Possession250.pp.com

ScientificResearchJournal(SCIRJ),Volume2,Issue1,January201443ISSN2201-2796www.
scirj.
org2014,ScientificResearchJournalImprovingtheSecurityofMANETsOrientedMilitaryIntelligenceusingBiometricsAuthenticationTechnologiesJuliusN.
Obidinnu1(obijulius@yahoo.
com)AyeiE.
Ibor2(ayei.
ibor@gmail.
com)S.
O.
O.
Duke3(orokduke2003@yahoo.
com)1,2,3:DepartmentofComputerScience,CrossRiverUniversityofTechnology,Calabar,NigeriaAbstract-Inmanypartsoftheworld,themilitaryhasbeenverybusyinrecenttimesengaginginterrorandotherrelatedwars.
Thisrequiresthatmenandmaterialshavetobelocatedindifferentpartsoftheirstrategicgeographiccentres.
Andinordertoensureafastcommunicationwiththesebases,themilitaryoftendeploysMobileAd-hocNetworks(MANETs).
MANETscarrysuchintelligenceinformationas:deploymentinformation,readinessinformation,andorderofbattleplanstotheirvariousbases.
Thenatureoftheseinformationissuchthatanycompromiseonthemcouldbedisastroustothecoursesofactionofthebases.
ThispaperidentifiesuserauthenticationasakeyissueinstrengtheningsecurityconcernsinMANETs.
Thepaperfurtheradoptsbiometricstechnologiesasthetrendingoptionsforthepurposeofobtainingatruerreflectionoftheidentitiesoftheusersofad-hocnetworks.
Thispapertherefore,reviewsvariousbiometricstechnologyimplementationstrategiesavailable,andrecommendstheadoptionofone,oracombinationofthembymilitarybases.
Thebenefitsprovidedbythistechnologyarealsopresented.
IndexTerms-MilitaryBase,BiometricsTechnology,Authentication,MANET,InformationsecurityI.
INTRODUCTIONMostmilitarybasesrequiretheuseofMobileAd-hocNetworks(MANETs)toestablishcommunicationsbetweenthelargenumbersofmobiledevicesdeployedinthebattlefield[17].
Itistherefore,instructivetostatethatthecomputersystemsinmilitaryMANETscontainsensitiveinformation,whichoftenmakesthemattractivetargetstounauthorisedaccesses.
Tittel,ChappleandStewartin[21]providealistofsomeofthesensitiveinformation,whichalsoincludesmilitarydescriptiveintelligencesuchas:deploymentinformation,readinessinformation,andorderofbattleplans.
Illegalaccesstotheseclassesofmilitaryintelligencecouldcompromiseinvestigations,disruptmilitaryplanning,andthreatennationalsecurity.
Atalltimestherefore,itiscrucialthatthecomputersystemsinmilitaryMANETsshouldbeprotectedfromintruders.
Consequently,thispaperreviewsoneofthecriticalsecurityprotectionstepsthatensuresthatonlyauthorisedpersonnelgainaccesstothesystemsinthemilitaryMANETs.
Consequently,weadoptthepositionof[15],whoidentifiesuserauthenticationasoneofthekeyissuesinmanagingsecurityconcernsinMANETs.
Andintheopinionofthereferredauthor,accesstoad-hocnetworksisdynamicandcontext-sensitive,therebymakingusers'authenticationtobeontheflywithtemporaryaccesstoresources.
Accordingly,informationleakageonmilitaryintelligencecouldoccurintheprocess.
Theseinformationleakagescanbeavoided.
Therefore,[16]advocatesthattheexactidentitiesoftheusersofthead-hocnetworks'shouldbeaccuratelyverifiableatanyinstanceofitsusage.
Theadvocacyintheprecedingparagraphservesasthemotivationforthispaper,whichreviewsexistingauthenticationprocesses,andidentifiesthebiometricstechnologiesasthetrendingoptionsforthepurposeofobtainingatruerreflectionoftheidentitiesoftheusersofad-hocnetworks.
Thispapertherefore,reviewsvariousbiometricstechnologyimplementationstrategiesavailable,andrecommendstheadoptionofoneoracombinationofthembymilitarybases.
