carvacrolcinnamon

PakistanVet.
J.
,2009,29(4):169-173.
169INFLUENCEOFTWOPLANTEXTRACTSDERIVEDFROMTHYMEANDCINNAMONONBROILERPERFORMANCEG.
A.
M.
AL-KASSIEDepartmentofPublicHealth,CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,UniversityofBaghdad,IraqABSTRACTThisstudywasconductedtoexploretheuseofessentialoil(EO)inbroilernutritionasanaturalgrowthpromoter.
DifferentlevelsofEOderivedfromthymeandcinnamonwereaddedtoastandarddiettodetermineitseffectsonfeedintake,liveweightgain,feedconversionratioandbloodconstituents.
Threehundredday-oldbroilerchicks(Arbor-Acres)weredividedintofiveequalgroupsandtreatedasfollows:NoEO(controlgroup),100ppmEOderivedfromthyme(group2),200ppmEOderivedfromthyme(group3),100ppmEOderivedfromcinnamon(group4)and200ppmEOderivedfromcinnamon(group5).
Thedietswerepreparedfreshlyeachday.
Experimentswerecarriedoutfor42days.
Resultsshowedthatchicksfedwith200ppmEOderivedfromthymeandcinnamonhadsignificantlyhigher(Pcinnamoncomparedwithcontrolgroup,whichshowedthelowestperformance.
Moreover,thechicksfedwithrationcontainingEOderivedfromthymeandcinnamonhadreduced(Pcinnamon.
Inconclusion,EOcouldbeconsideredasapotentialnaturalgrowthpromoterforpoultryatthelevelof200ppm,dependingonthekindofEOderivedfromherbalplants.
Keywords:Cinnamon,thyme,essentialoil,performance,serumbiochemistry,broilers.
INTRODUCTIONEssentialoilsarecomplexcompounds,andtheirchemicalcompositionandconcentrationsofvariouscompoundsarevariable(Leeetal.
,2004).
Essentialoilsbasicallyconsistoftwoclassesofcompounds,theterpenesandphenylpropenes,dependingonthenumberof5-carbonbuildingblocks.
Theexactanti-microbialmechanismofessentialoilsispoorlyunderstood.
However,ithasbeensuggestedthattheirlipophilicproperty(Cornner,1993)andchemicalstructure(Faragetal.
,1989a;1989b)canplayarole.
Itwassuggestedthatterpenoidsandphenylpropanoidscanpenetratethemembranesofthebacteriaandreachtheinnerpartofthecellbecauseoftheirlipophilicity(Helanderetal.
,1998).
Moreover,structuralproperties,suchasthepresenceofthefunctionalgroups(Faragetal.
,1989c)andaromaticity(BowlesandMiller,1993)arealsoresponsiblefortheantibacterialactivityofessentialoils.
Specificeffectsoftheessentialoilsonchickenperformancehavenotreceivedmuchattentionbecausepoultrymaynotacutelyrespondtoflavorwhencomparedtopigs(Moran,1982),althoughthereisanevidence(Deyoeetal.
,1962)thatflavorscouldaffectfeedintakenegligiblyinchicken.
Variousplantextracts,especiallyessentialoils,havebeenstudiedfortheirantimicrobialabilities.
Mostofresearchesdoneinthisareahavebeenperformedinvitro,buttherehavebeenfewstudieswithlivepoultryflocks.
ArecentstudyinvolvinglivebirdsshowedthatblendsoftheprimarycomponentsoftheessentialoilscouldbeusedtocontrolClostridiumperfringens,thebacteriumthatcausesnecroticenteritisinbroilers(Mitschetal.
,2004).
GroundthymehasbeenshowntoinhibitthegrowthofS.
typhimuriumwhenaddedtomedia(AktugandKarapinar,1986).
TheessentialoilofthethymehasbeenshowntoinhibitthegrowthoftheE.
coliinmedia(Marinoetal.
,1999).
