreseedingoptions(seeSection5.
3.
2andAppendixB)-canbesetwithacommandlikesetenvbootargsconsole=ttyS0,115200rootwaitpanic=10Theexactcommandtoexecutethepreviouslyloadedcodedependsontheimageformatused.
WithuImage/uInitrd,thecommandisbootm${kernel_addr_r}${ramdisk_addr_r}${fdt_addr_r}andwithnativeLinuximagesitisbootz${kernel_addr_r}${ramdisk_addr_r}:${filesize}${fdt_addr_r}Note:Whenbootingstandardlinuximages,itisimportanttoloadtheinitialramdiskimageafterthekernelandthedtbasU-Bootsetsthelesizevariabletothesizeofthelastleloadedandthebootzcommandrequiresthesizeoftheramdiskimagetoworkcorrectly.
Incaseofbootingaplatform-specickernel,i.
e.
akernelwithoutdevice-tree,simplyomitthe${fdt_addr_r}parameter.
5.
1.
3.
2Pre-builtnetboottarballDebianprovidesapre-builttarball(.
.
.
/images/netboot/netboot.
tar.
gz)thatcansimplybeunpackedonyourtftpserverandcontainsalllesnecessaryfornetbooting.
Italsoincludesabootscriptthatautomatesallstepstoloadtheinstaller.
ModernU-Bootversionscontainatftpautobootfeaturethatbecomesactiveifthereisnobootablelocalstoragedevice(MMC/SD,USB,IDE/SATA/SCSI)andthenloadsthisbootscriptfromthetftpserver.
Prerequisiteforusingthisfeatureisthatyouhaveadhcpserverinyournetworkwhichprovidestheclientwiththeaddressofthetftpserver.
IfyouwouldliketotriggerthetftpautobootfeaturefromtheU-Bootcommandline,youcanusethefollwingcommand:23CHAPTER5.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLATIONSYSTEM5.
1.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLERON32-BIT…runbootcmd_dhcpTomanuallyloadthebootscriptprovidedbythetarball,youcanalternativelyissuethefollowingcommandsattheU-Bootprompt:setenvautoloadnodhcptftpboot${scriptaddr}/debian-installer/armhf/tftpboot.
scrsource${scriptaddr}5.
1.
4BootingfromaUSBstickinU-BootManymodernU-BootversionshaveUSBsupportandallowbootingfromUSBmassstoragedevicessuchasUSBsticks.
Unfortunatelytheexactstepsrequiredtodothatcanvaryquiteabitfromdevicetodevice.
U-Bootv2014.
10hasintroducedacommoncommandlinehandlingandautobootframework.
Thisallowsbuildinggenericbootimagesthatworkonanysystemimplementingthisframework.
Thedebian-installersupportsinstallationfromaUSBstickonsuchsystems,butunfortunatelynotallplatformshaveadoptedthisnewframeworkyet.
TobuildabootableUSBstickforinstallingDebian,unpackthehd-mediatarball(seeSection4.
2.
1)ontoaUSBstickformattedwithalesystemsupportedbytheU-Bootversiononyourdevice.
FormodernU-Bootversions,anyofFAT16/FAT32/ext2/ext3/ext4usuallyworks.
ThencopytheISOimageleoftherstDebianinstallationCDorDVDontothestick.
TheautobootframeworkinmodernU-BootversionsworkssimilartothebootorderingoptionsinaPCBIOS/UEFI,i.
e.
itchecksalistofpossiblebootdevicesforavalidbootimageandstartstherstoneitnds.
Ifthereisnooperatingsysteminstalled,pluggingintheUSBstickandpoweringupthesystemshouldresultinstartingtheinstaller.
YoucanalsoinitiatetheUSB-bootprocessanytimefromtheU-Bootpromptbyenteringthe"runbootcmd_usb0"command.
OneproblemthatcancomeupwhenbootingfromaUSBstickwhileusingaserialconsolecanbeaconsolebaudratemismatch.
IfaconsolevariableisdenedinU-Boot,thedebian-installerbootscriptautomaticallypassesittothekerneltosettheprimaryconsoledeviceand,ifapplicable,theconsolebaudrate.
Unfortunatelythehandlingoftheconsolevariablevariesfromplatformtoplatform-onsomeplatforms,theconsolevariableincludesthebaudrate(asin"console=ttyS0,115200"),whileonotherplatformstheconsolevariablecontainsonlythedevice(asin"console=ttyS0").
ThelattercaseleadstoagarbledconsoleoutputwhenthedefaultbaudratediersbetweenU-Bootandthekernel.
ModernU-Bootversionsoftenuse115200baudwhilethekernelstilldefaultstothetraditional9600baud.
Ifthishappens,youshouldmanuallysettheconsolevariabletocontainthecorrectbaudrateforyoursystemandthenstarttheinstallerwiththe"runbootcmd_usb0"command.
5.
1.
5Usingpre-builtSD-cardimageswiththeinstallerForanumberofsystems,DebianprovidesSDcardimagesthatcontainbothU-Bootandthedebian-installer.
Theseimagesareprovidedintwovariants-onefordownloadingthesoftwarepackagesoverthenetwork(availableat.
.
.
/images/netboot/SD-card-images/)andoneforoineinstallationsusingaDebianCD/DVD(availableat.
.
.
/-images/hd-media/SD-card-images/).
Tosavespaceandnetworkbandwidth,theimagesconsistoftwoparts-asystem-dependentpartnamed"rmware.
.
img.
gz",andasystem-independentpartnamed"partition.
img.
gz".
TocreateacompleteimagefromthetwopartsonLinuxsystems,youcanusezcatasfollows:zcatfirmware.
.
img.
gzpartition.
img.
gz>complete_image.
imgOnWindowssystems,youhavetorstdecompressthetwopartsseparately,whichcanbedonee.
g.
byusing7-Zip,andthenconcatenatethedecompressedpartstogetherbyrunningthecommandcopy/bfirmware.
.
img+partition.
imgcomplete_image.
imginaWindowsCMD.
exewindow.
WritetheresultingimageontoanSDcard,e.
g.
byrunningthefollowingcommandonaLinuxsystem:catcomplete_image.
img>/dev/SD_CARD_DEVICE24CHAPTER5.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLATIONSYSTEM5.
2.
ACCESSIBILITYAfterpluggingtheSDcardintothetargetsystemandpoweringthesystemup,theinstallerisloadedfromtheSDcard.
Ifyouusethehd-mediavariantforoineinstallations,youmustprovidetheinstallerwithaccesstotherstDebianCD/DVDonaseparatemedium,whichcane.
g.
beaCD/DVDISOimageonaUSBstick.
Whenyoucometothepartitioningstepintheinstaller(seeSection6.
3.
4),youcandeleteorreplaceanypreviouspartitionsonthecard.
Oncetheinstallerisstarted,itrunscompletelyinthesystem'smainmemoryanddoesnotneedtoaccesstheSDcardanymore,soyoucanusethefullcardforinstallingDebian.
TheeasiestwaytocreateaproperpartitionlayoutontheSDcardistolettheinstallerautomaticallycreateoneforyou(seeSection6.
3.
4.
2).
5.
2AccessibilitySomeusersmayneedspecicsupportbecauseofe.
g.
somevisualimpairment.
Mostaccessibilityfeatureshavetobeenabledmanually.
Somebootparameterscanbeappendedtoenableaccessibilityfeatures.
NotethatonmostarchitecturesthebootloaderinterpretsyourkeyboardasaQWERTYkeyboard.
5.
2.
1Installerfront-endTheDebianinstallersupportsseveralfront-endsforaskingquestions,withvaryingconvenienceforaccessibility:no-tably,textusesplaintextwhilenewtusestext-baseddialogboxes.
Thechoicecanbemadeatthebootprompt,seethedocumentationforDEBIAN_FRONTENDinSection5.
3.
2.
5.
2.
2BoardDevicesSomeaccessibilitydevicesareactualboardsthatarepluggedinsidethemachineandthatreadtextdirectlyfromthevideomemory.
Togetthemtoworkframebuersupportmustbedisabledbyusingthefb=falsebootparameter.
Thiswillhoweverreducethenumberofavailablelanguages.
5.
2.
3High-ContrastThemeForuserswithlowvision,theinstallercanuseahigh-contrastcolorthemethatmakesitmorereadable.
Toenableit,youcanusethe"Accessiblehighcontrast"entryfromthebootscreenwiththedshortcut,orappendthetheme=darkbootparameter.
5.
2.
4ZoomForuserswithlowvision,thegraphicalinstallerhasaverybasiczoomsupport:theControl-+andControl–shortcutsincreaseanddecreasethefontsize.
5.
2.
5Expertinstall,rescuemode,automatedinstallExpert,Rescue,andAutomatedinstallationchoicesarealsoavailablewithaccessibilitysupport.
Toaccessthem,onehastorstenterthe"Advancedoptions"submenufromthebootmenubytypinga.
WhenusingaBIOSsystem(thebootmenuwillhavebeepedonlyonce),thishastobefollowedbyEnter;forUEFIsystems(thebootmenuwillhavebeepedtwice)thatmustnotbedone.
Then,toenablespeechsynthesis,scanoptionallybepressed(followedagainbyEnteronBIOSsystemsbutnotonUEFIsystems).
Fromthere,variousshortcutscanbeused:xforexpertinstallation,rforrescuemode,oraforautomatedinstallation.
AgaintheseneedtobefollowedbyEnterwhenusingaBIOSsystem.
TheautomatedinstallchoiceallowstoinstallDebiancompletelyautomaticallybyusingpreseeding,whosesourcecanbeenteredafteraccessibilityfeaturesgetstarted.
PreseedingitselfisdocumentedinAppendixB.
5.
2.
6AccessibilityoftheinstalledsystemDocumentationonaccessibilityoftheinstalledsystemisavailableontheDebianAccessibilitywikipage.
5.
3BootParametersBootparametersareLinuxkernelparameterswhicharegenerallyusedtomakesurethatperipheralsaredealtwithproperly.
Forthemostpart,thekernelcanauto-detectinformationaboutyourperipherals.
However,insomecasesyou'llhavetohelpthekernelabit.
25CHAPTER5.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLATIONSYSTEM5.
3.
BOOTPARAMETERSIfthisisthersttimeyou'rebootingthesystem,trythedefaultbootparameters(i.
e.
,don'ttrysettingparameters)andseeifitworkscorrectly.
Itprobablywill.
Ifnot,youcanrebootlaterandlookforanyspecialparametersthatinformthesystemaboutyourhardware.
InformationonmanybootparameterscanbefoundintheLinuxBootPromptHOWTO,includingtipsforobscurehardware.
Thissectioncontainsonlyasketchofthemostsalientparameters.
SomecommongotchasareincludedbelowinSection5.
4.
5.
3.
1BootconsoleIfyouarebootingwithaserialconsole,generallythekernelwillautodetectthis.
Ifyouhaveavideocard(framebuer)andakeyboardalsoattachedtothecomputerwhichyouwishtobootviaserialconsole,youmayhavetopasstheconsole=deviceargumenttothekernel,wheredeviceisyourserialdevice,whichisusuallysomethinglikettyS0.
Youmayneedtospecifyparametersfortheserialport,suchasspeedandparity,forinstanceconsole=ttyS0,9600n8;othertypicalspeedsmaybe57600or115200.
Besuretospecifythisoptionafter"---",sothatitiscopiedintothebootloadercongurationfortheinstalledsystem(ifsupportedbytheinstallerforthebootloader).
Inordertoensuretheterminaltypeusedbytheinstallermatchesyourterminalemulator,theparameterTERM=typecanbeadded.
Notethattheinstalleronlysupportsthefollowingterminaltypes:linux,bterm,ansi,vt102anddumb.
Thedefaultforserialconsoleindebian-installerisvt102.
IfyouareusinganIPMIconsole,oravirtualizationtoolwhichdoesnotprovideconversionintosuchterminalstypesitself,e.
g.
QEMU/KVM,youcanstartitinsideascreensession.
Thatwillindeedperformtranslationintothescreenterminaltype,whichisveryclosetovt102.
5.
3.
2DebianInstallerParametersTheinstallationsystemrecognizesafewadditionalbootparameterswhichmaybeuseful.
Anumberofparametershavea"shortform"thathelpsavoidthelimitationsofthekernelcommandlineoptionsandmakesenteringtheparameterseasier.
Ifaparameterhasashortform,itwillbelistedinbracketsbehindthe(normal)longform.
Examplesinthismanualwillnormallyusetheshortformtoo.
debconf/priority(priority)Thisparametersetsthelowestpriorityofmessagestobedisplayed.
Thedefaultinstallationusespriority=high.
Thismeansthatbothhighandcriticalprioritymessagesareshown,butmediumandlowprioritymessagesareskipped.
Ifproblemsareencountered,theinstalleradjuststhepriorityasneeded.
Ifyouaddpriority=mediumasbootparameter,youwillbeshowntheinstallationmenuandgainmorecontrolovertheinstallation.
Whenpriority=lowisused,allmessagesareshown(thisisequivalenttotheexpertbootmethod).
Withpriority=critical,theinstallationsystemwilldisplayonlycriticalmessagesandtrytodotherightthingwithoutfuss.
DEBIAN_FRONTENDThisbootparametercontrolsthetypeofuserinterfaceusedfortheinstaller.
Thecurrentpossibleparametersettingsare:DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractiveDEBIAN_FRONTEND=textDEBIAN_FRONTEND=newtDEBIAN_FRONTEND=gtkThedefaultfrontendisDEBIAN_FRONTEND=newt.
DEBIAN_FRONTEND=textmaybepreferableforserialconsoleinstalls.
Somespecializedtypesofinstallmediamayonlyoeralimitedselectionoffrontends,butthenewtandtextfrontendsareavailableonmostdefaultinstallmedia.
Onarchitecturesthatsupportit,thegraphicalinstallerusesthegtkfrontend.
BOOT_DEBUGSettingthisbootparameterto2willcausetheinstaller'sbootprocesstobeverboselylogged.
Settingitto3makesdebugshellsavailableatstrategicpointsinthebootprocess.
(Exittheshellstocontinuethebootprocess.
)Withcurrentkernels(2.
6.
9ornewer)youcanuse32commandlineoptionsand32environmentoptions.
Ifthesenumbersareexceeded,thekernelwillpanic.
Alsothereisalimitof255charactersforthewholekernelcommandline,everythingabovethislimitmaybesilentlytruncated.
26CHAPTER5.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLATIONSYSTEM5.
3.
BOOTPARAMETERSBOOT_DEBUG=0Thisisthedefault.
BOOT_DEBUG=1Moreverbosethanusual.
BOOT_DEBUG=2Lotsofdebugginginformation.
BOOT_DEBUG=3Shellsarerunatvariouspointsinthebootprocesstoallowdetaileddebugging.
Exittheshelltocontinuetheboot.
log_host,log_portCausestheinstallertosendlogmessagestoaremotesyslogonthespeciedhostandportaswellastoalocalle.
Ifnotspecied,theportdefaultstothestandardsyslogport514.
lowmemCanbeusedtoforcetheinstallertoalowmemlevelhigherthantheonetheinstallersetsbydefaultbasedonavailablememory.
Possiblevaluesare1and2.
SeealsoSection6.
3.
1.
1.
noshellPreventstheinstallerfromoeringinteractiveshellsontty2andtty3.
Usefulforunattendedinstallationswherephysicalsecurityislimited.
debian-installer/framebuer(fb)Somearchitecturesusethekernelframebuertooerinstallationinanumberoflanguages.
Ifframebuercausesaproblemonyoursystemyoucandisablethefeatureusingtheparameterfb=false.
Problemsymptomsareerrormessagesaboutbtermorbogl,ablankscreen,orafreezewithinafewminutesafterstartingtheinstall.
debian-installer/theme(theme)Athemedetermineshowtheuserinterfaceoftheinstallerlooks(colors,icons,etc.
).
Whichthemesareavailablemaydierperfrontend.
Currentlyboththenewtandgtkfrontendhave(apartfromthedefaultlook)onlyoneadditionalthemenamed"dark"theme,whichwasdesignedforvisuallyimpairedusers.
Setthisthemebybootingwiththeme=dark(thereisalsothekeyboardshortcutdforthisinthebootmenu).
netcfg/disable_autocongBydefault,thedebian-installerautomaticallyprobesfornetworkcongurationviaIPv6autocongurationandDHCP.
Iftheprobesucceeds,youwon'thaveachancetoreviewandchangetheobtainedsettings.
Youcangettothemanualnetworksetuponlyincasetheautomaticcongurationfails.
IfyouhaveanIPv6routeroraDHCPserveronyourlocalnetwork,butwanttoavoidthembecausee.
g.
theygivewronganswers,youcanusetheparameternetcfg/disable_autoconfig=truetopreventanyautomaticcongurationofthenetwork(neitherv4norv6)andtoentertheinformationmanually.
hw-detect/start_pcmciaSettofalsetopreventstartingPCMCIAservices,ifthatcausesproblems.
Somelaptopsarewellknownforthismisbehavior.
disk-detect/dmraid/enable(dmraid)SettotruetoenablesupportforSerialATARAID(alsocalledATARAID,BIOSRAIDorfakeRAID)disksintheinstaller.
Notethatthissupportiscurrentlyexperimental.
AdditionalinformationcanbefoundontheDebianInstallerWiki.
preseed/url(url)Specifytheurltoaprecongurationletodownloadanduseforautomatingtheinstall.
SeeSec-tion4.
4.
preseed/le(le)Specifythepathtoaprecongurationletoloadforautomatingtheinstall.
SeeSection4.
4.
preseed/interactiveSettotruetodisplayquestionseveniftheyhavebeenpreseeded.
Canbeusefulfortestingordebuggingaprecongurationle.
Notethatthiswillhavenoeectonparametersthatarepassedasbootparameters,butforthoseaspecialsyntaxcanbeused.
SeeSectionB.
5.
2fordetails.
auto-install/enable(auto)Delayquestionsthatarenormallyaskedbeforepreseedingispossibleuntilafterthenet-workiscongured.
SeeSectionB.
2.
3fordetailsaboutusingthistoautomateinstalls.
nish-install/keep-consolesDuringinstallationsfromserialormanagementconsole,theregularvirtualconsoles(VT1toVT6)arenormallydisabledin/etc/inittab.
Settotruetopreventthis.
cdrom-detect/ejectBydefault,beforerebooting,debian-installerautomaticallyejectstheopticalmediausedduringtheinstallation.
Thiscanbeunnecessaryifthesystemdoesnotautomaticallybootosuchmedia.
Insomecasesitmayevenbeundesirable,forexampleiftheopticaldrivecannotreinsertthemediaitselfandtheuserisnottheretodoitmanually.
Manyslotloading,slim-line,andcaddystyledrivescannotreloadmediaautomatically.
Settofalsetodisableautomaticejection,andbeawarethatyoumayneedtoensurethatthesystemdoesnotautomaticallybootfromtheopticaldriveaftertheinitialinstallation.
27CHAPTER5.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLATIONSYSTEM5.
3.
BOOTPARAMETERSbase-installer/install-recommends(recommends)Bysettingthisoptiontofalse,thepackagemanagementsys-temwillbeconguredtonotautomaticallyinstall"Recommends",bothduringtheinstallationandfortheinstalledsystem.
SeealsoSection6.
3.
5.
Notethatthisoptionallowstohavealeanersystem,butcanalsoresultinfeaturesbeingmissingthatyoumightnormallyexpecttobeavailable.
Youmayhavetomanuallyinstallsomeoftherecommendedpackagestoobtainthefullfunctionalityyouwant.
Thisoptionshouldthereforeonlybeusedbyveryexperiencedusers.
debian-installer/allow_unauthenticatedBydefaulttheinstallerrequiresthatrepositoriesbeauthenticatedusingaknowngpgkey.
Settotruetodisablethatauthentication.
Warning:insecure,notrecommended.
rescue/enableSettotruetoenterrescuemoderatherthanperforminganormalinstallation.
SeeSection8.
6.
5.
3.
3UsingbootparameterstoanswerquestionsWithsomeexceptions,avaluecanbesetatthebootpromptforanyquestionaskedduringtheinstallation,thoughthisisonlyreallyusefulinspeciccases.
GeneralinstructionshowtodothiscanbefoundinSectionB.
2.
2.
Somespecicexamplesarelistedbelow.
debian-installer/language(language),debian-installer/country(country),debian-installer/locale(locale)Therearetwowaystospecifythelanguage,countryandlocaletousefortheinstallationandtheinstalledsystem.
Therstandeasiestistopassonlytheparameterlocale.
Languageandcountrywillthenbederivedfromitsvalue.
Youcanforexampleuselocale=de_CHtoselectGermanaslanguageandSwitzerlandascoun-try(de_CH.
UTF-8willbesetasdefaultlocalefortheinstalledsystem).
Limitationisthatnotallpossiblecombinationsoflanguage,countryandlocalecanbeachievedthisway.
Thesecond,moreexibleoptionistospecifylanguageandcountryseparately.
Inthiscaselocalecanoptionallybeaddedtospecifyaspecicdefaultlocalefortheinstalledsystem.
Example:language=encountry=DElocale=en_GB.
UTF-8.
anna/choose_modules(modules)Canbeusedtoautomaticallyloadinstallercomponentsthatarenotloadedbydefault.
Examplesofoptionalcomponentsthatmaybeusefulareopenssh-client-udeb(soyoucanusescpduringtheinstallation)andppp-udeb(seeSectionD.
4).
netcfg/disable_autocongSettotrueifyouwanttodisableIPv6autocongurationandDHCPandinsteadforcestaticnetworkconguration.
mirror/protocol(protocol)BydefaulttheinstallerwillusethehttpprotocoltodownloadlesfromDebianmirrorsandchangingthattoftpisnotpossibleduringinstallationsatnormalpriority.
Bysettingthisparametertoftp,youcanforcetheinstallertousethatprotocolinstead.
Notethatyoucannotselectanftpmirrorfromalist,youhavetoenterthehostnamemanually.
tasksel:tasksel/rst(tasks)Canbeusedtoselecttasksthatarenotavailablefromtheinteractivetasklist,suchasthekde-desktoptask.
SeeSection6.
3.
6.
2foradditionalinformation.
5.
3.
4PassingparameterstokernelmodulesIfdriversarecompiledintothekernel,youcanpassparameterstothemasdescribedinthekerneldocumentation.
However,ifdriversarecompiledasmodulesandbecausekernelmodulesareloadedabitdierentlyduringaninstal-lationthanwhenbootinganinstalledsystem,itisnotpossibletopassparameterstomodulesasyouwouldnormallydo.
Instead,youneedtouseaspecialsyntaxrecognizedbytheinstallerwhichwillthenmakesurethattheparametersaresavedinthepropercongurationlesandwillthusbeusedwhenthemodulesareactuallyloaded.
Theparameterswillalsobepropagatedautomaticallytothecongurationfortheinstalledsystem.
Notethatitisnowquiterarethatparametersneedtobepassedtomodules.
Inmostcasesthekernelwillbeabletoprobethehardwarepresentinasystemandsetgooddefaultsthatway.
However,insomesituationsitmaystillbeneededtosetparametersmanually.
Thesyntaxtousetosetparametersformodulesis:module_name.
parameter_name=valueIfyouneedtopassmultipleparameterstothesameordierentmodules,justrepeatthis.
Forexample,tosetanold3ComnetworkinterfacecardtousetheBNC(coax)connectorandIRQ10,youwouldpass:28CHAPTER5.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLATIONSYSTEM5.
4.
TROUBLESHOOTINGTHEINSTALLATION…3c509.
xcvr=33c509.
irq=105.
3.
5BlacklistingkernelmodulesSometimesitmaybenecessarytoblacklistamoduletopreventitfrombeingloadedautomaticallybythekernelandudev.
Onereasoncouldbethataparticularmodulecausesproblemswithyourhardware.
Thekernelalsosometimesliststwodierentdriversforthesamedevice.
Thiscancausethedevicetonotworkcorrectlyifthedriversconictorifthewrongdriverisloadedrst.
Youcanblacklistamoduleusingthefollowingsyntax:module_name.
blacklist=yes.
Thiswillcausethemoduletobeblacklistedin/etc/modprobe.
d/blacklist.
localbothduringtheinstallationandfortheinstalledsystem.
Notethatamodulemaystillbeloadedbytheinstallationsystemitself.
Youcanpreventthatfromhappeningbyrunningtheinstallationinexpertmodeandunselectingthemodulefromthelistofmodulesdisplayedduringthehardwaredetectionphases.
5.
4TroubleshootingtheInstallationProcess5.
4.
1ReliabilityofopticalmediaSometimes,especiallywitholderdrives,theinstallermayfailtobootfromanopticaldisc.
Theinstallermayalso—evenafterbootingsuccessfullyfromsuchdisc—failtorecognizethediscorreturnerrorswhilereadingfromitduringtheinstallation.
Therearemanydierentpossiblecausesfortheseproblems.
Wecanonlylistsomecommonissuesandprovidegeneralsuggestionsonhowtodealwiththem.
Therestisuptoyou.
Therearetwoverysimplethingsthatyoushouldtryrst.
Ifthediscdoesnotboot,checkthatitwasinsertedcorrectlyandthatitisnotdirty.
Iftheinstallerfailstorecognizethedisc,tryjustrunningtheoptionDetectandmountinstallationmediaasecondtime.
SomeDMArelatedissueswithveryoldCD-ROMdrivesareknowntoberesolvedinthisway.
Ifthisdoesnotwork,thentrythesuggestionsinthesubsectionsbelow.
Most,butnotall,suggestionsdiscussedtherearevalidforCD-ROMandDVD.
Ifyoucannotgettheinstallationworkingfromopticaldisc,tryoneoftheotherinstallationmethodsthatareavailable.
5.
4.
1.
1CommonissuesSomeolderCD-ROMdrivesdonotsupportreadingfromdiscsthatwereburnedathighspeedsusingamodernCDwriter.
SomeveryoldCD-ROMdrivesdonotworkcorrectlyif"directmemoryaccess"(DMA)isenabledforthem.
5.
4.
1.
2HowtoinvestigateandmaybesolveissuesIftheopticaldiscfailstoboot,trythesuggestionslistedbelow.
CheckthatyourBIOS/UEFIactuallysupportsbootingfromopticaldisc(onlyanissueforveryoldsystems)andthatbootingfromsuchmediaisenabledintheBIOS/UEFI.
Ifyoudownloadedanisoimage,checkthatthemd5sumofthatimagematchestheonelistedfortheimageintheMD5SUMSlethatshouldbepresentinthesamelocationaswhereyoudownloadedtheimagefrom.
$md5sumdebian-testing-i386-netinst.
isoa20391b12f7ff22ef705cee4059c6b92debian-testing-i386-netinst.
isoNext,checkthatthemd5sumoftheburneddiscmatchesaswell.
Thefollowingcommandshouldwork.
Itusesthesizeoftheimagetoreadthecorrectnumberofbytesfromthedisc.
29CHAPTER5.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLATIONSYSTEM5.
4.
TROUBLESHOOTINGTHEINSTALLATION…$ddif=/dev/cdrom|\>head-c'stat--format=%sdebian-testing-i386-netinst.
iso'|\>md5suma20391b12f7ff22ef705cee4059c6b92-262668+0recordsin262668+0recordsout134486016bytes(134MB)copied,97.
474seconds,1.
4MB/sIf,aftertheinstallerhasbeenbootedsuccessfully,thediscisnotdetected,sometimessimplytryingagainmaysolvetheproblem.
Ifyouhavemorethanoneopticaldrive,trychangingthedisctotheotherdrive.
Ifthatdoesnotworkorifthediscisrecognizedbutthereareerrorswhenreadingfromit,trythesuggestionslistedbelow.
SomebasicknowledgeofLinuxisrequiredforthis.
Toexecuteanyofthecommands,youshouldrstswitchtothesecondvirtualconsole(VT2)andactivatetheshellthere.
SwitchtoVT4orviewthecontentsof/var/log/syslog(usenanoaseditor)tocheckforanyspecicerrormessages.
Afterthat,alsochecktheoutputofdmesg.
Checkintheoutputofdmesgifyouropticaldrivewasrecognized.
Youshouldseesomethinglike(thelinesdonotnecessarilyhavetobeconsecutive):ata1.
00:ATAPI:MATSHITADVD-RAMUJ-822S,1.
61,maxUDMA/33ata1.
00:configuredforUDMA/33scsi0:0:0:0:CD-ROMMATSHITADVD-RAMUJ-822S1.
61PQ:0ANSI:5sr0:scsi3-mmcdrive:24x/24xwriterdvd-ramcd/rwxa/form2cddatraycdrom:UniformCD-ROMdriverRevision:3.
20Ifyoudon'tseesomethinglikethat,chancesarethecontrolleryourdriveisconnectedtowasnotrecognizedormaybenotsupportedatall.
Ifyouknowwhatdriverisneededforthecontroller,youcantryloadingitmanuallyusingmodprobe.
Checkthatthereisadevicenodeforyouropticaldriveunder/dev/.
Intheexampleabove,thiswouldbe/dev/sr0.
Thereshouldalsobea/dev/cdrom.
Usethemountcommandtocheckiftheopticaldiscisalreadymounted;ifnot,trymountingitmanually:$mount/dev/hdc/cdromCheckifthereareanyerrormessagesafterthatcommand.
CheckifDMAiscurrentlyenabled:$cd/proc/ide/hdc$grepusing_dmasettingsusing_dma101rwA"1"intherstcolumnafterusing_dmameansitisenabled.
Ifitis,trydisablingit:$echo-n"using_dma:0">settingsMakesurethatyouareinthedirectoryforthedevicethatcorrespondstoyouropticaldrive.
Ifthereareanyproblemsduringtheinstallation,trycheckingtheintegrityoftheinstallationmediausingtheoptionnearthebottomoftheinstaller'smainmenu.
Thisoptioncanalsobeusedasageneraltestifthedisccanbereadreliably.
30CHAPTER5.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLATIONSYSTEM5.
4.
TROUBLESHOOTINGTHEINSTALLATION…5.
4.
2BootCongurationIfyouhaveproblemsandthekernelhangsduringthebootprocess,doesn'trecognizeperipheralsyouactuallyhave,ordrivesarenotrecognizedproperly,therstthingtocheckisthebootparameters,asdiscussedinSection5.
3.
Insomecases,malfunctionscanbecausedbymissingdevicermware(seeSection2.
2andSection6.
4).
5.
4.
3InterpretingtheKernelStartupMessagesDuringthebootsequence,youmayseemanymessagesintheformcan'tfindsomething,orsomethingnotpresent,can'tinitializesomething,oreventhisdriverreleasedependsonsomething.
Mostofthesemessagesareharmless.
Youseethembecausethekernelfortheinstallationsystemisbuilttorunoncomputerswithmanydierentperipheraldevices.
Obviously,noonecomputerwillhaveeverypossibleperipheraldevice,sotheoperatingsystemmayemitafewcomplaintswhileitlooksforperipheralsyoudon'town.
Youmayalsoseethesystempauseforawhile.
Thishappenswhenitiswaitingforadevicetorespond,andthatdeviceisnotpresentonyoursystem.
Ifyoundthetimeittakestobootthesystemunacceptablylong,youcancreateacustomkernellater(seeSection8.
5).
5.
4.
4ReportingInstallationProblemsIfyougetthroughtheinitialbootphasebutcannotcompletetheinstall,themenuoptionSavedebuglogsmaybehelpful.
Itletsyoustoresystemerrorlogsandcongurationinformationfromtheinstalleronastoragemedium,ordownloadthemusingawebbrowser.
Thisinformationmayprovidecluesastowhatwentwrongandhowtoxit.
Ifyouaresubmittingabugreport,youmaywanttoattachthisinformationtothebugreport.
Otherpertinentinstallationmessagesmaybefoundin/var/log/duringtheinstallation,and/var/log/installer/afterthecomputerhasbeenbootedintotheinstalledsystem.
5.
4.
5SubmittingInstallationReportsIfyoustillhaveproblems,pleasesubmitaninstallationreport.