II.
IMPORTANCEOFAUTHENTICATIONINMILITARYMANETsWikipediain[22]definesamobilead-hocnetwork(MANET)asawireless,self-configuring,infrastructure-lessnetworkofmobiledevices,deployedoftentimesforaninterimpurpose.
Andtheyareimportanttothemilitarybecausetheypossessthefeaturesofquicksetup,takedown,andmobilityfeatures.
MANETsaretherefore,especiallyusefultothemilitary,sincetheyserveaschannelsthroughwhichtheycommunicateinordertostrategize,command,control,andoperatetheirforcesintheirrespectiveenvironments,inland,sea,orair[20].
However,communicationswithinMANETrequireshavinglegalaccesstothedevices,asanythingtothecontrarywillleadtoinformationleakageonmilitaryintelligencetotheopponents.
Andavailabilityofmilitaryintelligenceinthehandsofanenemyisabadomenforsuchamilitarybase.
Consequently,itbecomesnecessarytoensurethattheidentityofapersonordevicethatattemptstogainaccesstothenetworkshouldbeauthenticated.
Itistherefore,inlinewiththispositionthat[20]identifiesauthenticationasthefirstlineofdefenceinsecuringMANETnetworks.
Authenticationisanyprocessbywhichasystemverifiestheidentityofauserwhowishestoaccessit[6].
AuthenticationisimportantinMANETs,asitensuressecureconnectionswitharequestingentityintoanetwork[2].
AndauthenticationinScientificResearchJournal(SCIRJ),Volume2,Issue1,January201444ISSN2201-2796www.
scirj.
org2014,ScientificResearchJournalMANETscanbebasedondifferentmechanisms.
Wediscussthesemechanismsinthenextsection.
III.
AUTHENTICATIONMECHANISMSAllowingaccesstoonlyauthorisedusersanddisallowingaccesstotheunauthorisedonesisafundamentalaspectofauthentication.
Authenticationprocessesarebasedlargelyonthreemethods.
Thesemethodsinclude:Whatweknow–passwords,pincodesandotherpersonaldetailscanbeusedtoidentifyusersofaparticularsystemWhatwehave–tokenssuchassmartcardsorkeyfobarealsousedforuserauthenticationWhatweare–here,biometricfeaturessuchasfingerprintscans,irisscans,palmbiometricsaredeployedforallowingaccesstocontrolledenvironments[23],[17],[16]and[12].
Authenticationby'whatweknow'and'whatwehave'increasesthelikelihoodofidentitytheftastheuseofpasswordsortokensisnotnecessarilytiedtotheidentityoftherealownerofthepasswordortoken[5].
Inhisstudy,[17]highlightsthatthereareconsequencesattributedtosettingupcommunicationwithauserthathasanunknownidentity.
Aknowledgefactorsuchasapasswordisnotentirelysecureasitcanbeeasilyguessed,interceptedortransferredtoanotheruser[23].
IntheeventofUserAdivulginghisauthenticationparametersuchasapasswordtoUserBintentionallyoraccidentally,itwillbedifficulttocapturetheidentityoftheloggedinuser.
Moreso,simplepasswordscanbeeasilyguessedorcrackedthroughbruteforceordictionaryattackswhilecomplexonescaneasilybeforgotten.
Thoughtherearevariousmechanismstoprotectpasswordssuchasresettingthemregularlyorusingpasswordshints,authenticationwiththeuseofpasswordsisfastbecomingproblematicduetothesophisticatednatureoftechnologyandthepervasiveInternetthatallowsaccesstoallcategoriesofinformation,someofwhichhavefarreachingimpactondigitalassets[3].
NandiniandRaviKumarin[14]describe'whatusershave'asknowledgebasedauthenticationalsocalledpossessionfactors.
Possessionfactorshavefoundwidespreadusageinrecenttimes,astheyhaveaddedanotherlevelofsecuritytoauthentication.
Mostof'whatusershave'technologiesarebasedonatwofactorauthenticationmechanism,withPINsorpasswordsassecondaryauthenticationfeatures.
