dust1100lu.com
1100lu.com 时间:2021-03-22 阅读:()
CurrentResearchPaperInvestigationofsafetyconditionsinsmallscaleminingindustriesinthePhilippinesKEYWORDSSmallscalemining;Environmentalhazards;Occupationalsafetyandhealth;Mercury,cyanidemonitor-ing.
ABSTRACTThisstudylookedintooccupationalandenvironmentalhealthandsafetyconditionsinsmallscalemininginthePhilippines.
Surveyquestionnairesweregivento124respondents,and15werekeyintervieweesonmininghazardsandsafetycompliance.
Aworkplaceinspectionwasdonetoassesstheworkingconditions,workhazards,environmentalwastemanagement,andworkpracticesoftheminers.
49%reportedbeingsickinthelast12monthsbecauseofworkexposure.
Theworkplaceinspectionoftheundergroundtunnelsandpitswasnotcomplainttothestandardrequirementsforminingsafety.
Thestudysuggeststhatthereisaneedforanenvironmentalagendawhichaddressesboththetechnicalandsocialissuesofmininginthearea.
2015TradeScienceInc.
-INDIAINTRODUCTIONMiningremainsanimportantindustrialsectorinmanypartsoftheworldandalthoughsubstantialprogresshasbeenmadeinthecontrolofoccupa-tionalhealthhazards,thereremainsroomforfurtherriskreduction[4].
OneoftheimportantindustriesinthePhilippinesistheminingsector,whichcontrib-utesnotjusttothenationaleconomybutalsototheregionalincome.
BenguetisoneoftheprovincesinthePhilip-pineswheretheindustryofminingiswidelyprac-ticedandacceptedbythelocalpopulation.
How-ever,healthandsafetyfactorsarecompromised.
Small-scaleandlarge-scaleminingoperationsinAsiahaveoftenbeencharacterizedbypoorenvi-ronmentalmanagementandarefrequentlydepictedasenvironmentallyharmful[7].
Also,small-scalemin-ingareknowntolackcapitalthatmayleadtosub-standardworkingconditions[2].
Hathewayin2007saidthattheprinciplesofmaximumextractionareconsistentwithminimallyacceptablefactorsofsafetyfortheworkers[7].
Thisresearchstudyaimedtodetermineoccupa-tionalandenvironmentalhealthandsafetycondi-tionssmallscalemininginaminingcommunityinthelargestgoldproducingareainthePhilippines.
Theresultofthisinvestigationcouldbeanessentialtoolfortheestablishmentofanintegratedprogramonawarenessoftheenvironmentalhazardsassoci-JinkyLeilanieDPLuResearchProfessor7,InstituteofHealthPolicyandDevelopmentStudies,NationalInstitutesofHealth,UniversityofthePhilippines,Manila;NIHBldg,PGilStreet,UPManila,1100,(PHILIPPINES)E-mail:jinky_lu@yahoo.
comEnvironmentalScienceAnIndianJournalVolume10Issue11ESAIJ,10(11),2015[423-428]EnvironmentalScienceISSN:0974-7451.
424InvestigationofsafetyconditionsinsmallscaleminingindustriesinthephilippinesCurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,10(11)2015JinkyLeilanieDpLuetal.
425CurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,10(11)2015AnIndianJournalEnvironmentalScienceEnvironmentalScienceTABLE2showsthepresenceofexposuretooc-cupationalhazards.
Morethanhalfstatedthattheyperceivedtobeexposedtodust(69.
2%)andairpollution(62.
9%),whilestillconsiderablepercent-agescomplainedofexposuretopoorenvironmentalsanitation(33.
1%),chemicalsusedinmining(30.
6%)andtoomuchheat(29.
0%).
However,16.
1%reportedexposuretowasteproductsarisingfrommines.
Otheroccupationalhazardsmentionedincludedsoilerosionandwaterpollution.
72.
6%perceivedthatminingindustrieshadad-verseeffectonenvironmentsuchaspollution,ero-sionandenvironmentaldestruction(TABLE3).
Itwasnotedthatminingaffectsvarioushumanactivities.
Morethanhalfoftherespondentssaidthatminingaffectedlivelihood(83.