Wealsoencourageinstallationreportstobesenteveniftheinstallationissuccessful,sothatwecangetasmuchinformationaspossibleonthelargestnumberofhardwarecongurations.
NotethatyourinstallationreportwillbepublishedintheDebianBugTrackingSystem(BTS)andforwardedtoapublicmailinglist.
Makesurethatyouuseane-mailaddressthatyoudonotmindbeingmadepublic.
IfyouhaveaworkingDebiansystem,theeasiestwaytosendaninstallationreportistoinstalltheinstallation-reportandreportbugpackages(aptinstallinstallation-reportreportbug),congurereportbugasexplainedinSec-tion8.
4.
2,andrunthecommandreportbuginstallation-reports.
Alternativelyyoucanusethistemplatewhenllingoutinstallationreports,andlethereportasabugreportagainsttheinstallation-reportspseudopackage,bysendingittosubmit@bugs.
debian.
org.
Package:installation-reportsBootmethod:Imageversion:Date:Machine:Processor:Memory:Partitions:Outputoflspci-knn(orlspci-nn):BaseSystemInstallationChecklist:[O]=OK,[E]=Error(pleaseelaboratebelow)didn'ttryitInitialboot:[]Detectnetworkcard:[]Configurenetwork:[]Detectmedia:[]Loadinstallermodules:[]Detectharddrives:[]31CHAPTER5.
BOOTINGTHEINSTALLATIONSYSTEM5.
4.
TROUBLESHOOTINGTHEINSTALLATION…Partitionharddrives:[]Installbasesystem:[]Clock/timezonesetup:[]User/passwordsetup:[]Installtasks:[]Installbootloader:[]Overallinstall:[]Comments/Problems:Inthebugreport,describewhattheproblemis,includingthelastvisiblekernelmessagesintheeventofakernelhang.
Describethestepsthatyoudidwhichbroughtthesystemintotheproblemstate.
32Chapter6UsingtheDebianInstaller6.
1HowtheInstallerWorksTheDebianInstallerconsistsofanumberofspecial-purposecomponentstoperformeachinstallationtask.
Eachcomponentperformsitstask,askingtheuserquestionsasnecessarytodoitsjob.
Thequestionsthemselvesaregivenpriorities,andthepriorityofquestionstobeaskedissetwhentheinstallerisstarted.
Whenadefaultinstallationisperformed,onlyessential(highpriority)questionswillbeasked.
Thisresultsinahighlyautomatedinstallationprocesswithlittleuserinteraction.
Componentsareautomaticallyruninsequence;whichcomponentsarerundependsmainlyontheinstallationmethodyouuseandonyourhardware.
Theinstallerwillusedefaultvaluesforquestionsthatarenotasked.
Ifthereisaproblem,theuserwillseeanerrorscreen,andtheinstallermenumaybeshowninordertoselectsomealternativeaction.
Iftherearenoproblems,theuserwillneverseetheinstallermenu,butwillsimplyanswerquestionsforeachcomponentinturn.
Seriouserrornoticationsaresettopriority"critical"sotheuserwillalwaysbenotied.
Someofthedefaultsthattheinstallerusescanbeinuencedbypassingbootargumentswhendebian-installerisstarted.
If,forexample,youwishtoforcestaticnetworkconguration(IPv6autocongurationandDHCPareusedbydefaultifavailable),youcouldaddthebootparameternetcfg/disable_autoconfig=true.
SeeSec-tion5.
3.
2foravailableoptions.
Powerusersmaybemorecomfortablewithamenu-driveninterface,whereeachstepiscontrolledbytheuserratherthantheinstallerperformingeachstepautomaticallyinsequence.
Tousetheinstallerinamanual,menu-drivenway,addthebootargumentpriority=medium.
Ifyourhardwarerequiresyoutopassoptionstokernelmodulesastheyareinstalled,youwillneedtostarttheinstallerin"expert"mode.
Thiscanbedonebyeitherusingtheexpertcommandtostarttheinstallerorbyaddingthebootargumentpriority=low.
Expertmodegivesyoufullcontroloverdebian-installer.
Forthisarchitecturetheinstallerusesacharacter-baseduserinterface.
Agraphicaluserinterfaceiscurrentlynotavailable.
Inthecharacter-basedenvironmenttheuseofamouseisnotsupported.
Herearethekeysyoucanusetonavigatewithinthevariousdialogs.
TheTaborrightarrowkeysmove"forward",andtheShift-Taborleftarrowkeysmove"backward"betweendisplayedbuttonsandselections.
Theupanddownarrowselectdierentitemswithinascrollablelist,andalsoscrollthelistitself.
Inaddition,inlonglists,youcantypealettertocausethelisttoscrolldirectlytothesectionwithitemsstartingwiththeletteryoutypedandusePg-UpandPg-Downtoscrollthelistinsections.
Thespacebarselectsanitemsuchasacheckbox.
UseEntertoactivatechoices.
Somedialogsmayoeradditionalhelpinformation.
IfhelpisavailablethiswillbeindicatedonthebottomlineofthescreenbydisplayingthathelpinformationcanbeaccessedbypressingtheF1key.
Errormessagesandlogsareredirectedtothefourthconsole.
YoucanaccessthisconsolebypressingLeftAlt-F4(holdtheleftAltkeywhilepressingtheF4functionkey);getbacktothemaininstallerprocesswithLeftAlt-F1.
Thesemessagescanalsobefoundin/var/log/syslog.
Afterinstallation,thislogiscopiedto/var/log/installer/syslogonyournewsystem.
Otherinstallationmessagesmaybefoundin/var/log/duringtheinstallation,and/var/log/installer/afterthecomputerhasbeenbootedintotheinstalledsystem.
6.
1.
1UsingthegraphicalinstallerThegraphicalinstallerbasicallyworksthesameasthetext-basedinstallerandthustherestofthismanualcanbeusedtoguideyouthroughtheinstallationprocess.
33CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
2.
COMPONENTSINTRODUCTIONIfyoupreferusingthekeyboardoverthemouse,therearetwothingsyouneedtoknow.
Toexpandacollapsedlist(usedforexamplefortheselectionofcountrieswithincontinents),youcanusethe+and-keys.
Forquestionswheremorethanoneitemcanbeselected(e.
g.
taskselection),yourstneedtotabtotheContinuebuttonaftermakingyourselections;hittingenterwilltoggleaselection,notactivateContinue.
Ifadialogoersadditionalhelpinformation,aHelpbuttonwillbedisplayed.
ThehelpinformationcanbeaccessedeitherbyactivatingthebuttonorbypressingtheF1key.
Toswitchtoanotherconsole,youwillalsoneedtousetheCtrlkey,justaswiththeXWindowSystem.
Forexample,toswitchtoVT2(therstdebugshell)youwoulduse:Ctrl-LeftAlt-F2.
ThegraphicalinstalleritselfrunsonVT5,soyoucanuseLeftAlt-F5toswitchback.
6.
2ComponentsIntroductionHereisalistofinstallercomponentswithabriefdescriptionofeachcomponent'spurpose.
DetailsyoumightneedtoknowaboutusingaparticularcomponentareinSection6.
3.
main-menuShowsthelistofcomponentstotheuserduringinstalleroperation,andstartsacomponentwhenitisselected.
Main-menu'squestionsaresettoprioritymedium,soifyourpriorityissettohighorcritical(highisthedefault),youwillnotseethemenu.
Ontheotherhand,ifthereisanerrorwhichrequiresyourintervention,thequestionprioritymaybedowngradedtemporarilytoallowyoutoresolvetheproblem,andinthatcasethemenumayappear.
YoucangettothemainmenubyselectingtheGoBackbuttonrepeatedlytobackallthewayoutofthecurrentlyrunningcomponent.
localechooserAllowstheusertoselectlocalizationoptionsfortheinstallationandtheinstalledsystem:language,countryandlocales.
Theinstallerwilldisplaymessagesintheselectedlanguage,unlessthetranslationforthatlanguageisnotcompleteinwhichcasesomemessagesmaybeshowninEnglish.
console-setupShowsalistofkeyboard(layouts),fromwhichtheuserchoosestheonewhichmatcheshisownmodel.
hw-detectAutomaticallydetectsmostofthesystem'shardware,includingnetworkcards,diskdrives,andPCMCIA.
cdrom-detectLooksforandmountsaDebianinstallationmedia.
netcfgConguresthecomputer'snetworkconnectionssoitcancommunicateovertheinternet.
iso-scanSearchesforISOimages(.
isoles)onharddrives.
choose-mirrorPresentsalistofDebianarchivemirrors.
Theusermaychoosethesourceofhisinstallationpackages.
cdrom-checkerChecksintegrityofinstallationmedia.
Thisway,theusermayassurehim/herselfthattheinstallationimagewasnotcorrupted.
lowmemLowmemtriestodetectsystemswithlowmemoryandthendoesvarioustrickstoremoveunnecessarypartsofdebian-installerfromthememory(atthecostofsomefeatures).
annaAnna'sNotNearlyAPT.
Installspackageswhichhavebeenretrievedfromthechosenmirrororinstallationmedia.
user-setupSetsuptherootpassword,andaddsanon-rootuser.
clock-setupUpdatesthesystemclockanddetermineswhethertheclockissettoUTCornot.
tzsetupSelectsthetimezone,basedonthelocationselectedearlier.
partmanAllowstheusertopartitiondisksattachedtothesystem,createlesystemsontheselectedpartitions,andattachthemtothemountpoints.
IncludedarealsointerestingfeatureslikeafullyautomaticmodeorLVMsupport.
ThisisthepreferredpartitioningtoolinDebian.
partitionerAllowstheusertopartitiondisksattachedtothesystem.
Apartitioningprogramappropriatetoyourcomputer'sarchitectureischosen.
partconfDisplaysalistofpartitions,andcreateslesystemsontheselectedpartitionsaccordingtouserinstructions.
partman-lvmHelpstheuserwiththecongurationoftheLVM(LogicalVolumeManager).
34CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSpartman-mdAllowstheusertosetupSoftwareRAID(RedundantArrayofInexpensiveDisks).
ThisSoftwareRAIDisusuallysuperiortothecheapIDE(pseudohardware)RAIDcontrollersfoundonnewermotherboards.
base-installerInstallsthemostbasicsetofpackageswhichwouldallowthecomputertooperateunderDebianGNU/Linuxwhenrebooted.
apt-setupConguresapt,mostlyautomatically,basedonwhatmediatheinstallerisrunningfrom.
pkgselUsestaskseltoselectandinstalladditionalsoftware.
os-proberDetectscurrentlyinstalledoperatingsystemsonthecomputerandpassesthisinformationtothebootloader-installer,whichmayoeryouanabilitytoadddiscoveredoperatingsystemstothebootloader'sstartmenu.
Thiswaytheusercouldeasilychooseattheboottimewhichoperatingsystemtostart.
bootloader-installerThevariousbootloaderinstallerseachinstallabootloaderprogramontheharddisk,whichisnecessaryforthecomputertostartupusingLinuxwithoutusingaUSBstickorCD-ROM.
Manybootloadersallowtheusertochooseanalternateoperatingsystemeachtimethecomputerboots.
shellAllowstheusertoexecuteashellfromthemenu,orinthesecondconsole.
save-logsProvidesawayfortheusertorecordinformationonaUSBstick,network,harddisk,orothermediawhentroubleisencountered,inordertoaccuratelyreportinstallersoftwareproblemstoDebiandeveloperslater.
6.
3UsingIndividualComponentsInthissectionwewilldescribeeachinstallercomponentindetail.
Thecomponentshavebeengroupedintostagesthatshouldberecognizableforusers.
Theyarepresentedintheordertheyappearduringtheinstall.
Notethatnotallmoduleswillbeusedforeveryinstallation;whichmodulesareactuallyuseddependsontheinstallationmethodyouuseandonyourhardware.
6.
3.
1SettingupDebianInstallerandHardwareCongurationLet'sassumetheDebianInstallerhasbootedandyouarefacingitsrstscreen.
Atthistime,thecapabilitiesofdebian-installerarestillquitelimited.
Itdoesn'tknowmuchaboutyourhardware,preferredlanguage,oreventhetaskitshouldperform.
Don'tworry.
Becausedebian-installerisquiteclever,itcanautomaticallyprobeyourhardware,locatetherestofitscomponentsandupgradeitselftoacapableinstallationsystem.
However,youstillneedtohelpdebian-installerwithsomeinformationitcan'tdetermineautomatically(likeselectingyourpreferredlanguage,keyboardlayoutordesirednetworkmirror).
Youwillnoticethatdebian-installerperformshardwaredetectionseveraltimesduringthisstage.
Thersttimeistargetedspecicallyatthehardwareneededtoloadinstallercomponents(e.
g.
yourCD-ROMornetworkcard).
Asnotalldriversmaybeavailableduringthisrstrun,hardwaredetectionneedstoberepeatedlaterintheprocess.
Duringhardwaredetectiondebian-installerchecksifanyofthedriversforthehardwaredevicesinyoursystemrequirermwaretobeloaded.
Ifanyrmwareisrequestedbutunavailable,adialogwillbedisplayedthatallowsthemissingrmwaretobeloadedfromaremovablemedium.
SeeSection6.
4forfurtherdetails.
6.
3.
1.
1Checkavailablememory/lowmemorymodeOneoftherstthingsdebian-installerdoes,istocheckavailablememory.
Iftheavailablememoryislimited,thiscomponentwillmakesomechangesintheinstallationprocesswhichhopefullywillallowyoutoinstallDebianGNU/Linuxonyoursystem.
Therstmeasuretakentoreducememoryconsumptionbytheinstalleristodisabletranslations,whichmeansthattheinstallationcanonlybedoneinEnglish.
Ofcourse,youcanstilllocalizetheinstalledsystemaftertheinstallationhascompleted.
Ifthatisnotsucient,theinstallerwillfurtherreducememoryconsumptionbyloadingonlythosecomponentsessentialtocompleteabasicinstallation.
Thisreducesthefunctionalityoftheinstallationsystem.
Youwillbegiventheopportunitytoloadadditionalcomponentsmanually,butyoushouldbeawarethateachcomponentyouselectwilluseadditionalmemoryandthusmaycausetheinstallationtofail.
Iftheinstallerrunsinlowmemorymode,itisrecommendedtocreatearelativelylargeswappartition(64–128MB).
Theswappartitionwillbeusedasvirtualmemoryandthusincreasestheamountofmemoryavailabletothe35CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSsystem.
Theinstallerwillactivatetheswappartitionasearlyaspossibleintheinstallationprocess.
Notethatheavyuseofswapwillreduceperformanceofyoursystemandmayleadtohighdiskactivity.
Despitethesemeasures,itisstillpossiblethatyoursystemfreezes,thatunexpectederrorsoccurorthatprocessesarekilledbythekernelbecausethesystemrunsoutofmemory(whichwillresultin"Outofmemory"messagesonVT4andinthesyslog).
Forexample,ithasbeenreportedthatcreatingabigext3lesystemfailsinlowmemorymodewhenthereisinsucientswapspace.
Ifalargerswapdoesn'thelp,trycreatingthelesystemasext2(whichisanessentialcomponentoftheinstaller)instead.
Itispossibletochangeanext2partitiontoext3aftertheinstallation.
Itispossibletoforcetheinstallertouseahigherlowmemlevelthantheonebasedonavailablememorybyusingthebootparameter"lowmem"asdescribedinSection5.
3.
2.
6.
3.
1.
2SelectingLocalizationOptionsInmostcasestherstquestionsyouwillbeaskedconcerntheselectionoflocalizationoptionstobeusedbothfortheinstallationandfortheinstalledsystem.
Thelocalizationoptionsconsistoflanguage,locationandlocales.
Thelanguageyouchoosewillbeusedfortherestoftheinstallationprocess,providedatranslationofthedierentdialogsisavailable.
Ifnovalidtranslationisavailablefortheselectedlanguage,theinstallerwilldefaulttoEnglish.
Theselectedgeographiclocation(inmostcasesacountry)willbeusedlaterintheinstallationprocesstoselectthecorrecttimezoneandaDebianmirrorappropriateforthatcountry.
Languageandcountrytogetherwillhelpdeterminethedefaultlocaleforyoursystemandselectthecorrectkeyboardlayout.
Youwillrstbeaskedtoselectyourpreferredlanguage.
ThelanguagenamesarelistedbothinEnglish(leftside)andinthelanguageitself(rightside);thenamesontherightsidearealsoshownintheproperscriptforthelanguage.
ThelistissortedontheEnglishnames.
Atthetopofthelistisanextraoptionthatallowsyoutoselectthe"C"localeinsteadofalanguage.
Choosingthe"C"localewillresultintheinstallationprocedinginEnglish;theinstalledsystemwillhavenolocalizationsupportasthelocalespackagewillnotbeinstalled.
Nextyouwillbeaskedtoselectyourgeographiclocation.
Ifyouselectedalanguagethatisrecognizedasanociallanguageformorethanonecountry,youwillbeshownalistofonlythosecountries.
Toselectacountrythatisnotinthatlist,chooseother(thelastoption).
Youwillthenbepresentedwithalistofcontinents;selectingacontinentwillleadtoalistofrelevantcountriesonthatcontinent.
Ifthelanguagehasonlyonecountryassociatedwithit,alistofcountrieswillbedisplayedforthecontinentorregionthecountrybelongsto,withthatcountryselectedasthedefault.
UsetheGoBackoptiontoselectcountriesonadierentcontinent.
NItisimportanttoselectthecountrywhereyouliveorwhereyouarelocatedasitdeterminesthetimezonethatwillbeconguredfortheinstalledsystem.
Ifyouselectedacombinationoflanguageandcountryforwhichnolocaleisdenedandthereexistmultiplelocalesforthelanguage,thentheinstallerwillallowyoutochoosewhichofthoselocalesyoupreferasthedefaultlocalefortheinstalledsystem.
Inallothercasesadefaultlocalewillbeselectedbasedontheselectedlanguageandcountry.
AnydefaultlocaleselectedasdescribedinthepreviousparagraphwilluseUTF-8ascharacterencoding.
Ifyouareinstallingatlowpriority,youwillhavetheoptionofselectingadditionallocales,includingso-called"legacy"locales,tobegeneratedfortheinstalledsystem;ifyoudo,youwillbeaskedwhichoftheselectedlocalesshouldbethedefaultfortheinstalledsystem.
Intechnicalterms:wheremultiplelocalesexistforthatlanguagewithdieringcountrycodes.
Atmediumandlowpriorityyoucanalwaysselectyourpreferredlocalefromthoseavailablefortheselectedlanguage(ifthere'smorethanone).
LegacylocalesarelocaleswhichdonotuseUTF-8,butoneoftheolderstandardsforcharacterencodingsuchasISO8859-1(usedbyWestEuropeanlanguages)orEUC-JP(usedbyJapanese).
36CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTS6.
3.
1.
3ChoosingaKeyboardKeyboardsareoftentailoredtothecharactersusedinalanguage.
Selectalayoutthatconformstothekeyboardyouareusing,orselectsomethingcloseifthekeyboardlayoutyouwantisn'trepresented.
Oncethesysteminstallationiscomplete,you'llbeabletoselectakeyboardlayoutfromawiderrangeofchoices(rundpkg-recongurekeyboard-congurationasrootafteryouhavecompletedtheinstallation).
MovethehighlighttothekeyboardselectionyoudesireandpressEnter.
Usethearrowkeystomovethehighlight—theyareinthesameplaceinallnationallanguagekeyboardlayouts,sotheyareindependentofthekeyboardconguration.
6.
3.
1.
4LookingfortheDebianInstallerISOImageWheninstallingviathehd-mediamethod,therewillbeamomentwhereyouneedtondandmounttheDebianInstallerisoimageinordertogettherestoftheinstallationles.
Thecomponentiso-scandoesexactlythis.
Atrst,iso-scanautomaticallymountsallblockdevices(e.
g.
partitionsandlogicalvolumes)whichhavesomeknownlesystemonthemandsequentiallysearchesforlenamesendingwith.
iso(or.
ISOforthatmatter).
Bewarethattherstattemptscansonlylesintherootdirectoryandintherstlevelofsubdirectories(i.
e.
itnds/whatever.
iso,/data/whatever.
iso,butnot/data/tmp/whatever.
iso).
Afteranisoimagehasbeenfound,iso-scanchecksitscontenttodetermineiftheimageisavalidDebianisoimageornot.
Intheformercasewearedone,inthelatteriso-scanseeksforanotherimage.
Incasethepreviousattempttondaninstallerisoimagefails,iso-scanwillaskyouwhetheryouwouldliketoperformamorethoroughsearch.
Thispassdoesn'tjustlookintothetopmostdirectories,butreallytraverseswholelesystem.
Ifiso-scandoesnotdiscoveryourinstallerisoimage,rebootbacktoyouroriginaloperatingsystemandcheckiftheimageisnamedcorrectly(endingin.
iso),ifitisplacedonalesystemrecognizablebydebian-installer,andifitisnotcorrupted(verifythechecksum).
ExperiencedUnixuserscoulddothiswithoutrebootingonthesecondconsole.
Notethatthepartition(ordisk)hostingtheISOimagecan'tbereusedduringtheinstallationprocessasitwillbeinusebytheinstaller.
Towork-aroundthis,andprovidedthatyouhaveenoughsystemmemory,theinstallercancopytheISOimageintoRAMbeforemountingit.
Thisiscontrolledbythelowpriorityiso-scan/copy_iso_to_ramdebconfquestion(itisonlyaskedifthememoryrequirementismet).
6.
3.
1.
5ConguringtheNetworkAsyouenterthisstep,ifthesystemdetectsthatyouhavemorethanonenetworkdevice,you'llbeaskedtochoosewhichdevicewillbeyourprimarynetworkinterface,i.
e.
theonewhichyouwanttouseforinstallation.
Theotherinterfaceswon'tbeconguredatthistime.
Youmaycongureadditionalinterfacesafterinstallationiscomplete;seetheinterfaces(5)manpage.
6.
3.
1.
5.
1AutomaticnetworkcongurationBydefault,debian-installertriestocongureyourcomputer'snetworkautomaticallyasfaraspossible.
Iftheautomaticcongurationfails,thatmaybecausedbymanyfactorsrangingfromanunpluggednetworkcabletomissinginfrastructureforautomaticconguration.
Forfurtherexplanationincaseoferrors,checktheerrormessagesonthefourthconsole.
Inanycase,youwillbeaskedifyouwanttoretry,orifyouwanttoperformamanualsetup.
Sometimesthenetworkservicesusedforautocongurationcanbeslowintheirresponses,soifyouaresureeverythingisinplace,simplystarttheautocongurationattemptagain.
Ifautocongurationfailsrepeatedly,youcaninsteadchoosethemanualnetworksetup.
6.
3.
1.
5.
2ManualnetworkcongurationThemanualnetworksetupinturnasksyouanumberofquestionsaboutyournetwork,notablyIPaddress,Netmask,Gateway,Nameserveraddresses,andaHostname.
Moreover,ifyouhaveawirelessnet-workinterface,youwillbeaskedtoprovideyourWirelessESSID("wirelessnetworkname")andaWEPkeyorWPA/WPA2passphrase.
FillintheanswersfromSection3.
3.
37CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSNSometechnicaldetailsyoumight,ormightnot,ndhandy:theprogramassumesthenetworkIPaddressisthebitwise-ANDofyoursystem'sIPaddressandyournetmask.
ThedefaultbroadcastaddressiscalculatedasthebitwiseORofyoursystem'sIPaddresswiththebitwisenegationofthenetmask.
Itwillalsoguessyourgateway.
Ifyoucan'tndanyoftheseanswers,usetheoereddefaults—ifnecessary,youcanchangethembyediting/etc/network/interfacesoncethesystemhasbeeninstalled.
6.
3.
1.
5.
3IPv4andIPv6FromDebianGNU/Linux7.
0("Wheezy")onwards,debian-installersupportsIPv6aswellasthe"classic"IPv4.
AllcombinationsofIPv4andIPv6(IPv4-only,IPv6-onlyanddual-stackcongurations)aresupported.
AutocongurationforIPv4isdoneviaDHCP(DynamicHostCongurationProtocol).
AutocongurationforIPv6supportsstatelessautocongurationusingNDP(NeighborDiscoveryProtocol,includingrecursiveDNSserver(RDNSS)assignment),statefulautocongurationviaDHCPv6andmixedstateless/statefulautoconguration(addresscongurationviaNDP,additionalparametersviaDHCPv6).
6.
3.
2SettingUpUsersAndPasswordsJustbeforeconguringtheclock,theinstallerwillallowyoutosetupthe"root"accountand/oranaccountfortherstuser.
Otheruseraccountscanbecreatedaftertheinstallationhasbeencompleted.
6.
3.
2.
1SettheRootPasswordTherootaccountisalsocalledthesuper-user;itisaloginthatbypassesallsecurityprotectiononyoursystem.
Therootaccountshouldonlybeusedtoperformsystemadministration,andonlyusedforasshortatimeaspossible.
Anypasswordyoucreateshouldcontainatleast6characters,andshouldcontainbothupper-andlower-casecharacters,aswellaspunctuationcharacters.
Takeextracarewhensettingyourrootpassword,sinceitissuchapowerfulaccount.
Avoiddictionarywordsoruseofanypersonalinformationwhichcouldbeguessed.
Ifanyoneevertellsyoutheyneedyourrootpassword,beextremelywary.
Youshouldnormallynevergiveyourrootpasswordout,unlessyouareadministeringamachinewithmorethanonesystemadministrator.
Incaseyoudonotspecifyapasswordforthe"root"userhere,thisaccountwillbedisabledbutthesudopackagewillbeinstalledlatertoenableadministrativetaskstobecarriedoutonthenewsystem.
Bydefault,therstusercreatedonthesystemwillbeallowedtousethesudocommandtobecomeroot.
6.
3.
2.
2CreateanOrdinaryUserThesystemwillaskyouwhetheryouwishtocreateanordinaryuseraccountatthispoint.
Thisaccountshouldbeyourmainpersonallog-in.
Youshouldnotusetherootaccountfordailyuseorasyourpersonallogin.
WhynotWell,onereasontoavoidusingroot'sprivilegesisthatitisveryeasytodoirreparabledamageasroot.
AnotherreasonisthatyoumightbetrickedintorunningaTrojan-horseprogram—thatisaprogramthattakesadvantageofyoursuper-userpowerstocompromisethesecurityofyoursystembehindyourback.
AnygoodbookonUnixsystemadministrationwillcoverthistopicinmoredetail—considerreadingoneifitisnewtoyou.
Youwillrstbepromptedfortheuser'sfullname.
Thenyou'llbeaskedforanamefortheuseraccount;generallyyourrstnameorsomethingsimilarwillsuceandindeedwillbethedefault.
Finally,youwillbepromptedforapasswordforthisaccount.
Ifatanypointafterinstallationyouwouldliketocreateanotheraccount,usetheaddusercommand.
6.
3.
3ConguringtheClockandTimeZoneTheinstallerwillrstattempttoconnecttoatimeserverontheInternet(usingtheNTPprotocol)inordertocorrectlysetthesystemtime.
Ifthisdoesnotsucceed,theinstallerwillassumethetimeanddateobtainedfromthesystemclockwhentheinstallationsystemwasbootedarecorrect.
Itisnotpossibletomanuallysetthesystemtimeduringtheinstallationprocess.
38CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSDependingonthelocationselectedearlierintheinstallationprocess,youmaybeshownalistoftimezonesrelevantforthatlocation.
Ifyourlocationhasonlyonetimezoneandyouaredoingadefaultinstallation,youwillnotbeaskedanythingandthesystemwillassumethattimezone.
Inexpertmodeorwheninstallingatmediumpriority,youwillhavetheadditionaloptiontoselect"CoordinatedUniversalTime"(UTC)astimezone.
Ifforsomereasonyouwishtosetatimezonefortheinstalledsystemthatdoesnotmatchtheselectedlocation,therearetwooptions.
1.
Thesimplestoptionistojustselectadierenttimezoneaftertheinstallationhasbeencompletedandyou'vebootedintothenewsystem.
Thecommandtodothisis:#dpkg-reconfiguretzdata2.
Alternatively,thetimezonecanbesetattheverystartoftheinstallationbypassingtheparametertime/zone=valuewhenyouboottheinstallationsystem.
Thevalueshouldofcoursebeavalidtimezone,forexampleEurope/LondonorUTC.
Forautomatedinstallationsthetimezonecanbesettoanydesiredvalueusingpreseeding.
6.
3.
4PartitioningandMountPointSelectionAtthistime,afterhardwaredetectionhasbeenexecutedanaltime,debian-installershouldbeatitsfullstrength,customizedfortheuser'sneedsandreadytodosomerealwork.
Asthetitleofthissectionindicates,themaintaskofthenextfewcomponentsliesinpartitioningyourdisks,creatinglesystems,assigningmountpointsandoptionallyconguringcloselyrelatedoptionslikeRAID,LVMorencrypteddevices.
Ifyouareuncomfortablewithpartitioning,orjustwanttoknowmoredetails,seeAppendixC.
Firstyouwillbegiventheopportunitytoautomaticallypartitioneitheranentiredrive,oravailablefreespaceonadrive.
Thisisalsocalled"guided"partitioning.
Ifyoudonotwanttoautopartition,chooseManualfromthemenu.
6.
3.
4.
1SupportedpartitioningoptionsThepartitionerusedindebian-installerisfairlyversatile.
Itallowstocreatemanydierentpartitioningschemes,usingvariouspartitiontables,lesystemsandadvancedblockdevices.
Exactlywhichoptionsareavailabledependsmainlyonthearchitecture,butalsoonotherfactors.
Forexample,onsystemswithlimitedinternalmemorysomeoptionsmaynotbeavailable.
Defaultsmayvaryaswell.
Thetypeofpartitiontableusedbydefaultcanforexamplebedierentforlargecapacityharddisksthanforsmallerharddisks.
Someoptionscanonlybechangedwheninstallingatmediumorlowdebconfpriority;athigherprioritiessensibledefaultswillbeused.
Theinstallersupportsvariousformsofadvancedpartitioninganduseofstoragedevices,whichinmanycasescanbeusedincombination.
LogicalVolumeManagement(LVM)SoftwareRAIDSupportedareRAIDlevels0,1,4,5,6and10.
EncryptionMultipath(experimental)SeeourWikiforinformation.
Supportformultipathiscurrentlyonlyavailableifenabledwhentheinstallerisbooted.
Thefollowinglesystemsaresupported.
ext2r0,ext2,ext3,ext4Thedefaultlesystemselectedinmostcasesisext4;for/bootpartitionsext2willbeselectedbydefaultwhenguidedpartitioningisused.
jfs(notavailableonallarchitectures)39CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSxfs(notavailableonallarchitectures)reiserfs(optional;notavailableonallarchitectures)SupportfortheReiserlesystemisnolongeravailablebydefault.
Whentheinstallerisrunningatmediumorlowdebconfpriorityitcanbeenabledbyselectingthepartman-reiserfscomponent.
Onlyversion3ofthelesystemissupported.
js2Usedonsomesystemstoreadashmemory.
Itisnotpossibletocreatenewjs2partitions.
FAT16,FAT326.
3.
4.
2GuidedPartitioningIfyouchooseguidedpartitioning,youmayhavethreeoptions:tocreatepartitionsdirectlyontheharddisk(classicmethod),ortocreatethemusingLogicalVolumeManagement(LVM),ortocreatethemusingencryptedLVM.
NTheoptiontouse(encrypted)LVMmaynotbeavailableonallarchitectures.
WhenusingLVMorencryptedLVM,theinstallerwillcreatemostpartitionsinsideonebigpartition;theadvantageofthismethodisthatpartitionsinsidethisbigpartitioncanberesizedrelativelyeasilylater.
InthecaseofencryptedLVMthebigpartitionwillnotbereadablewithoutknowingaspecialkeyphrase,thusprovidingextrasecurityofyour(personal)data.
WhenusingencryptedLVM,theinstallerwillalsoautomaticallyerasethediskbywritingrandomdatatoit.