Usingasmartcardorkeyfob,forinstance,isagreatwaytoenhanceprivacy.
Mostofthesmartcardshavetheuser'sinformationengravedinthemwithpeculiarattributesthatmapstheidentityoftheusertothecard.
Thoughthiscreatesasenseofsecurityforthenumeroususersacrosstheglobe,theuseoftokensissubjecttoreplayandactiveattacks[13],[25].
However,possessionfactorscanbelost,stolenordamaged[12].
Insuchasituation,replacingthemisnecessary.
Butthereisthepossibilityofusingthemtocommitcrimebeforetheycanberetrieved.
Thiscancreateproblemsfortheowner.
Sinceacardownermayhavehisnameengravedonacard,usingitbyamalicioususer,iflost,willstillrecordatransactionagainstthecardowner.
Thisisaserioussecurityconcern.
Letusassumethatasmartcardthatgrantsaccesstoamilitarydatabasefallsintothehandsofanenemysoldierorgroupofsoldiers.
Inthesamevein,letusassumethatthiscardbelongstoasystemadministratorthathasrootorsystemprivilegesinacontrolledsystem.
Thestatedscenariocanleadtosevereconsequencesincludingdivulgenceofmilitaryintelligence,interceptionofmilitaryoperations,distortionordeletionofsensitiveclassifieddataaswellaslossofenormousdigitalassetssuchasfilesandeventhecompletedatabase.
Amoresecuredwayofhardeningthesecurityofthesysteminthisscenarioisbydeployingamechanismthatallowstheuseofthephysiologicalfeaturesoftheauthoriseduser.
Shanetalin[25]assertsthattheuseofbiometricsisunderpinnedbymeasurablephysiologicaltraitsandbehaviouralcharacteristicsthatserveasidentityparametersforanindividual.
Thisassertionimpliesthattheuseofbiometricsisnotsubjecttoauthenticationillssuchasrepudiation,impersonationandidentityspoofing,sinceeachindividual'sphysiologicaltraitsareuniquetotheindividualandarenottransferable.
ChettyandWagnerin[3]agreethatbiometricauthenticationisbecominganinevitableaspectofinformationtechnologywiththeubiquitousnatureofcomputersystemsandnetworksacrosstheglobe.
Aselaboratedin[16],biometricsdoesnothavetoberememberedduringtheauthenticationprocessastheyareinherentfeaturesoftheindividualthatisbeingauthenticated.
Thisisincontrasttotheuseofpasswordsandtokenssuchassmartcards,whicharesubjecttotheft,sharingandloss([12],[14].
Relatedly,IchinoandYamazakiin[8]discusstheefficacyofbiometricauthenticationspecificallyunderpinnedbysoftbiometrics.
Inthestudy,theyclassifiedsoftbiometricsonthebasisoffacial,bodyandaccessorytraits.
Furthermore,theyassertthat,thoughsoftbiometricsmaynotbedistinctiveenoughtoidentifyindividualsuniquely,itcanbevaluableforenhancingbiometricauthenticationthroughthecategorisationofthecollectedtraits,suchaseyecolourandheightranges.
Inthesameway,[18]investigatestherobustnessofbiometricsforidentityverificationandaccesscontrol.
Sincebiometricfeaturesareintrinsictotheindividualtheyidentity,theypositthatforgettingorforgingthemlikepasswordsordocumentsisunlikely.
Theiranalysisofsecurebiometricswasleveragedbythedesignofanappropriatetrainingprocedureformatchingastoredbiometricsignalwithaprobeforonwarddecisionmakingduringauthentication.
Similarly,[1]proposedanencryptedirisauthenticationsystemforidentifyingandauthenticatingusersofawirelesssensornetworks.
Mostmilitaryoperationsaredependentonthedeploymentofwirelesssensornetworks(WSNs)forcommandandcontrol.
SinceWSNsaresimpletoimplementandmanage,usingbiometricsforidentificationandauthenticationprocesseswillenforceahighlysecureaccesscontrolsystemonthefly.
Authenticationthroughphysiologicaltraitssuchasfingertouches,facemovementorpalmprintwasdiscussedforpaymentsystemsin[10].