1%),financialconditionofthefamily(71.
8%),farmingandplan-tation,riversandlakefisheries(bothwith62.
1%),employmentofwomenandchildren(56.
5%),andsocialconditionofthecommunity(49.
2).
SeeTABLE4.
WorkplaceInspectionoftheundergroundtunnelsandpitsTheworkplaceinspectionoftheundergroundtunnelsandpitsshowedsafetyinfarctionssuchasunsteadytrenches,insufficientslopestothetrenches,possibilityofcollapseoftrenches,andalsotheriskofsubsidenceTABLE5.
DISCUSSIONCyanidelevelsdetectedintheenvironmentareusuallyresiduesfromimproperstorage,handlinganddisposalofwastesinmetalandorganicchemicalsindustries.
Thiswasseeninthisstudywheresmallscaleminersdisposedtheirwastewatercontami-natedwithcyanideormercuryintothegroundorabodyofwater.
Inthisstudy,cyanideandmercurywereusedtoextractgoldfromtherockmaterials.
Theconcentrationofcyanideinruralareas,ac-cordingtoLeducetalisdependentonthewater-shedsizeandseasonalrunoff.
Cyanidevaporizesreadilyanddoesnotremainforalongtimeinthesoilorwater[6].
Ontheotherhand,mercuryhasthreeprimarycategoriesofcompoundsnamely-elementalmercury,inorganicmercurycompounds(includingmercurouschloride,mercuricchloride,mercuricacetate,andmercuricsulfide)andorganicmercurycompounds[6].
Overtheyears,mercurialcontaminationtowatersystemshadbeenwidelydocumented.
Mostinci-dentsidentifiedorganomercurycompounds(fungi-cides)astheprimaryculprit.
Inonestudy,mercurycontaminationledtoseveraldeathsofaquaticandbioticorganisms[13].
StudieshaveshownenvironmentalproblemsHazardsFrequencyPercentageDust8669.
4AirPollution7862.
9PoorEnvironmentalSanitation4133.
1Exposuretochemicalsusedinmining3830.
6Toomuchheat3629.
0WasteProductsfromMines2016.
1ToomuchNoise1915.
3TABLE2:AssessmentofexposuretooccupationalhazardsHazardsFrequencyPercentagePollution(air,water,noise)3528.
2Erosion2822.
6Destructionofnearbyfarms,forestryandmountains2520.
2Dust108.
1Healthproblemstomen43.
2TABLE3:Frequencyandpercentagedistributionofnegativeoutcomesofmining.
426InvestigationofsafetyconditionsinsmallscaleminingindustriesinthephilippinesCurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,10(11)2015JinkyLeilanieDpLuetal.
427CurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,10(11)2015AnIndianJournalEnvironmentalScienceEnvironmentalScienceperofD'Souzain2005discussedthecomplexofdrivers,challenges,constraintsandissuesthatchar-acterizethesectorandconsidersthepotentialsolu-tionsthroughsustainablelivelihoodsinthesectorandoverallpovertyalleviation,institutionalcapac-ity,governance,assistanceschemes,legislation,min-ers'organizations,gendermainstreaming,childlabour,healthandsafety,environmentalprotection,mineraltradingandmarketing,addingvalue,financeandenvironmentalprotection[5].
Alongwiththis,Quirogain2002hasshowninacasestudythatsmallscaleminersareimpoverished,andthereforeout-linesstrategiesonhowtomoveforwardtowardssocialequityvis-à-visforeigninvestors,amongoth-ers[12].
CONCLUSIONThestudyshowedthatminingindustryisindeedwidelyrecognizedinBenguetaspartoftheresi-dents'livelihood.
Mining,withoutsustainableman-TABLE5:ResultsoftheworkplaceinspectionoftheundergroundtunnelsandpitsinregardstandardsResultsoftheWorkplaceInspectionStandardsforUndergroundTrenchesandPitsThetrenchesforundergroundminingbuiltforminingarenotsystematicandposeatreat.
Whentrenchesarenotbuiltproperly,collapseoftrenchesmayhappenandaffectboththeworkerorthecommunityatlarge.
Thegroundwheretrenchesarebuiltisnowunsteadybecauseofmanyyearsofundergroundmining.