Thisfurtherimprovessecurity(asitmakesitimpossibletotellwhichpartsofthediskareinuseandalsomakessurethatanytracesofpreviousinstallationsareerased),butmaytakesometimedependingonthesizeofyourdisk.
NIfyouchooseguidedpartitioningusingLVMorencryptedLVM,somechangesinthepartitiontablewillneedtobewrittentotheselecteddiskwhileLVMisbeingsetup.
Thesechangeseectivelyerasealldatathatiscurrentlyontheselectedharddiskandyouwillnotbeabletoundothemlater.
However,theinstallerwillaskyoutoconrmthesechangesbeforetheyarewrittentodisk.
Ifyouchooseguidedpartitioning(eitherclassicorusing(encrypted)LVM)forawholedisk,youwillrstbeaskedtoselectthediskyouwanttouse.
Checkthatallyourdisksarelistedand,ifyouhaveseveraldisks,makesureyouselectthecorrectone.
Theordertheyarelistedinmaydierfromwhatyouareusedto.
Thesizeofthedisksmayhelptoidentifythem.
Anydataonthediskyouselectwilleventuallybelost,butyouwillalwaysbeaskedtoconrmanychangesbeforetheyarewrittentothedisk.
Ifyouhaveselectedtheclassicmethodofpartitioning,youwillbeabletoundoanychangesrightuntiltheend;whenusing(encrypted)LVMthisisnotpossible.
Next,youwillbeabletochoosefromtheschemeslistedinthetablebelow.
Allschemeshavetheirprosandcons,someofwhicharediscussedinAppendixC.
Ifyouareunsure,choosetherstone.
Bearinmindthatguidedpartitioningneedsacertainminimalamountoffreespacetooperatewith.
Ifyoudon'tgiveitatleastabout1GBofspace(dependsonchosenscheme),guidedpartitioningwillfail.
PartitioningschemeMinimumspaceCreatedpartitionsAlllesinonepartition600MB/,swapSeparate/homepartition500MB/,/home,swapTheinstallerwillencrypttheLVMvolumegroupusinga256bitAESkeyandmakesuseofthekernel's"dm-crypt"support.
40CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSPartitioningschemeMinimumspaceCreatedpartitionsSeparate/home,/varand/tmppartitions1GB/,/home,/var,/tmp,swapIfyouchooseguidedpartitioningusing(encrypted)LVM,theinstallerwillalsocreateaseparate/bootpartition.
Theotherpartitions,includingtheswappartition,willbecreatedinsidetheLVMpartition.
Afterselectingascheme,thenextscreenwillshowyournewpartitiontable,includinginformationonwhetherandhowpartitionswillbeformattedandwheretheywillbemounted.
Thelistofpartitionsmightlooklikethis:SCSI1(0,0,0)(sda)-6.
4GBWDCAC36400L#1primary16.
4MBBfext2/boot#2primary551.
0MBswapswap#3primary5.
8GBntfspri/log8.
2MBFREESPACESCSI2(1,0,0)(sdb)-80.
0GBST380021A#1primary15.
9MBext3#2primary996.
0MBfat16#3primary3.
9GBxfs/home#5logical6.
0GBfext4/#6logical1.
0GBfext3/var#7logical498.
8MBext3Thisexampleshowstwoharddrivesdividedintoseveralpartitions;therstdiskhassomefreespace.
Eachpartitionlineconsistsofthepartitionnumber,itstype,size,optionalags,lesystem,andmountpoint(ifany).
Note:thisparticularsetupcannotbecreatedusingguidedpartitioningbutitdoesshowpossiblevariationthatcanbeachievedusingmanualpartitioning.
Thisconcludestheguidedpartitioning.
Ifyouaresatisedwiththegeneratedpartitiontable,youcanchooseFinishpartitioningandwritechangestodiskfromthemenutoimplementthenewpartitiontable(asdescribedattheendofthissection).
Ifyouarenothappy,youcanchoosetoUndochangestopartitionsandrunguidedpartitioningagain,ormodifytheproposedchangesasdescribedbelowformanualpartitioning.
6.
3.
4.
3ManualPartitioningAsimilarscreentotheoneshownjustabovewillbedisplayedifyouchoosemanualpartitioningexceptthatyourexistingpartitiontablewillbeshownandwithoutthemountpoints.
HowtomanuallysetupyourpartitiontableandtheusageofpartitionsbyyournewDebiansystemwillbecoveredintheremainderofthissection.
Ifyouselectapristinediskwhichhasneitherpartitionsnorfreespaceonit,youwillbeaskedifanewpartitiontableshouldbecreated(thisisneededsoyoucancreatenewpartitions).
Afterthis,anewlineentitled"FREESPACE"shouldappearinthetableundertheselecteddisk.
Ifyouselectsomefreespace,youwillhavetheopportunitytocreateanewpartition.
Youwillhavetoansweraquickseriesofquestionsaboutitssize,type(primaryorlogical),andlocation(beginningorendofthefreespace).
Afterthis,youwillbepresentedwithadetailedoverviewofyournewpartition.
ThemainsettingisUseas:,whichdeterminesifthepartitionwillhavealesystemonit,orbeusedforswap,softwareRAID,LVM,anencryptedlesystem,ornotbeusedatall.
Othersettingsincludemountpoint,mountoptions,andbootableag;whichsettingsareshowndependsonhowthepartitionistobeused.
Ifyoudon'tlikethepreselecteddefaults,feelfreetochangethemtoyourliking.
E.
g.
byselectingtheoptionUseas:,youcanchooseadierentlesystemforthispartition,includingoptionstousethepartitionforswap,softwareRAID,LVM,ornotuseitatall.
Whenyouaresatisedwithyournewpartition,selectDonesettingupthepartitionandyouwillreturntopartman'smainscreen.
Ifyoudecideyouwanttochangesomethingaboutyourpartition,simplyselectthepartition,whichwillbringyoutothepartitioncongurationmenu.
Thisisthesamescreenasisusedwhencreatinganewpartition,soyoucanchangethesamesettings.
Onethingthatmaynotbeveryobviousatarstglanceisthatyoucanresizethepartitionbyselectingtheitemdisplayingthesizeofthepartition.
Filesystemsknowntoworkareatleastfat16,fat32,ext2,ext3andswap.
Thismenualsoallowsyoutodeleteapartition.
Besuretocreateatleasttwopartitions:onefortherootlesystem(whichmustbemountedas/)andoneforswap.
Ifyouforgettomounttherootlesystem,partmanwon'tletyoucontinueuntilyoucorrectthisissue.
Capabilitiesofpartmancanbeextendedwithinstallermodules,butaredependentonyoursystem'sarchitecture.
Soifyoucan'tseeallpromisedgoodies,checkifyouhaveloadedallrequiredmodules(e.
g.
partman-ext3,partman-xfs,orpartman-lvm).
41CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSAfteryouaresatisedwithpartitioning,selectFinishpartitioningandwritechangestodiskfromthepartitioningmenu.
Youwillbepresentedwithasummaryofchangesmadetothedisksandaskedtoconrmthatthelesystemsshouldbecreatedasrequested.
6.
3.
4.
4ConguringMultidiskDevices(SoftwareRAID)Ifyouhavemorethanoneharddriveinyourcomputer,youcanusepartman-mdtosetupyourdrivesforincreasedperformanceand/orbetterreliabilityofyourdata.
TheresultiscalledMultidiskDevice(orafteritsmostfamousvariantsoftwareRAID).
MDisbasicallyabunchofpartitionslocatedondierentdisksandcombinedtogethertoformalogicaldevice.
Thisdevicecanthenbeusedlikeanordinarypartition(i.
e.
inpartmanyoucanformatit,assignamountpoint,etc.
).
WhatbenetsthisbringsdependsonthetypeofMDdeviceyouarecreating.
Currentlysupportedare:RAID0Ismainlyaimedatperformance.
RAID0splitsallincomingdataintostripesanddistributesthemequallyovereachdiskinthearray.
Thiscanincreasethespeedofread/writeoperations,butwhenoneofthedisksfails,youwillloseeverything(partoftheinformationisstillonthehealthydisk(s),theotherpartwasonthefaileddisk).
ThetypicaluseforRAID0isapartitionforvideoediting.
RAID1Issuitableforsetupswherereliabilityistherstconcern.
Itconsistsofseveral(usuallytwo)equally-sizedpartitionswhereeverypartitioncontainsexactlythesamedata.
Thisessentiallymeansthreethings.
First,ifoneofyourdisksfails,youstillhavethedatamirroredontheremainingdisks.
Second,youcanuseonlyafractionoftheavailablecapacity(moreprecisely,itisthesizeofthesmallestpartitionintheRAID).
Third,le-readsareload-balancedamongthedisks,whichcanimproveperformanceonaserver,suchasaleserver,thattendstobeloadedwithmorediskreadsthanwrites.
Optionallyyoucanhaveasparediskinthearraywhichwilltaketheplaceofthefaileddiskinthecaseoffailure.
RAID5Isagoodcompromisebetweenspeed,reliabilityanddataredundancy.
RAID5splitsallincomingdataintostripesanddistributesthemequallyonallbutonedisk(similartoRAID0).
UnlikeRAID0,RAID5alsocomputesparityinformation,whichgetswrittenontheremainingdisk.
Theparitydiskisnotstatic(thatwouldbecalledRAID4),butischangingperiodically,sotheparityinformationisdistributedequallyonalldisks.
Whenoneofthedisksfails,themissingpartofinformationcanbecomputedfromremainingdataanditsparity.
RAID5mustconsistofatleastthreeactivepartitions.
Optionallyyoucanhaveasparediskinthearraywhichwilltaketheplaceofthefaileddiskinthecaseoffailure.
Asyoucansee,RAID5hasasimilardegreeofreliabilitytoRAID1whileachievinglessredundancy.
Ontheotherhand,itmightbeabitsloweronwriteoperationsthanRAID0duetocomputationofparityinformation.
RAID6IssimilartoRAID5exceptthatitusestwoparitydevicesinsteadofone.
ARAID6arraycansurviveuptotwodiskfailures.
RAID10RAID10combinesstriping(asinRAID0)andmirroring(asinRAID1).
Itcreatesncopiesofincomingdataanddistributesthemacrossthepartitionssothatnoneofthecopiesofthesamedataareonthesamedevice.
Thedefaultvalueofnis2,butitcanbesettosomethingelseinexpertmode.
Thenumberofpartitionsusedmustbeatleastn.
RAID10hasdierentlayoutsfordistributingthecopies.
Thedefaultisnearcopies.
Nearcopieshaveallofthecopiesataboutthesameosetonallofthedisks.
Farcopieshavethecopiesatdierentosetsonthedisks.
Osetcopiescopythestripe,nottheindividualcopies.
RAID10canbeusedtoachievereliabilityandredundancywithoutthedrawbackofhavingtocalculateparity.
Tosumitup:TypeMinimumDevicesSpareDeviceSurvivesdiskfailureAvailableSpaceRAID02nonoSizeofthesmallestpartitionmultipliedbynumberofdevicesinRAIDTobehonest,youcanconstructanMDdeviceevenfrompartitionsresidingonsinglephysicaldrive,butthatwon'tgiveanybenets.
42CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSTypeMinimumDevicesSpareDeviceSurvivesdiskfailureAvailableSpaceRAID12optionalyesSizeofthesmallestpartitioninRAIDRAID53optionalyesSizeofthesmallestpartitionmultipliedby(numberofdevicesinRAIDminusone)RAID64optionalyesSizeofthesmallestpartitionmultipliedby(numberofdevicesinRAIDminustwo)RAID102optionalyesTotalofallpartitionsdividedbythenumberofchunkcopies(defaultstotwo)IfyouwanttoknowmoreaboutSoftwareRAID,havealookatSoftwareRAIDHOWTO.
TocreateanMDdevice,youneedtohavethedesiredpartitionsitshouldconsistofmarkedforuseinaRAID.
(ThisisdoneinpartmaninthePartitionsettingsmenuwhereyoushouldselectUseas:→physicalvolumeforRAID.
)NMakesurethatthesystemcanbebootedwiththepartitioningschemeyouareplan-ning.
Ingeneralitwillbenecessarytocreateaseparatelesystemfor/bootwhenusingRAIDfortheroot(/)lesystem.
Mostbootloadersdosupportmirrored(notstriped!
)RAID1,sousingforexampleRAID5for/andRAID1for/bootcanbeanoption.
Next,youshouldchooseConguresoftwareRAIDfromthemainpartmanmenu.
(ThemenuwillonlyappearafteryoumarkatleastonepartitionforuseasphysicalvolumeforRAID.
)Ontherstscreenofpartman-mdsimplyselectCreateMDdevice.
YouwillbepresentedwithalistofsupportedtypesofMDdevices,fromwhichyoushouldchooseone(e.
g.
RAID1).
WhatfollowsdependsonthetypeofMDyouselected.
RAID0issimple—youwillbeissuedwiththelistofavailableRAIDpartitionsandyouronlytaskistoselectthepartitionswhichwillformtheMD.
RAID1isabitmoretricky.
First,youwillbeaskedtoenterthenumberofactivedevicesandthenumberofsparedeviceswhichwillformtheMD.
Next,youneedtoselectfromthelistofavailableRAIDpartitionsthosethatwillbeactiveandthenthosethatwillbespare.
Thecountofselectedpartitionsmustbeequaltothenumberprovidedearlier.
Don'tworry.
Ifyoumakeamistakeandselectadierentnumberofpartitions,debian-installerwon'tletyoucontinueuntilyoucorrecttheissue.
RAID5hasasetupproceduresimilartoRAID1withtheexceptionthatyouneedtouseatleastthreeactivepartitions.
RAID6alsohasasetupproceduresimilartoRAID1exceptthatatleastfouractivepartitionsarerequired.
RAID10againhasasetupproceduresimilartoRAID1exceptinexpertmode.
Inexpertmode,debian-installerwillaskyouforthelayout.
Thelayouthastwoparts.
Therstpartisthelayouttype.
Itiseithern(fornearcopies),f(forfarcopies),oro(forosetcopies).
Thesecondpartisthenumberofcopiestomakeofthedata.
Theremustbeatleastthatmanyactivedevicessothatallofthecopiescanbedistributedontodierentdisks.
ItisperfectlypossibletohaveseveraltypesofMDatonce.
Forexample,ifyouhavethree200GBharddrivesdedicatedtoMD,eachcontainingtwo100GBpartitions,youcancombinetherstpartitionsonallthreedisksinto43CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTStheRAID0(fast300GBvideoeditingpartition)andusetheotherthreepartitions(2activeand1spare)forRAID1(quitereliable100GBpartitionfor/home).
AfteryousetupMDdevicestoyourliking,youcanFinishpartman-mdtoreturnbacktothepartmantocreatelesystemsonyournewMDdevicesandassignthemtheusualattributeslikemountpoints.
6.
3.
4.
5ConguringtheLogicalVolumeManager(LVM)Ifyouareworkingwithcomputersatthelevelofsystemadministratoror"advanced"user,youhavesurelyseenthesituationwheresomediskpartition(usuallythemostimportantone)wasshortonspace,whilesomeotherpartitionwasgrosslyunderusedandyouhadtomanagethissituationbymovingstuaround,symlinking,etc.
ToavoidthedescribedsituationyoucanuseLogicalVolumeManager(LVM).
Simplysaid,withLVMyoucancombineyourpartitions(physicalvolumesinLVMlingo)toformavirtualdisk(socalledvolumegroup),whichcanthenbedividedintovirtualpartitions(logicalvolumes).
Thepointisthatlogicalvolumes(andofcourseunderlyingvolumegroups)canspanacrossseveralphysicaldisks.
Nowwhenyourealizeyouneedmorespaceforyourold160GB/homepartition,youcansimplyaddanew300GBdisktothecomputer,joinitwithyourexistingvolumegroupandthenresizethelogicalvolumewhichholdsyour/homelesystemandvoila—yourusershavesomeroomagainontheirrenewed460GBpartition.
Thisexampleisofcourseabitoversimplied.
Ifyouhaven'treadityet,youshouldconsulttheLVMHOWTO.
LVMsetupindebian-installerisquitesimpleandcompletelysupportedinsidepartman.
First,youhavetomarkthepartition(s)tobeusedasphysicalvolumesforLVM.
ThisisdoneinthePartitionsettingsmenuwhereyoushouldselectUseas:→physicalvolumeforLVM.
WBeaware:thenewLVMsetupwilldestroyalldataonallpartitionsmarkedwithanLVMtypecode.
So,ifyoualreadyhaveanLVMonsomeofyourdisks,andwanttoinstallDebianadditionallytothatmachine,theold(alreadyexisting)LVMwillbewipedout!
Thesamecountsforpartitions,whichare(foranyreason)misleadinglymarkedwithanLVMtypecode,butcontainsomethingdierent(likeanencryptedvolume).
Youneedtoremovesuchdisksfromthesystem,beforeperforminganewLVMsetup!
Whenyoureturntothemainpartmanscreen,youwillseeanewoptionConguretheLogicalVolumeManager.
Whenyouselectthat,youwillrstbeaskedtoconrmpendingchangestothepartitiontable(ifany)andafterthattheLVMcongurationmenuwillbeshown.
AbovethemenuasummaryoftheLVMcongurationisshown.
Themenuitselfiscontextsensitiveandonlyshowsvalidactions.
Thepossibleactionsare:Displaycongurationdetails:showsLVMdevicestructure,namesandsizesoflogicalvolumesandmoreCreatevolumegroupCreatelogicalvolumeDeletevolumegroupDeletelogicalvolumeExtendvolumegroupReducevolumegroupFinish:returntothemainpartmanscreenUsetheoptionsinthatmenutorstcreateavolumegroupandthencreateyourlogicalvolumesinsideit.
Afteryoureturntothemainpartmanscreen,anycreatedlogicalvolumeswillbedisplayedinthesamewayasordinarypartitions(andyoushouldtreatthemassuch).
44CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTS6.
3.
4.
6ConguringEncryptedVolumesdebian-installerallowsyoutosetupencryptedpartitions.
Everyleyouwritetosuchapartitionisimmedi-atelysavedtothedeviceinencryptedform.
Accesstotheencrypteddataisgrantedonlyafterenteringthepassphraseusedwhentheencryptedpartitionwasoriginallycreated.
Thisfeatureisusefultoprotectsensitivedataincaseyourlaptoporharddrivegetsstolen.
Thethiefmightgetphysicalaccesstotheharddrive,butwithoutknowingtherightpassphrase,thedataontheharddrivewilllooklikerandomcharacters.
Thetwomostimportantpartitionstoencryptare:thehomepartition,whereyourprivatedataresides,andtheswappartition,wheresensitivedatamightbestoredtemporarilyduringoperation.
Ofcourse,nothingpreventsyoufromencryptinganyotherpartitionsthatmightbeofinterest.
Forexample/varwheredatabaseservers,mailserversorprintserversstoretheirdata,or/tmpwhichisusedbyvariousprogramstostorepotentiallyinterestingtemporaryles.
Somepeoplemayevenwanttoencrypttheirwholesystem.
Generallytheonlyexceptionhereisthe/bootpartitionwhichmustremainunencrypted,becausehistoricallytherewasnowaytoloadthekernelfromanencryptedpartition.
(GRUBisnowabletodothat,butdebian-installercurrentlylacksnativesupportforencrypted/boot.
Thesetupisthereforecoveredinaseparatedocument.
)NPleasenotethattheperformanceofencryptedpartitionswillbelessthanthatofunencryptedonesbecausethedataneedstobedecryptedorencryptedforeveryreadorwrite.
TheperformanceimpactdependsonyourCPUspeed,chosencipherandakeylength.
Touseencryption,youhavetocreateanewpartitionbyselectingsomefreespaceinthemainpartitioningmenu.
Anotheroptionistochooseanexistingpartition(e.
g.
aregularpartition,anLVMlogicalvolumeoraRAIDvolume).
InthePartitionsettingsmenu,youneedtoselectphysicalvolumeforencryptionattheUseas:option.
Themenuwillthenchangetoincludeseveralcryptographicoptionsforthepartition.
Theencryptionmethodsupportedbydebian-installerisdm-crypt(includedinnewerLinuxkernels,abletohostLVMphysicalvolumes).
Let'shavealookattheoptionsavailablewhenyouselectencryptionviaDevice-mapper(dm-crypt).
Asalways:whenindoubt,usethedefaults,becausetheyhavebeencarefullychosenwithsecurityinmind.
Encryption:aesThisoptionletsyouselecttheencryptionalgorithm(cipher)whichwillbeusedtoencryptthedataonthepartition.
debian-installercurrentlysupportsthefollowingblockciphers:aes,blowsh,serpent,andtwosh.
Itisbeyondthescopeofthisdocumenttodiscussthequalitiesofthesedierentalgorithms,however,itmighthelpyourdecisiontoknowthatin2000,AESwaschosenbytheAmericanNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyasthestandardencryptionalgorithmforprotectingsensitiveinformationinthe21stcentury.
Keysize:256Hereyoucanspecifythelengthoftheencryptionkey.
Withalargerkeysize,thestrengthoftheencryptionisgenerallyimproved.
Ontheotherhand,increasingthelengthofthekeyusuallyhasanegativeimpactonperformance.
Availablekeysizesvarydependingonthecipher.
IValgorithm:xts-plain64TheInitializationVectororIValgorithmisusedincryptographytoensurethatap-plyingthecipheronthesamecleartextdatawiththesamekeyalwaysproducesauniqueciphertext.
Theideaistopreventtheattackerfromdeducinginformationfromrepeatedpatternsintheencrypteddata.
Fromtheprovidedalternatives,thedefaultxts-plain64iscurrentlytheleastvulnerabletoknownattacks.
Usetheotheralternativesonlywhenyouneedtoensurecompatibilitywithsomepreviouslyinstalledsystemthatisnotabletouseneweralgorithms.
Encryptionkey:PassphraseHereyoucanchoosethetypeoftheencryptionkeyforthispartition.
PassphraseTheencryptionkeywillbecomputedonthebasisofapassphrasewhichyouwillbeabletoenterlaterintheprocess.
RandomkeyAnewencryptionkeywillbegeneratedfromrandomdataeachtimeyoutrytobringuptheencryptedpartition.
Inotherwords:oneveryshutdownthecontentofthepartitionwillbelostasthekeyUsingapassphraseasthekeycurrentlymeansthatthepartitionwillbesetupusingLUKS.
45CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSisdeletedfrommemory.
(Ofcourse,youcouldtrytoguessthekeywithabruteforceattack,butunlessthereisanunknownweaknessinthecipheralgorithm,itisnotachievableinourlifetime.
)Randomkeysareusefulforswappartitionsbecauseyoudonotneedtobotheryourselfwithrememberingthepassphraseorwipingsensitiveinformationfromtheswappartitionbeforeshuttingdownyourcom-puter.
However,italsomeansthatyouwillnotbeabletousethe"suspend-to-disk"functionalityoeredbynewerLinuxkernelsasitwillbeimpossible(duringasubsequentboot)torecoverthesuspendeddatawrittentotheswappartition.
Erasedata:yesDetermineswhetherthecontentofthispartitionshouldbeoverwrittenwithrandomdatabeforesettinguptheencryption.
Thisisrecommendedbecauseitmightotherwisebepossibleforanattackertodiscernwhichpartsofthepartitionareinuseandwhicharenot.
Inaddition,thiswillmakeithardertorecoveranyleftoverdatafrompreviousinstallations.
Afteryouhaveselectedthedesiredparametersforyourencryptedpartitions,returnbacktothemainpartitioningmenu.
ThereshouldnowbeanewmenuitemcalledCongureencryptedvolumes.
Afteryouselectit,youwillbeaskedtoconrmthedeletionofdataonpartitionsmarkedtobeerasedandpossiblyotheractionssuchaswritinganewpartitiontable.
Forlargepartitionsthismighttakesometime.
Nextyouwillbeaskedtoenterapassphraseforpartitionsconguredtouseone.
Goodpassphrasesshouldbelongerthan8characters,shouldbeamixtureofletters,numbersandothercharactersandshouldnotcontaincommondictionarywordsorinformationeasilyassociablewithyou(suchasbirthdates,hobbies,petnames,namesoffamilymembersorrelatives,etc.
).
WBeforeyouinputanypassphrases,youshouldhavemadesurethatyourkeyboardisconguredcorrectlyandgeneratestheexpectedcharacters.
Ifyouareunsure,youcanswitchtothesecondvirtualconsoleandtypesometextattheprompt.
Thisensuresthatyouwon'tbesurprisedlater,e.
g.
bytryingtoinputapassphraseusingaqwertykeyboardlayoutwhenyouusedanazertylayoutduringtheinstallation.
Thissituationcanhaveseveralcauses.
Maybeyouswitchedtoanotherkeyboardlayoutduringtheinstallation,ortheselectedkeyboardlayoutmightnothavebeensetupyetwhenenteringthepassphrasefortherootlesystem.
Ifyouselectedtousemethodsotherthanapassphrasetocreateencryptionkeys,theywillbegeneratednow.
Becausethekernelmaynothavegatheredasucientamountofentropyatthisearlystageoftheinstallation,theprocessmaytakealongtime.
Youcanhelpspeeduptheprocessbygeneratingentropy:e.
g.
bypressingrandomkeys,orbyswitchingtotheshellonthesecondvirtualconsoleandgeneratingsomenetworkanddisktrac(downloadingsomeles,feedingbiglesinto/dev/null,etc.
).
Thiswillberepeatedforeachpartitiontobeencrypted.
Afterreturningtothemainpartitioningmenu,youwillseeallencryptedvolumesasadditionalpartitionswhichcanbeconguredinthesamewayasordinarypartitions.
Thefollowingexampleshowsavolumeencryptedviadm-crypt.
Encryptedvolume(sda2_crypt)-115.
1GBLinuxdevice-mapper#1115.
1GBFext3Nowisthetimetoassignmountpointstothevolumesandoptionallychangethelesystemtypesifthedefaultsdonotsuityou.
Payattentiontotheidentiersinparentheses(sda2_cryptinthiscase)andthemountpointsyouassignedtoeachencryptedvolume.
Youwillneedthisinformationlaterwhenbootingthenewsystem.
ThedierencesbetweentheordinarybootprocessandthebootprocesswithencryptioninvolvedwillbecoveredlaterinSection7.
2.
Onceyouaresatisedwiththepartitioningscheme,continuewiththeinstallation.
6.
3.
5InstallingtheBaseSystemAlthoughthisstageistheleastproblematic,itconsumesasignicantfractionoftheinstallbecauseitdownloads,veriesandunpacksthewholebasesystem.
Ifyouhaveaslowcomputerornetworkconnection,thiscouldtakesometime.
Itisbelievedthattheguysfromthree-letteragenciescanrestorethedataevenafterseveralrewritesofthemagnetoopticalmedia,though.
46CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSDuringinstallationofthebasesystem,packageunpackingandsetupmessagesareredirectedtotty4.
YoucanaccessthisterminalbypressingLeftAlt-F4;getbacktothemaininstallerprocesswithLeftAlt-F1.
Theunpack/setupmessagesgeneratedduringthisphasearealsosavedin/var/log/syslog.
Youcancheckthemthereiftheinstallationisperformedoveraserialconsole.
Aspartoftheinstallation,aLinuxkernelwillbeinstalled.
Atthedefaultpriority,theinstallerwillchooseoneforyouthatbestmatchesyourhardware.
Inlowerprioritymodes,youwillbeabletochoosefromalistofavailablekernels.
Whenpackagesareinstalledusingthepackagemanagementsystem,itwillbydefaultalsoinstallpackagesthatarerecommendedbythosepackages.
Recommendedpackagesarenotstrictlyrequiredforthecorefunctionalityoftheselectedsoftware,buttheydoenhancethatsoftwareandshould,intheviewofthepackagemaintainers,normallybeinstalledtogetherwiththatsoftware.
NFortechnicalreasonspackagesinstalledduringtheinstallationofthebasesystemareinstalledwithouttheir"Recommends".
Theruledescribedaboveonlytakeseectafterthispointintheinstallationprocess.
6.
3.
6InstallingAdditionalSoftwareAtthispointyouhaveausablebutlimitedsystem.
Mostuserswillwanttoinstalladditionalsoftwareonthesystemtotuneittotheirneeds,andtheinstallerallowsyoudoso.
Thisstepcantakeevenlongerthaninstallingthebasesystemifyouhaveaslowcomputerornetworkconnection.
6.
3.
6.
1ConguringaptOneofthetoolsusedtoinstallpackagesonaDebianGNU/Linuxsystemistheprogramapt,fromtheaptpack-age.
Otherfront-endsforpackagemanagement,likeaptitudeandsynaptic,arealsoinuse.
Thesefront-endsarerecommendedfornewusers,sincetheyintegratesomeadditionalfeatures(packagesearchingandstatuschecks)inaniceuserinterface.
aptmustbeconguredsothatitknowsfromwheretoretrievepackages.
Theresultsofthiscongurationarewrit-tentothele/etc/apt/sources.
list.
Youcanexamineandeditthisletoyourlikingaftertheinstallationiscomplete.
Ifyouareinstallingatdefaultpriority,theinstallerwilllargelytakecareofthecongurationautomatically,basedontheinstallationmethodyouareusingandpossiblyusingchoicesmadeearlierintheinstallation.
Inmostcasestheinstallerwillautomaticallyaddasecuritymirrorand,ifyouareinstallingthestabledistribution,amirrorforthe"stable-updates"service.
Ifyouareinstallingatalowerpriority(e.
g.
inexpertmode),youwillbeabletomakemoredecisionsyourself.
Youcanchoosewhetherornottousethesecurityand/orstable-updatesservices,andyoucanchoosetoaddpackagesfromthe"contrib"and"non-free"sectionsofthearchive.
6.
3.
6.
1.
1InstallingfrommorethanoneCDorDVDimageIfyouareinstallingfromaCDorDVDimagethatispartofalargerset,theinstallerwillaskifyouwanttoscanadditionalinstallationmedia.
Ifyouhavesuchadditionalmediaavailable,youprobablywanttodothissotheinstallercanusethepackagesincludedonthem.
Ifyoudonothaveanyadditionalmedia,thatisnoproblem:usingthemisnotrequired.
Ifyoualsodonotuseanetworkmirror(asexplainedinthenextsection),itcanmeanthatnotallpackagesbelongingtothetasksyouselectinthenextstepoftheinstallationcanbeinstalled.
Notethattheprogramwhichactuallyinstallsthepackagesiscalleddpkg.
However,thisprogramismoreofalow-leveltool.
aptisahigher-leveltool,whichwillinvokedpkgasappropriate.
Itknowshowtoretrievepackagesfromyourinstallationmedia,thenetwork,orwherever.
Itisalsoabletoautomaticallyinstallotherpackageswhicharerequiredtomakethepackageyou'retryingtoinstallworkcorrectly.
47CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSNPackagesareincludedonCDandDVDimagesintheorderoftheirpopularity.
Thismeansthatformostusesonlytherstimageofasetisneededandthatonlyveryfewpeopleactuallyuseanyofthepackagesincludedonthelastimagesofaset.
ItalsomeansthatbuyingordownloadingandburningafullCDsetisjustawasteofmoneyasyou'llneverusemostofthem.
Inmostcasesyouarebetterogettingonlytherst3to8CDsandinstallinganyadditionalpackagesyoumayneedfromtheInternetbyusingamirror.
ThesamegoesforDVDsets:therstDVD,ormaybethersttwoDVDswillcovermostneeds.
Ifyoudoscanmultipleinstallationmedia,theinstallerwillpromptyoutoexchangethemwhenitneedspackagesfromonethatisn'tcurrentlyinthedrive.
Notethatonlydiscsthatbelongtothesamesetshouldbescanned.
Theorderinwhichtheyarescanneddoesnotreallymatter,butscanningtheminascendingorderwillreducethechanceofmistakes.
6.
3.
6.
1.
2UsinganetworkmirrorOnequestionthatwillbeaskedduringmostinstallsiswhetherornottouseanetworkmirrorasasourceforpackages.
Inmostcasesthedefaultanswershouldbene,buttherearesomeexceptions.