Aromaticplantsandessentialoilextractedfromtheseplantshavebeenusedasalternativestoantibiotics.
Forthisreason,theseplantsarebecomingmoreimportantduetotheirantimicrobialeffectsandthestimulatingeffectonanimaldigestivesystem(Osmanetal.
,2005).
CinnamonextractinhibitsHelicobacterpyloriattheconcentrationrangeofcommonantibiotics,itsantimicrobialpropertiesaremainlyrelatedtoitscinnamaldehydecontent,followedbyeugenolandcarvacrolcontents(Tabacketal.
,1999).
Cinnamonoilanditconstituents(cinnamaldehydeandeugenol)haveantibacterialactivityagainstEscherichiacoli,Pseudomonasaeruginosa,Enterococusfaecalis,Staphylococcusaureus,Staphylococcusepidermis,Salmonellasp.
andParahemolyticus(Changeetal.
,2001).
AlsotheyhaveinhibitorypropertiesagainstPakistanVet.
J.
,2009,29(4):169-173.
170Aspergillusflavus(Montes-BelmontandCarvajal,1998).
TheeffectofgroundthymeandcinnamonontheperformanceofbroilerswasstudiedbyAl-Kassie2009),whofoundtheireffectontheliveweightgainandtheimprovementofthehealthofpoultry,inadditiontootherperformancetraits,feedconversionratioandfeedintake.
Theaimofthisstudywastofindtheeffectofoilextractfromthymeandcinnamonasnaturalgrowthpromotingsubstancesinbroilerchicks.
MATERIALSANDMETHODSThreehundredday-oldmixedsexedbroilerchicks(Arbor-Acres)wereusedinthestudy.
Chickswereweighedandtheaverageofweightwasrecordedasday-oldweight.
Theywereassignedinto5treatmentgroups.
Eachgroupwasdividedinto3equalreplicatesof20chicksperreplicate.
Thechickswerehousedinfloorpens(1.
25*1.
25m).
Starterdietscontaining22.
4%crudeprotein(CP)and2850Kcal/KgMEwereofferedad-libitumfrom1to28daysofage.
Thenafinisherdietcontains20.
2%crudeproteinand2900Kcal/KgMEwasofferedad-libitumfrom29to42daysofage.
Alldietswereformulatedtocoverthenutrientrequirementsofchicken(NRC,1994).
IngredientsandthecompositionoftheexperimentaldietsareshowninTable1.
Table1:CompositionofexperimentaldietsindifferentperiodsoftheexperimentIngredient(%)Starter(1-28day)Finisher(29-42day)Yellowcorn58.
064.
0Soybeanmeal(45%protein)38.
032.
0*Premix3.
03.
0Oil0.
50.
5Salt0.
30.
3Methionine0.
10.
1Lysine0.
10.
1Total100100CompositionME(Kcal/kg)28502900Crudeprotein(%)22.
420.
2Calcium(%)0.
130.
23Avail.
Phosphorus(%)0.
170.
16Methionine+cystine0.
800.
75Lysine1.
221.
15Premix(1%)providedthefollowing(perkgofcompletediets):1400IUVit.
A,3000IUVit.
D3,50mgVit.
E,4mgVit.
K,3mgVit.
B6,6mgVit.
B12,60mgniacin,20mgpantothenicacid,0.
2mgfolicacid,150mgcholine,4.
8mgCa,3.
18mgP,100mgMn,50mgFe,80mgZn,10mgCu,0.
25mgCoand1.
5mgiodine.
Firstgroupservedasacontrol(0%oilextract),whilegroups2and3werefeddietswith100and200ppm,respectivelyofoilextractderivedfromthyme.
Similarly,groups4andgroup5werefeddietshaving100and200ppmofoilextractderivedfromcinnamon,respectively.
Standardmanagementpracticesofcommercialbroilerproductionwereapplied.
ChickswerevaccinatedagainstNewcastlediseaseandInfectiousbronchitis.