Subsidenceofthegroundmayhappenandacommunitymaybeburiedwhenthereissoilerosionorheavyrains.
Thereisnofirmwallinsidefortrenches.
Woodsareusedinsteadofsteelorhardermaterialsforreinforcement.
Thegroundisnotalwaysstable,andmaycavein.
Whatlookslikefirm,stiffclaydriesoutandcrackswhenexposedtoairorwillsoftenandslipafterrain.
Acubicmetreofearthweighsmorethan1tonne.
Workersstayverylongtimeinsidetrenches.
Trenchingisdoneinsmallscalemining.
Trenchesarenotpermanent,andcanbeusedonlyforminutesorhoursastheywilleventuallycollapse.
Itisjustamattertimewhenthetrenchwillcollapse.
Soworkersshouldnotagreetogoinsidetrenchesfortoolong.
Slopestothetrenchesarenotsufficientforsafety.
Slopingsuchasaseriesofstepscanbetothesoiltoprovidestabilitytothetrench.
Eventheslightestslopeisreportedbeneficial.
Workersgoinsidetrencheswithoutanypersonalprotectiveequipmentorsafetyequipments.
Shields/trenchboxesshouldalsobegiventoworkerssothattheyprotectedwhentrenchescollapse.
Shieldsaregenerallymadeofsteeloraluminum.
Thesizeisaround1mto3mhighand2to7mlongThewallsofthetrencheshaveminimumshores.
Shoringcanalsobedonebyputtingsomekindofsupporttothewallsofthetrench,withbracesinbetween.
Workersgoinsidethetrenchesalone.
Workersshouldneverworkaloneorremainaloneinapitortrench,evenforashortperiodoftime,astheseexcavationscollapseeasilyandmayburythemselvesThepitsandtrenchesarenotconstructedaccordingtothe45degreeangulation.
Pitsandtrenchesshouldbeconstructedtomeetsafetyguidelineswithsupportsystemsorthesidescutbackto45degreestodetercollapse.
agementandproperwastecontrolcouldleadtovari-ousenvironmentalhazardscreatingnegativeimpactsonenvironmentandthecommunityresidents'health.
Consequently,futureinvestigationsareneededtofullyunderstandtheeffectsofthesehazardstolocalpopulationoverandabovethosementionedinthisstudy.
Itisrecommendedthatintensiveprogramsbeformulatedonawarenessofcommunitydwellersontheenvironmentalhazardsassociatedwithsmallscalemining.
Thereisalsoaneedforaminingandtheenvi-ronmentalagendawhichshouldaddressboththetechnicalandsocialissuesofmining.
Inthisframe-work,sustainabledevelopmentissoughtsuchasimprovedmetalrecoveryandlessmetalbeingpresentinwastematerial,planningformineclo-sure,publicperceptionandcommunityissues,envi-ronmentalsustainability,andenvironmentalinteg-rity.
ThisstudywasfundedbytheNationalinstitutesofHealth,UPManila.
428InvestigationofsafetyconditionsinsmallscaleminingindustriesinthephilippinesCurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,10(11)2015
ABSTRACTThisstudylookedintooccupationalandenvironmentalhealthandsafetyconditionsinsmallscalemininginthePhilippines.
Surveyquestionnairesweregivento124respondents,and15werekeyintervieweesonmininghazardsandsafetycompliance.
Aworkplaceinspectionwasdonetoassesstheworkingconditions,workhazards,environmentalwastemanagement,andworkpracticesoftheminers.
49%reportedbeingsickinthelast12monthsbecauseofworkexposure.
Theworkplaceinspectionoftheundergroundtunnelsandpitswasnotcomplainttothestandardrequirementsforminingsafety.
Thestudysuggeststhatthereisaneedforanenvironmentalagendawhichaddressesboththetechnicalandsocialissuesofmininginthearea.
2015TradeScienceInc.
-INDIAINTRODUCTIONMiningremainsanimportantindustrialsectorinmanypartsoftheworldandalthoughsubstantialprogresshasbeenmadeinthecontrolofoccupa-tionalhealthhazards,thereremainsroomforfurtherriskreduction[4].