IfyouarenotinstallingfromafullCD/DVDimage,youreallyshoulduseanetworkmirrorasotherwiseyouwillendupwithonlyaveryminimalsystem.
However,ifyouhavealimitedInternetconnectionitisbestnottoselectthedesktoptaskinthenextstepoftheinstallation.
IfyouareinstallingfromasinglefullCDimage,usinganetworkmirrorisnotrequired,butisstillstronglyrecommendedbecauseasingleCDimagecontainsonlyafairlylimitednumberofpackages.
IfyouhavealimitedInternetconnectionitmaystillbebesttonotselectanetworkmirrorhere,buttonishtheinstallationusingonlywhat'savailableontheCDimageandselectivelyinstalladditionalpackagesaftertheinstallation(i.
e.
afteryouhaverebootedintothenewsystem).
IfyouareinstallingfromDVD,anypackagesneededduringtheinstallationshouldbepresentontherstDVDimage.
Useofanetworkmirrorisoptional.
Oneadvantageofaddinganetworkmirroristhatupdates,thathaveoccurredsincetheCD/DVDimageswerecreatedandhavebeenincludedinapointrelease,willbecomeavailableforinstallation,thusextendingthelifeofyourCD/DVDsetwithoutcompromisingthesecurityorstabilityoftheinstalledsystem.
Insummary:selectinganetworkmirrorisgenerallyagoodidea,exceptifyoudonothaveagoodInternetconnection.
Ifthecurrentversionofapackageisavailablefrominstallationmedia,theinstallerwillalwaysusethat.
Theamountofdatathatwillbedownloadedifyoudoselectamirrorthusdependson1.
thetasksyouselectinthenextstepoftheinstallation,2.
whichpackagesareneededforthosetasks,3.
whichofthosepackagesarepresentontheinstallationmediayouhavescanned,and4.
whetheranyupdatedversionsofpackagesincludedontheinstallationmediaareavailablefromamirror(eitheraregularpackagemirror,oramirrorforsecurityorstable-updates).
Notethatthelastpointmeansthat,evenifyouchoosenottouseanetworkmirror,somepackagesmaystillbedownloadedfromtheInternetifthereisasecurityorstable-updatesupdateavailableforthemandthoseserviceshavebeencongured.
6.
3.
6.
1.
3ChoosinganetworkmirrorUnlessyouchosenottouseanetworkmirror,youwillbepresentedwithalistofnetworkmirrorsbaseduponyourcountryselectionearlierintheinstallationprocess.
Choosingtheoereddefaultisusuallyne.
Theoereddefaultisdeb.
debian.
org,whichisnotamirroritselfbutwillredirecttoamirrorthatshouldbeup-to-dateandfast.
ThesemirrorssupportTLS(httpsprotocol)andIPv6.
ThisserviceismaintainedbytheDebianSystemAdministration(DSA)team.
Amirrorcanalsobespeciedbyhandbychoosing"enterinformationmanually".
Youcanthenspecifyamirrorhostnameandanoptionalportnumber.
ThisactuallyhastobeaURLbase,i.
e.
whenspecifyinganIPv6address,onehastoaddsquarebracketsaroundit,forinstance"[2001:db8::1]".
48CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSIfyourcomputerisonanIPv6-onlynetwork(whichisprobablynotthecaseforthevastmajorityofusers),usingthedefaultmirrorforyourcountrymightnotwork.
AllthemirrorsinthelistarereachableviaIPv4,butonlysomeofthemcanbeusedviaIPv6.
Asconnectivityofindividualmirrorscanchangeovertime,thisinformationisnotavailableintheinstaller.
IfthereisnoIPv6connectivityforthedefaultmirrorforyourcountry,youcaneithertrysomeoftheothermirrorsoeredtoyouorchoosethe"enterinformationmanually"option.
Youcanthenspecify"ftp.
ipv6.
debian.
org"asthemirrorname,whichisanaliasforamirroravailableviaIPv6,althoughitwillprobablynotbethefastestpossibleone.
6.
3.
6.
2SelectingandInstallingSoftwareDuringtheinstallationprocess,youaregiventheopportunitytoselectadditionalsoftwaretoinstall.
Ratherthanpickingindividualsoftwarepackagesfromthe85593availablepackages,thisstageoftheinstallationprocessfocusesonselectingandinstallingpredenedcollectionsofsoftwaretoquicklysetupyourcomputertoperformvarioustasks.
Thesetaskslooselyrepresentanumberofdierentjobsorthingsyouwanttodowithyourcomputer,suchas"Desktopenvironment","Webserver",or"Printserver".
SectionD.
2liststhespacerequirementsfortheavailabletasks.
Sometasksmaybepre-selectedbasedonthecharacteristicsofthecomputeryouareinstalling.
Ifyoudisagreewiththeseselectionsyoucandeselectthem.
Youcanevenopttoinstallnotasksatallatthispoint.
TInthestandarduserinterfaceoftheinstaller,youcanusethespacebartotoggleselectionofatask.
NThe"Desktopenvironment"taskwillinstallagraphicaldesktopenvironment.
Bydefault,debian-installerinstallsthedesktopenvironment.
Itispossibletointeractivelyselectadierentdesktopenvironmentduringtheinstallation.
Itisalsopossibletoinstallmultipledesktops,butsomecombinationsofdesktopmaynotbeco-installable.
Notethatthiswillonlyworkifthepackagesneededforthedesireddesktopenviron-mentareactuallyavailable.
IfyouareinstallingusingasinglefullCDimage,theywillpossiblyneedtobedownloadedfromanetworkmirrorastheymightnotbeavailableontheCDimageduetoitslimitedamountofspace.
InstallinganyoftheavailabledesktopenvironmentsthiswayshouldworkneifyouareusingaDVDimageoranyotherinstallationmethod.
Thevariousservertaskswillinstallsoftwareroughlyasfollows.
Webserver:apache2;Printserver:cups;SSHserver:openssh.
The"Standardsystem"taskwillinstallanypackagethathasapriority"standard".
ThisincludesalotofcommonutilitiesthatarenormallyavailableonanyLinuxorUnixsystem.
Youshouldleavethistaskselectedunlessyouknowwhatyouaredoingandwantareallyminimalsystem.
Ifduringlanguageselectionadefaultlocaleotherthanthe"C"localewasselected,taskselwillcheckifanylocalizationtasksaredenedforthatlocaleandwillautomaticallytrytoinstallrelevantlocalizationpackages.
Thisincludesforexamplepackagescontainingwordlistsorspecialfontsforyourlanguage.
Ifadesktopenvironmentwasselected,itwillalsoinstallappropriatelocalizationpackagesforthat(ifavailable).
Onceyou'veselectedyourtasks,selectContinue.
Atthispoint,aptwillinstallthepackagesthatarepartoftheselectedtasks.
Ifaparticularprogramneedsmoreinformationfromtheuser,itwillpromptyouduringthisprocess.
Youshouldknowthattopresentthislist,theinstallerismerelyinvokingthetaskselprogram.
Itcanberunatanytimeafterinstallationtoinstallmorepackages(orremovethem),oryoucanuseamorene-grainedtoolsuchasaptitude.
Ifyouarelookingforaspecicsinglepackage,afterinstallationiscomplete,simplyrunaptitudeinstallpackage,wherepackageisthenameofthepackageyouarelookingfor.
49CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSYoushouldbeawarethatespeciallytheDesktoptaskisverylarge.
EspeciallywheninstallingfromanormalCD-ROMincombinationwithamirrorforpackagesnotontheCD-ROM,theinstallermaywanttoretrievealotofpackagesoverthenetwork.
IfyouhavearelativelyslowInternetconnection,thiscantakealongtime.
Thereisnooptiontocanceltheinstallationofpackagesonceithasstarted.
EvenwhenpackagesareincludedontheCD-ROM,theinstallermaystillretrievethemfromthemirroriftheversionavailableonthemirrorismorerecentthantheoneincludedontheCD-ROM.
Ifyouareinstallingthestabledistribution,thiscanhappenafterapointrelease(anupdateoftheoriginalstablerelease);ifyouareinstallingthetestingdistributionthiswillhappenifyouareusinganolderimage.
6.
3.
7MakingYourSystemBootableIfyouareinstallingadisklessworkstation,obviously,bootingothelocaldiskisn'tameaningfuloption,andthisstepwillbeskipped.
6.
3.
7.
1DetectingotheroperatingsystemsBeforeabootloaderisinstalled,theinstallerwillattempttoprobeforotheroperatingsystemswhichareinstalledonthemachine.
Ifitndsasupportedoperatingsystem,youwillbeinformedofthisduringthebootloaderinstallationstep,andthecomputerwillbeconguredtobootthisotheroperatingsysteminadditiontoDebian.
Notethatmultipleoperatingsystemsbootingonasinglemachineisstillsomethingofablackart.
Theautomaticsupportfordetectingandsettingupbootloaderstoboototheroperatingsystemsvariesbyarchitectureandevenbysubarchitecture.
Ifitdoesnotworkyoushouldconsultyourbootmanager'sdocumentationformoreinformation.
6.
3.
7.
2Makingthesystembootablewithash-kernelAsthereisnocommonrmwareinterfaceonallARMplatforms,thestepsrequiredtomakethesystembootableonARMdevicesarehighlydevice-dependent.
Debianusesatoolcalledash-kerneltotakecareofthis.
Flash-kernelcontainsadatabasewhichdescribestheparticularoperationsthatarerequiredtomakethesystembootableonvariousdevices.
Itdetectswhetherthecurrentdeviceissupported,andifyes,performsthenecessaryoperations.
OndeviceswhichbootfrominternalNOR-orNAND-ashmemory,ash-kernelwritesthekernelandtheinitialramdisktothisinternalmemory.
Thismethodisparticularlycommononolderarmeldevices.
Pleasenotethatmostofthesedevicesdonotallowhavingmultiplekernelsandramdisksintheirinternalashmemory,i.
e.
runningash-kernelonthemusuallyoverwritesthepreviouscontentsoftheashmemory!
ForARMsystemsthatuseU-Bootastheirsystemrmwareandbootthekernelandtheinitialramdiskfromexternalstoragemedia(suchasMMC/SD-cards,USBmassstoragedevicesorIDE/SATAharddisks),ash-kernelgeneratesanappropriatebootscripttoallowautobootingwithoutuserinteraction.
6.
3.
7.
3ContinueWithoutBootLoaderThisoptioncanbeusedtocompletetheinstallationevenwhennobootloaderistobeinstalled,eitherbecausethearch/subarchdoesn'tprovideone,orbecausenoneisdesired(e.
g.
youwilluseexistingbootloader).
Ifyouplantomanuallycongureyourbootloader,youshouldcheckthenameoftheinstalledkernelin/target/boot.
Youshouldalsocheckthatdirectoryforthepresenceofaninitrd;ifoneispresent,youwillprobablyhavetoinstructyourbootloadertouseit.
Otherinformationyouwillneedarethediskandpartitionyouselectedforyour/lesystemand,ifyouchosetoinstall/bootonaseparatepartition,alsoyour/bootlesystem.
6.
3.
8FinishingtheInstallationThisisthelaststepintheDebianinstallationprocessduringwhichtheinstallerwilldoanylastminutetasks.
Itmostlyconsistsoftidyingupafterthedebian-installer.
6.
3.
8.
1SettingtheSystemClockTheinstallermayaskyouifthecomputer'sclockissettoUTC.
NormallythisquestionisavoidedifpossibleandtheinstallertriestoworkoutwhethertheclockissettoUTCbasedonthingslikewhatotheroperatingsystemsareinstalled.
InexpertmodeyouwillalwaysbeabletochoosewhetherornottheclockissettoUTC.
Atthispointdebian-installerwillalsoattempttosavethecurrenttimetothesystem'shardwareclock.
ThiswillbedoneeitherinUTCorlocaltime,dependingontheselectionthatwasjustmade.
50CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTS6.
3.
8.
2ReboottheSystemYouwillbepromptedtoremovethebootmedia(CD,USBstick,etc)thatyouusedtoboottheinstaller.
AfterthatthesystemwillberebootedintoyournewDebiansystem.
6.
3.
9TroubleshootingThecomponentslistedinthissectionareusuallynotinvolvedintheinstallationprocess,butarewaitingintheback-groundtohelptheuserincasesomethinggoeswrong.
6.
3.
9.
1SavingtheinstallationlogsIftheinstallationissuccessful,theloglescreatedduringtheinstallationprocesswillbeautomaticallysavedto/var/log/installer/onyournewDebiansystem.
ChoosingSavedebuglogsfromthemainmenuallowsyoutosavetheloglestoaUSBstick,network,harddisk,orothermedia.
Thiscanbeusefulifyouencounterfatalproblemsduringtheinstallationandwishtostudythelogsonanothersystemorattachthemtoaninstallationreport.
6.
3.
9.
2UsingtheShellandViewingtheLogsThereareseveralmethodsyoucanusetogetashellwhilerunninganinstallation.
Onmostsystems,andifyouarenotinstallingoverserialconsole,theeasiestmethodistoswitchtothesecondvirtualconsolebypressingLeftAlt-F2(onaMackeyboard,Option-F2).
UseLeftAlt-F1toswitchbacktotheinstalleritself.
Ifyoucannotswitchconsoles,thereisalsoanExecuteaShellitemonthemainmenuthatcanbeusedtostartashell.
YoucangettothemainmenufrommostdialogsbyusingtheGoBackbuttononeormoretimes.
Typeexittoclosetheshellandreturntotheinstaller.
AtthispointyouarebootedfromtheRAMdisk,andthereisalimitedsetofUnixutilitiesavailableforyouruse.
Youcanseewhatprogramsareavailablewiththecommandls/bin/sbin/usr/bin/usr/sbinandbytypinghelp.
TheshellisaBourneshellclonecalledashandhassomenicefeatureslikeautocompletionandhistory.
Toeditandviewles,usethetexteditornano.
Loglesfortheinstallationsystemcanbefoundinthe/var/logdirectory.
NAlthoughyoucandobasicallyanythinginashellthattheavailablecommandsallowyoutodo,theoptiontouseashellisreallyonlythereincasesomethinggoeswrongandfordebugging.
Doingthingsmanuallyfromtheshellmayinterferewiththeinstallationprocessandresultinerrorsoranincompleteinstallation.
Inparticular,youshouldalwaysuselettheinstalleractivateyourswappartitionandnotdothisyourselffromashell.
6.
3.
10InstallationOvertheNetworkOneofthemoreinterestingcomponentsisnetwork-console.
ItallowsyoutodoalargepartoftheinstallationoverthenetworkviaSSH.
Theuseofthenetworkimpliesyouwillhavetoperformtherststepsoftheinstallationfromtheconsole,atleasttothepointofsettingupthenetworking.
(AlthoughyoucanautomatethatpartwithSection4.
4.
)Thiscomponentisnotloadedintothemaininstallationmenubydefault,soyouhavetoexplicitlyaskforit.
Ifyouareinstallingfromopticalmedia,youneedtobootwithmediumpriorityorotherwiseinvokethemaininstallationmenuandchooseLoadinstallercomponentsfrominstallationmediaandfromthelistofadditionalcomponentsselectnetwork-console:ContinueinstallationremotelyusingSSH.
SuccessfulloadisindicatedbyanewmenuentrycalledContinueinstallationremotelyusingSSH.
Afterselectingthisnewentry,youwillbeaskedforanewpasswordtobeusedforconnectingtotheinstallationsystemandforitsconrmation.
That'sall.
NowyoushouldseeascreenwhichinstructsyoutologinremotelyastheThatis:presstheAltkeyontheleft-handsideofthespacebarandtheF2functionkeyatthesametime.
51CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
3.
USINGINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSuserinstallerwiththepasswordyoujustprovided.
Anotherimportantdetailtonoticeonthisscreenisthengerprintofthissystem.
Youneedtotransferthengerprintsecurelytothepersonwhowillcontinuetheinstallationremotely.
Shouldyoudecidetocontinuewiththeinstallationlocally,youcanalwayspressEnter,whichwillbringyoubacktothemainmenu,whereyoucanselectanothercomponent.
Nowlet'sswitchtotheothersideofthewire.
Asaprerequisite,youneedtocongureyourterminalforUTF-8encoding,becausethatiswhattheinstallationsystemuses.
Ifyoudonot,remoteinstallationwillbestillpossible,butyoumayencounterstrangedisplayartefactslikedestroyeddialogbordersorunreadablenon-asciicharacters.
Establishingaconnectionwiththeinstallationsystemisassimpleastyping:$ssh-linstallerinstall_hostWhereinstall_hostiseitherthenameorIPaddressofthecomputerbeinginstalled.
Beforetheactualloginthengerprintoftheremotesystemwillbedisplayedandyouwillhavetoconrmthatitiscorrect.
NThesshserverintheinstallerusesadefaultcongurationthatdoesnotsendkeep-alivepackets.
Inprinciple,aconnectiontothesystembeinginstalledshouldbekeptopenindenitely.
However,insomesituations—dependingonyourlocalnet-worksetup—theconnectionmaybelostaftersomeperiodofinactivity.
Onecom-moncasewherethiscanhappeniswhenthereissomeformofNetworkAddressTranslation(NAT)somewherebetweentheclientandthesystembeinginstalled.
Dependingonatwhichpointoftheinstallationtheconnectionwaslost,youmayormaynotbeabletoresumetheinstallationafterreconnecting.
Youmaybeabletoavoidtheconnectionbeingdroppedbyaddingtheoption-oServerAliveInterval=valuewhenstartingthesshconnection,orbyaddingthatoptioninyoursshcongurationle.
Notehoweverthatinsomecasesaddingthisoptionmayalsocauseaconnectiontobedropped(forexampleifkeep-alivepacketsaresentduringabriefnetworkoutage,fromwhichsshwouldother-wisehaverecovered),soitshouldonlybeusedwhenneeded.
NIfyouinstallseveralcomputersinturnandtheyhappentohavethesameIPaddressorhostname,sshwillrefusetoconnecttosuchhost.
Thereasonisthatitwillhavedierentngerprint,whichisusuallyasignofaspoongattack.
Ifyouaresurethisisnotthecase,youwillneedtodeletetherelevantlinefrom~/.
ssh/known_hostsaandtryagain.
aThefollowingcommandwillremoveanexistingentryforahost:ssh-keygen-R.
AftertheloginyouwillbepresentedwithaninitialscreenwhereyouhavetwopossibilitiescalledStartmenuandStartshell.
Theformerbringsyoutothemaininstallermenu,whereyoucancontinuewiththeinstallationasusual.
Thelatterstartsashellfromwhichyoucanexamineandpossiblyxtheremotesystem.
YoushouldonlystartoneSSHsessionfortheinstallationmenu,butmaystartmultiplesessionsforshells.
52CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
4.
LOADINGMISSINGFIRMWAREWAfteryouhavestartedtheinstallationremotelyoverSSH,youshouldnotgobacktotheinstallationsessionrunningonthelocalconsole.
Doingsomaycorruptthedatabasethatholdsthecongurationofthenewsystem.
Thisinturnmayresultinafailedinstallationorproblemswiththeinstalledsystem.
6.
4LoadingMissingFirmwareAsdescribedinSection2.
2,somedevicesrequirermwaretobeloaded.
Inmostcasesthedevicewillnotworkatallifthermwareisnotavailable;sometimesbasicfunctionalityisnotimpairedifitismissingandthermwareisonlyneededtoenableadditionalfeatures.
Ifadevicedriverrequestsrmwarethatisnotavailable,debian-installerwilldisplayadialogoeringtoloadthemissingrmware.
Ifthisoptionisselected,debian-installerwillscanavailabledevicesforeitherloosermwarelesorpackagescontainingrmware.
Iffound,thermwarewillbecopiedtothecorrectlocation(/lib/firmware)andthedrivermodulewillbereloaded.
NWhichdevicesarescannedandwhichlesystemsaresupporteddependsonthearchitecture,theinstallationmethodandthestageoftheinstallation.
Especiallydur-ingtheearlystagesoftheinstallation,loadingthermwareismostlikelytosucceedfromaFAT-formattedUSBstick.
Notethatitispossibletoskiploadingthermwareifyouknowthedevicewillalsofunctionwithoutit,orifthedeviceisnotneededduringtheinstallation.
debian-installeronlypromptsforrmwareneededbykernelmodulesloadedduringtheinstallation.
Notalldriversareincludedindebian-installer,inparticularradeonisnot,sothisimpliesthatthecapabilitiesofsomedevicesmaybenodierentattheendoftheinstallationfromwhattheywereatthebeginning.
Consequently,someofyourhardwaremaynotbebeingusedtoitsfullpotential.
Ifyoususpectthisisthecase,orarejustcurious,itisnotabadideatochecktheoutputofthedmesgcommandonthenewlybootedsystemandsearchfor"rmware".
6.
4.
1PreparingamediumOcialinstallationimagesdonotincludenon-freermware.
ThemostcommonmethodtoloadsuchrmwareisfromsomeremovablemediumsuchasaUSBstick.
Alternatively,unocialinstallationimagescontainingnon-freermwarecanbefoundathttps://cdimage.
debian.
org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/.
ToprepareaUSBstick(orothermediumlikeaharddrivepartition),thermwarelesorpackagesmustbeplacedineithertherootdirectoryoradirectorynamed/firmwareofthelesystemonthemedium.
TherecommendedlesystemtouseisFATasthatismostcertaintobesupportedduringtheearlystagesoftheinstallation.
Tarballsandziplescontainingcurrentpackagesforthemostcommonrmwareareavailablefrom:https://cdimage.
debian.
org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/firmware/Justdownloadthetarballorzipleforthecorrectreleaseandunpackittothelesystemonthemedium.
Ifthermwareyouneedisnotincludedinthetarball,youcanalsodownloadspecicrmwarepackagesfromthe(non-freesectionofthe)archive.
Thefollowingoverviewshouldlistmostavailablermwarepackagesbutisnotguaranteedtobecompleteandmayalsocontainnon-rmwarepackages:https://packages.
debian.
org/searchkeywords=firmwareItisalsopossibletocopyindividualrmwarelestothemedium.
Loosermwarecouldbeobtainedforexamplefromanalreadyinstalledsystemorfromahardwarevendor.
53CHAPTER6.
USINGTHEDEBIANINSTALLER6.
4.
LOADINGMISSINGFIRMWARE6.
4.
2FirmwareandtheInstalledSystemAnyrmwareloadedduringtheinstallationwillbecopiedautomaticallytotheinstalledsystem.
Inmostcasesthiswillensurethatthedevicethatrequiresthermwarewillalsoworkcorrectlyafterthesystemisrebootedintotheinstalledsystem.
However,iftheinstalledsystemrunsadierentkernelversionfromtheinstallerthereisaslightchancethatthermwarecannotbeloadedduetoversionskew.
Ifthermwarewasloadedfromarmwarepackage,debian-installerwillalsoinstallthispackagefortheinstalledsystemandwillautomaticallyaddthenon-freesectionofthepackagearchiveinAPT'ssources.
list.
Thishastheadvantagethatthermwareshouldbeupdatedautomaticallyifanewversionbecomesavailable.
Ifloadingthermwarewasskippedduringtheinstallation,therelevantdevicewillprobablynotworkwiththeinstalledsystemuntilthermware(package)isinstalledmanually.
NIfthermwarewasloadedfromloosermwareles,thermwarecopiedtothein-stalledsystemwillnotbeautomaticallyupdatedunlessthecorrespondingrmwarepackage(ifavailable)isinstalledaftertheinstallationiscompleted.
54Chapter7BootingIntoYourNewDebianSystem7.
1TheMomentofTruthYoursystem'srstbootonitsownpoweriswhatelectricalengineerscallthe"smoketest".
Ifthesystemfailstostartupcorrectly,don'tpanic.
Iftheinstallationwassuccessful,chancesaregoodthatthereisonlyarelativelyminorproblemthatispreventingthesystemfrombootingDebian.
Inmostcasessuchproblemscanbexedwithouthavingtorepeattheinstallation.
Oneavailableoptiontoxbootproblemsistousetheinstaller'sbuilt-inrescuemode(seeSection8.
6).
IfyouarenewtoDebianandLinux,youmayneedsomehelpfrommoreexperiencedusers.
Forlesscommonarchitectureslike32-bithard-oatARMv7,yourbestoptionistoaskonthedebian-armmailinglist.
YoucanalsoleaninstallationreportasdescribedinSection5.
4.
5.
Pleasemakesurethatyoudescribeyourproblemclearlyandincludeanymessagesthataredisplayedandmayhelpotherstodiagnosetheissue.
7.
2MountingencryptedvolumesIfyoucreatedencryptedvolumesduringtheinstallationandassignedthemmountpoints,youwillbeaskedtoenterthepassphraseforeachofthesevolumesduringtheboot.
Forpartitionsencryptedusingdm-cryptyouwillbeshownthefollowingpromptduringtheboot:Startingearlycryptodisks.
.
.
part_crypt(starting)EnterLUKSpassphrase:Intherstlineoftheprompt,partisthenameoftheunderlyingpartition,e.
g.
sda2ormd0.
Youarenowprobablywonderingforwhichvolumeyouareactuallyenteringthepassphrase.
Doesitrelatetoyour/homeOrto/varOfcourse,ifyouhavejustoneencryptedvolume,thisiseasyandyoucanjustenterthepassphraseyouusedwhensettingupthisvolume.
Ifyousetupmorethanoneencryptedvolumeduringtheinstallation,thenotesyouwrotedownasthelaststepinSection6.
3.
4.
6comeinhandy.
Ifyoudidnotmakeanoteofthemappingbetweenpart_cryptandthemountpointsbefore,youcanstillnditin/etc/crypttaband/etc/fstabofyournewsystem.
Thepromptmaylooksomewhatdierentwhenanencryptedrootlesystemismounted.
Thisdependsonwhichinitramfsgeneratorwasusedtogeneratetheinitrdusedtobootthesystem.
Theexamplebelowisforaninitrdgeneratedusinginitramfs-tools:Begin:Mountingrootfilesystem.
.
.
.
.
.
Begin:Running/scripts/local-top.
.
.
EnterLUKSpassphrase:Nocharacters(evenasterisks)willbeshownwhileenteringthepassphrase.
Ifyouenterthewrongpassphrase,youhavetwomoretriestocorrectit.
Afterthethirdtrythebootprocesswillskipthisvolumeandcontinuetomountthenextlesystem.
PleaseseeSection7.
2.
1forfurtherinformation.
Afterenteringallpassphrasesthebootshouldcontinueasusual.
55CHAPTER7.
BOOTINGINTOYOURNEWDEBIAN…7.
3.
LOGIN7.
2.
1TroubleshootingIfsomeoftheencryptedvolumescouldnotbemountedbecauseawrongpassphrasewasentered,youwillhavetomountthemmanuallyaftertheboot.
Thereareseveralcases.
Therstcaseconcernstherootpartition.
Whenitisnotmountedcorrectly,thebootprocesswillhaltandyouwillhavetorebootthecomputertotryagain.
Theeasiestcaseisforencryptedvolumesholdingdatalike/homeor/srv.
Youcansimplymountthemmanuallyaftertheboot.
Howeverfordm-cryptthisisabittricky.
Firstyouneedtoregisterthevolumeswithdevicemapperbyrunning:#/etc/init.
d/cryptdisksstartThiswillscanallvolumesmentionedin/etc/crypttabandwillcreateappropriatedevicesunderthe/devdirectoryafterenteringthecorrectpassphrases.
(Alreadyregisteredvolumeswillbeskipped,soyoucanrepeatthiscommandseveraltimeswithoutworrying.
)Aftersuccessfulregistrationyoucansimplymountthevolumestheusualway:#mount/mount_pointIfanyvolumeholdingnoncriticalsystemlescouldnotbemounted(/usror/var),thesystemshouldstillbootandyoushouldbeabletomountthevolumesmanuallylikeinthepreviouscase.
However,youwillalsoneedto(re)startanyservicesusuallyrunninginyourdefaultrunlevelbecauseitisverylikelythattheywerenotstarted.
Theeasiestwayistojustrebootthecomputer.
7.
3LogInOnceyoursystemboots,you'llbepresentedwiththeloginprompt.
Loginusingthepersonalloginandpasswordyouselectedduringtheinstallationprocess.
Yoursystemisnowreadyforuse.
Ifyouareanewuser,youmaywanttoexplorethedocumentationwhichisalreadyinstalledonyoursystemasyoustarttouseit.
Therearecurrentlyseveraldocumentationsystems,workisproceedingonintegratingthedierenttypesofdocumentation.
Hereareafewstartingpoints.
Documentationaccompanyingprogramsyouhaveinstalledcanbefoundin/usr/share/doc/,underasub-directorynamedaftertheprogram(or,moreprecise,theDebianpackagethatcontainstheprogram).
However,moreextensivedocumentationisoftenpackagedseparatelyinspecialdocumentationpackagesthataremostlynotin-stalledbydefault.
Forexample,documentationaboutthepackagemanagementtoolaptcanbefoundinthepackagesapt-docorapt-howto.
Inaddition,therearesomespecialfolderswithinthe/usr/share/doc/hierarchy.
LinuxHOWTOsareinstalledin.
gz(compressed)format,in/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/en-txt/.
Afterinstallingdhelp,youwillndabrowsableindexofdocumentationin/usr/share/doc/HTML/index.
html.
Oneeasywaytoviewthesedocumentsusingatextbasedbrowseristoenterthefollowingcommands:$cd/usr/share/doc/$w3m.
Thedotafterthew3mcommandtellsittoshowthecontentsofthecurrentdirectory.
Ifyouhaveagraphicaldesktopenvironmentinstalled,youcanalsouseitswebbrowser.
Startthewebbrowserfromtheapplicationmenuandenter/usr/share/doc/intheaddressbar.
Youcanalsotypeinfocommandormancommandtoseedocumentationonmostcommandsavailableatthecommandprompt.
Typinghelpwilldisplayhelponshellcommands.
Andtypingacommandfollowedby--helpwillusuallydisplayashortsummaryofthecommand'susage.
Ifacommand'sresultsscrollpastthetopofthescreen,type|moreafterthecommandtocausetheresultstopausebeforescrollingpastthetopofthescreen.
Toseealistofallcommandsavailablewhichbeginwithacertainletter,typetheletterandthentwotabs.
56Chapter8NextStepsandWheretoGoFromHere8.
1ShuttingdownthesystemToshutdownarunningDebianGNU/Linuxsystem,youmustnotrebootwiththeresetswitchonthefrontorbackofyourcomputer,orjustturnothecomputer.
DebianGNU/Linuxshouldbeshutdowninacontrolledmanner,otherwiselesmightgetlostand/ordiskdamagemightoccur.
Ifyourunadesktopenvironment,thereisusuallyanoptionto"logout"availablefromtheapplicationmenuthatallowsyoutoshutdown(orreboot)thesystem.
AlternativelyyoucanpressthekeycombinationCtrl-Alt-Del.
Ifthekeycombinationsdonotwork,alastoptionistologinasrootandtypethenecessarycommands.
Usereboottorebootthesystem.
Usehalttohaltthesystemwithoutpoweringito.
Topowerothemachine,usepoweroorshutdown-hnow.
Thesystemdinitsystemprovidesadditionalcommandsthatperformthesamefunctions;forexamplesystemctlrebootorsystemctlpowero.
8.
2OrientingYourselftoDebianDebianisalittledierentfromotherdistributions.
Evenifyou'refamiliarwithLinuxinotherdistributions,therearethingsyoushouldknowaboutDebiantohelpyoutokeepyoursysteminagood,cleanstate.
Thischaptercontainsmaterialtohelpyougetoriented;itisnotintendedtobeatutorialforhowtouseDebian,butjustaverybriefglimpseofthesystemfortheveryrushed.
8.
2.
1DebianPackagingSystemThemostimportantconcepttograspistheDebianpackagingsystem.
Inessence,largepartsofyoursystemshouldbeconsideredunderthecontrolofthepackagingsystem.