Thismethodofmakingpaymentscanbeenhancedtoallowforsecureauthenticationprocessesinmilitarysites.
MultimodalScientificResearchJournal(SCIRJ),Volume2,Issue1,January201445ISSN2201-2796www.
scirj.
org2014,ScientificResearchJournalbiometricauthenticationisalsoimportantforenhancingoperationalsecurity.
Asdiscussedin[5],multimodalbiometricsissuitableformobiledevicesincludingPersonalDigitalAssistants(PDAs),smartphonesandmobilesphones.
Sincethesedevicesareportable,theyaresubjecttolossandtheft.
Protectingthem,therefore,requirestheuseofanenhancedsecuritymechanismsuchasbiometricauthentication.
Theyproposedtheuseofteethimageandvoiceforauthentication.
Itisaknownfactthatthemilitarydeploysthelargestuseofmobiledevices,mostofwhichareembeddedsystemswithtacticsandmilitaryintelligence.
Ifauthenticationtosuchdevicesisleveragedbyteethimageandvoice,itwillbecomecomputationallydifficulttocircumventthesecurityofsuchadeviceintheeventofitsloss,theftormisplacement.
Biometricauthentication,therefore,ismoresecureinaccesscontrolmanagementaswellasidentityverificationespeciallyforcontrolleddomainswheretheexactidentityoftheuserbeingauthenticatedandallowedaccesstodigitalresourcescannotbecompromised.
IV.
APPLICABLEBIOMETRICTECHNOLOGYThebiometrictechnologyisleveragedbyanumberofmethodologiesthatcanbedeployedintherealisationofbiometricauthentication.
Someofthese,asdiscussedin[7]and[17]includethefollowing:a.
Palmbiometricsb.
Fingerprintauthenticationc.
Voicerecognitiond.
Signatureverificatione.
Irisscanandf.
FacialrecognitionAllofthesearenecessary.
However,thispaperfocusesonthefirstthreeabove:palmbiometrics,fingerprintauthenticationandvoicerecognition.
A.
PalmBiometricsPalmbiometricsisbasedontheuseofbiometrictraitsextractedfromthepalm(curvatureofthepalm,widthofthepalm,lengthoffingers,thicknessofthepalm,principallines,wrinkles,deltapointsetc[7])toverifytheidentityofapersoninacontrolledenvironment.
Theuseofpalmbiometrics,onitself,cannotguaranteeanefficientuseridentificationsystemwithoutbeingaugmentedbyotheridentificationmethodssuchastheuseofpersonalidentificationnumbers(PIN)asthehumanhandisnotunique.
Thereliabilityprovidedbypalmbiometricsinthecontextofverificationandauthenticationisconsiderablyhigh.
Nonrepudiationisenhancedasausercannotdenythataphysiologicaltraitsuchasapalmprintimagedoesnotbelongtohim/heronceloggedin.
Trackingusers'accessandtheuseofresourcescanbecontrolled.
Also,thereismoreconvenienceforusersandsystemadministratorsasincidencesofpasswordoridentificationcardtheftorlossmaynotbeobtainabletherebyenhancingefficiency.
Someofthekeyweaknessofpalmbiometricsisthatthesensordata,ifusedindependentlyofotherbiometricsources,canbenoisy.
Also,thehumanhandisnotcompletelyuniqueandassuchmaylackindividualityanduniversalityinrepresentingtheidentityofaparticularindividual.
Injuriesonthepalmaswellasgummypalmsmayleadtopoortemplatequalityculminatinginpoorperformancebythebiometricsystem.
Palmbiometricsshouldthereforebeusedincombinationwithotherbiometricsourcessuchasfingerprints,irisscansandvoicerecognitiontoprovideanefficientmultimodalauthenticationsystem.
Thoughpalmbiometricsdemonstratessomeweaknessesinitsimplementation,ithasagoodnumberofstrengthsasfollows:i.
Itcanbesuitableforoutdoorenvironmentssuchasmilitarysitesandcanbeusedtomanageahighthroughputofpeople.
ii.
