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CAMEOConictandMediationEventObservationsCodebookCenterforInternationalPoliticalAnalysisInstituteforPolicyandSocialResearchUniversityofKansasLawrence,KS66045http://web.
ku.
edu/kedsPhilipA.
Schrodt(ProjectDirector):785.
864.
9024(phone)-785.
864.
5700(fax)OmurYilmaz:Version:0.
9b5February2009Contents1CAMEOCodelist12VERBCODEBOOK92.
1MAKEPUBLICSTATEMENT92.
2APPEAL112.
3EXPRESSINTENTTOCOOPERATE202.
4CONSULT302.
5ENGAGEINDIPLOMATICCOOPERATION332.
6ENGAGEINMATERIALCOOPERATION352.
7PROVIDEAID372.
8YIELD392.
9INVESTIGATE452.
10DEMAND472.
11DISAPPROVE542.
12REJECT572.
13THREATEN632.
14PROTEST682.
15EXHIBITMILITARYPOSTURE752.
16REDUCERELATIONS762.
17COERCE792.
18ASSAULT822.
19FIGHT862.
20ENGAGEINUNCONVENTIONALMASSVIOLENCE893ACTORCODEBOOK913.
1COMMONRULES,FORMAT,ANDGENERALCODES913.
1.
1ActorsandAgents923.
1.
2FirstThree-Characters933.
1.
3SubsequentThree-CharacterCodes1063.
2REGIONALDICTIONARIES1153.
2.
1TheMiddleEast1163.
2.
2Turkey1183.
2.
3WestAfrica1203.
2.
4TheBalkans124iListofTables3.
1UnitedNationsCountryCodes953.
2MainReligiousGroupCodes1023.
3MainEthnicGroupCodes1033.
4International/TransnationalGenericCodes1043.
5InternationalRegionCodes1053.
6GenericDomesticRoleCodes1113.
7International/TransnationalActorswithSpecialCodes1133.
8SpecialActorCodesfortheMiddleEast1173.
9AmbiguousActorsandIdiosyncraticCodesforTurkey1193.
10SpecialActorCodesforTurkey1193.
11NigerianStates/RegionswithSpecialCodes1213.
12LiberianCounties/RegionswithSpecialCodes1223.
13WestAfricanActorswithSpecialCodes1233.
14SpecialActorCodesfortheBalkans1253.
15ListofAllActorCodesasTheyWouldAppearintheOutput126iiChapter1CAMEOCodelist01:MAKEPUBLICSTATEMENT010:Makestatement,notspeciedbelow011:Declinecomment012:Makepessimisticcomment013:Makeoptimisticcomment014:Considerpolicyoption015:Acknowledgeorclaimresponsibility016:Denyresponsibility017:Engageinsymbolicact018:Makeempatheticcomment019:Expressaccord02:APPEAL020:Makeanappealorrequest,notspeciedbelow021:Appealformaterialcooperation,notspeciedbelow0211:Appealforeconomiccooperation0212:Appealformilitarycooperation0213:Appealforjudicialcooperation0214:Appealforintelligence022:Appealfordiplomaticcooperation(suchaspolicysupport)023:Appealforaid,notspeciedbelow0231:Appealforeconomicaid0232:Appealformilitaryaid0233:Appealforhumanitarianaid0234:Appealformilitaryprotectionorpeacekeeping024:Appealforpoliticalreform,notspeciedbelow0241:Appealforchangeinleadership0242:Appealforpolicychange0243:Appealforrights0244:Appealforchangeininstitutions,regime025:Appealtoyield,notspeciedbelow0251:Appealforeasingofadministrativesanctions0252:Appealforeasingofpoliticaldissent1CHAPTER1.
CAMEOCODELIST20253:Appealforreleaseofpersonsorproperty0254:Appealforeasingofeconomicsanctions,boycott,orembargo0255:Appealfortargettoallowinternationalinvolvement(non-mediation)0256:Appealforde-escalationofmilitaryengagement026:Appealtootherstomeetornegotiate027:Appealtootherstosettledispute028:Appealtoengageinoracceptmediation03:EXPRESSINTENTTOCOOPERATE030:Expressintenttocooperate,notspeciedbelow031:Expressintenttoengageinmaterialcooperation,notspeciedbelow0311:Expressintenttocooperateeconomically0312:Expressintenttocooperatemilitarily0313:Expressintenttocooperateonjudicialmatters0314:Expressintenttocooperateonintelligence032:Expressintenttoengageindiplomaticcooperation(suchaspolicysupport)033:Expressintenttoprovidematerialaid,notspeciedbelow0331:Expressintenttoprovideeconomicaid0332:Expressintenttoprovidemilitaryaid0333:Expressintenttoprovidehumanitarianaid0334:Expressintenttoprovidemilitaryprotectionorpeacekeeping034:Expressintenttoinstitutepoliticalreform,notspeciedbelow0341:Expressintenttochangeleadership0342:Expressintenttochangepolicy0343:Expressintenttoproviderights0344:Expressintenttochangeinstitutions,regime035:Expressintenttoyield,notspeciedbelow0351:Expressintenttoeaseadministrativesanctions0352:Expressintenttoeasepopulardissent0353:Expressintenttoreleasepersonsorproperty0354:Expressintenttoeaseeconomicsanctions,boycott,orembargo0355:Expressintenttoallowinternationalinvolvement(non-mediation)0356:Expressintenttode-escalatemilitaryengagement036:Expressintenttomeetornegotiate037:Expressintenttosettledispute038:Expressintenttoacceptmediation039:Expressintenttomediate04:CONSULT040:Consult,notspeciedbelow041:Discussbytelephone042:Makeavisit043:Hostavisit044:Meetata"third"location045:Mediate046:EngageinnegotiationCHAPTER1.
CAMEOCODELIST305:ENGAGEINDIPLOMATICCOOPERATION050:Engageindiplomaticcooperation,notspeciedbelow051:Praiseorendorse052:Defendverbally053:Rallysupportonbehalfof054:Grantdiplomaticrecognition055:Apologize056:Forgive057:Signformalagreement06:ENGAGEINMATERIALCOOPERATION060:Engageinmaterialcooperation,notspeciedbelow061:Cooperateeconomically062:Cooperatemilitarily063:Engageinjudicialcooperation064:Shareintelligenceorinformation07:PROVIDEAID070:Provideaid,notspeciedbelow071:Provideeconomicaid072:Providemilitaryaid073:Providehumanitarianaid074:Providemilitaryprotectionorpeacekeeping075:Grantasylum08:YIELD080:Yield,notspeciedbelow081:Easeadministrativesanctions,notspeciedbelow0811:Easerestrictionsonpoliticalfreedoms0812:Easebanonpoliticalpartiesorpoliticians0813:Easecurfew0814:Easestateofemergencyormartiallaw082:Easepoliticaldissent083:Accedetorequestsordemandsforpoliticalreform,notspeciedbelow0831:Accedetodemandsforchangeinleadership0832:Accedetodemandsforchangeinpolicy0833:Accedetodemandsforrights0834:Accedetodemandsforchangeininstitutions,regime084:Return,release,notspeciedbelow0841:Return,releaseperson(s)0842:Return,releaseproperty085:Easeeconomicsanctions,boycott,embargo086:Allowinternationalinvolvement,notspeciedbelowCHAPTER1.
CAMEOCODELIST40861:Receivedeploymentofpeacekeepers0862:Receiveinspectors0863:Allowhumanitarianaccess087:De-escalatemilitaryengagement0871:Declaretruce,ceasere0872:Easemilitaryblockade0873:Demobilizearmedforces0874:Retreatorsurrendermilitarily09:INVESTIGATE090:Investigate,notspeciedbelow091:Investigatecrime,corruption092:Investigatehumanrightsabuses093:Investigatemilitaryaction094:Investigatewarcrimes10:DEMAND100:Demand,notspeciedbelow101:Demandmaterialcooperation,notspeciedbelow1011:Demandeconomiccooperation1012:Demandmilitarycooperation1013:Demandjudicialcooperation1014:Demandintelligencecooperation102:Demanddiplomaticcooperation(suchaspolicysupport)103:Demandmaterialaid,notspeciedbelow1031:Demandeconomicaid1032:Demandmilitaryaid1033:Demandhumanitarianaid1034:Demandmilitaryprotectionorpeacekeeping104:Demandpoliticalreform,notspeciedbelow1041:Demandchangeinleadership1042:Demandpolicychange1043:Demandrights1044:Demandchangeininstitutions,regime105:Demandthattargetyields,notspeciedbelow1051:Demandeasingofadministrativesanctions1052:Demandeasingofpoliticaldissent1053:Demandreleaseofpersonsorproperty1054:Demandeasingofeconomicsanctions,boycott,orembargo1055:Demandthattargetallowsinternationalinvolvement(non-mediation)1056:Demandde-escalationofmilitaryengagement106:Demandmeeting,negotiation107:Demandsettlingofdispute108:DemandmediationCHAPTER1.
CAMEOCODELIST511:DISAPPROVE110:Disapprove,notspeciedbelow111:Criticizeordenounce112:Accuse,notspeciedbelow1121:Accuseofcrime,corruption1122:Accuseofhumanrightsabuses1123:Accuseofaggression1124:Accuseofwarcrimes1125:Accuseofespionage,treason113:Rallyoppositionagainst114:Complainocially115:Bringlawsuitagainst116:Findguiltyorliable(legally)12:REJECT120:Reject,notspeciedbelow121:Rejectmaterialcooperation1211:Rejecteconomiccooperation1212:Rejectmilitarycooperation122:Rejectrequestordemandformaterialaid,notspeciedbelow1221:Rejectrequestforeconomicaid1222:Rejectrequestformilitaryaid1223:Rejectrequestforhumanitarianaid1224:Rejectrequestformilitaryprotectionorpeacekeeping123:Rejectrequestordemandforpoliticalreform,notspeciedbelow1231:Rejectrequestforchangeinleadership1232:Rejectrequestforpolicychange1233:Rejectrequestforrights1234:Rejectrequestforchangeininstitutions,regime124:Refusetoyield,notspeciedbelow1241:Refusetoeaseadministrativesanctions1242:Refusetoeasepopulardissent1243:Refusetoreleasepersonsorproperty1244:Refusetoeaseeconomicsanctions,boycott,orembargo1245:Refusetoallowinternationalinvolvement(nonmediation)1246:Refusetode-escalatemilitaryengagement125:Rejectproposaltomeet,discuss,ornegotiate126:Rejectmediation127:Rejectplan,agreementtosettledispute128:Defynorms,law129:Veto13:THREATEN130:Threaten,notspeciedbelow131:Threatennon-force,notspeciedbelow1311:ThreatentoreduceorstopaidCHAPTER1.
CAMEOCODELIST61312:Threatenwithsanctions,boycott,embargo1313:Threatentoreduceorbreakrelations132:Threatenwithadministrativesanctions,notspeciedbelow1321:Threatenwithrestrictionsonpoliticalfreedoms1322:Threatentobanpoliticalpartiesorpoliticians1323:Threatentoimposecurfew1324:Threatentoimposestateofemergencyormartiallaw133:Threatenwithpoliticaldissent,protest134:Threatentohaltnegotiations135:Threatentohaltmediation136:Threatentohaltinternationalinvolvement(non-mediation)137:Threatenwithrepression138:Threatenwithmilitaryforce,notspeciedbelow1381:Threatenblockade1382:Threatenoccupation1383:Threatenunconventionalviolence1384:Threatenconventionalattack1385:ThreatenattackwithWMD139:Giveultimatum14:PROTEST140:Engageinpoliticaldissent,notspeciedbelow141:Demonstrateorrally,notspeciedbelow1411:Demonstrateforleadershipchange1412:Demonstrateforpolicychange1413:Demonstrateforrights1414:Demonstrateforchangeininstitutions,regime142:Conducthungerstrike,notspeciedbelow1421:Conducthungerstrikeforleadershipchange1422:Conducthungerstrikeforpolicychange1423:Conducthungerstrikeforrights1424:Conducthungerstrikeforchangeininstitutions,regime143:Conductstrikeorboycott,notspeciedbelow1431:Conductstrikeorboycottforleadershipchange1432:Conductstrikeorboycottforpolicychange1433:Conductstrikeorboycottforrights1434:Conductstrikeorboycottforchangeininstitutions,regime144:Obstructpassage,block,notspeciedbelow1441:Obstructpassagetodemandleadershipchange1442:Obstructpassagetodemandpolicychange1443:Obstructpassagetodemandrights1444:Obstructpassagetodemandchangeininstitutions,regime145:Protestviolently,riot,notspeciedbelow1451:Engageinviolentprotestforleadershipchange1452:Engageinviolentprotestforpolicychange1453:Engageinviolentprotestforrights1454:Engageinviolentprotestforchangeininstitutions,regimeCHAPTER1.