OneoftheimportantindustriesinthePhilippinesistheminingsector,whichcontrib-utesnotjusttothenationaleconomybutalsototheregionalincome.
BenguetisoneoftheprovincesinthePhilip-pineswheretheindustryofminingiswidelyprac-ticedandacceptedbythelocalpopulation.
How-ever,healthandsafetyfactorsarecompromised.
Small-scaleandlarge-scaleminingoperationsinAsiahaveoftenbeencharacterizedbypoorenvi-ronmentalmanagementandarefrequentlydepictedasenvironmentallyharmful[7].
Also,small-scalemin-ingareknowntolackcapitalthatmayleadtosub-standardworkingconditions[2].
Hathewayin2007saidthattheprinciplesofmaximumextractionareconsistentwithminimallyacceptablefactorsofsafetyfortheworkers[7].
Thisresearchstudyaimedtodetermineoccupa-tionalandenvironmentalhealthandsafetycondi-tionssmallscalemininginaminingcommunityinthelargestgoldproducingareainthePhilippines.
Theresultofthisinvestigationcouldbeanessentialtoolfortheestablishmentofanintegratedprogramonawarenessoftheenvironmentalhazardsassoci-JinkyLeilanieDPLuResearchProfessor7,InstituteofHealthPolicyandDevelopmentStudies,NationalInstitutesofHealth,UniversityofthePhilippines,Manila;NIHBldg,PGilStreet,UPManila,1100,(PHILIPPINES)E-mail:jinky_lu@yahoo.
comEnvironmentalScienceAnIndianJournalVolume10Issue11ESAIJ,10(11),2015[423-428]EnvironmentalScienceISSN:0974-7451.
424InvestigationofsafetyconditionsinsmallscaleminingindustriesinthephilippinesCurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,10(11)2015JinkyLeilanieDpLuetal.
425CurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,10(11)2015AnIndianJournalEnvironmentalScienceEnvironmentalScienceTABLE2showsthepresenceofexposuretooc-cupationalhazards.
Morethanhalfstatedthattheyperceivedtobeexposedtodust(69.
2%)andairpollution(62.
9%),whilestillconsiderablepercent-agescomplainedofexposuretopoorenvironmentalsanitation(33.
1%),chemicalsusedinmining(30.
6%)andtoomuchheat(29.
0%).
However,16.
1%reportedexposuretowasteproductsarisingfrommines.
Otheroccupationalhazardsmentionedincludedsoilerosionandwaterpollution.
72.
6%perceivedthatminingindustrieshadad-verseeffectonenvironmentsuchaspollution,ero-sionandenvironmentaldestruction(TABLE3).
Itwasnotedthatminingaffectsvarioushumanactivities.
Morethanhalfoftherespondentssaidthatminingaffectedlivelihood(83.
1%),financialconditionofthefamily(71.
8%),farmingandplan-tation,riversandlakefisheries(bothwith62.
1%),employmentofwomenandchildren(56.
5%),andsocialconditionofthecommunity(49.
2).
SeeTABLE4.
WorkplaceInspectionoftheundergroundtunnelsandpitsTheworkplaceinspectionoftheundergroundtunnelsandpitsshowedsafetyinfarctionssuchasunsteadytrenches,insufficientslopestothetrenches,possibilityofcollapseoftrenches,andalsotheriskofsubsidenceTABLE5.
DISCUSSIONCyanidelevelsdetectedintheenvironmentareusuallyresiduesfromimproperstorage,handlinganddisposalofwastesinmetalandorganicchemicalsindustries.
Thiswasseeninthisstudywheresmallscaleminersdisposedtheirwastewatercontami-natedwithcyanideormercuryintothegroundorabodyofwater.
Inthisstudy,cyanideandmercurywereusedtoextractgoldfromtherockmaterials.
Theconcentrationofcyanideinruralareas,ac-cordingtoLeducetalisdependentonthewater-shedsizeandseasonalrunoff.
Cyanidevaporizesreadilyanddoesnotremainforalongtimeinthesoilorwater[6].
Ontheotherhand,mercuryhasthreeprimarycategoriesofcompoundsnamely-elementalmercury,inorganicmercurycompounds(includingmercurouschloride,mercuricchloride,mercuricacetate,andmercuricsulfide)andorganicmercurycompounds[6].