Theseinclude:/usr(excluding/usr/local)/var(youcouldmake/var/localandbesafeinthere)/bin/sbin/libForinstance,ifyoureplace/usr/bin/perl,thatwillwork,butthenifyouupgradeyourperlpackage,theleyouputtherewillbereplaced.
Expertscangetaroundthisbyputtingpackageson"hold"inaptitude.
Oneofthebestinstallationmethodsisapt.
Youcanusethecommandlineversionofaptaswellastoolslikeaptitudeorsynaptic(whicharejustgraphicalfrontendsforapt).
Notethataptwillalsoletyoumergemain,contrib,andnon-freesoyoucanhaverestrictedpackages(strictlyspeakingnotbelongingtoDebian)aswellaspackagesfromDebianGNU/Linuxatthesametime.
UndertheSysVinitsystemhalthadthesameeectaspowero,butwithsystemdasinitsystem(thedefaultsincejessie)theireectsaredierent.
57CHAPTER8.
NEXTSTEPSANDWHERETOGO…8.
3.
FURTHERREADINGANDINFORMATION8.
2.
2AdditionalSoftwareAvailableforDebianThereareocialandunocialsoftwarerepositoriesthatarenotenabledinthedefaultDebianinstall.
Thesecontainsoftwarewhichmanyndimportantandexpecttohave.
InformationontheseadditionalrepositoriescanbefoundontheDebianWikipagetitledTheSoftwareAvailableforDebian'sStableRelease.
8.
2.
3ApplicationVersionManagementAlternativeversionsofapplicationsaremanagedbyupdate-alternatives.
Ifyouaremaintainingmultipleversionsofyourapplications,readtheupdate-alternativesmanpage.
8.
2.
4CronJobManagementAnyjobsunderthepurviewofthesystemadministratorshouldbein/etc,sincetheyarecongurationles.
Ifyouhavearootcronjobfordaily,weekly,ormonthlyruns,putthemin/etc/cron.
{daily,weekly,monthly}.
Theseareinvokedfrom/etc/crontab,andwillruninalphabeticorder,whichserializesthem.
Ontheotherhand,ifyouhaveacronjobthat(a)needstorunasaspecialuser,or(b)needstorunataspecialtimeorfrequency,youcanuseeither/etc/crontab,or,betteryet,/etc/cron.
d/whatever.
Theseparticularlesalsohaveanextraeldthatallowsyoutostipulatetheuseraccountunderwhichthecronjobruns.
Ineithercase,youjusteditthelesandcronwillnoticethemautomatically.
Thereisnoneedtorunaspecialcommand.
Formoreinformationseecron(8),crontab(5),and/usr/share/doc/cron/README.
Debian.
8.
3FurtherReadingandInformationTheDebianwebsitecontainsalargequantityofdocumentationaboutDebian.
Inparticular,seetheDebianGNU/-LinuxFAQandtheDebianReference.
AnindexofmoreDebiandocumentationisavailablefromtheDebianDoc-umentationProject.
TheDebiancommunityisself-supporting;tosubscribetooneormoreoftheDebianmailinglists,seetheMailListSubscriptionpage.
Last,butnotleast,theDebianMailingListArchivescontainawealthofinformationonDebian.
Ifyouneedinformationaboutaparticularprogram,youshouldrsttrymanprogram,orinfoprogram.
Thereislotsofusefuldocumentationin/usr/share/docaswell.
Inparticular,/usr/share/doc/HOWTOand/usr/share/doc/FAQcontainlotsofinterestinginformation.
Tosubmitbugs,lookat/usr/share/doc/debian/bug*.
ToreadaboutDebian-specicissuesforparticularprograms,lookat/usr/share/doc/(packagename)/README.
Debian.
AgeneralsourceofinformationonGNU/LinuxistheLinuxDocumentationProject.
ThereyouwillndtheHOWTOsandpointerstootherveryvaluableinformationonpartsofaGNU/Linuxsystem.
LinuxisanimplementationofUnix.
TheLinuxDocumentationProject(LDP)collectsanumberofHOWTOsandonlinebooksrelatingtoLinux.
IfyouarenewtoUnix,youprobablyshouldgooutandbuysomebooksanddosomereading.
ThislistofUnixFAQscontainsanumberofUseNetdocumentswhichprovideanicehistoricalreference.
8.
4SettingUpYourSystemToUseE-MailToday,emailisanimportantpartofmanypeople'slife.
Astherearemanyoptionsastohowtosetitup,andashavingitsetupcorrectlyisimportantforsomeDebianutilities,wewilltrytocoverthebasicsinthissection.
Therearethreemainfunctionsthatmakeupane-mailsystem.
FirstthereistheMailUserAgent(MUA)whichistheprogramauseractuallyusestocomposeandreadmails.
ThenthereistheMailTransferAgent(MTA)thattakescareoftransferringmessagesfromonecomputertoanother.
AndlastthereistheMailDeliveryAgent(MDA)thattakescareofdeliveringincomingmailtotheuser'sinbox.
Thesethreefunctionscanbeperformedbyseparateprograms,buttheycanalsobecombinedinoneortwoprograms.
Itisalsopossibletohavedierentprogramshandlethesefunctionsfordierenttypesofmail.
OnLinuxandUnixsystemsmuttishistoricallyaverypopularMUA.
LikemosttraditionalLinuxprogramsitistextbased.
ItisoftenusedincombinationwitheximorsendmailasMTAandprocmailasMDA.
Withtheincreasingpopularityofgraphicaldesktopsystems,theuseofgraphicale-mailprogramslikeGNOME'sevolution,KDE'skmailorMozilla'sthunderbirdhasbecomingmorepopular.
TheseprogramscombinethefunctionofaMUA,MTAandMDA,butcan—andoftenare—alsobeusedincombinationwiththetraditionalLinuxtools.
58CHAPTER8.
NEXTSTEPSANDWHERETOGO…8.
4.
SETTINGUPYOURSYSTEMTOUSEE-MAIL8.
4.
1DefaultE-MailCongurationEvenifyouareplanningtouseagraphicalmailprogram,itwouldbeuseful,tohaveatraditionalMTA/MDAinstalledandcorrectlysetuponyourDebianGNU/Linuxsystem.
Reasonisthatvariousutilitiesrunningonthesystemcansendimportantnoticesbye-mailtoinformthesystemadministratorof(potential)problemsorchanges.
Forthisyoucaninstallexim4andmuttwithaptinstallexim4mutt.
exim4isacombinationMTA/MDAthatisrelativelysmallbutveryexible.
Bydefaultitwillbeconguredtoonlyhandlee-maillocaltothesystemitselfande-mailsaddressedtothesystemadministrator(rootaccount)willbedeliveredtotheregularuseraccountcreatedduringtheinstallation.
Whensysteme-mailsaredeliveredtheyareaddedtoalein/var/mail/account_name.
Thee-mailscanbereadusingmutt.
8.
4.
2SendingE-MailsOutsideTheSystemAsmentionedearlier,theinstalledDebiansystemisonlysetuptohandlee-maillocaltothesystem,notforsendingmailtoothersnorforreceivingmailfromothers.
Ifyouwouldlikeexim4tohandleexternale-mail,pleaserefertothenextsubsectionforthebasicavailablecongurationoptions.
Makesuretotestthatmailcanbesentandreceivedcorrectly.
IfyouintendtouseagraphicalmailprogramanduseamailserverofyourInternetServiceProvider(ISP)oryourcompany,thereisnotreallyanyneedtocongureexim4forhandlingexternale-mail.
Justcongureyourfavoritegraphicalmailprogramtousethecorrectserverstosendandreceivee-mail(howisoutsidethescopeofthismanual).
However,inthatcaseyoumayneedtocongureindividualutilitiestocorrectlysende-mails.
Onesuchutilityisreportbug,aprogramthatfacilitatessubmittingbugreportsagainstDebianpackages.
Bydefaultitexpectstobeabletouseexim4tosubmitbugreports.
Tocorrectlysetupreportbugtouseanexternalmailserver,pleaserunthecommandreportbug--congureandanswer"no"tothequestionifanMTAisavailable.
YouwillthenbeaskedfortheSMTPservertobeusedforsubmittingbugreports.
8.
4.
3ConguringtheExim4MailTransportAgentIfyouwouldlikeyoursystemtoalsohandleexternale-mail,youwillneedtoreconguretheexim4package:#dpkg-reconfigureexim4-configAfterenteringthatcommand(asroot),youwillbeaskedifyouwantsplitthecongurationintosmallles.
Ifyouareunsure,selectthedefaultoption.
Nextyouwillbepresentedwithseveralcommonmailscenarios.
Choosetheonethatmostcloselyresemblesyourneeds.
internetsiteYoursystemisconnectedtoanetworkandyourmailissentandreceiveddirectlyusingSMTP.
Onthefollowingscreensyouwillbeaskedafewbasicquestions,likeyourmachine'smailname,oralistofdomainsforwhichyouacceptorrelaymail.
mailsentbysmarthostInthisscenarioyouroutgoingmailisforwardedtoanothermachine,calleda"smarthost",whichtakescareofsendingthemessageontoitsdestination.
Thesmarthostalsousuallystoresincomingmailaddressedtoyourcomputer,soyoudon'tneedtobepermanentlyonline.
Thatalsomeansyouhavetodownloadyourmailfromthesmarthostviaprogramslikefetchmail.
InalotofcasesthesmarthostwillbeyourISP'smailserver,whichmakesthisoptionverysuitablefordial-upusers.
Itcanalsobeacompanymailserver,orevenanothersystemonyourownnetwork.
mailsentbysmarthost;nolocalmailThisoptionisbasicallythesameasthepreviousoneexceptthatthesystemwillnotbesetuptohandlemailforalocale-maildomain.
Mailonthesystemitself(e.
g.
forthesystemadministrator)willstillbehandled.
Examplesare:cron,quota,logcheck,aide,…Theforwardingofmailforroottotheregularuseraccountisconguredin/etc/aliases.
Ifnoregularuseraccountwascreated,themailwillofcoursebedeliveredtotherootaccountitself.
Youcanofcoursealsoremoveexim4andreplaceitwithanalternativeMTA/MDA.
59CHAPTER8.
NEXTSTEPSANDWHERETOGO…8.
5.
COMPILINGANEWKERNELlocaldeliveryonlyThisistheoptionyoursystemisconguredforbydefault.
nocongurationatthistimeChoosethisifyouareabsolutelyconvincedyouknowwhatyouaredoing.
Thiswillleaveyouwithanunconguredmailsystem—untilyoucongureit,youwon'tbeabletosendorreceiveanymailandyoumaymisssomeimportantmessagesfromyoursystemutilities.
Ifnoneofthesescenariossuitsyourneeds,orifyouneedanergrainedsetup,youwillneedtoeditcongurationlesunderthe/etc/exim4directoryaftertheinstallationiscomplete.
Moreinformationaboutexim4maybefoundunder/usr/share/doc/exim4;theleREADME.
Debian.
gzhasfurtherdetailsaboutconguringexim4andexplainswheretondadditionaldocumentation.
NotethatsendingmaildirectlytotheInternetwhenyoudon'thaveanocialdomainname,canresultinyourmailbeingrejectedbecauseofanti-spammeasuresonreceivingservers.
UsingyourISP'smailserverispreferred.
Ifyoustilldowanttosendoutmaildirectly,youmaywanttouseadierente-mailaddressthanisgeneratedbydefault.
Ifyouuseexim4asyourMTA,thisispossiblebyaddinganentryin/etc/email-addresses.
8.
5CompilingaNewKernelWhywouldsomeonewanttocompileanewkernelItismostprobablynotnecessarysincethedefaultkernelshippedwithDebianhandlesalmostallcongurations.
Ifyouwanttocompileyourownkernelnevertheless,thisisofcoursepossibleandwerecommendtheuseofthe"makedeb-pkg"target.
FormoreinformationreadtheDebianLinuxKernelHandbook.
8.
6RecoveringaBrokenSystemSometimes,thingsgowrong,andthesystemyou'vecarefullyinstalledisnolongerbootable.
Perhapsthebootloadercongurationbrokewhiletryingoutachange,orperhapsanewkernelyouinstalledwon'tboot,orperhapscosmicrayshityourdiskandippedabitin/sbin/init.
Regardlessofthecause,you'llneedtohaveasystemtoworkfromwhileyouxit,andrescuemodecanbeusefulforthis.
Toaccessrescuemode,selectrescuefromthebootmenu,typerescueattheboot:prompt,orbootwiththerescue/enable=truebootparameter.
You'llbeshowntherstfewscreensoftheinstaller,withanoteinthecornerofthedisplaytoindicatethatthisisrescuemode,notafullinstallation.
Don'tworry,yoursystemisnotabouttobeoverwritten!
Rescuemodesimplytakesadvantageofthehardwaredetectionfacilitiesavailableintheinstallertoensurethatyourdisks,networkdevices,andsoonareavailabletoyouwhilerepairingyoursystem.
Insteadofthepartitioningtool,youshouldnowbepresentedwithalistofthepartitionsonyoursystem,andaskedtoselectoneofthem.
Normally,youshouldselectthepartitioncontainingtherootlesystemthatyouneedtorepair.
YoumayselectpartitionsonRAIDandLVMdevicesaswellasthosecreateddirectlyondisks.
Ifpossible,theinstallerwillnowpresentyouwithashellpromptinthelesystemyouselected,whichyoucanusetoperformanynecessaryrepairs.
Iftheinstallercannotrunausableshellintherootlesystemyouselected,perhapsbecausethelesystemiscorrupt,thenitwillissueawarningandoertogiveyouashellintheinstallerenvironmentinstead.
Youmaynothaveasmanytoolsavailableinthisenvironment,buttheywilloftenbeenoughtorepairyoursystemanyway.
Therootlesystemyouselectedwillbemountedonthe/targetdirectory.
Ineithercase,afteryouexittheshell,thesystemwillreboot.
Finally,notethatrepairingbrokensystemscanbedicult,andthismanualdoesnotattempttogointoallthethingsthatmighthavegonewrongorhowtoxthem.
Ifyouhaveproblems,consultanexpert.
60AppendixAInstallationHowtoThisdocumentdescribeshowtoinstallDebianGNU/Linuxbullseyeforthe32-bithard-oatARMv7("armhf")withthenewdebian-installer.
Itisaquickwalkthroughoftheinstallationprocesswhichshouldcontainalltheinformationyouwillneedformostinstalls.
Whenmoreinformationcanbeuseful,wewilllinktomoredetailedexplanationsinotherpartsofthisdocument.
A.
1PreliminariesIfyouencounterbugsduringyourinstall,pleaserefertoSection5.
4.
5forinstructionsonhowtoreportthem.
Ifyouhavequestionswhichcannotbeansweredbythisdocument,pleasedirectthemtothedebian-bootmailinglist(debian-boot@lists.
debian.
org)oraskonIRC(#debian-bootontheOFTCnetwork).
A.
2BootingtheinstallerThedebian-cdteamprovidesbuildsofinstallationimagesusingdebian-installerontheDebianCD/DVDpage.
Formoreinformationonwheretogetinstallationimages,seeSection4.
1.
Someinstallationmethodsrequireotherimagesthanthoseforopticalmedia.
Section4.
2.
1explainshowtondimagesonDebianmirrors.
Thesubsectionsbelowwillgivethedetailsaboutwhichimagesyoushouldgetforeachpossiblemeansofinstal-lation.
A.
2.
1OpticaldiscThenetinstCDimageisapopularimagewhichcanbeusedtoinstallbullseyewiththedebian-installer.
Thisinstallationmethodisintendedtobootfromtheimageandinstalladditionalpackagesoveranetwork;hencethename"netinst".
Theimagehasthesoftwarecomponentsneededtoruntheinstallerandthebasepackagestoprovideaminimalbullseyesystem.
Ifyou'drather,youcangetafullsizeCD/DVDimagewhichwillnotneedthenetworktoinstall.
Youonlyneedtherstimageofsuchset.
Downloadwhichevertypeyoupreferandburnittoanopticaldisc.
A.
2.
2BootingfromnetworkIt'salsopossibletobootdebian-installercompletelyfromthenet.
Thevariousmethodstonetbootdependonyourarchitectureandnetbootsetup.
Thelesinnetboot/canbeusedtonetbootdebian-installer.
A.
2.
3BootingfromharddiskIt'spossibletoboottheinstallerusingnoremovablemedia,butjustanexistingharddisk,whichcanhaveadierentOSonit.
Downloadhd-media/initrd.
gz,hd-media/vmlinuz,andaDebianCD/DVDimagetothetop-leveldirectoryoftheharddisk.
Makesurethattheimagehasalenameendingin.
iso.
Nowit'sjustamatterofbootinglinuxwiththeinitrd.
61APPENDIXA.
INSTALLATIONHOWTOA.
3.
INSTALLATIONA.
3InstallationOncetheinstallerstarts,youwillbegreetedwithaninitialscreen.
PressEntertoboot,orreadtheinstructionsforotherbootmethodsandparameters(seeSection5.
3).
Afterawhileyouwillbeaskedtoselectyourlanguage.
UsethearrowkeystopickalanguageandpressEntertocontinue.
Nextyou'llbeaskedtoselectyourcountry,withthechoicesincludingcountrieswhereyourlanguageisspoken.
Ifit'snotontheshortlist,alistofallthecountriesintheworldisavailable.
Youmaybeaskedtoconrmyourkeyboardlayout.
Choosethedefaultunlessyouknowbetter.
Nowsitbackwhiledebian-installerdetectssomeofyourhardware,andloadstherestoftheinstallationimage.
NexttheinstallerwilltrytodetectyournetworkhardwareandsetupnetworkingbyDHCP.
IfyouarenotonanetworkordonothaveDHCP,youwillbegiventheopportunitytocongurethenetworkmanually.
Settingupthenetworkisfollowedbythecreationofuseraccounts.
Bydefaultyouareaskedtoprovideapasswordforthe"root"(administrator)accountandinformationnecessarytocreateoneregularuseraccount.
Ifyoudonotspecifyapasswordforthe"root"user,thisaccountwillbedisabledbutthesudopackagewillbeinstalledlatertoenableadministrativetaskstobecarriedoutonthenewsystem.
Bydefault,therstusercreatedonthesystemwillbeallowedtousethesudocommandtobecomeroot.
Thenextstepissettingupyourclockandtimezone.
TheinstallerwilltrytocontactatimeserverontheInternettoensuretheclockissetcorrectly.
Thetimezoneisbasedonthecountryselectedearlierandtheinstallerwillonlyasktoselectoneifacountryhasmultiplezones.
Nowitistimetopartitionyourdisks.
Firstyouwillbegiventheopportunitytoautomaticallypartitioneitheranentiredrive,oravailablefreespaceonadrive(seeSection6.
3.
4.
2).
Thisisrecommendedfornewusersoranyoneinahurry.
Ifyoudonotwanttoautopartition,chooseManualfromthemenu.
Onthenextscreenyouwillseeyourpartitiontable,howthepartitionswillbeformatted,andwheretheywillbemounted.
Selectapartitiontomodifyordeleteit.
Ifyoudidautomaticpartitioning,youshouldjustbeabletochooseFinishpartitioningandwritechangestodiskfromthemenutousewhatitsetup.
Remembertoassignatleastonepartitionforswapspaceandtomountapartitionon/.
Formoredetailedinformationonhowtousethepartitioner,pleaserefertoSection6.
3.
4;theappendixAppendixChasmoregeneralinformationaboutpartitioning.
Nowdebian-installerformatsyourpartitionsandstartstoinstallthebasesystem,whichcantakeawhile.
Thatisfollowedbyinstallingakernel.
Thebasesystemthatwasinstalledearlierisaworking,butveryminimalinstallation.
Tomakethesystemmorefunctionalthenextstepallowsyoutoinstalladditionalpackagesbyselectingtasks.
Beforepackagescanbeinstalledaptneedstobeconguredasthatdenesfromwherethepackageswillberetrieved.
The"Standardsystem"taskwillbeselectedbydefaultandshouldnormallybeinstalled.
Selectthe"Desktopenvironment"taskifyouwouldliketohaveagraphicaldesktopaftertheinstallation.
SeeSection6.
3.
6.
2foradditionalinformationaboutthisstep.
Thelaststepistoinstallabootloader.
Iftheinstallerdetectsotheroperatingsystemsonyourcomputer,itwilladdthemtothebootmenuandletyouknow.
debian-installerwillnowtellyouthattheinstallationhasnished.
RemovethecdromorotherbootmediaandhitEntertorebootyourmachine.
Itshouldbootupintothenewlyinstalledsystemandallowyoutologin.
ThisisexplainedinChapter7.
Ifyouneedmoreinformationontheinstallprocess,seeChapter6.
A.
4SendusaninstallationreportIfyousuccessfullymanagedaninstallationwithdebian-installer,pleasetaketimetoprovideuswithareport.
Thesimplestwaytodosoistoinstallthereportbugpackage(aptinstallreportbug),congurereportbugasexplainedinSection8.
4.
2,andrunreportbuginstallation-reports.
Ifyoudidnotcompletetheinstall,youprobablyfoundabugindebian-installer.
Toimprovetheinstalleritisnecessarythatweknowaboutthem,sopleasetakethetimetoreportthem.
Youcanuseaninstallationreporttoreportproblems;iftheinstallcompletelyfails,seeSection5.
4.
4.
A.
5Andnally…WehopethatyourDebianinstallationispleasantandthatyoundDebianuseful.
YoumightwanttoreadChapter8.
62AppendixBAutomatingtheinstallationusingpreseedingThisappendixexplainshowtopreseedanswerstoquestionsindebian-installertoautomateyourinstallation.
Thecongurationfragmentsusedinthisappendixarealsoavailableasanexampleprecongurationlefromhttps://www.
debian.
org/releases/bullseye/example-preseed.
txt.
B.
1IntroductionPreseedingprovidesawaytosetanswerstoquestionsaskedduringtheinstallationprocess,withouthavingtomanuallyentertheanswerswhiletheinstallationisrunning.
Thismakesitpossibletofullyautomatemosttypesofinstallationandevenoerssomefeaturesnotavailableduringnormalinstallations.
Preseedingisnotrequired.
Ifyouuseanemptypreseedle,theinstallerwillbehavejustthesamewayasinanormalmanualinstallation.
Eachquestionyoupreseedwill(ifyougotitright!
)modifytheinstallationinsomewayfromthatbaseline.
B.
1.
1PreseedingmethodsTherearethreemethodsthatcanbeusedforpreseeding:initrd,leandnetwork.
Initrdpreseedingwillworkwithanyinstallationmethodandsupportspreseedingofmorethings,butitrequiresthemostpreparation.
Fileandnetworkpreseedingeachcanbeusedwithdierentinstallationmethods.
Thefollowingtableshowswhichpreseedingmethodscanbeusedwithwhichinstallationmethods.
InstallationmethodinitrdlenetworkCD/DVD/USByesyesyesnetbootyesnoyeshd-mediayesyesyesAnimportantdierencebetweenthepreseedingmethodsisthepointatwhichtheprecongurationleisloadedandprocessed.
Forinitrdpreseedingthisisrightatthestartoftheinstallation,beforetherstquestionisevenasked.
Preseedingfromthekernelcommandlinehappensjustafter.
Itisthuspossibletooverridecongurationsetintheinitrdbyeditingthekernelcommandline(eitherinthebootloadercongurationormanuallyatboottimeforbootloadersthatallowit).
Forlepreseedingthisisaftertheinstallationimagehasbeenloaded.
Fornetworkpreseedingitisonlyafterthenetworkhasbeencongured.
butonlyifyouhavenetworkaccess,andsetpreseed/urlappropriately63APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
2.
USINGPRESEEDINGIObviously,anyquestionsthathavebeenprocessedbeforetheprecongurationleisloadedcannotbepreseeded(thiswillincludequestionsthatareonlydisplayedatmediumorlowpriority,likethersthardwaredetectionrun).
Anotsoconvenientwaytoavoidthesequestionsfrombeingaskedistopreseedthemthroughthebootparameters,asdescribedinSectionB.
2.
2.
Inordertoeasilyavoidthequestionsthatwouldnormallyappearbeforethepre-seedingoccurs,youcanstarttheinstallerin"auto"mode.
Thisdelaysquestionsthatwouldnormallybeaskedtooearlyforpreseeding(i.
e.
language,countryandkeyboardselection)untilafterthenetworkcomesup,thusallowingthemtobepre-seeded.
Italsorunstheinstallationatcriticalpriority,whichavoidsmanyunimpor-tantquestions.
SeeSectionB.
2.
3fordetails.
B.
1.
2LimitationsAlthoughmostquestionsusedbydebian-installercanbepreseededusingthismethod,therearesomenotableexceptions.
Youmust(re)partitionanentirediskoruseavailablefreespaceonadisk;itisnotpossibletouseexistingpartitions.
B.
2UsingpreseedingYouwillrstneedtocreateaprecongurationleandplaceitinthelocationfromwhereyouwanttouseit.
Creatingtheprecongurationleiscoveredlaterinthisappendix.
Puttingitinthecorrectlocationisfairlystraightforwardfornetworkpreseedingorifyouwanttoreadtheleoausb-stick.
IfyouwanttoincludetheleinaninstallationISOimage,youwillhavetoremastertheimage.
Howtogettheprecongurationleincludedintheinitrdisoutsidethescopeofthisdocument;pleaseconsultthedevelopers'documentationfordebian-installer.
Anexampleprecongurationlethatyoucanuseasbasisforyourownprecongurationleisavailablefromhttps://www.
debian.
org/releases/bullseye/example-preseed.
txt.
Thisleisbasedonthecongurationfragmentsincludedinthisappendix.
B.
2.
1LoadingtheprecongurationleIfyouareusinginitrdpreseeding,youonlyhavetomakesurealenamedpreseed.
cfgisincludedintherootdirectoryoftheinitrd.
Theinstallerwillautomaticallycheckifthisleispresentandloadit.
Fortheotherpreseedingmethodsyouneedtotelltheinstallerwhatletousewhenyoubootit.
Thisisnormallydonebypassingthekernelabootparameter,eithermanuallyatboottimeorbyeditingthebootloadercongurationle(e.
g.
syslinux.
cfg)andaddingtheparametertotheendoftheappendline(s)forthekernel.
Ifyoudospecifytheprecongurationleinthebootloaderconguration,youmightchangethecongurationsoyoudon'tneedtohitentertoboottheinstaller.
Forsyslinuxthismeanssettingthetimeoutto1insyslinux.
cfg.
Tomakesuretheinstallergetstherightprecongurationle,youcanoptionallyspecifyachecksumforthele.
Currentlythisneedstobeamd5sum,andifspecieditmustmatchtheprecongurationleortheinstallerwillrefusetouseit.
Bootparameterstospecify:-ifyou'renetbooting:preseed/url=http://host/path/to/preseed.
cfgpreseed/url/checksum=5da499872becccfeda2c4872f9171c3d-orpreseed/url=tftp://host/path/to/preseed.
cfgpreseed/url/checksum=5da499872becccfeda2c4872f9171c3d-ifyou'rebootingaremasteredinstallationimage:preseed/file=/cdrom/preseed.
cfgpreseed/file/checksum=5da499872becccfeda2c4872f9171c3d64APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
2.
USINGPRESEEDING-ifyou'reinstallingfromUSBmedia(putthepreconfigurationfileinthetopleveldirectoryoftheUSBstick):preseed/file=/hd-media/preseed.
cfgpreseed/file/checksum=5da499872becccfeda2c4872f9171c3dNotethatpreseed/urlcanbeshortenedtojusturl,preseed/filetojustfileandpreseed/file/checksumtojustpreseed-md5whentheyarepassedasbootparameters.
B.
2.
2UsingbootparameterstopreseedquestionsIfaprecongurationlecannotbeusedtopreseedsomesteps,theinstallcanstillbefullyautomated,sinceyoucanpasspreseedvaluesonthecommandlinewhenbootingtheinstaller.
Bootparameterscanalsobeusedifyoudonotreallywanttousepreseeding,butjustwanttoprovideananswerforaspecicquestion.
Someexampleswherethiscanbeusefularedocumentedelsewhereinthismanual.
Tosetavaluetobeusedinsidedebian-installer,justpasspath/to/variable=valueforanyofthepreseedvariableslistedintheexamplesinthisappendix.
Ifavalueistobeusedtocongurepackagesforthetargetsystem,youwillneedtoprependtheownerofthevariableasinowner:path/to/variable=value.
Ifyoudon'tspecifytheowner,thevalueforthevariablewillnotbecopiedtothedebconfdatabaseinthetargetsystemandthusremainunusedduringthecongurationoftherelevantpackage.
Normally,preseedingaquestioninthiswaywillmeanthatthequestionwillnotbeasked.
Tosetaspecicdefaultvalueforaquestion,butstillhavethequestionasked,use"="insteadof"="asoperator.
SeealsoSectionB.
5.
2.
Notethatsomevariablesthatarefrequentlysetatthebootprompthaveashorteralias.
Ifanaliasisavailable,itisusedintheexamplesinthisappendixinsteadofthefullvariable.
Thepreseed/urlvariableforexamplehasbeenaliasedasurl.
Anotherexampleisthetasksalias,whichtranslatestotasksel:tasksel/first.
A"---"inthebootoptionshasspecialmeaning.
Kernelparametersthatappearafterthelast"---"maybecopiedintothebootloadercongurationfortheinstalledsystem(ifsupportedbytheinstallerforthebootloader).
Theinstallerwillautomaticallylteroutanyoptions(likeprecongurationoptions)thatitrecognizes.
NCurrentlinuxkernels(2.
6.
9andlater)acceptamaximumof32commandlineop-tionsand32environmentoptions,includinganyoptionsaddedbydefaultfortheinstaller.
Ifthesenumbersareexceeded,thekernelwillpanic(crash).
(Forearlierkernels,thesenumberswerelower.
)Formostinstallationssomeofthedefaultoptionsinyourbootloadercongurationle,likevga=normal,maybesafelyremovedwhichmayallowyoutoaddmoreoptionsforpreseeding.
NItmaynotalwaysbepossibletospecifyvalueswithspacesforbootparameters,evenifyoudelimitthemwithquotes.
B.
2.
3AutomodeThereareseveralfeaturesofDebianInstallerthatcombinetoallowfairlysimplecommandlinesatthebootprompttoresultinarbitrarilycomplexcustomizedautomaticinstalls.
ThisisenabledbyusingtheAutomatedinstallbootchoice,alsocalledautoforsomearchitecturesorbootmethods.
Inthissection,autoisthusnotaparameter,itmeansselectingthatbootchoice,andappendingthefollowingbootparametersonthebootprompt.
Theownerofadebconfvariable(ortemplate)isnormallythenameofthepackagethatcontainsthecorrespondingdebconftemplate.
Forvariablesusedintheinstalleritselftheowneris"d-i".
Templatesandvariablescanhavemorethanoneownerwhichhelpstodeterminewhethertheycanberemovedfromthedebconfdatabaseifthepackageispurged.
65APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
2.
USINGPRESEEDINGToillustratethis,herearesomeexamplesthatcanbeusedatthebootprompt:autourl=autoserverThisreliesontherebeingaDHCPserverthatwillgetthemachinetothepointwhereautoservercanberesolvedbyDNS,perhapsafteraddingthelocaldomainifthatwasprovidedbyDHCP.
Ifthiswasdoneatasitewherethedomainisexample.
com,andtheyhaveareasonablysaneDHCPsetup,itwouldresultinthepreseedlebeingretrievedfromhttp://autoserver.
example.
com/d-i/bullseye/.
/preseed.
cfg.
Thelastpartofthaturl(d-i/bullseye/.
/preseed.
cfg)istakenfromauto-install/defaultroot.
Bydefaultthisincludesthedirectorybullseyetoallowfutureversionstospecifytheirowncodenameandletpeo-plemigrateforwardsinacontrolledmanner.
The/.
/bitisusedtoindicatearoot,relativetowhichsubsequentpathscanbeanchored(foruseinpreseed/includeandpreseed/run).
ThisallowslestobespeciedeitherasfullURLs,pathsstartingwith/thatarethusanchored,orevenpathsrelativetothelocationwherethelastpreseedlewasfound.