CAMEOCODELIST715:EXHIBITFORCEPOSTURE150:Demonstratemilitaryorpolicepower,notspeciedbelow151:Increasepolicealertstatus152:Increasemilitaryalertstatus153:Mobilizeorincreasepolicepower154:Mobilizeorincreasearmedforces16:REDUCERELATIONS160:Reducerelations,notspeciedbelow161:Reduceorbreakdiplomaticrelations162:Reduceorstopmaterialaid,notspeciedbelow1621:Reduceorstopeconomicassistance1622:Reduceorstopmilitaryassistance1623:Reduceorstophumanitarianassistance163:Imposeembargo,boycott,orsanctions164:Haltnegotiations165:Haltmediation166:Expelorwithdraw,notspeciedbelow1661:Expelorwithdrawpeacekeepers1662:Expelorwithdrawinspectors,observers1663:Expelorwithdrawaidagencies17:COERCE170:Coerce,notspeciedbelow171:Seizeordamageproperty,notspeciedbelow1711:Conscateproperty1712:Destroyproperty172:Imposeadministrativesanctions,notspeciedbelow1721:Imposerestrictionsonpoliticalfreedoms1722:Banpoliticalpartiesorpoliticians1723:Imposecurfew1724:Imposestateofemergencyormartiallaw173:Arrest,detain,orchargewithlegalaction174:Expelordeportindividuals175:Usetacticsofviolentrepression18:ASSAULT180:Useunconventionalviolence,notspeciedbelow181:Abduct,hijack,ortakehostage182:Physicallyassault,notspeciedbelow1821:Sexuallyassault1822:Torture1823:KillbyphysicalassaultCHAPTER1.
CAMEOCODELIST8183:Conductsuicide,car,orothernon-militarybombing,notspeciedbelow1831:Carryoutsuicidebombing1832:Carryoutvehicularbombing1833:Carryoutroadsidebombing1834:Carryoutlocationbombing184:Useashumanshield185:Attempttoassassinate186:Assassinate19:FIGHT190:Useconventionalmilitaryforce,notspeciedbelow191:Imposeblockade,restrictmovement192:Occupyterritory193:Fightwithsmallarmsandlightweapons194:Fightwithartilleryandtanks195:Employaerialweapons,notspeciedbelow1951:Employprecision-guidedaerialmunitions1952:Employremotelypilotedaerialmunitions196:Violateceasere20:USEUNCONVENTIONALMASSVIOLENCE200:Useunconventionalmassviolence,notspeciedbelow201:Engageinmassexpulsion202:Engageinmasskillings203:Engageinethniccleansing204:Useweaponsofmassdestruction,notspeciedbelow2041:Usechemical,biological,orradiologicalweapons2042:DetonatenuclearweaponsChapter2VERBCODEBOOK2.
1MAKEPUBLICSTATEMENTCAMEO010NameMakestatement,notspecicedbelowDescriptionAllpublicstatementsexpressedverballyorinactionnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamong011to017cannotbemade.
Notethatstatementsaretypicallysubordinateevents;eventssuchascommentsarecodedasmerestatementsonlywhentheydonotfurtherimplyappeals,agreements,support,apologies,demands,disapprovals,rejections,threats,etc.
ExampleU.
S.
militarychiefGeneralColinPowellsaidonWednesdayNATOwouldneedtoremainstrong.
CAMEO011NameDeclinecommentDescriptionExplicitlydeclineorrefusetocommentonasituation.
UsageNotesThiseventformisaverbalact.
Thetargetcouldbewhothesourceactordeclinestomakeacommenttoorabout.
ExampleNATOonMondaydeclinedtocommentonanestimatethatYugoslavarmyandspecialpolicetroopsinKosovowerelosing90to100deadperdayinNATOairstrikes.
CAMEO012NameMakepessimisticcommentDescriptionExpresspessimism,negativeoutlook.
UsageNotesThiseventformisaverbalact.
Onlystatementswithexplicitpessimisticcomponentsshouldbecodedas012;otherwise,defaultto010.
ExampleFormerWestGermanyChancellorWillyBrandtsaidinaradiointerviewbroadcasttodayhewasskepticaloverMoscow'swilltoagreeonlimitingEuropean-basednuclearweapons.
ExampleIsraeliPrimeMinisterEhudBaraksaidFridayhewasverypessimisticaboutthechancesofresumingpeacetalkswithSyria,Israelradioreported.
9CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK10CAMEO013NameMakeoptimisticcommentDescriptionExpressoptimism,assurance,condence.
UsageNotesThiseventformisaverbalact.
Onlystatementswithexplicitoptimisticcomponentsshouldbecodedas013;otherwise,defaultto010.
ExampleTurkishPresidentTurgutOzalsaidonWednesdayhewascondentthattheUnitedStateswouldremoveirritantsdamagingrelationsbetweenthetwoNATOallies.
ExampleTheEuropeanCommunitysaidonThursdayithopedtheliftingofmartiallawinBeijingwouldleadtoanimprovementinhumanrights.
CAMEO014NameConsiderpolicyoptionDescriptionReview,reectupon,orstudypolicyoption.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Thereisnolimitationontypesofpoliciesthatcouldbeunderconsideration.
ExampleEurope'sleadingsecurityforumisexploringthepossibilityofinternationalpatrolstomonitortheformerYugoslavrepublicofMacedonia'sborderwithSerbia,itsenvoysaidonFriday.
ExampleMalaysiaisconsideringgivingmoneyto20,000Vietnameseboatpeopleinthecountrytoenticethemtoreturnhome,foreignministersaidonTuesday.
CAMEO015NameAcknowledgeorclaimresponsibilityDescriptionNon-apologeticallyclaimresponsibility,admitanerrororwrongdoing,orretractastatementwithoutexpressionofremorse.
UsageNotesThiseventformisaverbalact.
Remorsefulacknowledgementsshouldbecodedas'Apologize'(055)instead.
ExampleADamascus-basedPalestinianguerrillagroupclaimedresponsibilityonSat-urdayforattacksonIsraelitroopsfromJordaninthepasttwodays.
CAMEO016NameRejectaccusation,denyresponsibilityDescriptionDiscardordenyaccusationsorcharges.
UsageNotesThiseventformisaverbalact.
Thetargetforthiseventtypeisthepartythatintroducessomeaccusationorchargeagainstthesourceactorwhodeniesresponsibility.
ExampleThegovernmentofLiberiadeniedonThursdaychargesbyIvoryCoastthatMonroviaiscommittinggenocide.
ExampleSouthKoreaonFridayrejectedas"totallybaseless"accusationsbyAmnestyInternationalthatithadcarriedoutmassarrestsofpoliticalprisoners,butchurchhumanrightsgroupsheresupportedtheaccusations.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK11CAMEO017NameEngageinsymbolicactDescriptionEngageinsymbolicactivitiessuchasholdingvigils,attendingfunerals,andlayingwreath.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformforallsymbolicacts,includingthosethatimplyempathy.
Use018tocodeonlyempatheticcomments(i.
e.
notactions).
CAMEO018NameMakeempatheticcommentDescriptionExpressempathy,condolences,sympathy,understanding.
UsageNotesThiseventformrefersexclusivelytoverbalactsorcomments.
Empatheticandothersymbolicactionsshouldbecodedas017instead.
ExampleSecretary-GeneralBoutrosBoutros-GhalionSaturdayexpressedcondo-lencestotheUnitedStatesforthedeathofthreeAmericandiplomats.
CAMEO019NameExpressaccordDescriptionExpresscommonunderstanding,agreement,oraccord.
UsageNotesThiseventformrefersexclusivelytoverbalactsorcomments.
Usethiscodewhenactorsindicatethattheysimplyagreeorconcuronanissuebutdonotimplycommitmentorintenttocooperateonthatissue.
Thesearetypicallyreciprocalevents(seeexamplebelow)andrequirecodingofmorethanone019eventwithactorsreversed.
ExamplePresidentReaganandEgyptianPresidentHosniMubarakagreedtodaytherewasanurgentneedforprogresstowardsaMiddleEastsettlementandthatafreezeonIsraelisettlementsinoccupiedterritorieswasalsoneeded.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocalevents(both019)arecodedwithactorsreversed.
2.
2APPEALCAMEO020NameMakeanappealorrequest,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllrequests,proposals,suggestionsandappealsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamong021through028cannotbemade.
Eventscodedunderthiscategoryrefertopleasmadeeitheronthesourceactor'sownbehalforonbehalfofanotherparty(i.
e.
thesourceasksthatthetargetdoessomethingeitherforselforforathirdparty).
Notethatthisandallthesubcategoriesaredistinctfromdemands,whicharemoreforceful,andfrompledges,whichimplycommit-ments,agreements,orpromisesonthepartofthesourceactor.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK12CAMEO021NameAppealformaterialcooperationDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestmaterialcooperation.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,thoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Itreferstoappealsformaterialcooperationspecically;appealsfordiplomaticco-operation,suchasfortheprovisionofsupportonaparticularpolicy,arecodedas022instead.
(Notethattheactualeventsofmaterialcooperationarecodedundercategory06.
)ExampleKenyanPresidentDanielArapMoionMondayurgedUgandatotorepatri-ate"allKenyancriminalshidingthere"tofacetrial,accusingthemofkillingKenyanpolicemenincross-borderraidsrecently.
ExampleOutspokenSerbianultra-nationalistleaderVojislavSeseljcalledonArabcountriestojoinforcesagainstapossibleUS-ledattackonIraq,TanjugnewsagencyreportedWednesday.
CAMEO0211NameAppealforeconomiccooperationDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestinitiatingorexpandingeconomicties.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforrequeststodeveloporexpandtradeandotherformsofeco-nomicexchange.
Appealsforprovisionofeconomicaid-notmutualexchange-arecodedas0231instead.
Actualeventsofeconomiccooperationarecodedas061.
ExampleIndianbusinessleadersFridaycalledforgreaterimpetustowardsfreetradedespitemountingtensionsbetweenIndiaandPakistan.
CAMEO0212NameAppealformilitarycooperationDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestinitiatingorexpandingmilitaryties.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforrequeststodeveloporexpandmilitaryrelationsbyengaginginactssuchasjointmilitarymaneuversorexercises.
Appealsforprovisionofmilitaryaid-notmutualexchange-arecodedas0232instead.
Actualeventsofmilitarycooperationarecodedas062.
ExampleSouthKoreahasrequestedtoleaseaRussianmilitarytrainingground,mil-itaryocersinSeoulsaidonThursday.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK13CAMEO0213NameAppealforjudicialcooperationDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestinitiatingorexpandingcooperationinjudicialmatters.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforrequeststodeveloporexpandcooperationinsuchmattersasextraditions.
Appealsforinformationorotherinvestigativetools,eveniftobeusedincourtsoflaw,arecodedas0214instead.
Notethatincaseofextraditions,thetargetforthiseventtypeisnotthesubjectbutthecountryhewouldbeextraditedto.
Actualeventsofjudicialcooperationarecodedas063.
ExampleTurkeyrenewedanappealtoBelgiumtoextraditeafar-leftmilitantwantedformurder,JusticeMinisterCemilCiceksaidThursday,slammingwhathecalledlaxinternationalcooperationagainstterrorism.
CAMEO0214NameAppealforintelligencecooperationDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestsharingofintelligence.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforrequeststodeveloporexpandintelligenceandinformationsharing.
Actualeventsofintelligencecooperationarecodedas064.
ExampleTurkeysaidMondayithadaskedTehranandDamascustoprovideurgentinformationaboutarmsandammunitionseizedlastweekinsoutheasternTurkeyaboardsixtruckstravellingfromIrantoSyria.
CAMEO022NameAppealfordiplomaticcooperation(suchaspolicysupport)DescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestexpansionofdiplomatictiesorco-operation.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Itreferstoappealsforexpandeddiplomatictiesandnon-tangiblesupportonparticularpolicies.
Appealsformorespecicformsofdiplomacy,suchasmediationandnegotiation,arecodedelsewherewithincategory02.
ExampleNorthKoreanstatemediahavecalledontheUnitedStatestoforge"tiesofcondence"withPyongyangaheadofsix-partynucleartalksexpectedtobeheldinBeijingonJuly26.