Overtheyears,mercurialcontaminationtowatersystemshadbeenwidelydocumented.
Mostinci-dentsidentifiedorganomercurycompounds(fungi-cides)astheprimaryculprit.
Inonestudy,mercurycontaminationledtoseveraldeathsofaquaticandbioticorganisms[13].
StudieshaveshownenvironmentalproblemsHazardsFrequencyPercentageDust8669.
4AirPollution7862.
9PoorEnvironmentalSanitation4133.
1Exposuretochemicalsusedinmining3830.
6Toomuchheat3629.
0WasteProductsfromMines2016.
1ToomuchNoise1915.
3TABLE2:AssessmentofexposuretooccupationalhazardsHazardsFrequencyPercentagePollution(air,water,noise)3528.
2Erosion2822.
6Destructionofnearbyfarms,forestryandmountains2520.
2Dust108.
1Healthproblemstomen43.
2TABLE3:Frequencyandpercentagedistributionofnegativeoutcomesofmining.
426InvestigationofsafetyconditionsinsmallscaleminingindustriesinthephilippinesCurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,10(11)2015JinkyLeilanieDpLuetal.
427CurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,10(11)2015AnIndianJournalEnvironmentalScienceEnvironmentalScienceperofD'Souzain2005discussedthecomplexofdrivers,challenges,constraintsandissuesthatchar-acterizethesectorandconsidersthepotentialsolu-tionsthroughsustainablelivelihoodsinthesectorandoverallpovertyalleviation,institutionalcapac-ity,governance,assistanceschemes,legislation,min-ers'organizations,gendermainstreaming,childlabour,healthandsafety,environmentalprotection,mineraltradingandmarketing,addingvalue,financeandenvironmentalprotection[5].
Alongwiththis,Quirogain2002hasshowninacasestudythatsmallscaleminersareimpoverished,andthereforeout-linesstrategiesonhowtomoveforwardtowardssocialequityvis-à-visforeigninvestors,amongoth-ers[12].
CONCLUSIONThestudyshowedthatminingindustryisindeedwidelyrecognizedinBenguetaspartoftheresi-dents'livelihood.
Mining,withoutsustainableman-TABLE5:ResultsoftheworkplaceinspectionoftheundergroundtunnelsandpitsinregardstandardsResultsoftheWorkplaceInspectionStandardsforUndergroundTrenchesandPitsThetrenchesforundergroundminingbuiltforminingarenotsystematicandposeatreat.
Whentrenchesarenotbuiltproperly,collapseoftrenchesmayhappenandaffectboththeworkerorthecommunityatlarge.
Thegroundwheretrenchesarebuiltisnowunsteadybecauseofmanyyearsofundergroundmining.
Subsidenceofthegroundmayhappenandacommunitymaybeburiedwhenthereissoilerosionorheavyrains.
Thereisnofirmwallinsidefortrenches.
Woodsareusedinsteadofsteelorhardermaterialsforreinforcement.
Thegroundisnotalwaysstable,andmaycavein.
Whatlookslikefirm,stiffclaydriesoutandcrackswhenexposedtoairorwillsoftenandslipafterrain.
Acubicmetreofearthweighsmorethan1tonne.
Workersstayverylongtimeinsidetrenches.
Trenchingisdoneinsmallscalemining.
Trenchesarenotpermanent,andcanbeusedonlyforminutesorhoursastheywilleventuallycollapse.
Itisjustamattertimewhenthetrenchwillcollapse.
Soworkersshouldnotagreetogoinsidetrenchesfortoolong.
Slopestothetrenchesarenotsufficientforsafety.
Slopingsuchasaseriesofstepscanbetothesoiltoprovidestabilitytothetrench.
Eventheslightestslopeisreportedbeneficial.
Workersgoinsidetrencheswithoutanypersonalprotectiveequipmentorsafetyequipments.
Shields/trenchboxesshouldalsobegiventoworkerssothattheyprotectedwhentrenchescollapse.
Shieldsaregenerallymadeofsteeloraluminum.