Bodyweightwasdeterminedthroughtheperiodofstarterandfinisherandfeedintakewasrecordedforthecorrespondingperiods.
Attheendoftheexperiment,threechicksfromeachreplicatewererandomlyselectedandweightedtoobtainlivebodyweight.
Theythenwereslaughteredbyasharpknifeforcompletebleeding,andfeatherswereplucked.
Head,visceraandshankswereremoved.
Carcasswasleftforonehourtoremoveexcesswaterandallowedforovernightinarefrigeratorat4±2°Cthenweighed.
Dressingpercentagewascalculatedwithoutgiblets(Heart,gizzard,liverandabdominalfat)andtheweightofeachpartwascalculatedaspercentageofthecarcassweight.
Bloodsamplewerealsotakenfromthebrachialveinwithasyringe.
ThesesampleswereusedforthedeterminationofvarioushaematologicalparametersincludingPCV,WBCandRBCcounts,haemoglobin(Hb)concentrationsandheterophils/lymphocytesratio.
DatawereanalyzedbyusingtheGeneralLinearModelprocedureofSAS(2001).
Duncan'smultiplerangetestwasusedtodetectthedifferences(Pcinnamononthegrowthperformance(bodyweightgain,feedintakeandfeedconversionratio)ofbroilerchicksispresentedinTable2.
From1to6weeks,resultsshowedthatchicksfedwithoilextracthadsignificantlyhighervalues(Pcinnamoninbroilerdietsimprovedbodyweightgain,feedintakeandfeedconversionratio,whichmaybeduetoactivematerials(thymolandcarracerol)intheseplantswhichareconsideredasdigestionstimulatingfactors,inadditiontotheirantimicrobialactivityagainstbacteriafoundintheintestine(Cabuketal.
,2003).
Moreover,theimprovementofbodyweightgainandfeedconversionareduetotheactivematerials(Cinnamaldehydeandugenol)foundincinnamon,causinggreaterefficiencyintheutilizationoffeed,resultinginenhancedgrowth.
Thereisanevidencetosuggestthatherbs,spicesandvariousplantextractshaveappetiteanddigestionstimulatingpropertiesandPakistanVet.
J.
,2009,29(4):169-173.
171antimicrobialeffects(Kamel,2001).
TheseresultsagreewiththeworkofLeeetal.
(2004),whofoundthataddingthecinnamontothedietofbroilersimprovedtheirgrowthperformance.
Table3showsthatdifferentlevelsofoilextractderivedfromthymeandcinnamonalsohadsignificanteffectsondressingpercentage,abdominalfatandinternalorganspercentage(liver,heartandgizzard).
Resultsrevealedthattheinclusionofoilextractsimprovedtheperformancesignificantly(Pcinnamonhadsignificantlyhigherliverpercentageandlowerabdominalfatpercentagecomparedtocontrol.
TheseresultsagreewiththeworkofLanghout(2000),whoshowedthatoilextractscouldstimulatethedigestionsysteminpoultry,improvethefunctionofliverandincreasethepancreaticdigestiveenzymes.
Enhancementofthemetabolismofoil,carbohydratesandproteinsinthemajororganswouldincreasegrowthrateoftheseorgans(Mellor,2000a;2000b).
Table4showstheeffectsoftreatmentsonserumcholesterol,totalproteins,PCV,totalWBC,RBCs,Hbandheterophiltolymphocyteratio.
ThepresentstudyshowedthatgroupsfedwithoilextractderivedfromthymeandcinnamonhadsignificantlylowercholesterolandH/Lratio,andhigherRBC,PCV,HbandWBCcomparedwiththecontrolgroup(Pcinnamoninbroilerdietssignificantlyimprovedtheliveweightgainandfeedconversionratioduringagrowingperiodof6weeks,inadditiontodecreasingserumcholesterollevelandH/Lratioinblood.
Thus,oilextractderivedfromherbalplantscouldbeconsideredasapotentialgrowthpromoterforpoultryduetoitsdigestivestimulatingandantimicrobialeffect.