ExampleCharlesTaylorcalledonLiberianstostandbyhimduringthesedicultdays,"Soonthisbadwindshallpass,"hemoaned.
ExampleLebanesePresidentAminGemayelhasaskedPresidentReaganforfullUnitedStatessupportforLebanon'scause,theWhiteHousesaidtoday.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK14CAMEO023NameAppealformaterialaid,notspeciedbelowDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestprovisionofmaterialassistancenototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiscategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
Thesourcecouldberequestingaidforitselforonbehalfofathirdparty;ineithercase,theactorwhomtherequestisdirectedtoshouldbecodedasthetarget.
Notethatonlyrequestsfororsuggestionsofmaterialaidarecodedunderthiscategory;eventscodedunder023implyneitherthereceiptordeliveryofmaterialaidnoracommitmentonthepartofthesourceactortoprovidesuchaid.
Forthelattertwocases,referinsteadtocategories07and033,respectively.
ExampleRomaniahasaskedtheEuropeanCommunityforimmediatedeliveryofad-ditionalaid,ECsourcessaidonThursday.
CAMEO0231NameAppealforeconomicaidDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggesteconomicassistance.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Requestsorsuggestionsforloansordebtreliefarealsocodedhere.
Appealsforre-ciprocaleconomicexchange,suchastrade,shouldbecodedas0212instead.
Thesourcecouldberequestingsupportforitselforonbehalfofanotherparty.
ExampleRussiaandChinawillaskAsianbankstohelpnanceconstructionofan$8billionTrans-SiberiannaturalgaslinktoChina.
ExampleNoteBecauseofthecompoundsource(RussiaandChina),twoeventsarecoded.
CAMEO0232NameAppealformilitaryaid.
DescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestmilitaryassistance.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Requestsfororsuggestionsofjointmilitaryactions,ratherthanunilateralmilitaryaid,shouldbecodedas0212instead.
ExampleAngolahasaskedPortugalformilitaryaid,especiallyinstructorsforitsSoviet-andCuban-trainedarmedforces,aLisbonnewspapersaidtoday.
CAMEO0233NameAppealforhumanitarianaidDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggesthumanitarianassistance.
UsageNotesRequestsfororsuggestionsoffood,medicine,andrelatedpersonnel,aswellasshelterandprotection,areallcodedas0233.
Callsbyrefugeestobeletintotheterritoriesofothercountries(whichshouldbecodedastargets)andasylumrequestsallthere.
ExampleOxfamCanadatodaycalledontheworldcommunitytohelpsavetensofthousandsofAfghanciviliansthreatenedwithstarvation.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK15CAMEO0234NameAppealformilitaryprotectionorpeacekeepingDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestdeploymentofpeacekeepersorothermilitaryforcestopreservepeace,enforceceaseres,orprotectcivilians.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Thesourceactorcouldbemakingtheappealforitselforonbehalfofanotherparty;thetargetshouldrepresenttheactorwhoisexpectedtoprovidetheforces.
ExampleAgroupofprominentLiberianshavewrittentoPresidentGeorgeBushurginghimtosendU.
S.
peacekeepingtroopstotheircapitalMonrovia.
CAMEO024NameAppealforpoliticalreform,notspeciedbelowDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestpoliticalchangenototherwisespec-ied.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoverbalandnon-threateningappeals.
Moreforce-ful"demands"forpoliticalchangearecodedunder104;expressionsthattaketheformofdemonstrations,protests,etc.
arecodedundercategory14.
Sourceactorscanbelocalcitizensaswellasinternationalactors;theycouldbemakingtheappealontheirownbehalforonbehalfofothers.
Notethatwhentherequestedreformclearlyconstitutessomeformofconcessionoryieldingbythetargetsuchastheeasingofadministrativesanctions,amoreappropriate'Appeal'codemightbefoundunder025.
ExampleAbout300representativesfromEgyptiancivilsocietyorganizationssubmit-tedthemostrecentinaseriesofreformpetitions,underthetitle"InDefenseoftheNation"totheSaudiroyalfamily.
ExampleEuropeanministershadcalledforBurmatoinstitutereformsbeforejoiningtheASEAN.
CAMEO0241NameAppealforleadershipchangeDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestchangeinleadershiporpower.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoverbalandnon-threateningappeals.
Moreforce-ful"demands"forleadershipchangearecodedas1041;demonstrations,protests,etc.
demandingchangeinleadership/powerarecodedundercate-gory14.
Notethateventhoughcallsforthetargettoresignorrelinquishpowerareformsofyielding,theyarestillcodedhere.
Alsocodeappealsforelectionshere.
ExampleMembersofparliamentfromKenya'sLiberalDemocraticPartycalledonEnergyMinisterKiraituMurungitoresigninthewakeofnewevidenceoverthe$7billionscandals.
ExampleTheUNSecurityCouncilhascalledonHaiti'sinterimgovernmenttoholdelectionsby7February.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK16CAMEO0242NameAppealforpolicychangeDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestchangeinanyparticularpolicy.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoverbalandnon-threateningappeals.
Moreforceful"demands"forpolicychangearecodedas1042;demonstrations,protests,etc.
demandingchangeinleadership/powerarecodedundercategory14.
Justlikethesourceactor,thepolicyinquestioncanalsobedomesticorinternationalinnature.
Ifitisclearfromtheleadthatbyrequestingcertainpolicychangesthesourceisinfactappealingtothetargettoyieldorconcede,theeventmightbebettercodedunder035.
ExampleU.
S.
PresidentGeorgeW.
BushsaidFridaythathewilltellJapanesePrimeMinisterJunichiroKoizumithatJapanneedstoenactsignicanteconomicreforms.
ExampleCarlBildtcalledforthreeurgentreformsinSwedishpolitics—taxreform,businessreformandwelfarereform—andstressedthecreationofnewjobsastheprincipaltaskforthefuture.
CAMEO0243NameAppealforrightsDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestprovisionorexpansionofsocial,political,orotherrights.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoverbalandnon-threateningappeals.
Moreforce-ful"demands"forrightsarecodedas1043;demonstrations,protests,etc.
demandingcertainrightsarecodedundercategory14.
Ifitisclearfromtheleadthatbyrequestingcertainrightsthesourceisinfactappealingtothetargettoyieldorconcede,theeventmightbebettercodedunder025.
Appealsforprovisionofcompensationforpreviouslyviolatedrights,forinstance,arecodedas025.
ExampleTheUNurgedtheMaoistsrebelsinNepaltohonorhumanrights,accordingtotheUNHighCommissionerforHumanRights(UNHCR).
ExampleTheinternationalcommitteeoftheLebaneseLivingAbroadmovementiscontactinganumberofLebaneselegislaturestoproposeanewaddendumincorporatingtherighttovoteabroadintotheelectorallawadoptedfortheupcomingparliamentaryelections.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK17CAMEO0244NameAppealforchangeininstitutions,regimeDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestmajorinstitutional,constitutional,orregimechange.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoverbalandnon-threateningappeals.
Moreforce-ful"demands"forinstitutionalchangearecodedas1044;demonstrations,protests,etc.
demandingsuchchangearecodedundercategory14.
Insti-tutionalchangeisdierentfrompolicychangeinthattheformerdirectlyalterstherulesofthegame.
Requestsforfundamentalchangesinthepolit-icalsystem(e.
g.
democratization)aswellasformorelimitedinstitutionalchanges(e.
g.
changingelectorallaw)arecodedhere.
ExamplePresidentEmileLahoudhaspushedtheLebaneseParliamentforanewelec-tionlawtwodaysbeforeheistocallparliamentaryelections.
ExampleScandal-plaguedPresidentGloriaMacapagalArroyoonMondayurgedCongressinthePhilippinestochangetheconstitutiontoshifttoapar-liamentaryformofgovernmenttoeasethecountry'sconstantpoliticalin-stability.
CAMEO025NameAppealtoyield,notspeciedbelowDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestthattargetyieldsorconcedes;nototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Thesourceforthiseventtypemayormaynotbeoneoftheadversaries;athirdpartycouldalsobeappealingtooneormoreofthepartiesinconict(whoarecodedastargets)toyield.
Whenthesourceitselfexpressesitsintenttoyield—ratherthanrequestingitfromanotherparty—theeventshouldbecodedunder035instead.
Whenyieldingactuallytakesplace,usetheappropriatecodeundercategory08.
ExampleIsraeliPrimeMinisterArielSharonwantsGermanytopaymorecompensa-tiontothefamiliesof11Israeliathleteskilledatthe1972MunichOlympicGames,astatementfromhisocesaidTuesday.
CAMEO0251NameAppealforeasingofadministrativesanctionDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestthattargetrelaxesadministrativerestrictions.
UsageNotesUsethiscodewhenagovernmentisrequestedtoundertakesomepoliticalchangesthatclearlyconstitutesomeformofconcessionoryielding,suchasrelaxingorremovingbansorotherrestrictionsthatarealreadyinplace.
ExampleDozensofjournalistsatSudan'smostrespecteddailynewspaperappealedtotheSudanesegovernmentonWednesdaytoletthemresumepublishingandcompensatethemforlostwages.
ExampleHumanRightsWatchalsocalledonYemen,AlgeriaandMalaysiatoim-mediatelyliftbansonnewspapersclosedinrecentdaysforprintingthecaricatures.
ExampleNoteBecauseofthecompoundtarget,threeseparateeventsarecoded.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK18CAMEO0252NameAppealforeasingofpoliticaldissentDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestthattargetstopspoliticalprotestactivities.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforrequestsforthetargettostopengaginginprotests,demon-strations,strikes,etc.
ExampleIslamicfundamentalistleadersappealedtotheirMuslimfollowersforanendtoanti-governmentagitation,authoritiessaidMonday.
CAMEO0253NameAppealforreleaseofpersonsorpropertyDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestthattargetreleasespersonsorprop-erty.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforrequestsforthetargettoreleaseprisoners,hostages,andanyconscatedproperty.
ExampleTheUnitedStatescalledonIsraeltomoveforwardwithits"courageousandhistoric"disengagementplanasfastaspossible.
ExampleNoteWhile"disengagement"doesnotnecessarilyinvolveanykindofreleaseofpersonsorproperty,inthecaseofIsraelwecansafelyassumethatanymentionofthe"disengagementplan"refersprimarilytothewithdrawalofsettlements,hence,thereturnoflandtothePalestinians;phrasesinvolv-ing"disengagement"or"settlements"canbeenteredintoverbdictionaries,particularlytheMiddleEastdictionary,astheappropriatecodespertainingtothereleaseofproperty.
CAMEO0254NameAppealforeasingofeconomicsanctions,boycott,orembargoDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestthattargetstopsoreaseseconomicsanctions,boycott,orembargo.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeonlyforeconomicsanctions,boycotts,orembargoes.
ExampleIraqonSaturdayappealedtotheU.
N.
tobringanendtotheirtradeem-bargo,whichitsaidiscausinghugeshortagesofmedicineandfood.
CAMEO0255NameAppealtoallowinternationalinvolvement(non-mediation)DescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestthattargetallowstheentryofinter-nationalactors,suchasobservers,humanitarianagencies,andpeacekeepingforces.
UsageNotesRequestsforadversariestoallowmediationarecodedas028instead.
ExampleAninternationalaidagencyappealedtotheSudanesegovernmentonFridaytourgentlyreconsideritsbanonreliefightstosouthernSudan.
ExampleNoteBecausetheidentityoftheagencyisnotprovided,thegeneralNGOcodewillbeused.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK19CAMEO0256NameAppealfortargettode-escalationofmilitaryengagementDescriptionMakeanappealfor,request,orsuggestthattargetstopsghtingortakesmeasurestoeasemilitaryconictortension.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforappealsforceaseres,militarywithdrawals,anddemobi-lization.
ExampleThepresidentsofIraqandEgyptcalledonTuesdayforthewithdrawalofSyrianandotherforeignforcesfromLebanontoend14yearsofcivilwarthere.
ExampleNoteBecauseofthecompoundsource(governmentsofIraqandEgypt),twoeventsarecoded.
ExampleLeadersofthe16-memberEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates(ECOWAS)calledonWednesdayforanimmediateceasereinwar-tornLiberia.
CAMEO026NameAppealtootherstomeetornegotiateDescriptionProposeorsuggestmeeting,negotiation,ordiscussionamongotherparties.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Thesourceforthiseventcannotbetheactorswhosemeetingornegotiationiscalledfor;ithastobethirdpartieswhoappealtooneormoreactors—targetactors—tomeetand/ornegotiate.