Itprovidesafriendlyuserinterfacethatisrobustandintegrateseasilywiththeexistingaswellasthirdpartysystems.
iii.
Givesroomforeasymaintenanceandstorageasithasasmalltemplatesizethatcanbeintegratedinalargedatabase.
iv.
Itisinexpensivetoimplementandoffersexcellentreturnoninvestmentaswellaswidespreadacceptance.
v.
Highlyreliableandaccurate.
vi.
Itprovideseffectivesecurity,whichismorerobustwhencomparedtotraditionalmethodssuchastheuseofpasswordsandidentificationcards.
vii.
Sincethebiometricfeaturesextractedduringenrolmentareinherenttoaparticularindividual,fraudandrepudiationcanbeeliminatedduringauthentication.
Thismaynotbeunconnectedwiththefactthatoncestored,palmbiometrictraitsarenottransferable;thatis,theycannotbeshared,stolen,lostorforgotten.
B.
FingerprintAuthenticationThereisaproliferationintheuseoffingerprintauthenticationinrecenttimes[11],[4].
Thiscanbeseeninmostmobilephoneserviceproviders.
Theuseoffingerprintsforidentificationandverificationisborneoutofthefactthatthepatternsofridgesandfurrowsthatcharacteriseanindividual'sfinger(mostespeciallythesurfaceofthefingertip)areuniquetoeachindividual[23],[9].
Fingerprintdevicesallowausertoaccessacontrolledenvironmentthroughfingerprintscans.
Podioin[16]maintainsthattheusermerelyplaceshisfingertipontheappropriatedevicetobeidentifiedandauthenticated.
Thispaveswayforsecureaccesscontrolandnetworkauthenticationmechanism.
However,fingerprintbiometricscanbegiventotheweaknessesofpalmbiometricsespeciallywhenthereisanaccumulationofskinoilsordirtonthesurfacesofsensorplates.
Theresultanteffectmaybefalserejectioninwhichcaseavaliduserfingerprintscanisrejectedasillegitimate.
Falseacceptancecanalsobeobtainableherewhereaninvalidfingerprintscanisacceptedasvalidforagivenusertransaction[7].
C.
VoiceRecognitionVoicerecognitionisbasedonthedistinctrateandpitchofsoundsproducedbythehumanvoice[19],aswellasotherScientificResearchJournal(SCIRJ),Volume2,Issue1,January201446ISSN2201-2796www.
scirj.
org2014,ScientificResearchJournalacousticfeaturesofspeechincludingtheshapeofthethroat,speakingstyleandsizeofthemouth[16].
Kounoudesetalin[12]mentionthatvoiceauthenticationisprecededbytheextractionofvoiceprints,whicharestoredduringtheenrolmentphaseandmatchedwithrawspeechdatacapturedbyvoicerecognitiondevicessuchasavoicespeakerormicrophone.
Xiaoin[17]identifiestwotypesoftechnologiesforvoicebiometricsnamelyvoicescansandspeechrecognition.
Themaindistinctionbetweenthetwotechnologiesisthatwhilevoicescansuseapre-storedvoicesampleoftheusertoauthenticateandverifytheidentityoftheuser,speechrecognitiondependsonwordsandsentencesfromanaudiosignal,whichformtheinputtoavoicerecognitiondevice.
ZhangandAbdullain[24]proposedavoicebiometricstechniquebasedonhumanauditorymodelsandindependentcomponentanalysis.
Theauditorymodelswerefoundtoachievebetteridentificationrateswithhighrobustnesstonoise.
Furthermore,Rashidetalin[19]implementedasecuritysystemthatallowsforvoicepatternsastheaccesscontrolkeytherebyenhancingtheaccuracyoftheauthenticationprocesssincevoicepatternsasseentobedistinctperindividual.
Thedesignoftheproposedauditorymodels,accesscontrolmechanism,andvoicerecognitionsystemissuitablefordeploymentinmilitarycontrolledenvironments.
Onemajoradvantageofvoicebiometricsisthatitdoesnotrequirephysicalcontactwiththeauthenticatingdevicethoughitcanbesubjecttobackgroundnoise,whichmayleadtoahighrateoffalserejection[12].