Thesizeisaround1mto3mhighand2to7mlongThewallsofthetrencheshaveminimumshores.
Shoringcanalsobedonebyputtingsomekindofsupporttothewallsofthetrench,withbracesinbetween.
Workersgoinsidethetrenchesalone.
Workersshouldneverworkaloneorremainaloneinapitortrench,evenforashortperiodoftime,astheseexcavationscollapseeasilyandmayburythemselvesThepitsandtrenchesarenotconstructedaccordingtothe45degreeangulation.
Pitsandtrenchesshouldbeconstructedtomeetsafetyguidelineswithsupportsystemsorthesidescutbackto45degreestodetercollapse.
agementandproperwastecontrolcouldleadtovari-ousenvironmentalhazardscreatingnegativeimpactsonenvironmentandthecommunityresidents'health.
Consequently,futureinvestigationsareneededtofullyunderstandtheeffectsofthesehazardstolocalpopulationoverandabovethosementionedinthisstudy.
Itisrecommendedthatintensiveprogramsbeformulatedonawarenessofcommunitydwellersontheenvironmentalhazardsassociatedwithsmallscalemining.
Thereisalsoaneedforaminingandtheenvi-ronmentalagendawhichshouldaddressboththetechnicalandsocialissuesofmining.
Inthisframe-work,sustainabledevelopmentissoughtsuchasimprovedmetalrecoveryandlessmetalbeingpresentinwastematerial,planningformineclo-sure,publicperceptionandcommunityissues,envi-ronmentalsustainability,andenvironmentalinteg-rity.
ThisstudywasfundedbytheNationalinstitutesofHealth,UPManila.
428InvestigationofsafetyconditionsinsmallscaleminingindustriesinthephilippinesCurrentResearchPaperESAIJ,10(11)2015
- dust1100lu.com相关文档
- pruning1100lu.com
- performed1100lu.com
- carry1100lu.com
- Hove1100lu.com
- 移植1100lu.com
- 熔融1100lu.com
远程登录VNC无法连接出现
今天有网友提到自己在Linux服务器中安装VNC桌面的时候安装都没有问题，但是在登录远程的时候居然有出现灰色界面，有三行代码提示"Accept clipboard from viewers,Send clipboard to viewers,Send primary selection to viewers"。即便我们重新登录也不行，这个到底如何解决呢？这里找几个可以解决的可能办法，我们多多尝试。...
腾讯云轻量应用服务器关于多个实例套餐带宽
腾讯云轻量应用服务器又要免费升级配置了，之前已经免费升级过一次了（腾讯云轻量应用服务器套餐配置升级 轻量老用户专享免费升配！），这次在上次的基础上再次升级。也许这就是良心云吧，名不虚传。腾讯云怎么样？腾讯云好不好。腾讯云轻量应用服务器 Lighthouse 是一种易于使用和管理、适合承载轻量级业务负载的云服务器，能帮助个人和企业在云端快速构建网站、博客、电商、论坛等各类应用以及开发测试环境，并提供...
Spinservers：美国圣何塞服务器,双E5/64GB DDR4/2TB SSD/10Gbps端口月流量10TB,$111/月
spinservers怎么样?spinservers大硬盘服务器。Spinservers刚刚在美国圣何塞机房补货120台独立服务器，CPU都是双E5系列，64-512GB DDR4内存，超大SSD或NVMe存储，数量有限，机器都是预部署好的，下单即可上架，无需人工干预，有需要的朋友抓紧下单哦。Spinservers是Majestic Hosting Solutions，LLC旗下站点，主营美国独立...
1100lu.com为你推荐
-
futureshop在国内还是在加拿大买笔记本哈利波特罗恩升级当爸哈利波特的爸爸妈妈身份李子柒年入1.6亿魔兽rpg箱庭世界1.6怎么进入魔门关键字数据库：什么是关键字？百度关键词价格查询如何查到推广关键词的价钱？陈嘉垣马德钟狼吻案事件是怎么回事同ip域名什么是同主机域名777k7.comwww 地址 777rv怎么打不开了，还有好看的吗>comwww.119mm.comwww.kb119.com 这个网站你们能打开不？www.5any.com重庆哪里有不是全日制的大学？