Whenpartiesthemselvesexpresstheirintenttomeetand/ornegotiate,use036instead.
Whenmeetingsornegotiationsdotakeplace,usetheappropriatecodeundercategory04.
ExampleElSalvadoronMondayrequestedanurgentSecurityCouncilmeetingonWednesdaytodealwithwhatitcalledviolationsbyNicaraguaoftheCentralAmericanpeaceaccords.
CAMEO027NameAppealtootherstosettledisputeDescriptionProposeorsuggestthatothersreachasettlement,agreement,orresolutionofconict.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Notethatthesourceforthiseventcannotbetheadversariesthemselves.
Whenoneormorepartiestoaconictcallforendingtheconict,thatistakentobeanexpressionofintentonthepartofthatsourceactortoreachasettlementandisthuscodedas037instead.
ExampleTheRussianForeignMinisterSergeiLavrovsaidhereSaturdaythatheurgesIranandtheEUtrio(France,Germany,andBritain)toreachanagreementintheirtalksonIran'snuclearprogram.
ExampleNoteGiventhepresenceoffourdierenttargets,foureventsarecoded.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK20CAMEO028NameAppealtootherstoengageinoracceptmediationDescriptionProposeorsuggestthattargetmediatesoracceptsthemediationofothers.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Notethatthesourceforthiseventcannotbethepotentialmediatororpartiestotheconict.
Whenanactorproposestoplaytheroleofmediatorhimself,thisisassumedtobeacommitmentonhispartandiscodedas039instead.
Whenoneormoreoftheadversariesrequestthatanotherpartyplaystheroleofamediator,thisisunderstoodtobeacommitmentontheirparttoacceptmediationandisthuscodedas038.
Thetargetcaneitherbeapotentialmediator(whosemediationisbeingrequested)oroneoftheadversaries(whoisrequestedtoallowinvolvementofmediators).
ExampleTheInternationalCrisisGrouphascalledontheUNstabilizationmissioninHaititobrokeranagreementamongHaitiansthat"establishescommonobjectivesforthenextgovernment.
"2.
3EXPRESSINTENTTOCOOPERATECAMEO030NameExpressintenttocooperate,notspeciedbelowDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttocooperatenototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes031through039cannotbemade.
Allcooperativeactionsreportedinfuturetensearealsotakentoimplyintentions,ifnotpromisesorcommitments,tocooperateandarehencecodedunderthiscategory.
Theseeventscanbereciprocalorunilateral.
ExampleSeniorHungarianandRomanianocialsagreedonWednesdaythattheircountriesshouldcooperatetoencourageRomanianrefugeesinHungarytoreturnhome.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK21CAMEO031NameExpressintenttoengageinmaterialcooperation,notspeciedbelowDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoengageinorexpandmaterialcooperativeexchangenototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiscategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwheneverpos-sible.
Thiseventformreferstocommitmentsorindicationsofintentbypartiestoboosttheirmaterialexchange;theycouldbereciprocalorunilat-eralagreements,promises,commitments,orotherindicationsofintenttocooperate.
Pledgestoprovideunilateralmaterialaid,however,arecodedundercategory033.
Expressionsofintenttoengageinorfurtherdiplomaticcooperation,suchasnegotiations,settlingdisputes,orprovisionofpolicysupportarecodedelsewhereundercategory03.
Notethateventscodedhereareintentsandcommitments,andnotactualeventsofcooperation,whichshouldbecodedunder06.
ExampleTheAsia-PacicEconomicCooperation(APEC)forumhasagreedtosetupanenergyresearchcenterinTokyotofurtherdevelopitsregionalenergyprojections,ocialssaidThursday.
CAMEO0311NameExpressintenttocooperateeconomicallyDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoengageinorexpandeconomicties.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoagreements,promises,commitments,orotherin-dicationsofintenttodeveloporexpandtradeandotherformsofeconomicexchange.
Oers,promises,orcommitmentsbyoneactortoprovideeco-nomicaidtoanothershouldbecodedas0331instead.
ExampleTheUnitedStatesandJordanhaveagreeduponanewfree-tradepactbe-tweenthetwocountries,theWhiteHouseannouncedTuesday.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
CAMEO0312NameExpressintenttocooperatemilitarilyDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoengageinorexpandmilitaryties.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoagreements,promises,commitments,orotherindi-cationsofintenttodeveloporexpandmilitaryrelationsbyengaginginsuchactsasjointmilitarymaneuversorexercises.
Oers,promises,orcommit-mentsbyoneactortoprovidemilitaryaidtoanothershouldbecodedas0332instead.
ExampleJordanandBritainhaveagreedtoundertakejointmilitaryexercisesthismonth,aJordanianocialconrmed.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK22CAMEO0313NameExpressintenttocooperateonjudicialmattersDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoengageinorexpandjudicialcooperation.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoagreements,promises,commitments,orotherin-dicationsofintenttodeveloporexpandjudicialcooperationbyengaginginsuchactsasextraditions.
ExampleLibyahasoeredtohandovertoanArabcountrytwoofitsnationalssuspectedbytheWestofblowingupaPanAmplanein1988,astate-ownedEgyptiannewspapersaid.
CAMEO0314NameExpressintenttocooperateonintelligenceDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoengageinorexpandintelligencesharing.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoagreements,promises,commitments,orotherindi-cationsofintenttodeveloporexpandintelligencecooperationbyprovidingorexchangingintelligenceorinformation.
ExampleIsraelandthePalestiniansreachedaconsensustoexchangeinformationonwaterresourcesontheseconddayofamultilateralconferenceonwaterproblemsintheMiddleEasthereThursday,themeeting'sco-chairmansaid.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
ExampleTheTurkish-CypriotandGreek-CypriotsidesofthisdividedMediterraneanislandhaveagreedtoshareinformationFridayonmissingpeoplefrombothcommunities,aUNocialsaidonMonday.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
CAMEO032NameExpressintenttoengageindiplomaticcooperation(suchaspolicysupport)DescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoexpanddiplomatictiesorcooperation.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Theoeredorpromisedsupportshouldbenon-material,suchassupportingorbackingparticularpoliciesand/orgoals.
Notethatagreementsorpromisestoengageinmorespecicformsofdiplomaticcooperation,suchasnegoti-ationsandmediation,arecodedelsewhereundercategory03.
Thetargetshouldbetherecipientofthepotentialsupport.
ExamplePortugalwillsupportTurkey'seortstobecomeafullmemberoftheEuro-peanCommunity,PortuguesePresidentMarioSoaressaidonTuesday.
ExampleNoteNotethatthefuturetenseusedintheleadindicatesfuturecommitment.
ExampleHungaryhassaiditwillsupportaU.
N.
SecurityCouncilresolutionthataimstotightensanctionsandimposeanavalblockadeagainstneighboringYugoslavia.
ExampleNoteNotethatthefuturetenseusedintheleadindicatesfuturecommitment.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK23CAMEO033NameExpressintenttoprovidematerialaid,notspeciedbelowDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoprovidesomeformofmaterialsupportnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventcategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
Notethatmoregeneralcommitmentstobroadenmaterialexchangeorcooperationarecodedunder031instead.
Reporteddeliveriesofmaterialsupportarecodedundercategory07.
Thetargetshouldbetheprospectiverecipientofaid.
ExampleNATO-memberNorwayiswillingtosendmaterialtohelpdefendSaudiArabiaifitisattacked,Norway'sforeignministersaid.
CAMEO0331NameExpressintenttoprovideeconomicaidDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoprovideeconomicsupport.
UsageNotesCodecommitmentstoprovidenancialsupport,informofgrants,loans,ordebtreliefunderthiseventcode.
Tradecommitmentsshouldbecodedas0311instead.
ExampleFinlandwillgiveTanzaniaagrantof580millionshillings(64.
45milliondollars)overthenextthreeyearstonanceseveralprojectsinthecountry,astatementissuedbytheministryofnancesaidtoday.
ExampleNoteNotethatthefuturetenseusedintheleadindicatesfuturecommitment.
ExampleEuropeanCommunityforeignministersagreedinprincipleonSaturdaytoprovideabout70milliondollarsofaidforRomaniaandPoland.
ExampleNoteDuetothecompoundtargetactor,twoeventsarecoded.
CAMEO0332NameExpressintenttoprovidemilitaryaidDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoprovidemilitarysupport.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodecommitmentstoprovideallformsofmilitaryaid.
Promisestoengageinbilateralormultilateralmilitarycooperationshouldbecodedas0312instead.
ExampleBritishDefenceSecretaryTomKinghaspromisedtocontinuemilitaryaidtowar-tornMozambique.
ExampleSyriahasagainoereditstroopstoLebanon'snewPresidentEliasHrawitohelphimoustGeneralMichelAounfromtheChristianenclaveAouncontrols.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK24CAMEO0333NameExpressintenttoprovidehumanitarianaidDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoprovidehumanitariansupport.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforcommitmentstoprovideallformsofhumanitarianaid,in-cludingevacuationsfromdangerouszonesandshelterforrefugees.
However,notethatexpressionsofintenttoprovidemilitarysecurityorpeacekeepingforcesarecodedas0334instead.
Actualprovisionsofhumanitarianaidarecodedas073.
ExampleTheUnitedNationswillprovidenearly25,000tonsofemergencyfoodaidtorefugeeseeingthecivilwarinLiberia,theWorldFoodProgram(WFP)saidonMonday.
CAMEO0334NameExpressintenttoprovidemilitaryprotectionorpeacekeepingDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttodeploypeacekeepingorothermilitaryforcesforsecurity.
UsageNotesSourceactorforthiseventisthepartymakingthecommitmenttoprovideforces,whilethetargetrepresentstheprospectivelocationofdeployment.
Actualdeploymentsshouldbecodedaslinkedevents'Providemilitarypro-tectionorpeacekeeping'(074)and'Receivedeploymentofpeacekeepers'(0861)withactorsreversed.
Commitmentsbyadversariestoacceptpeace-keepersshouldbecodedas0355.
ExampleFranceisreadytocontributeupto4,000troopstoaninternationalpeace-keepingforceinYugoslavia,DefenceMinisterPierreJoxesaidonMonday.
ExampleTheSecurityCounciltodayagreedtoasix-monthextensionofthemandateforthepeacekeepingforceinLebanon(UNIFIL)despiteIsrael'swishforashorterperiod.
CAMEO034NameExpressintenttoinstitutepoliticalreform,notspeciedbelowDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoinstitutepoliticalchangenototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesIfthepromisedreformsclearlyconstitutessomeformofconcessionoryield-ingbythesource,suchastheeasingofexistingadministrativesanctions,amoreappropriatecodemightbefoundunder035.
Iftherearespecicgroupsorindividualsaskingforthatchangeandthatinformationiscodeablegiventhestructureofthelead,thoseactorsshouldbecodedastargets;otherwise,thecountryingeneraloractorstobeaectedbythechangeshouldbecodedasthetarget.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK25CAMEO0341NameExpressintenttochangeleadershipDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttochangeleadershiporrelinquishpower.
UsageNotesCommitmentstoresignorhandoverpower,aswelltoholdelectionsthatmightopenthewayforchangeinleadership,arecodedhere.
Notethatwhilecommitmentsforotherformsofyieldingarecodedunder035,commitmentstogiveuppowerarecodedhere.
ExampleOustedPresidentAskarAkayevhasagreedtoresignwithoutreturningtotheKyrgyzstan,theParliamentspeakersaidSaturday.
ExampleNoteBecausenospecicgroupismentioned,thecountryaloneiscodedasthetarget.
CAMEO0342NameExpressintenttochangepolicyDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmentforpolicychange.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforcommitmentstobringpolicychange—political,economic,military,social,orotherwise.
Ifthepolicychangeinquestionclearlyrep-resentsaformofyielding,theappropriatecodeunder035shouldbeusedinstead.
ExamplePlanningandInvestmentMinisterTranXuanGiasaidVietnamiscommit-tedtoopeninguptheeconomybutwillnotberushed,inarareinterviewlateonFriday.
ExampleNoteVietnamcanbecodedasthetargetsincethecountryingeneralisobviouslygoingtobeaectedfromsuchachangeinpolicy.
CAMEO0343NameExpressintenttoproviderightsDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoprovidesocial,political,economic,orotherrightsandfreedoms.
UsageNotesIfitisclearfromtheleadthatbypromisingtoprovidecertainrightsthesourceisinfactcommittingtoyield,theeventmightbebettercodedunder035.
Commitmentstoprovidecompensationforpreviouslyviolatedrights,forinstance,arecodedas035.