Thiscanbeusedtoconstructmoreportablescriptswhereanentirehierarchyofscriptscanbemovedtoanewlocationwithoutbreakingit,forexamplecopyingthelesontoaUSBstickwhentheystartedoutonawebserver.
Inthisexample,ifthepreseedlesetspreseed/runto/scripts/late_command.
shthenthelewillbefetchedfromhttp://autoserver.
example.
com/d-i/bullseye/.
/scripts/late_command.
sh.
IfthereisnolocalDHCPorDNSinfrastructure,orifyoudonotwanttousethedefaultpathtopreseed.
cfg,youcanstilluseanexpliciturl,andifyoudon'tusethe/.
/elementitwillbeanchoredtothestartofthepath(i.
e.
thethird/intheURL).
Hereisanexamplethatrequiresminimalsupportfromthelocalnetworkinfrastructure:autourl=http://192.
168.
1.
2/path/to/mypreseed.
fileThewaythisworksisthat:iftheURLismissingaprotocol,httpisassumed,ifthehostnamesectioncontainsnoperiods,ithasthedomainderivedfromDHCPappendedtoit,andifthere'sno/'safterthehostname,thenthedefaultpathisadded.
Inadditiontospecifyingtheurl,youcanalsospecifysettingsthatdonotdirectlyaectthebehaviorofdebian-installeritself,butcanbepassedthroughtoscriptsspeciedusingpreseed/runintheloadedpreseedle.
Atpresent,theonlyexampleofthisisauto-install/classes,whichhasanaliasclasses.
Thiscanbeusedthus:autourl=example.
comclasses=class_A;class_BTheclassescouldforexampledenotethetypeofsystemtobeinstalled,orthelocalizationtobeused.
Itisofcoursepossibletoextendthisconcept,andifyoudo,itisreasonabletousetheauto-installnamespaceforthis.
Soonemighthavesomethinglikeauto-install/stylewhichisthenusedinyourscripts.
Ifyoufeeltheneedtodothis,pleasementionitonthedebian-boot@lists.
debian.
orgmailinglistsothatwecanavoidnamespaceconicts,andperhapsaddanaliasfortheparameterforyou.
Theautobootchoiceisnotyetdenedonallarches.
Thesameeectmaybeachievedbysimplyaddingthetwoparametersauto=truepriority=criticaltothekernelcommandline.
Theautokernelparameterisanaliasforauto-install/enableandsettingittotruedelaysthelocaleandkeyboardquestionsuntilaftertherehasbeenachancetopreseedthem,whilepriorityisanaliasfordebconf/priorityandsettingittocriticalstopsanyquestionswithalowerpriorityfrombeingasked.
AdditionaloptionsthatmaybeofinterestwhileattemptingtoautomateaninstallwhileusingDHCPare:interface=autonetcfg/dhcp_timeout=60whichmakesthemachinechoosetherstviableNICandbemorepatientaboutgettingareplytoitsDHCPquery.
TAnextensiveexampleofhowtousethisframework,includingexamplescriptsandclasses,canbefoundonthewebsiteofitsdeveloper.
Theexamplesavailabletherealsoshowmanyotherniceeectsthatcanbeachievedbycreativeuseofpreconguration.
66APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
2.
USINGPRESEEDINGB.
2.
4AliasesusefulwithpreseedingThefollowingaliasescanbeusefulwhenusing(automode)preseeding.
Notethatthesearesimplyshortaliasesforquestionnames,andyoualwaysneedtospecifyavalueaswell:forexample,auto=trueorinterface=eth0.
prioritydebconf/priorityfbdebian-installer/framebuerlanguagedebian-installer/languagecountrydebian-installer/countrylocaledebian-installer/localethemedebian-installer/themeautoauto-install/enableclassesauto-install/classeslepreseed/leurlpreseed/urldomainnetcfg/get_domainhostnamenetcfg/get_hostnameinterfacenetcfg/choose_interfaceprotocolmirror/protocolsuitemirror/suitemodulesanna/choose_modulesrecommendsbase-installer/install-recommendstaskstasksel:tasksel/rstdesktoptasksel:tasksel/desktopdmraiddisk-detect/dmraid/enablekeymapkeyboard-conguration/xkb-keymappreseed-md5preseed/le/checksumB.
2.
5ExamplesofbootpromptpreseedingHerearesomeexamplesofhowthebootpromptmightlooklike(youwillneedtoadaptthistoyourneeds).
#TosetFrenchaslanguageandFranceascountry:/install.
amd/vmlinuzvga=788initrd=/install.
amd/gtk/initrd.
gzlanguage=fr←country=FR---quiet#TosetEnglishaslanguageandGermanyascountry,anduseaGermankeyboard←layout:/install.
amd/vmlinuzvga=788initrd=/install.
amd/gtk/initrd.
gzlanguage=en←country=DElocale=en_US.
UTF-8keymap=de---quiet#ToinstalltheMATEdesktop:/install.
amd/vmlinuzvga=788initrd=/install.
amd/gtk/initrd.
gzdesktop=mate-←desktop---quiet#Toinstalltheweb-servertask:/install.
amd/vmlinuzinitrd=/install.
amd/initrd.
gztasksel:tasksel/first=web-←server---B.
2.
6UsingaDHCPservertospecifyprecongurationlesIt'salsopossibletouseDHCPtospecifyaprecongurationletodownloadfromthenetwork.
DHCPallowsspeci-fyingalename.
Normallythisisaletonetboot,butifitappearstobeanURLtheninstallationmediathatsupportnetworkpreseedingwilldownloadthelefromtheURLanduseitasaprecongurationle.
Hereisanexampleofhowtosetitupinthedhcpd.
confforversion3oftheISCDHCPserver(theisc-dhcp-serverDebianpackage).
ifsubstring(optionvendor-class-identifier,0,3)="d-i"{filename"http://host/preseed.
cfg";}NotethattheaboveexamplelimitsthislenametoDHCPclientsthatidentifythemselvesas"d-i",soitwillnotaectregularDHCPclients,butonlytheinstaller.
Youcanalsoputthetextinastanzaforonlyoneparticularhosttoavoidpreseedingallinstallsonyournetwork.
67APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
3.
CREATINGAPRECONFIGURATIONFILEAgoodwaytousetheDHCPpreseedingistoonlypreseedvaluesspecictoyournetwork,suchastheDebianmirrortouse.
Thiswayinstallsonyournetworkwillautomaticallygetagoodmirrorselected,buttherestoftheinstallationcanbeperformedinteractively.
UsingDHCPpreseedingtofullyautomateDebianinstallsshouldonlybedonewithcare.
B.
3CreatingaprecongurationleTheprecongurationleisintheformatusedbythedebconf-set-selectionscommand.
Thegeneralformatofalineinaprecongurationleis:Theleshouldstartwith#_preseed_V1Thereareafewrulestokeepinmindwhenwritingaprecongurationle.
Putonlyasinglespaceortabbetweentypeandvalue:anyadditionalwhitespacewillbeinterpretedasbelongingtothevalue.
Alinecanbesplitintomultiplelinesbyappendingabackslash("\")asthelinecontinuationcharacter.
Agoodplacetosplitalineisafterthequestionname;abadplaceisbetweentypeandvalue.
Splitlineswillbejoinedintoasinglelinewithallleading/trailingwhitespacecondensedtoasinglespace.
Fordebconfvariables(templates)usedonlyintheinstalleritself,theownershouldbesetto"d-i";topreseedvariablesusedintheinstalledsystem,thenameofthepackagethatcontainsthecorrespondingdebconftemplateshouldbeused.
Onlyvariablesthathavetheirownersettosomethingotherthan"d-i"willbepropagatedtothedebconfdatabasefortheinstalledsystem.
MostquestionsneedtobepreseededusingthevaluesvalidinEnglishandnotthetranslatedvalues.
However,therearesomequestions(forexampleinpartman)wherethetranslatedvaluesneedtobeused.
SomequestionstakeacodeasvalueinsteadoftheEnglishtextthatisshownduringinstallation.
Startwith#_preseed_V1TheeasiestwaytocreateaprecongurationleistousetheexamplelelinkedinSectionB.
4asbasisandworkfromthere.
Analternativemethodistodoamanualinstallationandthen,afterrebooting,usethedebconf-get-selectionsfromthedebconf-utilspackagetodumpboththedebconfdatabaseandtheinstaller'scdebconfdatabasetoasinglele:$echo"#_preseed_V1">file$debconf-get-selections--installer>>file$debconf-get-selections>>fileHowever,alegeneratedinthismannerwillhavesomeitemsthatshouldnotbepreseeded,andtheexampleleisabetterstartingplaceformostusers.
NThismethodreliesonthefactthat,attheendoftheinstallation,theinstaller'scdebconfdatabaseissavedtotheinstalledsystemin/var/log/installer/cdebconf.
However,becausethedatabasemaycontainsensitiveinformation,bydefaultthelesareonlyreadablebyroot.
Thedirectory/var/log/installerandalllesinitwillbedeletedfromyoursystemifyoupurgethepackageinstallation-report.
68APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
4.
CONTENTSOFTHEPRECONFIGURATION…Tocheckpossiblevaluesforquestions,youcanusenanotoexaminethelesin/var/lib/cdebconfwhileaninstallationisinprogress.
Viewtemplates.
datfortherawtemplatesandquestions.
datforthecurrentvaluesandforthevaluesassignedtovariables.
Tocheckiftheformatofyourprecongurationleisvalidbeforeperforminganinstall,youcanusethecommanddebconf-set-selections-cpreseed.
cfg.
B.
4Contentsoftheprecongurationle(forbullseye)Thecongurationfragmentsusedinthisappendixarealsoavailableasanexampleprecongurationlefromhttps://www.
debian.
org/releases/bullseye/example-preseed.
txt.
NotethatthisexampleisbasedonaninstallationfortheIntelx86architecture.
Ifyouareinstallingadierentarchitecture,someoftheexamples(likekeyboardselectionandbootloaderinstallation)maynotberelevantandwillneedtobereplacedbydebconfsettingsappropriateforyourarchitecture.
DetailsonhowthedierentDebianInstallercomponentsactuallyworkcanbefoundinSection6.
3.
B.
4.
1LocalizationDuringanormalinstallthequestionsaboutlocalizationareaskedrst,sothesevaluescanonlybepreseededviatheini-trdorkernelbootparametermethods.
Automode(SectionB.
2.
3)includesthesettingofauto-install/enable=true(normallyviatheautopreseedalias).
Thisdelaystheaskingofthelocalisationquestions,sothattheycanbepre-seededbyanymethod.
Thelocalecanbeusedtospecifybothlanguageandcountryandcanbeanycombinationofalanguagesupportedbydebian-installerandarecognizedcountry.
Ifthecombinationdoesnotformavalidlocale,theinstallerwillautomaticallyselectalocalethatisvalidfortheselectedlanguage.
Tospecifythelocaleasabootparameter,uselocale=en_US.
Althoughthismethodisveryeasytouse,itdoesnotallowpreseedingofallpossiblecombinationsoflanguage,countryandlocale.
Soalternativelythevaluescanbepreseededindividually.
Languageandcountrycanalsobespeciedasbootparameters.
#Preseedingonlylocalesetslanguage,countryandlocale.
d-idebian-installer/localestringen_US#Thevaluescanalsobepreseededindividuallyforgreaterflexibility.
#d-idebian-installer/languagestringen#d-idebian-installer/countrystringNL#d-idebian-installer/localestringen_GB.
UTF-8#Optionallyspecifyadditionallocalestobegenerated.
#d-ilocalechooser/supported-localesmultiselecten_US.
UTF-8,nl_NL.
UTF-8Keyboardcongurationconsistsofselectingakeymapand(fornon-latinkeymaps)atogglekeytoswitchbetweenthenon-latinkeymapandtheUSkeymap.
Onlybasickeymapvariantsareavailableduringinstallation.
Advancedvariantsareavailableonlyintheinstalledsystem,throughdpkg-recongurekeyboard-conguration.
#Keyboardselection.
d-ikeyboard-configuration/xkb-keymapselectus#d-ikeyboard-configuration/toggleselectNotogglingToskipkeyboardconguration,preseedkeymapwithskip-config.
Thiswillresultinthekernelkeymapremainingactive.
B.
4.
2NetworkcongurationOfcourse,preseedingthenetworkcongurationwon'tworkifyou'reloadingyourprecongurationlefromthenetwork.
Butit'sgreatwhenyou'rebootingfromopticaldiscorUSBstick.
Ifyouareloadingprecongurationlesfromthenetwork,youcanpassnetworkcongparametersbyusingkernelbootparameters.
Preseedinglocaletoen_NLwouldforexampleresultinen_US.
UTF-8asdefaultlocalefortheinstalledsystem.
Ife.
g.
en_GB.
UTF-8ispreferredinstead,thevalueswillneedtobepreseededindividually.
69APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
4.
CONTENTSOFTHEPRECONFIGURATION…Ifyouneedtopickaparticularinterfacewhennetbootingbeforeloadingaprecongurationlefromthenetwork,useabootparametersuchasinterface=eth1.
Althoughpreseedingthenetworkcongurationisnormallynotpossiblewhenusingnetworkpreseeding(using"preseed/url"),youcanusethefollowinghacktoworkaroundthat,forexampleifyou'dliketosetastaticaddressforthenetworkinterface.
Thehackistoforcethenetworkcongurationtorunagainaftertheprecongurationlehasbeenloadedbycreatinga"preseed/run"scriptcontainingthefollowingcommands:kill-all-dhcp;netcfgThefollowingdebconfvariablesarerelevantfornetworkconguration.
#Disablenetworkconfigurationentirely.
Thisisusefulforcdrom#installationsonnon-networkeddeviceswherethenetworkquestions,#warningandlongtimeoutsareanuisance.
#d-inetcfg/enablebooleanfalse#netcfgwillchooseaninterfacethathaslinkifpossible.
Thismakesit#skipdisplayingalistifthereismorethanoneinterface.
d-inetcfg/choose_interfaceselectauto#Topickaparticularinterfaceinstead:#d-inetcfg/choose_interfaceselecteth1#Tosetadifferentlinkdetectiontimeout(defaultis3seconds).
#Valuesareinterpretedasseconds.
#d-inetcfg/link_wait_timeoutstring10#Ifyouhaveaslowdhcpserverandtheinstallertimesoutwaitingfor#it,thismightbeuseful.
#d-inetcfg/dhcp_timeoutstring60#d-inetcfg/dhcpv6_timeoutstring60#Ifyouprefertoconfigurethenetworkmanually,uncommentthislineand#thestaticnetworkconfigurationbelow.
#d-inetcfg/disable_autoconfigbooleantrue#Ifyouwantthepreconfigurationfiletoworkonsystemsbothwithand#withoutadhcpserver,uncommenttheselinesandthestaticnetwork#configurationbelow.
#d-inetcfg/dhcp_failednote#d-inetcfg/dhcp_optionsselectConfigurenetworkmanually#Staticnetworkconfiguration.
##IPv4example#d-inetcfg/get_ipaddressstring192.
168.
1.
42#d-inetcfg/get_netmaskstring255.
255.
255.
0#d-inetcfg/get_gatewaystring192.
168.
1.
1#d-inetcfg/get_nameserversstring192.
168.
1.
1#d-inetcfg/confirm_staticbooleantrue##IPv6example#d-inetcfg/get_ipaddressstringfc00::2#d-inetcfg/get_netmaskstringffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::#d-inetcfg/get_gatewaystringfc00::1#d-inetcfg/get_nameserversstringfc00::1#d-inetcfg/confirm_staticbooleantrue#Anyhostnameanddomainnamesassignedfromdhcptakeprecedenceover#valuessethere.
However,settingthevaluesstillpreventsthequestions#frombeingshown,evenifvaluescomefromdhcp.
d-inetcfg/get_hostnamestringunassigned-hostname70APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
4.
CONTENTSOFTHEPRECONFIGURATION…d-inetcfg/get_domainstringunassigned-domain#Ifyouwanttoforceahostname,regardlessofwhateithertheDHCP#serverreturnsorwhatthereverseDNSentryfortheIPis,uncomment#andadjustthefollowingline.
#d-inetcfg/hostnamestringsomehost#DisablethatannoyingWEPkeydialog.
d-inetcfg/wireless_wepstring#ThewackydhcphostnamethatsomeISPsuseasapasswordofsorts.
#d-inetcfg/dhcp_hostnamestringradish#Ifnon-freefirmwareisneededforthenetworkorotherhardware,youcan#configuretheinstallertoalwaystrytoloadit,withoutprompting.
Or#changetofalsetodisableasking.
#d-ihw-detect/load_firmwarebooleantruePleasenotethatnetcfgwillautomaticallydeterminethenetmaskifnetcfg/get_netmaskisnotpreseeded.
Inthiscase,thevariablehastobemarkedasseenforautomaticinstallations.
Similarly,netcfgwillchooseanappropriateaddressifnetcfg/get_gatewayisnotset.
Asaspecialcase,youcansetnetcfg/get_gatewayto"none"tospecifythatnogatewayshouldbeused.
B.
4.
3Networkconsole#Usethefollowingsettingsifyouwishtomakeuseofthenetwork-console#componentforremoteinstallationoverSSH.
Thisonlymakessenseifyou#intendtoperformtheremainderoftheinstallationmanually.
#d-ianna/choose_modulesstringnetwork-console#d-inetwork-console/authorized_keys_urlstringhttp://10.
0.
0.
1/openssh-key#d-inetwork-console/passwordpasswordr00tme#d-inetwork-console/password-againpasswordr00tmeB.
4.
4MirrorsettingsDependingontheinstallationmethodyouuse,amirrormaybeusedtodownloadadditionalcomponentsoftheinstaller,toinstallthebasesystem,andtosetupthe/etc/apt/sources.
listfortheinstalledsystem.
Theparametermirror/suitedeterminesthesuitefortheinstalledsystem.
Theparametermirror/udeb/suitedeterminesthesuiteforadditionalcomponentsfortheinstaller.
Itisonlyusefultosetthisifcomponentsareactuallydownloadedoverthenetworkandshouldmatchthesuitethatwasusedtobuildtheinitrdfortheinstallationmethodusedfortheinstallation.
Normallytheinstallerwillautomaticallyusethecorrectvalueandthereshouldbenoneedtosetthis.
#Ifyouselectftp,themirror/countrystringdoesnotneedtobeset.
#d-imirror/protocolstringftpd-imirror/countrystringmanuald-imirror/http/hostnamestringhttp.
us.
debian.
orgd-imirror/http/directorystring/debiand-imirror/http/proxystring#Suitetoinstall.
#d-imirror/suitestringtesting#Suitetouseforloadinginstallercomponents(optional).
#d-imirror/udeb/suitestringtestingB.
4.
5AccountsetupThepasswordfortherootaccountandnameandpasswordforarstregularuser'saccountcanbepreseeded.
Forthepasswordsyoucanuseeithercleartextvaluesorcrypt(3)hashes.
71APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
4.
CONTENTSOFTHEPRECONFIGURATION…WBeawarethatpreseedingpasswordsisnotcompletelysecureaseveryonewithac-cesstotheprecongurationlewillhavetheknowledgeofthesepasswords.
Stor-inghashedpasswordsisconsideredsecureunlessaweakhashingalgorithmlikeDESorMD5isusedwhichallowforbruteforceattacks.
RecommendedpasswordhashingalgorithmsareSHA-256andSHA512.
#Skipcreationofarootaccount(normaluseraccountwillbeableto#usesudo).
#d-ipasswd/root-loginbooleanfalse#Alternatively,toskipcreationofanormaluseraccount.
#d-ipasswd/make-userbooleanfalse#Rootpassword,eitherincleartext#d-ipasswd/root-passwordpasswordr00tme#d-ipasswd/root-password-againpasswordr00tme#orencryptedusingacrypt(3)hash.
#d-ipasswd/root-password-cryptedpassword[crypt(3)hash]#Tocreateanormaluseraccount.
#d-ipasswd/user-fullnamestringDebianUser#d-ipasswd/usernamestringdebian#Normaluser'spassword,eitherincleartext#d-ipasswd/user-passwordpasswordinsecure#d-ipasswd/user-password-againpasswordinsecure#orencryptedusingacrypt(3)hash.
#d-ipasswd/user-password-cryptedpassword[crypt(3)hash]#CreatethefirstuserwiththespecifiedUIDinsteadofthedefault.
#d-ipasswd/user-uidstring1010#Theuseraccountwillbeaddedtosomestandardinitialgroups.
To#overridethat,usethis.
#d-ipasswd/user-default-groupsstringaudiocdromvideoThepasswd/root-password-cryptedandpasswd/user-password-cryptedvariablescanalsobepreseededwith"!
"astheirvalue.
Inthatcase,thecorrespondingaccountisdisabled.
Thismaybeconvenientfortherootaccount,providedofcoursethatanalternativemethodissetuptoallowadministrativeactivitiesorrootlogin(forinstancebyusingSSHkeyauthenticationorsudo).
Thefollowingcommand(availablefromthewhoispackage)canbeusedtogenerateaSHA-512basedcrypt(3)hashforapassword:mkpasswd-msha-512B.
4.
6Clockandtimezonesetup#ControlswhetherornotthehardwareclockissettoUTC.
d-iclock-setup/utcbooleantrue#Youmaysetthistoanyvalidsettingfor$TZ;seethecontentsof#/usr/share/zoneinfo/forvalidvalues.
d-itime/zonestringUS/Eastern#ControlswhethertouseNTPtosettheclockduringtheinstalld-iclock-setup/ntpbooleantrue#NTPservertouse.
Thedefaultisalmostalwaysfinehere.
#d-iclock-setup/ntp-serverstringntp.
example.
com72APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
4.
CONTENTSOFTHEPRECONFIGURATION…B.
4.
7PartitioningUsingpreseedingtopartitiontheharddiskislimitedtowhatissupportedbypartman-auto.
Youcanchoosetopartitioneitherexistingfreespaceonadiskorawholedisk.
Thelayoutofthediskcanbedeterminedbyusingapredenedrecipe,acustomrecipefromarecipeleorarecipeincludedintheprecongurationle.
PreseedingofadvancedpartitionsetupsusingRAID,LVMandencryptionissupported,butnotwiththefullexibilitypossiblewhenpartitioningduringanon-preseededinstall.
Theexamplesbelowonlyprovidebasicinformationontheuseofrecipes.
Fordetailedinformationseethelespartman-auto-recipe.
txtandpartman-auto-raid-recipe.
txtincludedinthedebian-installerpackage.
Bothlesarealsoavailablefromthedebian-installersourcerepository.
Notethatthesupportedfunctionalitymaychangebetweenreleases.
WTheidenticationofdisksisdependentontheorderinwhichtheirdriversareloaded.
Iftherearemultipledisksinthesystem,makeverysurethecorrectonewillbeselectedbeforeusingpreseeding.
B.
4.
7.
1Partitioningexample#Ifthesystemhasfreespaceyoucanchoosetoonlypartitionthatspace.
#Thisisonlyhonouredifpartman-auto/method(below)isnotset.
#d-ipartman-auto/init_automatically_partitionselectbiggest_free#Alternatively,youmayspecifyadisktopartition.
Ifthesystemhasonly#onedisktheinstallerwilldefaulttousingthat,butotherwisethedevice#namemustbegivenintraditional,non-devfsformat(soe.
g.
/dev/sda#andnote.
g.
/dev/discs/disc0/disc).
#Forexample,tousethefirstSCSI/SATAharddisk:#d-ipartman-auto/diskstring/dev/sda#Inaddition,you'llneedtospecifythemethodtouse.
#Thepresentlyavailablemethodsare:#-regular:usetheusualpartitiontypesforyourarchitecture#-lvm:useLVMtopartitionthedisk#-crypto:useLVMwithinanencryptedpartitiond-ipartman-auto/methodstringlvm#YoucandefinetheamountofspacethatwillbeusedfortheLVMvolume#group.
Itcaneitherbeasizewithitsunit(eg.
20GB),apercentageof#freespaceorthe'max'keyword.
d-ipartman-auto-lvm/guided_sizestringmax#Ifoneofthedisksthataregoingtobeautomaticallypartitioned#containsanoldLVMconfiguration,theuserwillnormallyreceivea#warning.
Thiscanbepreseededaway.
.
.
d-ipartman-lvm/device_remove_lvmbooleantrue#Thesameappliestopre-existingsoftwareRAIDarray:d-ipartman-md/device_remove_mdbooleantrue#Andthesamegoesfortheconfirmationtowritethelvmpartitions.
d-ipartman-lvm/confirmbooleantrued-ipartman-lvm/confirm_nooverwritebooleantrue#Youcanchooseoneofthethreepredefinedpartitioningrecipes:#-atomic:allfilesinonepartition#-home:separate/homepartition#-multi:separate/home,/var,and/tmppartitionsd-ipartman-auto/choose_recipeselectatomic#Orprovidearecipeofyourown.
.
.
73APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
4.
CONTENTSOFTHEPRECONFIGURATION…#Ifyouhaveawaytogetarecipefileintothed-ienvironment,youcan#justpointatit.
#d-ipartman-auto/expert_recipe_filestring/hd-media/recipe#Ifnot,youcanputanentirerecipeintothepreconfigurationfileinone#(logical)line.
Thisexamplecreatesasmall/bootpartition,suitable#swap,andusestherestofthespacefortherootpartition:#d-ipartman-auto/expert_recipestring\#boot-root::\#4050100ext3\#$primary{}$bootable{}\#method{format}format{}\#use_filesystem{}filesystem{ext3}\#mountpoint{/boot}\#.
\#500100001000000000ext3\#method{format}format{}\#use_filesystem{}filesystem{ext3}\#mountpoint{/}\#.
\#64512300%linux-swap\#method{swap}format{}\#.
#Thefullrecipeformatisdocumentedinthefilepartman-auto-recipe.
txt#includedinthe'debian-installer'packageoravailablefromD-Isource#repository.
Thisalsodocumentshowtospecifysettingssuchasfile#systemlabels,volumegroupnamesandwhichphysicaldevicestoinclude#inavolumegroup.
##PartitioningforEFI#IfyoursystemneedsanEFIpartitionyoucouldaddsomethinglike#thistotherecipeabove,asthefirstelementintherecipe:#5385381075free\#$iflabel{gpt}\#$reusemethod{}\#method{efi}\#format{}\#.
\##Thefragmentaboveisfortheamd64architecture;thedetailsmaybe#differentonotherarchitectures.
The'partman-auto'packageinthe#D-Isourcerepositorymayhaveanexampleyoucanfollow.
#Thismakespartmanautomaticallypartitionwithoutconfirmation,provided#thatyoutolditwhattodousingoneofthemethodsabove.
d-ipartman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_labelbooleantrued-ipartman/choose_partitionselectfinishd-ipartman/confirmbooleantrued-ipartman/confirm_nooverwritebooleantrue#ForceUEFIbooting('BIOScompatibility'willbelost).
Default:false.
#d-ipartman-efi/non_efi_systembooleantrue#EnsurethepartitiontableisGPT-thisisrequiredforEFI#d-ipartman-partitioning/choose_labelstringgpt#d-ipartman-partitioning/default_labelstringgpt#Whendiskencryptionisenabled,skipwipingthepartitionsbeforehand.
#d-ipartman-auto-crypto/erase_disksbooleanfalse74APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
4.
CONTENTSOFTHEPRECONFIGURATION…B.
4.
7.
2PartitioningusingRAIDYoucanalsousepreseedingtosetuppartitionsonsoftwareRAIDarrays.
SupportedareRAIDlevels0,1,5,6and10,creatingdegradedarraysandspecifyingsparedevices.
WThistypeofautomatedpartitioningiseasytogetwrong.
Itisalsofunctionalitythatreceivesrelativelylittletestingfromthedevelopersofdebian-installer.
Theresponsibilitytogetthevariousrecipesright(sotheymakesenseanddon'tconict)lieswiththeuser.
Check/var/log/syslogifyourunintoproblems.
#Themethodshouldbesetto"raid".
#d-ipartman-auto/methodstringraid#Specifythediskstobepartitioned.
Theywillallgetthesamelayout,#sothiswillonlyworkifthedisksarethesamesize.
#d-ipartman-auto/diskstring/dev/sda/dev/sdb#Nextyouneedtospecifythephysicalpartitionsthatwillbeused.
#d-ipartman-auto/expert_recipestring\#multiraid::\#100050004000raid\#$primary{}method{raid}\#.
\#64512300%raid\#method{raid}\#.
\#500100001000000000raid\#method{raid}\#.
#Lastyouneedtospecifyhowthepreviouslydefinedpartitionswillbe#usedintheRAIDsetup.
Remembertousethecorrectpartitionnumbers#forlogicalpartitions.
RAIDlevels0,1,5,6and10aresupported;#devicesareseparatedusing"#".
#Parametersare:#\##d-ipartman-auto-raid/recipestring\#120ext3/\#/dev/sda1#/dev/sdb1\#.
\#120swap-\#/dev/sda5#/dev/sdb5\#.
\#020ext3/home\#/dev/sda6#/dev/sdb6\#.
#Foradditionalinformationseethefilepartman-auto-raid-recipe.
txt#includedinthe'debian-installer'packageoravailablefromD-Isource#repository.
#Thismakespartmanautomaticallypartitionwithoutconfirmation.
d-ipartman-md/confirmbooleantrued-ipartman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_labelbooleantrued-ipartman/choose_partitionselectfinishd-ipartman/confirmbooleantrued-ipartman/confirm_nooverwritebooleantrue75APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
4.
CONTENTSOFTHEPRECONFIGURATION…B.
4.
7.
3ControllinghowpartitionsaremountedNormally,lesystemsaremountedusingauniversallyuniqueidentier(UUID)asakey;thisallowsthemtobemountedproperlyeveniftheirdevicenamechanges.
UUIDsarelonganddiculttoread,so,ifyouprefer,theinstallercanmountlesystemsbasedonthetraditionaldevicenames,orbasedonalabelyouassign.
Ifyouasktheinstallertomountbylabel,anylesystemswithoutalabelwillbemountedusingaUUIDinstead.
Deviceswithstablenames,suchasLVMlogicalvolumes,willcontinuetousetheirtraditionalnamesratherthanUUIDs.
WTraditionaldevicenamesmaychangebasedontheorderinwhichthekerneldis-coversdevicesatboot,whichmaycausethewronglesystemtobemounted.
Sim-ilarly,labelsarelikelytoclashifyoupluginanewdiskoraUSBdrive,andifthathappensyoursystem'sbehaviourwhenstartedwillberandom.
#ThedefaultistomountbyUUID,butyoucanalsochoose"traditional"to#usetraditionaldevicenames,or"label"totryfilesystemlabelsbefore#fallingbacktoUUIDs.
#d-ipartman/mount_styleselectuuidB.
4.
8BasesysteminstallationThereisactuallynotverymuchthatcanbepreseededforthisstageoftheinstallation.
Theonlyquestionsaskedconcerntheinstallationofthekernel.
#ConfigureAPTtonotinstallrecommendedpackagesbydefault.
Useofthis#optioncanresultinanincompletesystemandshouldonlybeusedbyvery#experiencedusers.
#d-ibase-installer/install-recommendsbooleanfalse#Thekernelimage(meta)packagetobeinstalled;"none"canbeusedifno#kernelistobeinstalled.
#d-ibase-installer/kernel/imagestringlinux-image-686B.
4.
9AptsetupSetupofthe/etc/apt/sources.
listandbasiccongurationoptionsisfullyautomatedbasedonyourinstal-lationmethodandanswerstoearlierquestions.
Youcanoptionallyaddother(local)repositories.
#Youcanchoosetoinstallnon-freeandcontribsoftware.
#d-iapt-setup/non-freebooleantrue#d-iapt-setup/contribbooleantrue#Uncommentthisifyoudon'twanttouseanetworkmirror.
#d-iapt-setup/use_mirrorbooleanfalse#Selectwhichupdateservicestouse;definethemirrorstobeused.
#Valuesshownbelowarethenormaldefaults.