Table2:EffectofdifferentlevelsofoilextractderivedfromthymeandcinnamonongrowthperformanceofbroilerchicksDerivedfromthymeDerivedfromcinnamonItemsControl(T1)100ppm(T2)200ppm(T3)100ppm(T4)200ppm(T5)0-3weeksBodyweightgain(g/bird)698±26.
5c744±30.
5b765±27.
4a746±28.
4ab758±32.
3abFeedintake(g/bird)1130±1.
27a1042±9.
90b1032±2.
91b1059±6.
12b1015±1.
32bFeedconversionratio1.
62a1.
40b1.
35b1.
42b1.
34b3-6weeksBodyweightgain(g/bird)1848±46.
3b1873±51.
2b2117±64.
3a1940±57.
2b2108±53.
4aFeedintake(g/bird)3250±20.
4c3381±14.
7b3580±10.
3a3399±13.
2b3542±27.
3aFeedconversionratio1.
76a1.
81a1.
69c1.
75b1.
68c1-6weeksBodyweightgain(g/bird)546±37.
4c2617±45.
2b2882±41.
3a2686±29.
4b2866±51.
4aFeedintake(g/bird)4380±29.
6bc4423±41.
0b4612±18.
5a4458±32.
3b3557±35.
4aFeedconversionratio1.
72a1.
69b1.
60c1.
66b1.
59cMeanswithdifferentsuperscriptsinthesamerowdiffersignificantly(PcinnamononcarcasscharacteristicsofbroilerchicksDerivedfromthymeDerivedfromcinnamonParametersControl(T1)100ppm(T2)200ppm(T3)100ppm(T4)200ppm(T5)Dressing(%)70.
1±1.
25c71.
4±1.
12bc73.
3±1.
13a70.
3±1.
03b74.
8±1.
81aLiver(%)2.
38±0.
08b2.
30±0.
06c2.
65±0.
06a2.
61±0.
09ab2.
70±0.
07aHeart(%)0.
51±0.
02ab0.
49±0.
08b0.
58±0.
02a0.
57±0.
06ab0.
49±0.
01bGizzard(%)2.
28±0.
08b2.
31±0.
09b2.
51±0.
10a2.
35±0.
18b2.
53±0.
09aAbdominalfat(%)2.
41±0.
11a2.
39±0.
09ab2.
36±0.
10b2.
33±0.
06c2.
37±0.
21bcMeanswithdifferentsuperscriptsinthesamerowdiffersignificantly(PcinnamonDerivedfromthymeDerivedfromcinnamonItemsControl(T1)100ppm(T2)200ppm(T3)100ppm(T4)200ppm(T5)Cholesterol(mg/dl)158.
5±0.
76a145.
6±0.
99c154.
8±0.
79b148.
5±1.
32c141.
1±1.
07dTotalProteins(gm/dl)4.
18±0.
09c4.
46±0.
08b4.
25±0.
12c4.
35±0.
08bc4.
73±0.
07aPCV(%)33.
1±0.
51b35.
2±0.
58a34.
7±0.
35a34.
5±0.
55a35.
2±0.
38aWBC(103/mm3)22.
7±0.
16c23.
2±0.
23b23.
6±0.
17b23.
14±0.
14b24.
2±0.
14aRBC(106/mm3)32.
4±0.
34b33.
5±0.
29a33.
8±0.
19a33.
4±0.
39a33.
2±0.
41aHb(gm/dl)6.
7±0.
13b7.
2±0.
23a7.
3±0.
16a7.
3±0.
11a7.
5±0.
12aHeterophil/lymphocytesratio0.
72±0.
37a0.
62±0.
18b0.
64±0.
23c0.
65±0.
31c0.
63±0.
14bMeanswithdifferentsuperscriptsinthesamerowdiffersignificantly(PCinnamonextractsinhibitoryeffectonHelicobaterpylori.
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