ExampleTurkeywillallowupto13,000TurkishKurdrefugeeswhohavelivedinIraqformorethanadecadetoreturnhomeaspartofaUN-brokereddeal.
ExampleNoteAllowingthevoluntaryrepatriationofrefugeesconstitutesprovisionoftherighttogohome.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK26CAMEO0344NameExpressintenttochangeinstitutions,regimeDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttomakefundamentalpoliticalchanges,suchasmovingfromonetypeofpoliticalsystemtoanotherandreformingpoliticalinstitutionsorkeylaws.
UsageNotesNotethedierencebetweeninstitutional/regimechangesandpolicyreforms.
ExampleSerbianPresidentVojislavKostunicapromisedtodemocratizeSerbiaandestablishtheruleoflawashesucceededMilosevic.
CAMEO035NameExpressintenttoyield,notspeciedbelowDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoyieldnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstogeneralexpressionsofwillingnessorcommitmenttoconcede;usethesubcategoriesformoredetailedcoding.
Theactualeventsofyieldingarecodedundercategory08.
ExampleASovietocialoeredconcessionslastNovemberthatU.
S.
negotiatorPaulNitzebelievedcouldleadtoanagreementonreducingnuclearmissilesinEurope,accordingtoasenatorwhoactedasago-betweenatthetalks.
CAMEO0351NameExpressintenttoeaseadministrativesanctionsDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoeaseadministrativesanctions,suchascensorship,curfew,stateofemergency,andmartiallaw.
ExampleInaninterviewthisweekend,PresidentAbdelazizBouteikasaidheispre-paredtoliftbanonIslamicSalvationFront(FIS)butnotwithitshistoricalleadership.
CAMEO0352NameExpressintenttoeasepopulardissentDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoreduceorstoppoliticalprotestactivities,suchasdemonstrationsandrallies.
ExampleLeadersoftheAzadliq(Freedom)oppositioncoalitionagreedtopostponethedemonstrationinBakuuntil9November.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK27CAMEO0353NameExpressintenttoreleasepersonsorpropertyDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoreleaseorreturnpersonsorproperty.
UsageNotesCommitmentstoreleaseorexchangeprisonersandhostages,aswellascom-mitmentstoreturnpreviouslyconscatedproperties,arecodedhere.
ExampleTheFijianrebelssaidtheywillreleasePrimeMinisterMahendraChaudhryandmorethan30membersofhisgovernment,whomtheyhadtakenhostagetwoweeksago,ontheweekend.
ExampleTherebelRevolutionaryUnitedFront(RUF)announceditwillreturnweaponsandmilitaryequipmentseizedlastyearfromUnitedNationspeace-keepers,accordingtoreportsreachingherefromthecountry'scapitalFree-town.
ExampleUnderthedisengagementplan,Isrealwillevacuateall21settlementsintheGazaStripinmid-August,saidspokespersonfortheIsraeliprimeminister.
CAMEO0354NameExpressintenttoeaseeconomicsanctions,boycott,orembargoDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoreduceoreliminateeconomicsanctions,boycotts,orembargoes.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeonlyforeconomicsanctions,boycotts,orembargoes.
ExampleTheUSCongressagreedtoliftembargoesonpharmaceuticalsalesinlateFebruarytoIran,Libya,NorthKorea,Sudan,andwithstringsattached,Cuba.
ExampleNoteDuetothecompoundtarget,veseparateeventsarecoded.
CAMEO0355NameExpressintenttoallowinternationalinvolvement(non-mediation)DescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoallowaccesstointernationalactors,suchasobservers,humanitarianagen-cies,andpeacekeepingforces.
UsageNotesProspectivepeacekeepers,observers,etc.
arecodedastargets.
Commit-mentstoacceptmediationbythirdpartiesarecodedas038instead.
ExampleEthopiahasagreedtore-openitsborderstoUNpeackeepers,whoarede-polyedintheregiontooverseeaceaserebetweenEthiopiaanditsneighbor,Eritrea.
ExampleInaletterhandedovertotheUnitedNationsonMonday,IraqsaiditwouldallowthereturnofU.
N.
weaponsinspectors"withoutconditions"to"removeanydoubtsIraqstillpossessesweaponsofmassdestruction.
"ExampleWiththesigningofaMemorandumofUnderstanding(MOU)onCessationofHostilities,theSudanesegovernmentandSPLM/Ahaveagreedtoallow"unimpededhumanitarianaccesstoallareasandforpeopleinneed.
"ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK28CAMEO0356NameExpressintenttode-escalatemilitaryengagementDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttostopghtingortakemeasurestoeasemilitaryconictortension.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforappealsforceaseres,militarywithdrawals,anddemobi-lization.
ExampleYugoslaviaandSloveniaagreedtoaceasereaftertwodaysoferceghtingbutmediareportssaidsporadicclasheswerestillcontinuing.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
ExampleShefketMusliusaidon21MayinKonculj,intheFederalRepublicofYu-goslavia,thathisforceswilllaydowntheirweaponsanddisbandbytheendofthemonthbecause"thetimehascome.
.
.
toseekchangesthroughpoliticalmeans,"APreported.
ExampleSyriasaysitiswillingtowithdrawitstroopsfromneighboringLebanon,afterfteenyearsofeectivemilitaryoccupation.
CAMEO036NameExpressintenttomeetornegotiateDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttomeet,visit,orengageintalksornegotiations.
UsageNotesThiseventcodereferstofuturecommitmentstomeetand/ornegotiate;whenmeetings,negotiations,orothertalksdotakeplace,thosearecodedundercategory04instead.
Whenmediationismentionedspecically,ap-propriatemediation-relatedcodestakeprecedenceovermeetingsornegoti-ations.
ExampleEastGermanForeignMinisterOskarFischerwillvisitAlbaniainJune,therstWarsawPactforeignministertodososinceTiranasplitwithMoscowin1961,theAlbanianembassysaid.
ExampleNoteGiventhewordingofthislead,whichimpliesthatAlbaniahasalreadycom-mittedtoreceivetheGermanminister,tworeciprocaleventsof038arecodedwithactorsreversed.
Thisexampletsunderthiscategorysincethefuturetenseusedimpliesafuturecommitmenttomeet.
ExampleOnSeptember29,PutinoeredtonegotiatewithChechenPresidentAslanMaskhadovfollowingtheinvasionsofDagestan.
ExampleNoteUnlikethepreviousexample,thisleaddoesnotsuggestthatMaskhadovhasalsocommittedtomeetingwithPutin,henceonlyone036eventiscodedwiththeRussiangovernmentasthesourceactor.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK29CAMEO037NameExpressintenttosettledisputeDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoreachacomprehensivesettlement,agreement,orresolutiontoconict.
UsageNotesNotethatspeciccommitmentstoyield,whichmightbepresentstepstosettlingdisputes,arecodedelsewhereundercategory03.
Boththesourceandthetargetforthiseventtypeshouldbeadversariesthemselves.
Whenotherpartiesmakeappealstoenddisputesinwhichtheyarenotdirectlyinvolved,use'Appealtootherstosettledispute'(027)instead.
ExampleDenmarktodayacceptedaformulaforendingitssheriesdisputewithitsEuropeancommonmarketpartners,governmentocialssaid.
CAMEO038NameExpressintenttoacceptmediationDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoacceptmediation.
UsageNotesThiscoderepresentsadversaries'commitmentstoreceivemediationbythirdparties.
Thelattershouldbecodedastargets,whilethesourcehastobeoneormoreofthepartiesinconictforthisevent.
Notethatwhenreportsinvolvereferencestomediationspecically,mediation-relatedcodessuchasthistakeprecedenceoverothers,suchas'Agreetomeetornegotiate,''Makeavisit,''Hostavisit,'and'Meetatathirdlocation.
'Forcommitmentsbythirdpartiestomediaterefertocode039instead.
Forsimplesuggestionsbyactorsotherthanadversariesandpotentialmediatorsthatmediationoccurs,use'Appealtootherstoengageinoracceptmediation'(028).
ExampleAfghanrebelleaderssaidonWednesdaytheywouldmeetU.
N.
mediatorDiegoCordovezifhegavethemavetooveranysettlementreachedinpeacetalks.
ExampleIsraeliPrimeMinisterEhudBarakhasagreedtoUSmediationinthenalstatustalkswiththePalestinians,aseniorIsraeliocialsaid.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK30CAMEO039NameExpressintenttomediateDescriptionOer,promise,agreeto,orotherwiseindicatewillingnessorcommitmenttoplaytheroleofamediator.
UsageNotesThiscoderepresentsacommitmentbythirdpartiestomediatebetweenpar-tiesinconict.
Theformershouldbecodedassourceandthelaterastargetsforthisevent.
Notethatwhenreportsinvolvereferencestomediationspecif-ically,mediation-relatedcodessuchasthistakeprecedenceoverothers,suchas'Agreetomeetornegotiate,''Makeavisit,''Hostavisit,'and'Meetatathirdlocation.
'Forcommitmentsofadversariestoacceptmediationbyactorsotherthantheadversariesandpotentialmediatorsthatmediationoccurs,referto'Appealtootherstoengageinoracceptmediation'(028).
ExampleGambianPresidentDawdaJawarawillvisitMauritaniaandSenegaltomedi-ateinaborderdisputebetweenthetwoWestAfricanneighbors,diplomaticsourcessaidonWednesday.
ExampleNoteGiventhewordingusedinthisparticularlead,whichimpliesthatMauri-taniaandSenegalhavealreadyagreedtoGambia'smediation,twotypesoflinkedeventsarecoded—'Expressintenttomediate'(039)withtheGam-bianpresidentasthesource,and'Expressintenttoacceptmediation'(038)withMauritaniaandSenegalassources.
TwodierenteventsarecodedforeachoftheseeventtypessinceMauritaniaandSenegalarecompoundactors.
ExampleKingHassanofMoroccowasquotedtodayassayinghewouldbereadytohostameetingbetweenanIsraelipeacemovementandthePalestineLiberationOrganization(PLO).
ExampleNoteUnlikethepreviousexample,thisleaddoesnotimplythateithertheIsraeliorthePalestinianpartieshaveacceptedKingHassan'soertomediate,henceno'Agreetomediation'eventiscoded.
Giventhecompoundtarget,twoseparate039eventsarecoded.
2.
4CONSULTCAMEO040NameConsult,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllconsultationsandmeetingsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamong041through046cannotbemade.
Notethateventscodedunder04aretypically,althoughnotalways,reciprocalevents.
ExampleAgroupofAfricandiplomatsheldtheirrstmeetingwithPresidentPar-vanovatalunchhostedbytheAmbassadorofKingdomofMorocco.
ExampleNoteThisleadiscodedas040sincetheplaceofthemeetingisnotexplicitinthelead,hencewecannotcodeitasavisitmadeorhosted,andnonegotiationsareimplied(so,wecannotcodeitas'Engageinnegotiation').
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK31CAMEO041NameDiscussbytelephoneDescriptionConsult,talkonthetelephone.
UsageNotesThisistypicallyareciprocalevent.
Thenatureofthephoneconversationisnotofsignicance.
ExampleU.
S.
SecretaryofStateWarrenChristophertelephonedRussianForeignMin-isterAndreiKozyrevonTuesdaytodiscusseortstoforgeapeacesettlementinformerYugoslavia,Itar-Tassnewsagencysaid.
ExampleNoteTwoeventsofthesametypearecodedwithactorsreversed.
CAMEO042NameMakeavisitDescriptionTraveltoanotherlocationforameetingorotherevent.
UsageNotesAllvisitsandtravelsshouldbecodedunderthiscategory.
Notethatthiseventistypicallyaccompaniedbythelinkedevent'Hostavisit'(043).
Ifme-diationornegotiationismentionedspecicallyashavingtakenplace,thoseeventstakeprecedenceoverunspeciedvisitsormeetings.
ExampleTaiwan'sViceForeignMinistervisitedRussiatoday,becomingtheisland'shighestrankinggovernmentocialtogothere.
ExampleNoteTwoeventsarecoded:042withtheTaiwanesegovernmentasthesourceandRussiaasthetarget,and043withactorsreversed.
ExampleIraqiPresidentSaddamHusseinarrivedinAmmanonapreviouslyunan-nouncedvisitonWednesday.
ExampleNoteTwoeventsarecoded:042withtheIraqigovernmentasthesourceandJordanasthetarget,and043withactorsreversed.
CAMEO043NameHostavisitDescriptionHostorreceiveavisitoratresidence,oceorhomecountry.