#d-iapt-setup/services-selectmultiselectsecurity,updates#d-iapt-setup/security_hoststringsecurity.
debian.
org#Additionalrepositories,local[0-9]available#d-iapt-setup/local0/repositorystring\#http://local.
server/debianstablemain#d-iapt-setup/local0/commentstringlocalserver#Enabledeb-srclines#d-iapt-setup/local0/sourcebooleantrue76APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
4.
CONTENTSOFTHEPRECONFIGURATION…#URLtothepublickeyofthelocalrepository;youmustprovideakeyor#aptwillcomplainabouttheunauthenticatedrepositoryandsothe#sources.
listlinewillbeleftcommentedout.
#d-iapt-setup/local0/keystringhttp://local.
server/key#Iftheprovidedkeyfileendsin".
asc"thekeyfileneedstobean#ASCII-armouredPGPkey,ifitendsin".
gpg"itneedstousethe#"GPGkeypublickeyring"format,the"keyboxdatabase"formatis#currentlynotsupported.
#Bydefaulttheinstallerrequiresthatrepositoriesbeauthenticated#usingaknowngpgkey.
Thissettingcanbeusedtodisablethat#authentication.
Warning:Insecure,notrecommended.
#d-idebian-installer/allow_unauthenticatedbooleantrue#Uncommentthistoaddmultiarchconfigurationfori386#d-iapt-setup/multiarchstringi386B.
4.
10PackageselectionYoucanchoosetoinstallanycombinationoftasksthatareavailable.
Availabletasksasofthiswritinginclude:standard(standardtools)desktop(graphicaldesktop)gnome-desktop(Gnomedesktop)xfce-desktop(XFCEdesktop)kde-desktop(KDEPlasmadesktop)cinnamon-desktop(Cinnamondesktop)mate-desktop(MATEdesktop)lxde-desktop(LXDEdesktop)web-server(webserver)ssh-server(SSHserver)Youcanalsochoosetoinstallnotasks,andforcetheinstallationofasetofpackagesinsomeotherway.
Werecommendalwaysincludingthestandardtask.
Ifyouwanttoinstallsomeindividualpackagesinadditiontopackagesinstalledbytasks,youcanusetheparameterpkgsel/include.
Thevalueofthisparametercanbealistofpackagesseparatedbyeithercommasorspaces,whichallowsittobeusedeasilyonthekernelcommandlineaswell.
#taskseltasksel/firstmultiselectstandard,web-server,kde-desktop#Individualadditionalpackagestoinstall#d-ipkgsel/includestringopenssh-serverbuild-essential#Whethertoupgradepackagesafterdebootstrap.
#Allowedvalues:none,safe-upgrade,full-upgrade#d-ipkgsel/upgradeselectnone#Someversionsoftheinstallercanreportbackonwhatsoftwareyouhave#installed,andwhatsoftwareyouuse.
Thedefaultisnottoreportback,#butsendingreportshelpstheprojectdeterminewhatsoftwareismost#popularandshouldbeincludedonthefirstCD/DVD.
#popularity-contestpopularity-contest/participatebooleanfalse77APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
5.
ADVANCEDOPTIONSB.
4.
11Finishinguptheinstallation#Duringinstallationsfromserialconsole,theregularvirtualconsoles#(VT1-VT6)arenormallydisabledin/etc/inittab.
Uncommentthenext#linetopreventthis.
#d-ifinish-install/keep-consolesbooleantrue#Avoidthatlastmessageabouttheinstallbeingcomplete.
d-ifinish-install/reboot_in_progressnote#ThiswillpreventtheinstallerfromejectingtheCDduringthereboot,#whichisusefulinsomesituations.
#d-icdrom-detect/ejectbooleanfalse#Thisishowtomaketheinstallershutdownwhenfinished,butnot#rebootintotheinstalledsystem.
#d-idebian-installer/exit/haltbooleantrue#Thiswillpoweroffthemachineinsteadofjusthaltingit.
#d-idebian-installer/exit/poweroffbooleantrueB.
4.
12Preseedingotherpackages#Dependingonwhatsoftwareyouchoosetoinstall,orifthingsgowrong#duringtheinstallationprocess,it'spossiblethatotherquestionsmay#beasked.
Youcanpreseedthosetoo,ofcourse.
Togetalistofevery#possiblequestionthatcouldbeaskedduringaninstall,doan#installation,andthenrunthesecommands:#debconf-get-selections--installer>file#debconf-get-selections>>fileB.
5AdvancedoptionsB.
5.
1RunningcustomcommandsduringtheinstallationAverypowerfulandexibleoptionoeredbytheprecongurationtoolsistheabilitytoruncommandsorscriptsatcertainpointsintheinstallation.
Whenthelesystemofthetargetsystemismounted,itisavailablein/target.
IfaninstallationCDisused,whenitismounteditisavailablein/cdrom.
#d-ipreseedingisinherentlynotsecure.
Nothingintheinstallerchecks#forattemptsatbufferoverflowsorotherexploitsofthevaluesofa#preconfigurationfilelikethisone.
Onlyusepreconfigurationfilesfrom#trustedlocations!
Todrivethathome,andbecauseit'sgenerallyuseful,#here'sawaytorunanyshellcommandyou'dlikeinsidetheinstaller,#automatically.
#Thisfirstcommandisrunasearlyaspossible,justafter#preseedingisread.
#d-ipreseed/early_commandstringanna-installsome-udeb#Thiscommandisrunimmediatelybeforethepartitionerstarts.
Itmaybe#usefultoapplydynamicpartitionerpreseedingthatdependsonthestate#ofthedisks(whichmaynotbevisiblewhenpreseed/early_commandruns).
#d-ipartman/early_command\#stringdebconf-setpartman-auto/disk"$(list-devicesdisk|head-n1)"#Thiscommandisrunjustbeforetheinstallfinishes,butwhenthereis#stillausable/targetdirectory.
Youcanchrootto/targetanduseit#directly,orusetheapt-installandin-targetcommandstoeasilyinstall#packagesandruncommandsinthetargetsystem.
#d-ipreseed/late_commandstringapt-installzsh;in-targetchsh-s/bin/zsh78APPENDIXB.
AUTOMATINGTHEINSTALLATION…B.
5.
ADVANCEDOPTIONSB.
5.
2UsingpreseedingtochangedefaultvaluesItispossibletousepreseedingtochangethedefaultanswerforaquestion,butstillhavethequestionasked.
Todothistheseenagmustberesetto"false"aftersettingthevalueforaquestion.
d-ifoo/barstringvalued-ifoo/barseenfalseThesameeectcanbeachievedforallquestionsbysettingtheparameterpreseed/interactive=trueatthebootprompt.
Thiscanalsobeusefulfortestingordebuggingyourprecongurationle.
Notethatthe"d-i"ownershouldonlybeusedforvariablesusedintheinstalleritself.
Forvariablesbelongingtopackagesinstalledonthetargetsystem,youshouldusethenameofthatpackageinstead.
SeethefootnotetoSectionB.
2.
2.
Ifyouarepreseedingusingbootparameters,youcanmaketheinstalleraskthecorrespondingquestionbyusingthe"="operator,i.
e.
foo/bar=value(orowner:foo/bar=value).
Thiswillofcourseonlyhaveeectforparametersthatcorrespondtoquestionsthatareactuallydisplayedduringaninstallationandnotfor"internal"parameters.
Formoredebugginginformation,usethebootparameterDEBCONF_DEBUG=5.
Thiswillcausedebconftoprintmuchmoredetailaboutthecurrentsettingsofeachvariableandaboutitsprogressthrougheachpackage'sinstallationscripts.
B.
5.
3ChainloadingprecongurationlesItispossibletoincludeotherprecongurationlesfromaprecongurationle.
Anysettingsinthoseleswilloverridepre-existingsettingsfromlesloadedearlier.
Thismakesitpossibletoput,forexample,generalnetworkingsettingsforyourlocationinoneleandmorespecicsettingsforcertaincongurationsinotherles.
#Morethanonefilecanbelisted,separatedbyspaces;allwillbe#loaded.
Theincludedfilescanhavepreseed/includedirectivesoftheir#ownaswell.
Notethatifthefilenamesarerelative,theyaretakenfrom#thesamedirectoryasthepreconfigurationfilethatincludesthem.
#d-ipreseed/includestringx.
cfg#Theinstallercanoptionallyverifychecksumsofpreconfigurationfiles#beforeusingthem.
Currentlyonlymd5sumsaresupported,listthemd5sums#inthesameorderasthelistoffilestoinclude.
#d-ipreseed/include/checksumstring5da499872becccfeda2c4872f9171c3d#Moreflexibly,thisrunsashellcommandandifitoutputsthenamesof#preconfigurationfiles,includesthosefiles.
#d-ipreseed/include_command\#stringif["'hostname'"=bob];thenechobob.
cfg;fi#Mostflexiblyofall,thisdownloadsaprogramandrunsit.
Theprogram#canusecommandssuchasdebconf-settomanipulatethedebconfdatabase.
#Morethanonescriptcanbelisted,separatedbyspaces.
#Notethatifthefilenamesarerelative,theyaretakenfromthesame#directoryasthepreconfigurationfilethatrunsthem.
#d-ipreseed/runstringfoo.
shItisalsopossibletochainloadfromtheinitrdorlepreseedingphase,intonetworkpreseedingbysettingpre-seed/urlintheearlierles.
Thiswillcausenetworkpreseedingtobeperformedwhenthenetworkcomesup.
Youneedtobecarefulwhendoingthis,sincetherewillbetwodistinctrunsatpreseeding,meaningforexamplethatyougetanotherchancetorunthepreseed/earlycommand,thesecondonehappeningafterthenetworkcomesup.
79AppendixCPartitioningforDebianC.
1DecidingonDebianPartitionsandSizesAtabareminimum,GNU/Linuxneedsonepartitionforitself.
Youcanhaveasinglepartitioncontainingtheentireoperatingsystem,applications,andyourpersonalles.
Mostpeoplefeelthataseparateswappartitionisalsoanecessity,althoughit'snotstrictlytrue.
"Swap"isscratchspaceforanoperatingsystem,whichallowsthesystemtousediskstorageas"virtualmemory".
Byputtingswaponaseparatepartition,Linuxcanmakemuchmoreecientuseofit.
ItispossibletoforceLinuxtousearegularleasswap,butitisnotrecommended.
MostpeoplechoosetogiveGNU/Linuxmorethantheminimumnumberofpartitions,however.
Therearetworeasonsyoumightwanttobreakupthelesystemintoanumberofsmallerpartitions.
Therstisforsafety.
Ifsomethinghappenstocorruptthelesystem,generallyonlyonepartitionisaected.
Thus,youonlyhavetoreplace(fromthebackupsyou'vebeencarefullykeeping)aportionofyoursystem.
Atabareminimum,youshouldconsidercreatingwhatiscommonlycalleda"rootpartition".
Thiscontainsthemostessentialcomponentsofthesystem.
Ifanyotherpartitionsgetcorrupted,youcanstillbootintoGNU/Linuxtoxthesystem.
Thiscansaveyouthetroubleofhavingtoreinstallthesystemfromscratch.
Thesecondreasonisgenerallymoreimportantinabusinesssetting,butitreallydependsonyouruseofthemachine.
Forexample,amailservergettingspammedwithe-mailcaneasilyllapartition.
Ifyoumade/var/mailaseparatepartitiononthemailserver,mostofthesystemwillremainworkingevenifyougetspammed.
Theonlyrealdrawbacktousingmorepartitionsisthatitisoftendiculttoknowinadvancewhatyourneedswillbe.
Ifyoumakeapartitiontoosmallthenyouwilleitherhavetoreinstallthesystemoryouwillbeconstantlymovingthingsaroundtomakeroomintheundersizedpartition.
Ontheotherhand,ifyoumakethepartitiontoobig,youwillbewastingspacethatcouldbeusedelsewhere.
Diskspaceischeapnowadays,butwhythrowyourmoneyawayC.
2TheDirectoryTreeDebianGNU/LinuxadherestotheFilesystemHierarchyStandardfordirectoryandlenaming.
Thisstandardallowsusersandsoftwareprogramstopredictthelocationoflesanddirectories.
Therootleveldirectoryisrepresentedsimplybytheslash/.
Attherootlevel,allDebiansystemsincludethesedirectories:DirectoryContentbinEssentialcommandbinariesbootStaticlesofthebootloaderdevDevicelesetcHost-specicsystemcongurationhomeUserhomedirectorieslibEssentialsharedlibrariesandkernelmodulesmediaContainsmountpointsforreplaceablemediamntMountpointformountingalesystemtemporarilyprocVirtualdirectoryforsysteminformationrootHomedirectoryfortherootuserrunRun-timevariabledatasbinEssentialsystembinariessysVirtualdirectoryforsysteminformationtmpTemporaryles80APPENDIXC.
PARTITIONINGFORDEBIANC.
3.
RECOMMENDEDPARTITIONINGSCHEMEDirectoryContentusrSecondaryhierarchyvarVariabledatasrvDataforservicesprovidedbythesystemoptAdd-onapplicationsoftwarepackagesThefollowingisalistofimportantconsiderationsregardingdirectoriesandpartitions.
Notethatdiskusagevarieswidelygivensystemcongurationandspecicusagepatterns.
Therecommendationsherearegeneralguidelinesandprovideastartingpointforpartitioning.
Therootpartition/mustalwaysphysicallycontain/etc,/bin,/sbin,/liband/dev,otherwiseyouwon'tbeabletoboot.
Typically250–350MBisneededfortherootpartition.
/usr:containsalluserprograms(/usr/bin),libraries(/usr/lib),documentation(/usr/share/doc),etc.
Thisisthepartofthelesystemthatgenerallytakesupmostspace.
Youshouldprovideatleast500MBofdiskspace.
Thisamountshouldbeincreaseddependingonthenumberandtypeofpackagesyouplantoinstall.
Agenerousworkstationorserverinstallationshouldallow4–6GB.
Itisnowrecommendedtohave/usrontherootpartition/,otherwiseitcouldcausesometroubleatboottime.
Thismeansthatyoushouldprovideatleast600–750MBofdiskspacefortherootpartitionincluding/usr,or5–6GBforaworkstationoraserverinstallation.
/var:variabledatalikenewsarticles,e-mails,websites,databases,thepackagingsystemcache,etc.
willbeplacedunderthisdirectory.
Thesizeofthisdirectorydependsgreatlyontheusageofyoursystem,butformostpeoplewillbedictatedbythepackagemanagementtool'soverhead.
IfyouaregoingtodoafullinstallationofjustabouteverythingDebianhastooer,allinonesession,settingaside2or3GBofspacefor/varshouldbesucient.
Ifyouaregoingtoinstallinpieces(thatistosay,installservicesandutilities,followedbytextstu,thenX,.
.
.
),youcangetawaywith300–500MB.
Ifharddrivespaceisatapremiumandyoudon'tplanondoingmajorsystemupdates,youcangetbywithaslittleas30or40MB.
/tmp:temporarydatacreatedbyprogramswillmostlikelygointhisdirectory.
40–100MBshouldusuallybeenough.
Someapplications—includingarchivemanipulators,CD/DVDauthoringtools,andmultimediasoftware—mayuse/tmptotemporarilystoreimageles.
Ifyouplantousesuchapplications,youshouldadjustthespaceavailablein/tmpaccordingly.
/home:everyuserwillputhispersonaldataintoasubdirectoryofthisdirectory.
Itssizedependsonhowmanyuserswillbeusingthesystemandwhatlesaretobestoredintheirdirectories.
Dependingonyourplannedusageyoushouldreserveabout100MBforeachuser,butadaptthisvaluetoyourneeds.
Reservealotmorespaceifyouplantosavealotofmultimediales(pictures,MP3,movies)inyourhomedirectory.
C.
3RecommendedPartitioningSchemeFornewusers,personalDebianboxes,homesystems,andothersingle-usersetups,asingle/partition(plusswap)isprobablytheeasiest,simplestwaytogo.
Therecommendedpartitiontypeisext4.
Formulti-usersystemsorsystemswithlotsofdiskspace,it'sbesttoput/var,/tmp,and/homeeachontheirownpartitionsseparatefromthe/partition.
Youmightneedaseparate/usr/localpartitionifyouplantoinstallmanyprogramsthatarenotpartoftheDebiandistribution.
Ifyourmachinewillbeamailserver,youmightneedtomake/var/mailaseparatepartition.
Ifyouaresettingupaserverwithlotsofuseraccounts,it'sgenerallygoodtohaveaseparate,large/homepartition.
Ingeneral,thepartitioningsituationvariesfromcomputertocomputerdependingonitsuses.
Forverycomplexsystems,youshouldseetheMultiDiskHOWTO.
Thiscontainsin-depthinformation,mostlyofinteresttoISPsandpeoplesettingupservers.
Withrespecttotheissueofswappartitionsize,therearemanyviews.
Oneruleofthumbwhichworkswellistouseasmuchswapasyouhavesystemmemory.
Italsoshouldn'tbesmallerthan512MB,inmostcases.
Ofcourse,thereareexceptionstotheserules.
Asanexample,anolderhomemachinemighthave512MBofRAManda20GBSATAdriveon/dev/sda.
Theremightbea8GBpartitionforanotheroperatingsystemon/dev/sda1,a512MBswappartitionon/dev/sda3andabout11.
4GBon/dev/sda2astheLinuxpartition.
Foranideaofthespacetakenbytasksyoumightbeinterestedinaddingafteryoursysteminstallationiscomplete,checkSectionD.
2.
81APPENDIXC.
PARTITIONINGFORDEBIANC.
4.
DEVICENAMESINLINUXC.
4DeviceNamesinLinuxLinuxdisksandpartitionnamesmaybedierentfromotheroperatingsystems.
YouneedtoknowthenamesthatLinuxuseswhenyoucreateandmountpartitions.
Here'sthebasicnamingscheme:Therstharddiskdetectedisnamed/dev/sda.
Thesecondharddiskdetectedisnamed/dev/sdb,andsoon.
TherstSCSICD-ROMisnamed/dev/scd0,alsoknownas/dev/sr0.
Thepartitionsoneachdiskarerepresentedbyappendingadecimalnumbertothediskname:sda1andsda2representtherstandsecondpartitionsoftherstSCSIdiskdriveinyoursystem.
Hereisareal-lifeexample.
Let'sassumeyouhaveasystemwith2SCSIdisks,oneatSCSIaddress2andtheotheratSCSIaddress4.
Therstdisk(ataddress2)isthennamedsda,andthesecondsdb.
Ifthesdadrivehas3partitionsonit,thesewillbenamedsda1,sda2,andsda3.
Thesameappliestothesdbdiskanditspartitions.
NotethatifyouhavetwoSCSIhostbusadapters(i.
e.
,controllers),theorderofthedrivescangetconfusing.
Thebestsolutioninthiscaseistowatchthebootmessages,assumingyouknowthedrivemodelsand/orcapacities.
C.
5DebianPartitioningProgramsSeveralvarietiesofpartitioningprogramshavebeenadaptedbyDebiandeveloperstoworkonvarioustypesofharddisksandcomputerarchitectures.
Followingisalistoftheprogram(s)applicableforyourarchitecture.
partmanRecommendedpartitioningtoolinDebian.
ThisSwissarmyknifecanalsoresizepartitions,createlesys-temsandassignthemtothemountpoints.
fdiskTheoriginalLinuxdiskpartitioner,goodforgurus.
BecarefulifyouhaveexistingFreeBSDpartitionsonyourmachine.
Theinstallationkernelsincludesupportforthesepartitions,butthewaythatfdiskrepresentsthem(ornot)canmakethedevicenamesdier.
SeetheLinux+FreeBSDHOWTO.
cfdiskAsimple-to-use,full-screendiskpartitionerfortherestofus.
Notethatcfdiskdoesn'tunderstandFreeBSDpartitionsatall,and,again,devicenamesmaydierasaresult.
OneoftheseprogramswillberunbydefaultwhenyouselectPartitiondisks(orsimilar).
ItmaybepossibletouseadierentpartitioningtoolfromthecommandlineonVT2,butthisisnotrecommended.
82AppendixDRandomBitsD.
1LinuxDevicesInLinuxvariousspeciallescanbefoundunderthedirectory/dev.
Theselesarecalleddevicelesandbehaveunlikeordinaryles.
Themostcommontypesofdevicelesareforblockdevicesandcharacterdevices.
Theselesareaninterfacetotheactualdriver(partoftheLinuxkernel)whichinturnaccessesthehardware.
Another,lesscommon,typeofdeviceleisthenamedpipe.
Themostimportantdevicelesarelistedinthetablesbelow.
sdaFirstharddisksdbSecondharddisksda1Firstpartitionoftherstharddisksdb7Seventhpartitionofthesecondharddisksr0FirstCD-ROMsr1SecondCD-ROMttyS0Serialport0,COM1underMS-DOSttyS1Serialport1,COM2underMS-DOSpsauxPS/2mousedevicegpmdataPseudodevice,repeaterdatafromGPM(mouse)daemoncdromSymboliclinktotheCD-ROMdrivemouseSymboliclinktothemousedevicelenullAnythingwrittentothisdevicewilldisappearzeroOnecanendlesslyreadzerosoutofthisdeviceD.
1.
1SettingUpYourMouseThemousecanbeusedinboththeLinuxconsole(withgpm)andtheXwindowenvironment.
Normally,thisisasimplematterofinstallinggpmandtheXserveritself.
Bothshouldbeconguredtouse/dev/input/miceasthemousedevice.
Thecorrectmouseprotocolisnamedexps2ingpm,andExplorerPS/2inX.
Therespectivecongurationlesare/etc/gpm.
confand/etc/X11/xorg.
conf.
Certainkernelmodulesmustbeloadedinorderforyourmousetowork.
Inmostcasesthecorrectmodulesareautodetected,butnotalwaysforold-styleserialandbusmice,whicharequiterareexceptonveryoldcomputers.
SummaryofLinuxkernelmodulesneededfordierentmousetypes:Serialmiceusuallyhavea9-holeD-shapedconnector;busmicehavean8-pinroundconnector,nottobeconfusedwiththe6-pinroundconnectorofaPS/2mouseorthe4-pinroundconnectorofanADBmouse.
83APPENDIXD.
RANDOMBITSD.
3.
INSTALLINGDEBIANGNU/LINUXFROMA…ModuleDescriptionpsmousePS/2mice(shouldbeautodetected)usbhidUSBmice(shouldbeautodetected)sermouseMostserialmicelogibmBusmouseconnectedtoLogitechadaptercardinportBusmouseconnectedtoATIorMicrosoftInPortcardToloadamousedrivermodule,youcanusethemodconfcommand(fromthepackagewiththesamename)andlookinthecategorykernel/drivers/input/mouse.
D.
2DiskSpaceNeededforTasksAstandardinstallationfortheamd64architecture,includingallstandardpackagesandusingthedefaultkernel,takesup971MBofdiskspace.
Aminimalbaseinstallation,withoutthe"Standardsystem"taskselected,willtake769MB.
IInbothcasesthisistheactualdiskspaceusedaftertheinstallationisnishedandanytemporarylesdeleted.
Italsodoesnottakeintoaccountoverheadusedbythelesystem,forexampleforjournalles.
Thismeansthatsignicantlymorediskspaceisneededbothduringtheinstallationandfornormalsystemuse.
Thefollowingtablelistssizesreportedbyaptitudeforthetaskslistedintasksel.
Notethatsometaskshaveoverlappingconstituents,sothetotalinstalledsizefortwotaskstogethermaybelessthanthetotalobtainedbyaddingupthenumbers.
BydefaulttheinstallerwillinstalltheGNOMEdesktopenvironment,butalternativedesktopenvironmentscanbeselectedeitherbyusingoneofthespecialinstallationimages,orbyspecifyingthedesireddesktopenvironmentduringinstallation(seeSection6.
3.
6.
2).
Notethatyouwillneedtoaddthesizeslistedinthetabletothesizeofthestandardinstallationwhendeterminingthesizeofpartitions.
Mostofthesizelistedas"Installedsize"willendupin/usrandin/lib;thesizelistedas"Downloadsize"is(temporarily)requiredin/var.
TaskInstalledsize(MB)Downloadsize(MB)Spaceneededtoinstall(MB)DesktopenvironmentGNOME(default)27907863576KDEPlasma412212125334Xfce21876212808LXDE22716532924MATE25747113285Cinnamon419712515448Webserver441155SSHserver202IfyouinstallinalanguageotherthanEnglish,taskselmayautomaticallyinstallalocalizationtask,ifoneisavailableforyourlanguage.
Spacerequirementsdierperlanguage;youshouldallowupto350MBintotalfordownloadandinstallation.
D.
3InstallingDebianGNU/LinuxfromaUnix/LinuxSystemThissectionexplainshowtoinstallDebianGNU/LinuxfromanexistingUnixorLinuxsystem,withoutusingthemenu-driveninstallerasexplainedintherestofthemanual.
This"cross-install"HOWTOhasbeenrequestedbyusersswitchingtoDebianGNU/LinuxfromRedHat,Mandriva,andSUSE.
Inthissectionsomefamiliaritywithentering*nixcommandsandnavigatingthelesystemisassumed.
Inthissection,$symbolizesacommandtobe84APPENDIXD.
RANDOMBITSD.
3.
INSTALLINGDEBIANGNU/LINUXFROMA…enteredintheuser'scurrentsystem,while#referstoacommandenteredintheDebianchroot.
Onceyou'vegotthenewDebiansystemconguredtoyourpreference,youcanmigrateyourexistinguserdata(ifany)toit,andkeeponrolling.
Thisisthereforea"zerodowntime"DebianGNU/Linuxinstall.
It'salsoacleverwayfordealingwithhardwarethatotherwisedoesn'tplayfriendlywithvariousbootorinstallationmedia.
NAsthisisamostlymanualprocedure,youshouldbearinmindthatyouwillneedtodoalotofbasiccongurationofthesystemyourself,whichwillalsorequiremoreknowledgeofDebianandofLinuxingeneralthanperformingaregularinstallation.
Youcannotexpectthisproceduretoresultinasystemthatisidenticaltoasystemfromaregularinstallation.
Youshouldalsokeepinmindthatthisprocedureonlygivesthebasicstepstosetupasystem.
Additionalinstallationand/orcongurationstepsmaybeneeded.
D.
3.
1GettingStartedWithyourcurrent*nixpartitioningtools,repartitiontheharddriveasneeded,creatingatleastonelesystemplusswap.
Youneedaround769MBofspaceavailableforaconsoleonlyinstall,orabout2271MBifyouplantoinstallX(moreifyouintendtoinstalldesktopenvironmentslikeGNOMEorKDEPlasma).
Next,createlesystemsonthepartitions.
Forexample,tocreateanext3lesystemonpartition/dev/sda6(that'sourexamplerootpartition):#mke2fs-j/dev/sda6Tocreateanext2lesysteminstead,omit-j.
Initializeandactivateswap(substitutethepartitionnumberforyourintendedDebianswappartition):#mkswap/dev/sda5#sync#swapon/dev/sda5Mountonepartitionas/mnt/debinst(theinstallationpoint,tobetheroot(/)lesystemonyournewsystem).
Themountpointnameisstrictlyarbitrary,itisreferencedlaterbelow.
#mkdir/mnt/debinst#mount/dev/sda6/mnt/debinstNIfyouwanttohavepartsofthelesystem(e.
g.
/usr)mountedonseparatepartitions,youwillneedtocreateandmountthesedirectoriesmanuallybeforeprocedingwiththenextstage.
D.
3.
2InstalldebootstrapTheutilityusedbytheDebianinstaller,andrecognizedastheocialwaytoinstallaDebianbasesystem,isdeboot-strap.
Ituseswgetandar,butotherwisedependsonlyon/bin/shandbasicUnix/Linuxtools.
Installwgetandariftheyaren'talreadyonyourcurrentsystem,thendownloadandinstalldebootstrap.
TheseincludetheGNUcoreutilitiesandcommandslikesed,grep,tarandgzip.
85APPENDIXD.
RANDOMBITSD.
3.
INSTALLINGDEBIANGNU/LINUXFROMA…Or,youcanusethefollowingproceduretoinstallitmanually.
Makeaworkfolderforextractingthe.
debinto:#mkdirwork#cdworkThedebootstrapbinaryislocatedintheDebianarchive(besuretoselecttheproperleforyourarchitecture).
Downloadthedebootstrap.
debfromthepool,copythepackagetotheworkfolder,andextractthelesfromit.
Youwillneedtohaverootprivilegestoinstalltheles.
#ar-xdebootstrap_0.
X.
X_all.
deb#cd/#zcat/full-path-to-work/work/data.
tar.
gz|tarxvD.
3.
3Rundebootstrapdebootstrapcandownloadtheneededlesdirectlyfromthearchivewhenyourunit.
YoucansubstituteanyDebianarchivemirrorforhttp.
us.
debian.
org/debianinthecommandexamplebelow,preferablyamirrorclosetoyounetwork-wise.
Mirrorsarelistedathttp://www.
debian.
org/mirror/list.
IfyouhaveabullseyeDebianGNU/Linuxinstallationimagemountedat/cdrom,youcouldsubstitutealeURLinsteadofthehttpURL:file:/cdrom/debian/SubstituteoneofthefollowingforARCHinthedebootstrapcommand:amd64,arm64,armel,armhf,i386,mips64el,mipsel,ppc64el,s390x.
#/usr/sbin/debootstrap--archARCHbullseye\/mnt/debinsthttp://ftp.
us.
debian.
org/debianIfthetargetarchitectureisdierentthanthehost,youshouldaddthe--foreignoption.
D.
3.
4CongureTheBaseSystemNowyou'vegotarealDebiansystem,thoughratherlean,ondisk.
chrootintoit:#LANG=C.
UTF-8chroot/mnt/debinst/bin/bashIfthetargetarchitectureisdierentfromthehost,youwillneedtorstcopyqemu-user-statictothenewhost:#cp/usr/bin/qemu-ARCH-static/mnt/debinst/usr/bin#LANG=C.
UTF-8chroot/mnt/debinstqemu-ARCH-static/bin/bashAfterchrootingyoumayneedtosettheterminaldenitiontobecompatiblewiththeDebianbasesystem,forexample:#exportTERM=xterm-colorDependingonthevalueofTERM,youmayhavetoinstallthencurses-termpackagetogetsupportforit.
Ifthetargetarchitectureisdierentfromthehost,youneedtonishthemulti-stagebootstrap:/debootstrap/debootstrap--second-stageD.
3.
4.
1CreatedevicelesAtthispoint/dev/onlycontainsverybasicdeviceles.
Forthenextstepsoftheinstallationadditionaldevicelesmaybeneeded.
Therearedierentwaystogoaboutthisandwhichmethodyoushouldusedependsonthehostsystemyouareusingfortheinstallation,onwhetheryouintendtouseamodularkernelornot,andonwhetheryouintendtousedynamic(e.
g.
usingudev)orstaticdevicelesforthenewsystem.
Afewoftheavailableoptionsare:86APPENDIXD.
RANDOMBITSD.
3.
INSTALLINGDEBIANGNU/LINUXFROMA…installthemakedevpackage,andcreateadefaultsetofstaticdevicelesusing(afterchrooting)#aptinstallmakedev#mountnone/proc-tproc#cd/dev#MAKEDEVgenericmanuallycreateonlyspecicdevicelesusingMAKEDEVbindmount/devfromyourhostsystemontopof/devinthetargetsystem;notethatthepostinstscriptsofsomepackagesmaytrytocreatedeviceles,sothisoptionshouldonlybeusedwithcareD.
3.
4.
2MountPartitionsYouneedtocreate/etc/fstab.
#editor/etc/fstabHereisasampleyoucanmodifytosuit:#/etc/fstab:staticfilesysteminformation.