However,voicetemplates,ashighlightedin[16]aresmallinsizebasicallylessthan16kilobytesandcanberepresentedusingneuralnetworks,decisiontrees,patternmatchingalgorithmsandhiddenMarkovmodels.
V.
BIOMETRICAUTHENTICATIONPROCESSBiometricauthenticationisprecededbyanenrolmentprocedure.
Theenrolmentprocessrequirestheinitialcaptureofthebiometrictraits.
Asstatedin[11]and[23],thecapturedtraitsarepre-processedforfeatureextractionandstoredastemplatesintheauthenticatingdeviceordatabase.
Theperformanceofthebiometricsampleduringauthenticationisdependentonthequalityofthecapturedtemplate.
Figure1isarepresentationofaBiometricAuthenticationProcess.
Fig.
1:RepresentationofaBiometricAuthenticationprocessVerificationisanindispensableaspectofbiometricauthentication[16].
Auserwhosebiometricsamplehasbeenenrolledcanonlybeallowedaccesstoasystemsuchasduringaloginsessionbyverification.
Duringverification,thestoredbiometrictemplateiscomparedwiththesamplepresentedbytheuseratthepointofauthentication.
Accessisallowedwhenamatchisfoundandintheeventofamismatch,accessisdenied.
Verificationleadstoidentificationandusuallyinvolvesaone-to-manyorone-to-onematchingofthestoredtemplateinthedatabasewiththecapturedsample[25].
VI.
CONCLUSIONOneofthekeyissuesinmanagingauser'saccesstocriticalresourcesistheabilitytoallowonlytheauthorisedusersofasystemtosuchresources.
Overtheyears,identityspoofing,maninthemiddle,replayandactiveattackshaveleftmostmilitarybasespronetotheleakageofclassifiedinformationandintelligenceaswellasthecircumventionofestablishedsecurityprocedures.
Theconsequencesofsecuritybreachesaregraveandcanleadtolossoflives,propertyandrevenue.
Asseeninmostthirdworldcounties,whereterrorismisontheincrease,leakageofsensitiveinformationcancripplethebedrockofaneconomy.
Tothisend,providingadequateandenhancedauthenticationmechanismstocontrolledenvironmentscannotbeoveremphasised.
Onecanvividlyassessthatauthenticationthroughauser'sphysiologicalfeaturescancreateasenseofsecurity.
Thisisbecausethephysicalpresenceoftheuserincludinganaspectofhistraitswillbeinvolvedinidentifyinghim.
Biometrictraitsareinvariantinrepresentationandassuchclaimacertaindegreeofuniquenessanduniversality.
Thefingerprintimageofoneusercannotbeusedintheplaceofanotheruser.
Thisisauniversaltruth.
Consequently,itishighlyefficienttodeploybiometricauthenticationifthesystemadministratorisinterestedinmappingtheusersofasystemtotheirrealidentities.
Passwordandtokenauthenticationcannotguaranteenon-repudiation.
WecannotclaimthatauserwhologsintoaScientificResearchJournal(SCIRJ),Volume2,Issue1,January201447ISSN2201-2796www.
scirj.
org2014,ScientificResearchJournalsystemistheownerofthepasswordortokensuchassmartcardusedtogainaccesstothesystem.
Passwordsandtokenscanbelost,stolen,andarealsotransferable.
Withbiometricauthentication,suchweaknessescanbecontrolledsincetheusers'physiologicalandbehaviouraltraitsareunique,whichrequiresthephysicalpresenceoftheuseratthepointofauthenticationleveragedbytheuseoflivebiometricsamplesforidentificationandverification.
Thispaperhasbeenabletohighlighttheefficacyofbiometricauthenticationincriticalenvironmentssuchasthemilitary.
Thefocusonfutureworkshouldbeonbiometrictemplatesecurity.
Thisisborneoutofthefactthatacompromisedbiometrictemplate,whichisintrinsicallyinvariant,canleadtotheconstructionofartificialbiometrictemplatesthroughreverseengineeringifsuchatemplatefallsintothehandsofamalicioususer.
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