UsageNotesThiseventistypicallyaccompaniedbythelinkedevent'Makeavisit'(042).
Ifmediationornegotiationismentionedspecicallyashavingtakenplace,thoseeventstakeprecedenceoverunspeciedvisitsormeetings.
ExampleRussianPresidentBorisYeltsinonSaturdayhostedJapanesePrimeMinisterRyutaroHashimotointhisSiberiancityforaninformalmeetingaimedatestablishingclosepersonalrelationsbetweenthetwoleaders.
ExampleNoteTwoeventsarecoded:043withtheRussiangovernmentasthesourceandtheJapanesegovernmentasthetarget,and042withtheactorsreversed.
ExamplePresidentFrancoisMitterandgaveawarmwelcomeonThursdaytoSouthAfricanleaderF.
W.
deKlerkwhoisattemptingtobreakhiscountry'sin-ternationalisolation.
ExampleNoteTwoeventsarecoded:043withtheFrenchgovernmentasthesourceandtheSouthAfricangovernmentasthetarget,and042withactorsreversed.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK32CAMEO044NameMeetata'third'locationDescriptionMeet,cometogether,gatherwithothersataneutrallocation—someplacewithwhichnoneoftheattendingpartiesareassociated.
Ifmediationornegotiationismentionedspecicallyashavingtakenplace,thoseeventstakeprecedenceoverunspeciedvisitsormeetings.
UsageNotesThiseventtypeistypicallyaccompaniedbytwootherlinkedevents,'Makeavisit'(042)and'Hostavisit'(043),andtheeventitselfisreciprocal.
For044,thesourceandthetargetaretheactorswhoaremeeting;thelocationofthemeetingisignored.
ExampleU.
S.
andSovietnegotiatorsreturntoGenevathisweekfortalkonlimitingthenumberofEuropean-basednuclearmissiles,anissuelikelytodominateEast-Westrelationsthisyear.
ExampleNoteSixeventsarecoded:tworeciprocal'Meetatathirdlocation'eventswithUSandtheSovietUnionasactors;two''Makeavisit'eventswithSwitzerlandasthetarget,andtheUSandtheSovietUnionasthetwodierentsources;andtwo'Hostavisit'eventswithSwitzerlandasthesourceandtheUSandtheSovietasthetwodierenttargets.
CAMEO045NameEngageinmediationDescriptionMediatebetweentwoormoreparties.
UsageNotesThiseventcodeshouldbeusedonlywhenapartymeetswithothersexplic-itlyasamediator.
Thesourceisalwaysthemediatorandadversariesarethetargets.
Allothercasesofmeetingsandnegotiations,wherethepur-poseofthemeetingortheroleofthesourceactorisnotspecied,shouldbecodedelsewhereundercategory04.
Ifmeetings,discussions,ornegotia-tionsareexplicitlyreportedasinvolvingmediators,themediationcodetakesprecedenceaslongasthepartyactingasthemediatorisidentiedinthelead.
ExampleArabLeagueSecretaryGeneralChadliKlibiundertookmediationmissionbetweenSyriaandPalestinianleaderYasserArafat.
ExampleNoteBecauseofthecompoundtargetactor,twoeventsarecoded.
ExampleQuatar'semir,SheikhHamadbinKhalifaal-ThanilaunchedamediationeortonSaturdaybetweentheEmiratesandSaudiArabiawhosetieshavebeenstrainedbyRiyadh'snewfriendshipwithTehran.
ExampleNoteBecauseofthecompoundtargetactor,twoeventsarecoded.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK33CAMEO046NameEngageinnegotiationDescriptionNegotiateorbargainwithothers.
UsageNotesThiseventcodeshouldbeusedonlywhenthereportmakesclearthatne-gotiations,bargaining,ordiscussionsareinvolvedinthemeetingsorcon-sultationsinquestion.
"Holdingtalks"and"discussions"aretreatedasnegotiations.
Thesearereciprocalevents.
ExampleIsraelandLebanonrenewednegotiationstodayonanIsraelitrooppullbackfromLebanonandtheirfuturerelations.
ExampleNoteTwo046eventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
ExampleFrenchNationalAssemblypresidentLaurentFabiusandagroupofdeputiesheldtalkswithleadersofRomania'snewgovernmentonTuesday,thersthighlevelWesterndelegationtovisitBucharestsincelastmonth'srevolu-tion.
ExampleNoteTwo046eventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
2.
5ENGAGEINDIPLOMATICCOOPERATIONCAMEO050NameEngageindiplomaticcooperation,notspeciedbelowDescriptionInitiate,resume,improve,orexpanddiplomatic,non-materialcooperationorexchangenototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhenthesupportinquestioncannotbefurtherspeciedandcodes051-057cannotbeused.
ExampleCzechoslovakiaandAlbaniahaveupgradedtheirdiplomatictiesbackuptoambassadoriallevelafteran18-yearbreak,theocialCTKnewsagencysaidonWednesday.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
CAMEO051NamePraiseorendorseDescriptionExpresssupportfor,commend,approvepolicy,action,oractor.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
ExampleAtopU.
S.
ocialtodaypraisedHaiti'seortstoimproveitsrecordonhumanrightsandsaiditwasanimportantpartnerfortheUnitedStates.
ExampleTheWestGermangovernmenttodaywelcomedPresidentReagan'slatestpolicystatementasproofofWashington'searnestwishforasettlementtobereachedinU.
S.
-Sovietnucleartalks.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK34CAMEO052NameDefendverballyDescriptionDefendverbally,justifypolicy,actionoractor.
UsageNotesThiseventformisaverbalact.
Usethiscodeonlyforpolitical,diplomatic,andnon-materialdefense;militarycooperationordefenseshouldbecodedelsewhere.
ExampleTheUnitedStatesonThursdaydefendedtherightofSoviettroopstoreprotectivelyonmilitantsinAzerbaijanandinsistedunresttherereectedage-oldethnictensions,notaghtforpoliticalindependence.
ExamplePalestinianleaderYasserArafatdefendedIraqandLibyaonFridayagainstWesterncriticismoftheirarmsindustriesandsaidtheWestwasapplyingdoublestandardsonhumanrights.
ExampleNoteBecauseofthecompoundtarget,twoeventsarecoded.
CAMEO053NameRallysupportonbehalfofDescriptionCallonotherpartiestosupportthetarget.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Usethiseventformtocodeinstanceswhereoneparty(thesource)solicitsthesupportofthirdpartiesforanotherparty(thetarget).
ExampleArabLeagueSecretary-GeneralChedliKlibitodayurgedtheEuropeanCom-munitytosupportthePalestinianLiberationOrganization(PLO),whichhesaidwouldcreateafavorableclimateforpeacetalks.
ExampleSaudiArabiahasmobilizedpressuregroupsintheUnitedStatestohelpsup-porttherightsofPalestiniansintheirstruggleagainstIsrael,atopministersaidincommentspublishedThursday.
CAMEO054NameGrantdiplomaticrecognitionDescriptionGrantdiplomaticrecognition,initiatediplomaticrelationswithastateoragovernment.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Recogni-tionofnewlyindependentstates,newgovernmentsthatmighthavecometopowerthroughunconventionalmeans,andinitiationofdiplomatictieswithanentityforthersttimeareallcodedhere.
ExampleSriLankahasestablisheddiplomatictieswithandopenedanembassyinTehran,theforeignministrysaidonWednesday.
CAMEO055NameApologizeDescriptionExpressregretorremorseforanactionorsituation.
UsageNotesAlthoughthiseventformistypicallyaverbalact,itshouldalsobeusedtocodeallnonverbalactsthatexpressremorse.
ExampleArgentinahasapologizedtoBrazilforoneofitsgunboatsinterceptingaBrazilianshipintheBeagleChannel,disputedbyArgentinaandChile.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK35CAMEO056NameForgiveDescriptionExpressforgiveness,pardon.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodeverbalandnonverbalgesturesofforgivenessandexplicitlyconciliatoryactionsorannouncements.
Formalpardonsandamnestiesofarrestedpersons,aswellasthereleaseorexchangeofprisoners,shouldbecodedasCAMEO0841instead.
ExampleAgroupofYorubaleadersannouncedyesterdaythattheyarewillingtoforgivePresidentOlusegunObasanjoandqueuebehindhimforasecondterm.
CAMEO057NameSignformalagreementDescriptionRatify,sign,nalizeanagreement,treaty.
UsageNotesThiscategoryexcludespromisestosignorratifyagreementsandtreaties.
Eventsshouldbecodedunderthiscategoryonlywhenagreementsarere-portedlynalizedorsigned.
Thiseventcodeistypicallyreciprocal.
Evenwhentheagreementinquestionimpliesaformalcommitmenttoboostma-terialcooperation,provideaid,oryieldinsomeway,theeventofsigningtheagreementortreatyisstillcodedheresincesigningofanagreementortreatyrepresentsdiplomaticcooperationbutdoesnotguaranteeimplementation—whateveritsterms.
ExampleLibyanleaderMuammarGaddaandBulgarianPresidentTodorZhivkovtodaysignedatreatyoffriendshipandcooperation,theBTAreported.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
ExampleCzechoslovakiaandChinasignedanagreementtodaytoincreasetradein1983by50percentcomparedwithlastyear,theocialCzechoslovaknewsagencyCetekasaidtoday.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
2.
6ENGAGEINMATERIALCOOPERATIONCAMEO060NameEngageinmaterialcooperation,notspeciedbelowDescriptionInitiate,resume,improve,orexpandmaterialcooperationorexchange,nototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes061-064cannotbemade.
ExampleTalibanruledAfghanistanhasbeensharingexpertisewiththeLiberationTigersofTamilEelamaccordingtoaspecialreportsubmittedtotheCana-dianSecurityIntelligenceService.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK36CAMEO061NameCooperateeconomicallyDescriptionInitiate,resume,improve,orexpandeconomicexchangeorcooperation.
UsageNotesTraderelationsandothereconomicexchangesthatarereciprocalinnature—eventiftheparticulareventinquestioncannotbecodedasreciprocal—shouldbecodedhere.
Unilateralandpotentiallyaltruisticprovisionsofeconomicaidshouldbecodedas071instead.
ExampleEuropeanforeigndirectinvestmentowsinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanrosemorethaneightfoldduringthesecondhalfofthe1990scomparedwiththersthalfofthatdecade,accordingtoastudypresentedinParisbytheInter-AmericanDevelopmentBank.
ExampleNoteTwo061eventsarecodedduetothecompoundtarget.
CAMEO062NameCooperatemilitarilyDescriptionInitiate,resume,improve,orexpandmilitaryexchangeorcooperation.
UsageNotesMilitaryexchangessuchasjointmilitarygamesandmaneuversshouldbecodedhere.
Unilateralandpotentiallyaltruisticprovisionsofaidshouldbecodedunder'ProvideAid'(07)instead.
ExampleFrenchandEgyptianwarshipsonMondaylaunched10daysofwargamesintheMediterraneanSea,expectedtobejoinedlaterbyItalianandGermanvessels,theFrenchembassysaidMonday.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
CAMEO063NameEngageinjudicialcooperationDescriptionInitiate,resume,improve,orexpandjudicialcooperation.
UsageNotesThiscoderepresentscooperationonjudicialmatters,suchasextraditionsandwarcrimes.
ExampleZambiaextraditedsuspectedBritishmilitantHaroonRashidAswadtoBritainonSunday,aseniorZambiangovernmentocialsaid.
ExampleNoteGiventhatthisisacooperativecode,thelocationwherethesubjectisbeingextraditedto—andnottheidentityofthesuspect—shouldbecodedasthetarget.
CAMEO064NameShareintelligenceorinformationDescriptionProvide,share,orexchangeintelligenceorinformation.
UsageNotesVoluntaryexchangesorsharingofintelligenceandothersignicantinforma-tionshouldbecodedhere.
ExampleIsraeliintelligenceocialshavesharedevidencewiththeU.
S.
aboutcontactsbetweenalQaedaandseniormembersofSaddamHussein'sBa'athParty,accordingtogovernmentalocials.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK372.
7PROVIDEAIDCAMEO070NameProvideaid,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllprovisions,extensionofmaterialaid,nototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes071-075cannotbemade.
Inordertobecodedunderthiscategory,theleadsmustreportthedeliveryofaids;promisestoprovideaidshouldbecodedundercategory033instead.
ExampleDoctorsfromtwoAmericanaidgroupsdonatedandpersonallydelivered$50,000worthofgoodstoBaghdadUniversityMedicalSchool,riskingasmuchas12yearsinprisonand$500,000innes.