##filesystemmountpointtypeoptionsdumppass/dev/XXX/ext3defaults01/dev/XXX/bootext3ro,nosuid,nodev02/dev/XXXnoneswapsw00proc/procprocdefaults00/dev/cdrom/media/cdromiso9660noauto,ro,user,exec00/dev/XXX/tmpext3rw,nosuid,nodev02/dev/XXX/varext3rw,nosuid,nodev02/dev/XXX/usrext3rw,nodev02/dev/XXX/homeext3rw,nosuid,nodev02Usemount-atomountallthelesystemsyouhavespeciedinyour/etc/fstab,or,tomountlesystemsindividually,use:#mount/path#e.
g.
:mount/usrCurrentDebiansystemshavemountpointsforremovablemediaunder/media,butkeepcompatibilitysymlinksin/.
Createtheseasasneeded,forexample:#cd/media#mkdircdrom0#ln-scdrom0cdrom#cd/#ln-smedia/cdromYoucanmounttheproclesystemmultipletimesandtoarbitrarylocations,though/prociscustomary.
Ifyoudidn'tusemount-a,besuretomountprocbeforecontinuing:#mount-tprocproc/procThecommandls/procshouldnowshowanon-emptydirectory.
Shouldthisfail,youmaybeabletomountprocfromoutsidethechroot:#mount-tprocproc/mnt/debinst/proc87APPENDIXD.
RANDOMBITSD.
3.
INSTALLINGDEBIANGNU/LINUXFROMA…D.
3.
4.
3SettingTimezoneSettingthethirdlineofthele/etc/adjtimeto"UTC"or"LOCAL"determineswhetherthesystemwillinterpretthehardwareclockasbeingsettoUTCrespectivelocaltime.
Thefollowingcommandallowsyoutosetthat.
#editor/etc/adjtimeHereisasample:0.
000.
00UTCThefollowingcommandallowsyoutochooseyourtimezone.
#dpkg-reconfiguretzdataD.
3.
4.
4CongureNetworkingTocongurenetworking,edit/etc/network/interfaces,/etc/resolv.
conf,/etc/hostnameand/etc/hosts.
#editor/etc/network/interfacesHerearesomesimpleexamplesfrom/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples:#/etc/network/interfaces--configurationfileforifup(8),ifdown(8)#Seetheinterfaces(5)manpageforinformationonwhatoptionsare#available.
#Theloopbackinterfaceisn'treallyrequiredanylonger,butcanbeused#ifneeded.
##autolo#ifaceloinetloopback#Tousedhcp:##autoeth0#ifaceeth0inetdhcp#AnexamplestaticIPsetup:(network,broadcastandgatewayareoptional)##autoeth0#ifaceeth0inetstatic#address192.
168.
0.
42#network192.
168.
0.
0#netmask255.
255.
255.
0#broadcast192.
168.
0.
255#gateway192.
168.
0.
1Enteryournameserver(s)andsearchdirectivesin/etc/resolv.
conf:#editor/etc/resolv.
confAsimpleexample/etc/resolv.
conf:88APPENDIXD.
RANDOMBITSD.
3.
INSTALLINGDEBIANGNU/LINUXFROMA…searchexample.
comnameserver10.
1.
1.
36nameserver192.
168.
9.
100Enteryoursystem'shostname(2to63characters):#echoDebianHostName>/etc/hostnameAndabasic/etc/hostswithIPv6support:127.
0.
0.
1localhost127.
0.
1.
1DebianHostName#ThefollowinglinesaredesirableforIPv6capablehosts::1ip6-localhostip6-loopbackfe00::0ip6-localnetff00::0ip6-mcastprefixff02::1ip6-allnodesff02::2ip6-allroutersff02::3ip6-allhostsIfyouhavemultiplenetworkcards,youshouldarrangethenamesofdrivermodulesinthe/etc/modulesleintothedesiredorder.
Thenduringboot,eachcardwillbeassociatedwiththeinterfacename(eth0,eth1,etc.
)thatyouexpect.
D.
3.
4.
5CongureAptDebootstrapwillhavecreatedaverybasic/etc/apt/sources.
listthatwillallowinstallingadditionalpack-ages.
However,youmaywanttoaddsomeadditionalsources,forexampleforsourcepackagesandsecurityupdates:deb-srchttp://ftp.
us.
debian.
org/debianbullseyemaindebhttp://security.
debian.
org/bullseye-securitymaindeb-srchttp://security.
debian.
org/bullseye-securitymainMakesuretorunaptupdateafteryouhavemadechangestothesourceslist.
D.
3.
4.
6CongureLocalesandKeyboardTocongureyourlocalesettingstousealanguageotherthanEnglish,installthelocalessupportpackageandcongureit.
CurrentlytheuseofUTF-8localesisrecommended.
#aptinstalllocales#dpkg-reconfigurelocalesTocongureyourkeyboard(ifneeded):#aptinstallconsole-setup#dpkg-reconfigurekeyboard-configurationNotethatthekeyboardcannotbesetwhileinthechroot,butwillbeconguredforthenextreboot.
D.
3.
5InstallaKernelIfyouintendtobootthissystem,youprobablywantaLinuxkernelandabootloader.
Identifyavailablepre-packagedkernelswith:#aptsearchlinux-image89APPENDIXD.
RANDOMBITSD.
3.
INSTALLINGDEBIANGNU/LINUXFROMA…Theninstallthekernelpackageofyourchoiceusingitspackagename.
#aptinstalllinux-image-arch-etcD.
3.
6SetuptheBootLoaderTomakeyourDebianGNU/Linuxsystembootable,setupyourbootloadertoloadtheinstalledkernelwithyournewrootpartition.
Notethatdebootstrapdoesnotinstallabootloader,butyoucanuseaptinsideyourDebianchroottodoso.
Notethatthisassumesthata/dev/sdadevicelehasbeencreated.
Therearealternativemethodstoinstallgrub2,butthoseareoutsidethescopeofthisappendix.
D.
3.
7Remoteaccess:InstallingSSHandsettingupaccessIncaseyoucanlogintothesystemviaconsole,youcanskipthissection.
Ifthesystemshouldbeaccessibleviathenetworklateron,youneedtoinstallSSHandsetupaccess.
#aptinstallsshRootloginwithpasswordisdisabledbydefault,sosettingupaccesscanbedonebysettingapasswordandre-enablerootloginwithpassword:#passwd#editor/etc/ssh/sshd_configThisistheoptiontobeenabled:PermitRootLoginyesAccesscanalsobesetupbyaddingansshkeytotherootaccount:#mkdir/root/.
ssh#cat/root/.
ssh/authorized_keysssh-rsa.
.
.
.
EOFLastly,accesscanbesetupbyaddinganon-rootuserandsettingapassword:#adduserjoe#passwdjoeD.
3.
8FinishingtouchesAsmentionedearlier,theinstalledsystemwillbeverybasic.
Ifyouwouldliketomakethesystemabitmoremature,thereisaneasymethodtoinstallallpackageswith"standard"priority:#taskselinstallstandardOfcourse,youcanalsojustuseapttoinstallpackagesindividually.
Aftertheinstallationtherewillbealotofdownloadedpackagesin/var/cache/apt/archives/.
Youcanfreeupsomediskspacebyrunning:#aptclean90APPENDIXD.
RANDOMBITSD.
4.
INSTALLINGDEBIANGNU/LINUXUSING…D.
4InstallingDebianGNU/LinuxusingPPPoverEthernet(PPPoE)InsomecountriesPPPoverEthernet(PPPoE)isacommonprotocolforbroadband(ADSLorcable)connectionstoanInternetServiceProvider.
SettingupanetworkconnectionusingPPPoEisnotsupportedbydefaultintheinstaller,butcanbemadetoworkverysimply.
Thissectionexplainshow.
ThePPPoEconnectionsetupduringtheinstallationwillalsobeavailableaftertherebootintotheinstalledsystem(seeChapter7).
TohavetheoptionofsettingupandusingPPPoEduringtheinstallation,youwillneedtoinstallusingoneoftheCD-ROM/DVDimagesthatareavailable.
Itisnotsupportedforotherinstallationmethods(e.
g.
netboot).
InstallingoverPPPoEismostlythesameasanyotherinstallation.
Thefollowingstepsexplainthedierences.
Boottheinstallerwiththebootparametermodules=ppp-udeb.
ThiswillensurethecomponentresponsibleforthesetupofPPPoE(ppp-udeb)willbeloadedandrunautomatically.
Followtheregularinitialstepsoftheinstallation(language,countryandkeyboardselection;theloadingofadditionalinstallercomponents).
Thenextstepisthedetectionofnetworkhardware,inordertoidentifyanyEthernetcardspresentinthesystem.
AfterthistheactualsetupofPPPoEisstarted.
TheinstallerwillprobeallthedetectedEthernetinterfacesinanattempttondaPPPoEconcentrator(atypeofserverwhichhandlesPPPoEconnections).
Itispossiblethattheconcentratorwillnottobefoundattherstattempt.
Thiscanhappenoccasionallyonsloworloadednetworksorwithfaultyservers.
Inmostcasesasecondattempttodetecttheconcentratorwillbesuccessful;toretry,selectCongureandstartaPPPoEconnectionfromthemainmenuoftheinstaller.
Afteraconcentratorisfound,theuserwillbepromptedtotypethelogininformation(thePPPoEusernameandpassword).
AtthispointtheinstallerwillusetheprovidedinformationtoestablishthePPPoEconnection.
Ifthecorrectinformationwasprovided,thePPPoEconnectionshouldbeconguredandtheinstallershouldbeabletouseittoconnecttotheInternetandretrievepackagesoverit(ifneeded).
Ifthelogininformationisnotcorrectorsomeerrorappears,theinstallerwillstop,butthecongurationcanbeattemptedagainbyselectingthemenuentryCongureandstartaPPPoEconnection.
Theppp-udebcomponentisloadedasoneoftheadditionalcomponentsinthisstep.
Ifyouwanttoinstallatmediumorlowpriority(expertmode),youcanalsomanuallyselecttheppp-udebinsteadofenteringthe"modules"parameteratthebootprompt.
91AppendixEAdministriviaE.
1AboutThisDocumentThismanualwascreatedforSarge'sdebian-installer,basedontheWoodyinstallationmanualforboot-oppies,whichwasbasedonearlierDebianinstallationmanuals,andontheProgenydistributionmanualwhichwasreleasedunderGPLin2003.
ThisdocumentiswritteninDocBookXML.
Outputformatsaregeneratedbyvariousprogramsusinginformationfromthedocbook-xmlanddocbook-xslpackages.
Inordertoincreasethemaintainabilityofthisdocument,weuseanumberofXMLfeatures,suchasentitiesandprolingattributes.
Theseplayaroleakintovariablesandconditionalsinprogramminglanguages.
TheXMLsourcetothisdocumentcontainsinformationforeachdierentarchitecture—prolingattributesareusedtoisolatecertainbitsoftextasarchitecture-specic.
E.
2ContributingtoThisDocumentIfyouhaveproblemsorsuggestionsregardingthisdocument,youshouldprobablysubmitthemasabugreportagainstthepackageinstallation-guide.
SeethereportbugpackageorreadtheonlinedocumentationoftheDebianBugTrackingSystem.
Itwouldbeniceifyoucouldchecktheopenbugsagainstinstallation-guidetoseewhetheryourproblemhasalreadybeenreported.
Ifso,youcansupplyadditionalcorroborationorhelpfulinformationtoXXXX@bugs.
debian.
org,whereXXXXisthenumberforthealready-reportedbug.
Betteryet,getacopyoftheDocBooksourceforthisdocument,andproducepatchesagainstit.
TheDocBooksourcecanbefoundattheinstallation-guideprojectonsalsa.
Ifyou'renotfamiliarwithDocBook,don'tworry:thereisasimplecheatsheetinthemanualsdirectorythatwillgetyoustarted.
It'slikehtml,butorientedtowardsthemeaningofthetextratherthanthepresentation.
Patchessubmittedtothedebian-bootmailinglist(seebelow)arewelcomed.
Forinstructionsonhowtocheckoutthesourcesviagit,seeREADMEfromthesourcerootdirectory.
Pleasedonotcontacttheauthorsofthisdocumentdirectly.
Thereisalsoadiscussionlistfordebian-installer,whichincludesdiscussionsofthismanual.
Themailinglistisdebian-boot@lists.
debian.
org.
Instructionsforsubscrib-ingtothislistcanbefoundattheDebianMailingListSubscriptionpage;oryoucanbrowsetheDebianMailingListArchivesonline.
E.
3MajorContributionsThisdocumentwasoriginallywrittenbyBrucePerens,SvenRudolph,IgorGrobman,JamesTreacy,andAdamDiCarlo.
SebastianLeywrotetheInstallationHowto.
MiroslavKuehasdocumentedalotofthenewfunctionalityinSarge'sdebian-installer.
FransPopwasthemaineditorandreleasemanagerduringtheEtch,LennyandSqueezereleases.
Many,manyDebianusersanddeveloperscontributedtothisdocument.
ParticularnotemustbemadeofMichaelSchmitz(m68ksupport),FrankNeumann(originalauthoroftheAmigainstallmanual),ArtoAstala,EricDelau-nay/BenCollins(SPARCinformation),TapioLehtonen,andStéphaneBortzmeyerfornumerouseditsandtext.
WehavetothankPascalLeBailforusefulinformationaboutbootingfromUSBmemorysticks.
ExtremelyhelpfultextandinformationwasfoundinJimMintha'sHOWTOfornetworkbooting(noURLavail-able),theDebianFAQ,theLinux/m68kFAQ,theLinuxforSPARCProcessorsFAQ,theLinux/AlphaFAQ,amongstothers.
Themaintainersofthesefreelyavailableandrichsourcesofinformationmustberecognized.
92APPENDIXE.
ADMINISTRIVIAE.
4.
TRADEMARKACKNOWLEDGEMENTThesectiononchrootedinstallationsinthismanual(SectionD.
3)wasderivedinpartfromdocumentscopyrightKarstenM.
Self.
E.
4TrademarkAcknowledgementAlltrademarksarepropertyoftheirrespectivetrademarkowners.
93AppendixFGNUGeneralPublicLicenseVersion2,June1991Copyright(C)1989,1991FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.
51FranklinSt,FifthFloor,Boston,MA02110-1301,USA.
Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,butchangingitisnotallowed.
F.
1PreambleThelicensesformostsoftwarearedesignedtotakeawayyourfreedomtoshareandchangeit.
Bycontrast,thegnuGeneralPublicLicenseisintendedtoguaranteeyourfreedomtoshareandchangefreesoftware—tomakesurethesoftwareisfreeforallitsusers.
ThisGeneralPublicLicenseappliestomostoftheFreeSoftwareFoundation'ssoftwareandtoanyotherprogramwhoseauthorscommittousingit.
(SomeotherFreeSoftwareFoundationsoftwareiscoveredbythegnuLibraryGeneralPublicLicenseinstead.
)Youcanapplyittoyourprograms,too.
Whenwespeakoffreesoftware,wearereferringtofreedom,notprice.
OurGeneralPublicLicensesaredesignedtomakesurethatyouhavethefreedomtodistributecopiesoffreesoftware(andchargeforthisserviceifyouwish),thatyoureceivesourcecodeorcangetitifyouwantit,thatyoucanchangethesoftwareorusepiecesofitinnewfreeprograms;andthatyouknowyoucandothesethings.
Toprotectyourrights,weneedtomakerestrictionsthatforbidanyonetodenyyoutheserightsortoaskyoutosurrendertherights.
Theserestrictionstranslatetocertainresponsibilitiesforyouifyoudistributecopiesofthesoftware,orifyoumodifyit.
Forexample,ifyoudistributecopiesofsuchaprogram,whethergratisorforafee,youmustgivetherecipientsalltherightsthatyouhave.
Youmustmakesurethatthey,too,receiveorcangetthesourcecode.
Andyoumustshowthemthesetermssotheyknowtheirrights.
Weprotectyourrightswithtwosteps:(1)copyrightthesoftware,and(2)oeryouthislicensewhichgivesyoulegalpermissiontocopy,distributeand/ormodifythesoftware.
Also,foreachauthor'sprotectionandours,wewanttomakecertainthateveryoneunderstandsthatthereisnowarrantyforthisfreesoftware.
Ifthesoftwareismodiedbysomeoneelseandpassedon,wewantitsrecipientstoknowthatwhattheyhaveisnottheoriginal,sothatanyproblemsintroducedbyotherswillnotreectontheoriginalauthors'reputations.
Finally,anyfreeprogramisthreatenedconstantlybysoftwarepatents.
Wewishtoavoidthedangerthatredistrib-utorsofafreeprogramwillindividuallyobtainpatentlicenses,ineectmakingtheprogramproprietary.
Topreventthis,wehavemadeitclearthatanypatentmustbelicensedforeveryone'sfreeuseornotlicensedatall.
Theprecisetermsandconditionsforcopying,distributionandmodicationfollow.
F.
2GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSETERMSANDCONDITIONSFORCOPYING,DISTRIBUTIONANDMODIFICATION0.
ThisLicenseappliestoanyprogramorotherworkwhichcontainsanoticeplacedbythecopyrightholdersayingitmaybedistributedunderthetermsofthisGeneralPublicLicense.
The"Program",below,referstoanysuchprogramorwork,anda"workbasedontheProgram"meanseithertheProgramoranyderivativeworkundercopyright94APPENDIXF.
GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSEF.
2.
GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSElaw:thatistosay,aworkcontainingtheProgramoraportionofit,eitherverbatimorwithmodicationsand/ortranslatedintoanotherlanguage.
(Hereinafter,translationisincludedwithoutlimitationintheterm"modication".
)Eachlicenseeisaddressedas"you".
Activitiesotherthancopying,distributionandmodicationarenotcoveredbythisLicense;theyareoutsideitsscope.
TheactofrunningtheProgramisnotrestricted,andtheoutputfromtheProgramiscoveredonlyifitscontentsconstituteaworkbasedontheProgram(independentofhavingbeenmadebyrunningtheProgram).
WhetherthatistruedependsonwhattheProgramdoes.
1.
YoumaycopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesoftheProgram'ssourcecodeasyoureceiveit,inanymedium,providedthatyouconspicuouslyandappropriatelypublishoneachcopyanappropriatecopyrightnoticeanddisclaimerofwarranty;keepintactallthenoticesthatrefertothisLicenseandtotheabsenceofanywarranty;andgiveanyotherrecipientsoftheProgramacopyofthisLicensealongwiththeProgram.
Youmaychargeafeeforthephysicalactoftransferringacopy,andyoumayatyouroptionoerwarrantyprotectioninexchangeforafee.
2.
YoumaymodifyyourcopyorcopiesoftheProgramoranyportionofit,thusformingaworkbasedontheProgram,andcopyanddistributesuchmodicationsorworkunderthetermsofSection1above,providedthatyoualsomeetalloftheseconditions:a.
Youmustcausethemodiedlestocarryprominentnoticesstatingthatyouchangedthelesandthedateofanychange.
b.
Youmustcauseanyworkthatyoudistributeorpublish,thatinwholeorinpartcontainsorisderivedfromtheProgramoranypartthereof,tobelicensedasawholeatnochargetoallthirdpartiesunderthetermsofthisLicense.
c.
Ifthemodiedprogramnormallyreadscommandsinteractivelywhenrun,youmustcauseit,whenstartedrunningforsuchinteractiveuseinthemostordinaryway,toprintordisplayanannouncementincludinganappropriatecopyrightnoticeandanoticethatthereisnowarranty(orelse,sayingthatyouprovideawarranty)andthatusersmayredistributetheprogramundertheseconditions,andtellingtheuserhowtoviewacopyofthisLicense.
(Exception:iftheProgramitselfisinteractivebutdoesnotnormallyprintsuchanannouncement,yourworkbasedontheProgramisnotrequiredtoprintanannouncement.
)Theserequirementsapplytothemodiedworkasawhole.
IfidentiablesectionsofthatworkarenotderivedfromtheProgram,andcanbereasonablyconsideredindependentandseparateworksinthemselves,thenthisLicense,anditsterms,donotapplytothosesectionswhenyoudistributethemasseparateworks.
ButwhenyoudistributethesamesectionsaspartofawholewhichisaworkbasedontheProgram,thedistributionofthewholemustbeonthetermsofthisLicense,whosepermissionsforotherlicenseesextendtotheentirewhole,andthustoeachandeverypartregardlessofwhowroteit.
Thus,itisnottheintentofthissectiontoclaimrightsorcontestyourrightstoworkwrittenentirelybyyou;rather,theintentistoexercisetherighttocontrolthedistributionofderivativeorcollectiveworksbasedontheProgram.
Inaddition,mereaggregationofanotherworknotbasedontheProgramwiththeProgram(orwithaworkbasedontheProgram)onavolumeofastorageordistributionmediumdoesnotbringtheotherworkunderthescopeofthisLicense.
3.
YoumaycopyanddistributetheProgram(oraworkbasedonit,underSection2)inobjectcodeorexecutableformunderthetermsofSections1and2aboveprovidedthatyoualsodooneofthefollowing:a.
Accompanyitwiththecompletecorrespondingmachine-readablesourcecode,whichmustbedistributedunderthetermsofSections1and2aboveonamediumcustomarilyusedforsoftwareinterchange;or,b.
Accompanyitwithawrittenoer,validforatleastthreeyears,togiveanythirdparty,forachargenomorethanyourcostofphysicallyperformingsourcedistribution,acompletemachine-readablecopyofthecorrespondingsourcecode,tobedistributedunderthetermsofSections1and2aboveonamediumcustomarilyusedforsoftwareinterchange;or,c.
Accompanyitwiththeinformationyoureceivedastotheoertodistributecorrespondingsourcecode.
(Thisalternativeisallowedonlyfornoncommercialdistributionandonlyifyoureceivedtheprograminobjectcodeorexecutableformwithsuchanoer,inaccordwithSubsectionbabove.
)Thesourcecodeforaworkmeansthepreferredformoftheworkformakingmodicationstoit.
Foranexe-cutablework,completesourcecodemeansallthesourcecodeforallmodulesitcontains,plusanyassociatedinterfacedenitionles,plusthescriptsusedtocontrolcompilationandinstallationoftheexecutable.
However,asaspecialexception,thesourcecodedistributedneednotincludeanythingthatisnormallydistributed(ineithersourceorbinary95APPENDIXF.
GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSEF.
2.
GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSEform)withthemajorcomponents(compiler,kernel,andsoon)oftheoperatingsystemonwhichtheexecutableruns,unlessthatcomponentitselfaccompaniestheexecutable.
Ifdistributionofexecutableorobjectcodeismadebyoeringaccesstocopyfromadesignatedplace,thenoeringequivalentaccesstocopythesourcecodefromthesameplacecountsasdistributionofthesourcecode,eventhoughthirdpartiesarenotcompelledtocopythesourcealongwiththeobjectcode.
4.
Youmaynotcopy,modify,sublicense,ordistributetheProgramexceptasexpresslyprovidedunderthisLicense.
Anyattemptotherwisetocopy,modify,sublicenseordistributetheProgramisvoid,andwillautomaticallyterminateyourrightsunderthisLicense.
However,partieswhohavereceivedcopies,orrights,fromyouunderthisLicensewillnothavetheirlicensesterminatedsolongassuchpartiesremaininfullcompliance.
5.
YouarenotrequiredtoacceptthisLicense,sinceyouhavenotsignedit.
However,nothingelsegrantsyoupermissiontomodifyordistributetheProgramoritsderivativeworks.
TheseactionsareprohibitedbylawifyoudonotacceptthisLicense.
Therefore,bymodifyingordistributingtheProgram(oranyworkbasedontheProgram),youindicateyouracceptanceofthisLicensetodoso,andallitstermsandconditionsforcopying,distributingormodifyingtheProgramorworksbasedonit.
6.
EachtimeyouredistributetheProgram(oranyworkbasedontheProgram),therecipientautomaticallyreceivesalicensefromtheoriginallicensortocopy,distributeormodifytheProgramsubjecttothesetermsandconditions.
Youmaynotimposeanyfurtherrestrictionsontherecipients'exerciseoftherightsgrantedherein.
YouarenotresponsibleforenforcingcompliancebythirdpartiestothisLicense.
7.
If,asaconsequenceofacourtjudgmentorallegationofpatentinfringementorforanyotherreason(notlimitedtopatentissues),conditionsareimposedonyou(whetherbycourtorder,agreementorotherwise)thatcontradicttheconditionsofthisLicense,theydonotexcuseyoufromtheconditionsofthisLicense.
IfyoucannotdistributesoastosatisfysimultaneouslyyourobligationsunderthisLicenseandanyotherpertinentobligations,thenasaconsequenceyoumaynotdistributetheProgramatall.
Forexample,ifapatentlicensewouldnotpermitroyalty-freeredistributionoftheProgrambyallthosewhoreceivecopiesdirectlyorindirectlythroughyou,thentheonlywayyoucouldsatisfybothitandthisLicensewouldbetorefrainentirelyfromdistributionoftheProgram.
Ifanyportionofthissectionisheldinvalidorunenforceableunderanyparticularcircumstance,thebalanceofthesectionisintendedtoapplyandthesectionasawholeisintendedtoapplyinothercircumstances.
Itisnotthepurposeofthissectiontoinduceyoutoinfringeanypatentsorotherpropertyrightclaimsortocontestvalidityofanysuchclaims;thissectionhasthesolepurposeofprotectingtheintegrityofthefreesoftwaredistributionsystem,whichisimplementedbypubliclicensepractices.
Manypeoplehavemadegenerouscontributionstothewiderangeofsoftwaredistributedthroughthatsysteminrelianceonconsistentapplicationofthatsystem;itisuptotheauthor/donortodecideifheorsheiswillingtodistributesoftwarethroughanyothersystemandalicenseecannotimposethatchoice.
ThissectionisintendedtomakethoroughlyclearwhatisbelievedtobeaconsequenceoftherestofthisLicense.
8.
Ifthedistributionand/oruseoftheProgramisrestrictedincertaincountrieseitherbypatentsorbycopyrightedinterfaces,theoriginalcopyrightholderwhoplacestheProgramunderthisLicensemayaddanexplicitgeographicaldistributionlimitationexcludingthosecountries,sothatdistributionispermittedonlyinoramongcountriesnotthusexcluded.
Insuchcase,thisLicenseincorporatesthelimitationasifwritteninthebodyofthisLicense.
9.
TheFreeSoftwareFoundationmaypublishrevisedand/ornewversionsoftheGeneralPublicLicensefromtimetotime.
Suchnewversionswillbesimilarinspirittothepresentversion,butmaydierindetailtoaddressnewproblemsorconcerns.
Eachversionisgivenadistinguishingversionnumber.
IftheProgramspeciesaversionnumberofthisLicensewhichappliestoitand"anylaterversion",youhavetheoptionoffollowingthetermsandconditionseitherofthatversionorofanylaterversionpublishedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation.
IftheProgramdoesnotspecifyaversionnumberofthisLicense,youmaychooseanyversioneverpublishedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation.
10.
IfyouwishtoincorporatepartsoftheProgramintootherfreeprogramswhosedistributionconditionsaredierent,writetotheauthortoaskforpermission.
ForsoftwarewhichiscopyrightedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation,writetotheFreeSoftwareFoundation;wesometimesmakeexceptionsforthis.
Ourdecisionwillbeguidedbythetwogoalsofpreservingthefreestatusofallderivativesofourfreesoftwareandofpromotingthesharingandreuseofsoftwaregenerally.
NOWARRANTY11.
BECAUSETHEPROGRAMISLICENSEDFREEOFCHARGE,THEREISNOWARRANTYFORTHEPROGRAM,TOTHEEXTENTPERMITTEDBYAPPLICABLELAW.
EXCEPTWHENOTHERWISESTATEDINWRITINGTHECOPYRIGHTHOLDERSAND/OROTHERPARTIESPROVIDETHEPROGRAM"ASIS"WITHOUTWARRANTYOFANYKIND,EITHEREXPRESSEDORIMPLIED,INCLUDING,BUTNOTLIMITEDTO,THEIMPLIEDWARRANTIESOFMERCHANTABILITYANDFITNESSFORAPAR-TICULARPURPOSE.
THEENTIRERISKASTOTHEQUALITYANDPERFORMANCEOFTHEPROGRAMISWITHYOU.
SHOULDTHEPROGRAMPROVEDEFECTIVE,YOUASSUMETHECOSTOFALLNEC-ESSARYSERVICING,REPAIRORCORRECTION.
96APPENDIXF.
GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSEF.
3.
HOWTOAPPLYTHESETERMSTOYOUR…12.
INNOEVENTUNLESSREQUIREDBYAPPLICABLELAWORAGREEDTOINWRITINGWILLANDCOPYRIGHTHOLDER,ORANYOTHERPARTYWHOMAYMODIFYAND/ORREDISTRIBUTETHEPROGRAMASPERMITTEDABOVE,BELIABLETOYOUFORDAMAGES,INCLUDINGANYGEN-ERAL,SPECIAL,INCIDENTALORCONSEQUENTIALDAMAGESARISINGOUTOFTHEUSEORIN-ABILITYTOUSETHEPROGRAM(INCLUDINGBUTNOTLIMITEDTOLOSSOFDATAORDATABEINGRENDEREDINACCURATEORLOSSESSUSTAINEDBYYOUORTHIRDPARTIESORAFAILUREOFTHEPROGRAMTOOPERATEWITHANYOTHERPROGRAMS),EVENIFSUCHHOLDEROROTHERPARTYHASBEENADVISEDOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFSUCHDAMAGES.
ENDOFTERMSANDCONDITIONSF.
3HowtoApplyTheseTermstoYourNewProgramsIfyoudevelopanewprogram,andyouwantittobeofthegreatestpossibleusetothepublic,thebestwaytoachievethisistomakeitfreesoftwarewhicheveryonecanredistributeandchangeundertheseterms.
Todoso,attachthefollowingnoticestotheprogram.
Itissafesttoattachthemtothestartofeachsourceletomosteectivelyconveytheexclusionofwarranty;andeachleshouldhaveatleastthe"copyright"lineandapointertowherethefullnoticeisfound.
onelinetogivetheprogram'snameandabriefideaofwhatitdoes.
Copyright(C)yearnameofauthorThisprogramisfreesoftware;youcanredistributeitand/ormodifyitunderthetermsoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicenseaspublishedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation;eitherversion2oftheLicense,or(atyouroption)anylaterversion.
Thisprogramisdistributedinthehopethatitwillbeuseful,butWITHOUTANYWARRANTY;withouteventheimpliedwarrantyofMERCHANTABILITYORFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.
SeetheGNUGeneralPublicLicenseformoredetails.
YoushouldhavereceivedacopyoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicensealongwiththisprogram;ifnot,writetotheFreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.
,51FranklinStreet,FifthFloor,Boston,MA02110-1301,USA.
Alsoaddinformationonhowtocontactyoubyelectronicandpapermail.
Iftheprogramisinteractive,makeitoutputashortnoticelikethiswhenitstartsinaninteractivemode:Gnomovisionversion69,Copyright(C)yearnameofauthorGnomovisioncomeswithabsolutelynowarranty;fordetailstypeshoww.
Thisisfreesoftware,andyouarewelcometoredistributeitundercertainconditions;typeshowcfordetails.
Thehypotheticalcommands"showw"and"showc"shouldshowtheappropriatepartsoftheGeneralPublicLicense.
Ofcourse,thecommandsyouusemaybecalledsomethingotherthan"showw"and"showc";theycouldevenbemouse-clicksormenuitems—whateversuitsyourprogram.
Youshouldalsogetyouremployer(ifyouworkasaprogrammer)oryourschool,ifany,tosigna"copyrightdisclaimer"fortheprogram,ifnecessary.
Hereisasample;alterthenames:Yoyodyne,Inc.
,herebydisclaimsallcopyrightinterestintheprogramGnomovision(whichmakespassesatcompilers)writtenbyJamesHacker.
signatureofTyCoon,1April1989TyCoon,PresidentofViceThisGeneralPublicLicensedoesnotpermitincorporatingyourprogramintoproprietaryprograms.
Ifyourprogramisasubroutinelibrary,youmayconsideritmoreusefultopermitlinkingproprietaryapplicationswiththelibrary.
Ifthisiswhatyouwanttodo,usetheGNULesserGeneralPublicLicenseinsteadofthisLicense.
97