CAMEO071NameProvideeconomicaidDescriptionExtend,providemonetaryaidandnancialguarantees,grants,giftsandcredit.
UsageNotesTheleadmustreportthedeliveryofsuchaid;promisestoprovideaidshouldbecodedunder033instead.
Debtreliefshouldalsobecodedas071.
ExampleTheEuropeanCommunityonMondaygavetheIvoryCoast5.
1milliondollarsofaidforagriculturaldevelopmentprojects.
CAMEO072NameProvidemilitaryaidDescriptionExtend,providemilitaryandpoliceassistanceincludingarmsandpersonnel.
UsageNotesTheleadmustreportthedeliveryofsuchaid;promisestoprovideaidshouldbecodedundercategory033instead.
ExampleTheUnitedStatescontinuedtosendarmstoPakistanlastyear,aStateDepartmentSpokesmansaidWednesday.
ExampleTheUnitedStatesisprovidingaerialphotographsandothermilitaryin-telligencetoMacedoniawhichispreparingamajoroensiveagainstethnicAlbanianguerrillas,theWashingtonPostsaidWednesday.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK38CAMEO073NameProvidehumanitarianaidDescriptionExtend,providehumanitarianaid,mainlyintheformofemergencyassis-tance.
UsageNotesThiscodereferstoeventssuchasprovisionsofshelter,food,medicine,andevacuationofvictims.
Theleadmustreportthedeliveryofsuchaid;promisestoprovideaidshouldbecodedundercategory033.
Notethatprovisionsofpeacekeepingorothermilitaryforcesarecodedas074instead.
ExampleSwissdoctorshandedover700kgofmedicinetotheRedCrescentinBam,Iran,accordingtotheSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation.
ExampleBeninopeneditsborderstodaytomostWestAfricansorderedoutofNigeriaasillegalaliens,butwasstillrefusingadmittancetoGhanaians,byfarthebiggestgroupinvolved,Beninpolicesaid.
ExampleU.
N.
helicoptersevacuatedthewoundedfromthebesiegedBosniantownofGorazdeonFriday.
CAMEO074NameProvidemilitaryprotectionorpeacekeepingDescriptionProvidepeacekeepersorothermilitaryforcesforprotection,extendorex-pandtheirmandates.
UsageNotesCodeherereporteddeploymentofforces;verbalpromisesandcommitmentstoprovidepeacekeepersshouldbecodedas0334.
Notethatthiseventformisaccompaniedbythelinkedevent'Receivedeploymentofpeacekeepers'(0861).
ExampleTherstdeploymentofNATOpeacekeepingtroopshavearrivedinBosnia,DefenseSecretaryWilliamPerrysaid.
ExampleTwolinkedevents—074and0861—shouldbecodedwithactorsreversed.
CAMEO075NameGrantasylumDescriptionProvide,grantasylumtopersons.
UsageNotesAsylumistypicallygrantedbystatestopersonsinitsterritories(territo-rialasylum)anditconstitutesalegalprotectionawardedtothosepersonsagainstotherstates.
Diplomaticasylum,protectiontypicallyaccordedonthepremisesofanembassy,canalsobegrantedandissimilarlycodedhere.
Notthat'Grantasylum'referstoaspeciclegaleventtype;informalprovi-sionsofshelteroropeningofborderstomassesofrefugeesshouldbecodedas'Providehumanitarianaid'(073)instead.
ExamplePeruhasgranteddiplomaticasylumtovePanamanianarmyocersholedupinadiplomaticresidencesincelastmonth'sU.
S.
invasion,thePeruvianembassysaidonTuesday.
ExampleUgandahasgrantedpoliticalasylumto18Zaireanrebelswhoenteredthecountryillegallytwoyearsagoandarewantedathomeontreasoncharges,aUnitedNationsocialsaidonFriday.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK392.
8YIELDCAMEO080NameYield,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllyieldings,concessionsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes081-087cannotbemade.
Notthatalloftheeventformsunderthiscategoryrefertoreportedyieldingsandtottofuturecommitments,agreements,orpromises.
ExampleUgandasaidonSundayithadpaidcompensationto67elderlyBritishna-tionals,mostoftheAsians,forassetstheylostwhenformerdictatorIdiAminexpelledthem18yearsago.
CAMEO081NameEaseadministrativesanctions,notspeciedbelowDescriptionRelaxorremovealladministrativenon-forcesanctionsandpenalties,nototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventcategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
ExamplePresidentOmarHassanal-Bashir,followingthepartialpeacedeal,hastakenseveraltentativestepstoenhancepoliticalfreedomsandpromoteanimageofopennessandtoleranceinSudan.
CAMEO0811NameEaserestrictionsonpoliticalfreedomsDescriptionRelaxorremoveadministrativerestrictionsonfundamentalpoliticalfree-domssuchasfreedomsofspeech,expression,andassembly.
ExampleTheLatvianConstitutionalCourtcancelledrestrictionsontheuseoftheRussianlanguageonnationalradioandtelevision.
CAMEO0812NameEasebanonpoliticalpartiesorpoliticiansDescriptionRelaxorremoveadministrativerestrictionsontheestablishmentoractivitiesofpoliticalpartiesorcertainpoliticians.
ExampleTheIvoryCoast'sSupremeCourtdecidedtoallowcandidateAlassaneOuat-taratoparticipateinthecountry'supcomingelections.
CAMEO0813NameEasecurfewDescriptionRelaxorremoveregulationsthatrequirepeopletobeothestreetsatagivenhour.
ExampleYugoslavialiftedanightcurfewinKosovowhere28peoplehavebeenkilledinethnicriotsthisyearandtheprovincewasreportedquietonSunday.
ExamplePresidentOmarElBashironThursdayshortenedbyonehourthenightlycurfewimposedinSudanafteraJune30couptoppledtheciviliangovern-ment.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK40CAMEO0814NameEasestateofemergencyormartiallawDescriptionRelaxorremoveemergencyregulationsthatsuspendcertaingivenrights,orrelaxorremovetemporaryrulebymilitaryauthorities.
ExampleYugoslaviaeasedemergencymeasuresonWednesdayinKosovoprovince,thesceneofethnicviolencelastMarch,asauthoritiesinCroatiacrackeddownonSerbiannationalists.
ExampleSudan'sgovernmentonSundayliftedastateofemergencyinWestDarfurStatethatwasimposedsixmonthsagoafterbloodytribalclashesthere,OmdurmanradioreportedSunday.
CAMEO082NameEasepoliticaldissentDescriptionCancel,suspend,orpostponeany(non-war)activitythatconstitutespolit-icaldissent.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforconcessionsbyoppositiongroupsinformofendingorputtingonholddemonstrations,protests,rallies,etc.
ExampleTheNigerianUnionofTeachers(NUT),theumbrellaunionforprimaryschoolteachers,announcedThursdaythatithascalledoafour-daystrikeafterdeliberationswiththeNigeriangovernment.
CAMEO083NameAccedetorequestsordemandsforpoliticalreform,notspeciedbelowDescriptionYieldbyinstitutingrequestedpoliticalchanges.
UsageNotesNotethatthiseventtypeisdierentfrom'Expressintenttoinstitutepo-liticalreform'(034)asitinvolvestheactualeventofchange—notjustitspromise.
Justlikemilitaryformsofyield,thesecouldbevoluntaryconces-sionsorinvoluntarysurrenders.
ExampleTheRwandangovernmentonThursdayaccepteddemandsfromHuturebelsthatitinitiatepoliticalreforms.
CAMEO0831NameAccedetodemandsforchangeinleadershipDescriptionYieldbyrelinquishingpoliticalpower.
UsageNotesUsethiscodewhensourcesurrenderspowerafterbeingchallengedthroughlegitimateinstitutionalchannels(e.
g.
elections)orothercoercivestrategies(e.
g.
militarycoups).
Thetargetcaneitherbethechallenger(s)orthecountryasawhole.
ExampleTuesdaytheSerbianparliamentapproveda"speciallaw"recognizingvic-toriesbyZoranDjindjic'soppositioncoalitioninNovember17municipalelectionsin14ofthe18mostimportantSerbiancities,includingBelgrade.
ExampleGeorgianPresidentEduardShevardnadzeresignedSundayastheoppositionthreatenedtostormhisresidenceinTbilisi.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK41CAMEO0832NameAccedetodemandsforchangeinpolicyDescriptionYieldbyinstitutingdemandedpolicychanges.
UsageNotesNotethedierencebetweenpolicyandinstitutionalchange;theformercanrelatetoanyissue(economic,social,etc.
)butitdoesnotchangetherulesbywhichthepoliticalsystemfunctions.
Ifanothercodewithincategory08tsthepolicyinquestionmorespecically,thatcodeshouldtakeprecedence(e.
g.
changingpolicyoneconomicsanctionsshouldbecodedas085instead).
Moreoftenthannotpoliciesthattunderthisparticularcodewillbeondomesticissues.
ExampleAspartofitsghttoeradicatepoverty,thegoverningLabourPartyhasintroducedalegally-bindingminimumrateofpayinBritainforthersttime.
CAMEO0833NameAccedetodemandsforrightsDescriptionYieldbyestablishing,providing,orrespectingpolitical,social,orotherrights.
UsageNotesAllowingrepatriationofrefugeesshouldalsobecodedhere.
Ifanothercodewithincategory08tstherightsinquestionmorespecically,thatcodeshouldtakeprecedence(e.
g.
respectingpropertyrightsbyreturningcons-catedpropertyshouldbecodedas0842instead).
ExampleTheFederalMinisterforInteriorAftabAhmadKhanSherpaoallowedoppo-sitionleaderMaulanaFazl-ur-Rehmantobringout'Shan-e-Mustafa(SAW)'Rallyafteranagreementoncarryingoutaviolencefreeprotestdemonstra-tion,accordingtothePakistaniFederalSecretaryInterior.
CAMEO0834NameAccedetodemandsforchangeininstitutions,regimeDescriptionYieldbyundertakingmajorreformsthatchangehowthepoliticalsystemfunctions.
UsageNotesChangesfromonetypeofapoliticalsystemtoanother(e.
g.
frommilitarydictatorshiptomultipartydemocracy),aswellaslesscomprehensiveinstitu-tionalchangesthatneverthelessmodifytherulesofthegame(e.
g.
politicalpartylaws,electorallaws,powersandfunctionsofdierentbranches)arecodedhere.
ExamplePresidentDosSontashasreportedlyconcededatlasttodemandsfromNa-tionalUnionfortheTotalIndependenceofAngola(UNITA)tooverhaulthejudiciary.
ExampleLt.
Gen.
ProsperAvrilresignedyesterdaytoallowHaiti'srstdemocraticelectionstotakeplace.
ExampleNoteThepoliticalchangeinthisleadismorefundamentalthanleadershipchangegiventhementionof"rst"democraticelections,whichpointstopotentialchangeintheoverallpoliticalsystem(i.
e.
democratization).
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK42CAMEO084NameReturn,release,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllactsofreleasingorreturningnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiscategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
ExampleAccordingtoazoospokespersonMalaysianauthoritieshaveinitiatedtheprocessofreturningthefourbabygorillastoNigeria,amidspeculationstheywereillegallycapturedinthewild.
CAMEO0841NameReturn,releasepersonsDescriptionReleasepeople,includingprisonersandhostages,fromdetentionorarrest.
UsageNotesFormalpardons,amnesties,commutations,andexchangesofprisonersshouldallbecodedhere.
ExamplePolishpolicetodayreleasedthecorrespondentoftheAmericannewsagencyUnitedPressInternational,whowasdetainedfor23hoursandquestionedinconnectionwithaninquiryintoallegedillegalactivities.
ExampleBosnianSerbforcesTuesdayletfreesixFrenchUNpeacekeepersheldcaptiveinsideaUNarmoredpersonnelcarriersinceFriday,aUNspokesmansaid.
CAMEO0842NameReturn,releasepropertyDescriptionReturnorreleasepreviouslycontrolled,conscatedproperty,includingland.
UsageNotesWhenconscatedpropertyorotherrightsarenotreturnedbutcompensationisprovidedinstead,thoseincidentsshouldbecodedas080.
ExampleFrenchmaritimeauthoritiestodayreleaseanimpoundedshipoperatedbytheGreenpeaceecologymovement,portocialssaid.
ExampleAnEgyptiancourtreleasedaLebanesemillionaire'sassetsofnearly19mil-liondollarsonSaturdaysixyearsaftertheywerefrozeninamajorbankscandal.
CAMEO085NameEaseeconomicsanction,boycott,orembargoDescriptionLift,relax,orlesseneconomicsanctions,boycott,embargoes,orpenalties.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodestateactivitiesthatimplyeasingoflimitationstonormaleconomicrelations.
ExampleGermanyonWednesdayliftedsanctionsagainstgoldfromSouthAfricainrecognitionofthecountry'smovestoabolishapartheid,agovernmentspokesmansaid.
ExampleTheUnitedArabEmirates(UAE)haslifteditsboycottoftradeinoilonNamibia,eectivesinceMarch31.
ExampleTheEuropeanUnionfailedWednesdaytorenewsanctionsagainstZim-babwe,withthefateofanEU-AfricasummitscheduledforAprilhanginginthebalance.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK43CAMEO086NameAllowinternationalinvolvement,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllowentryoforinterventionbyinternationalactorsnotfurtherspecied.
UsageNotesUsethefollowingsub-categorieswheneverpossible.
Thetypesofinterna-tionalinvolvementcoveredinthiscategoryrequirephysicalaccesstoterri-toriesunderthesource'scontrol.
Notethatacceptinginternationalinvolve-mentintheformofmediationiscodedunder04.
Thetargetshouldbetheinternationalactorwhoseinvolvementisallowedorreceived.
ExampleKyrgyzPrimeMinisterNikolaiTanaevreceivedamissionofobserversfromtheOSCE,informingthemindetailontheeconomicsituationofthecountry.
CAMEO0861NameReceivedeploymentofpeacekeepersDescriptionAllow,receivepeacekeepingforcesinterritoriescontrolledbythesource.
UsageNotesCodeherereporteddeploymentofpeacekeepingforces(withlocationofde-ploymentasthesource);merepromisesoragreementsbyghtingpartiesoracountrytoacceptdeploymentofpeacekeepingforcesinitsterritoriesshouldbecodedas0355,andcommitmentstoprovidepeacekeepersshouldbecodedas0334.
Thetargetforan084eventshouldbetheactorprovidingthepeacekeepers.
Notethatthiseventformisaccompaniedbythelinkedevent'Providemilitaryprotectionorpeacekeeping'(074).
ExampleArstpatchofBangladeshipeacekeepingtroopsarrivedinSierraLeoneTuesday,joining12unarmedmilitaryobserversastherstelementofan800-strongBangladeshicontingentduehere,U.
N.
ocialssaid.
ExampleNoteTwolinkedevents(0861and074)arecodedwithactorsreversed.
CAMEO0862NameReceiveinspectorsDescriptionAllow,receiveinspectorsinterritoriescontrolledbythesourceactor.
UsageNotesCodeherereporteddeploymentorarrivalofinspectors;merepromisesoragreementstoaccepttheirdeploymentshouldbecodedas0355instead.
Thetargetforan085eventshouldbetheinspectorsorthecountry/agencyprovidingthem.
Thiseventformistypicallyaccompaniedbycodeundercategory09.
ExampleTheIAEAhasdispatchedinspectorstoEsfahanUraniumConversionFacil-ities(UCF)incentralIrantomonitorresumptionofpeacefulnuclearworkattheplant.
ExampleNoteTwolinkedevents(0862and090)arecodedwithactorsreversed.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK44CAMEO0863NameAllowforhumanitarianaccessDescriptionAllowaccessto,receivehumanitarianagenciesinterritoriescontrolledbythesourceactor.
UsageNotesMerepromisestoallowsuchaccessshouldbecodedas0355.
Notethatthiseventformisaccompaniedbythelinkedevent'Providehumanitarianaid'(073)ifthetargetisthehumanitarianagency;insomecasesthetargetwouldbetheparticularareathatisgivenaccess.
ExampleHumanitarianaccessfortheDarfurregionhasimprovedsignicantlysinceSeptemberastheKhartoumgovernmenttriedtosecureinternationalfavor.
ExampleUzbekistannallyopenedtheFriendshipBridgeafterfouryearstoallowthedeliveryof1,000tonsofgrainandourtoAfghanistan,wheremillionsofpeopleareatriskofstarvationaswintersetsin,reportsaidagencies.
CAMEO087NameDe-escalatemilitaryengagement,notspeciedbelowDescriptionConcedemilitarily,stopghting,ortakemeasurestoeasemilitaryconictortensionnotfurtherspecied.
UsageNotesUsesub-categoriesformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
Notethatonlyrealmanifestationsofde-escalationarecodedhere,expressionsofintenttode-escalatearenot.
CAMEO0871NameDeclaretruce,ceasereDescriptionDeclareorobservetruceorceaseretointerruptghting.
UsageNotesAlthoughmeredeclarationsofceasere,oragreementstocommenceacease-re,donotguaranteethatmilitaryengagementisactuallyhalted,theyarestillcodedhere.
Thetargetcouldbethelocationfortheceasereortheopponent.
ExampleThepro-IranianHizbollah(PartyofGod)groupdeclaredaunilateralcease-reonWednesdayinsouthLebanonafter12daysofbattleswiththeSyrian-backedAmalmilitia.
CAMEO0872NameEasemilitaryblockadeDescriptionLessenorhaltuseofarmed(military,police,orsecurity)forcestosealoaterritorytopreventexitorentryofgoodsand/orpeople.
ExampleTheIsraeliarmyliftedFridayaday-oldblockadeonPalestinianlorriespass-ingthroughthiscrossingpointbetweentheGazaStripandtheJewishstate,ocialstoldAFP.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK45CAMEO0873NameDemobilizearmedforcesDescriptionHandoverorotherwisereduceoreliminatearms,weapons;dischargesoldiersorotherarmedpersonnel.
UsageNotesThesourceactorforthiseventisthedemobilizingparty;thetargetiseitherthepartyagainstwhomthesourcewasformerlyghtingortheactortowhomweaponryisturnedin.
ExampleOnethirdofethnicAlbanianguerrillasoperatinginMacedoniahavebeendemobilizedsincetheAugust13peaceaccordbetweenMacedonianandeth-nicAlbanianpoliticalparties,tworebelcommanderstoldAFPbyphoneSunday.
CAMEO0874NameRetreatorsurrendermilitarilyDescriptionRetreat,withdraw,yieldcontrolofalocationorterritorybypullingoutarmedforces.
UsageNotesNotethattheyieldingshouldinvolveacomprehensivemilitarydisengage-ment,atleastfromacertainareaofcontention.
ExampleFivehundredUgandanrebelssurrenderedlastweekintheeasterntowninSorotifollowinagovernmentoensiveinthearea,alocalocialsaid.
ExampleTheUnitedStatesspeededupthewithdrawalofsomeinvasionforcesfromPanamaonWednesday,butdefenceocialscautionedthatnodeadlinehadbeensetforcompleteremovalofthetroops.
ExampleBosnianSerbssaidonTuesdaytheirforceshadcompletedtheirwithdrawalfromthebeseigedBosniantownofGorazde.
2.
9INVESTIGATECAMEO090NameInvestigate,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllnon-covertinvestigationsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes091-094cannotbemade.
Alsonotethatcategory09shouldbeusedonlywheninvestigationsarebeingorhavebeencarriedout.
Investigationofhistoricalcasesshouldalsobecodedhere.
ExampleTheUnitedNationshassent21militaryandcivilianpersonneltoYugoslaviaonWednesdaytoinvestigatethefeasibilityofa10,000-memberpeacekeepingforce,aU.
N.
spokesmansaidonMonday.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK46CAMEO091NameInvestigatecrime,corruptionDescriptionQuestionorinquirecriminal(theft,killing,etc)orcorruptioncases.
ExampleJudgeAlejandroRiveraopenedfraudinvestigationsagainst28Chileangov-ernmentocialssuspectedoftakingkickbacks,thecourtsaidFriday.
ExampleAUSnationalhasbeenputunderinvestigationinItalyforherpossibleroleinriotingduringaG8summitinGenoalastmonth,Ansanewsagencyreported.
CAMEO092NameInvestigatehumanrightsabusesDescriptionInquireorsearchintohumanrightsabusessuchasrape,torture,targetedassassinations,andviolationsofbasicfreedoms.
UsageNotesInvestigationsofwarcrimesarecodedas094instead.
Allegedorpotentialperpetratorsshouldbecodedastargets.
ExampleMembersoftheAssociationofAfricanJurists,abodylinkedtotheOrgani-zationofAfricanUnity,investigatedwelfareofnearly2,000Libyans,someofwhomhavebeenheldaslongassevenyears.
ExampleIsrael'shighcourtopenedalandmarkhearingWednesdayintothelegalityofsecretinterrogationtechniquesusedagainstPalestiniandetainees.
CAMEO093NameInvestigatemilitaryactionDescriptionInquireorsearchintomilitaryactivitiessuchasviolationsofceasere,seizures,andinvasions.
UsageNotesIfmilitaryactionsinquestioninvolvepotentialhumanrightsviolationsorwarcrimesspecically,codethemas092or094instead.
Theperpetratorofthequestionablemilitaryactionshouldbecodedasthetarget.
ExampleTheCeasereViolationsCommittee(CFVC)hascompleteditsinvestigationintoanallegationbytheLiberianPeaceCouncil(LPC)thattheNPFLhadtakenoverthecityofGreenville.
CAMEO094NameInvestigatewarcrimesDescriptionInquireorinvestigatepotentialwarcrimesorlookintoallegationsofwarcrimes.
UsageNotesIfthequestionsurroundingamilitaryactionisnotspeciedtobepotentialwarcrimes,093shouldbeusedinstead.
Theperpetratorofthequestionablemilitaryactionshouldbecodedasthetarget.
ExampleCroatiaisinvestigatingallegedwarcrimesbyCroatianextremistsagainstSerbciviliansandprisonersandwillbringsuspectstotrial,aCroatianocialsaid.
ExampleSerbianmilitarypolicehavelaunchedaninvestigationintoallegedcrimescommittedbyCroatforcesagainstethnicSerbciviliansandMontenegrinprisonersofwarduringthe1991-1995Serbo-Croatianconict,thenewspaperJutarnjilistreportedThursday.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK472.
10DEMANDCAMEO100NameDemand,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAlldemandsandordersnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes101-108cannotbemade.
Notethatdemandsarestrongerormoreforcefulandpotentiallycarrymoreseriousrepercussions—althoughnotasmuchasthreats—thansimpleappeals.
Werelyprimarilyonthelanguageusedbyreporterstomakethisdistinction.
Alldemandsareverbalacts.
ExamplePoland'sparliamenthasdemandedanimmediateadmissionbyMoscowthatSovietNKVDsecurityforcesmurderedmorethan15,000captivePolishof-cersduringWorldWarTwo.
CAMEO101NameDemandmaterialcooperation,notspeciedbelowDescriptionRequire,demandthattargetengagesinsomeformofmaterialexchange.
UsageNotesUsethefollowingsub-categorieswheneverpossible.
Demandsforjudicialco-operation,suchasextraditionofcriminals,orcompliancewithrequirementsofaninvestigationarecodedhere.
ExampleFrenchPresidentJacquesChiracissuedasternreminderSaturdaytoIraqthatitmustcooperatefullywithUNinspectorsprobingsuspectsitesforweaponsofmassdestruction.
ExampleAnArgentinejudgehasorderedformerpresidentCarlosMenemtoappearOctober16forquestioninginaninvestigationofillegalarmssalestoCroatiaandEcuadorinthe1990s,courtsourcessaidWednesday.
CAMEO1011NameDemandeconomiccooperationDescriptionRequire,demandthattargetengagesineconomicexchangeorexpandssuchties.
UsageNotesUsethiscodefordemandsforeconomicactivitiessuchastradeandinvest-ment.
Demandsforprovisionofeconomicaid—notmutualexchange—arecodedas1031instead.
ExampleTheBushadministrationdeclaredTuesdaythatChinamustdropbarrierstoU.
S.
exportsorfacetaripenaltiesformaintainingunfairtradepractices.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK48CAMEO1012NameDemandmilitarycooperationDescriptionRequire,demandthattargetengagesinorexpandsmilitaryrelations.
UsageNotesUsethiscodefordemandsthattargetengagesinmilitarycooperation,suchasthroughjointexercisesorweaponsales.
Demandsforprovisionofmilitaryaid—notmutualexchange—arecodedas1032instead.
ExampleThePRConTuesdaydemandedthattheUScancelplanstosellair-to-surfaceanti-tankweaponstoTaiwantoavoid"newdamage"toUS-PRCrelations.
ExampleNoteWhiletherequestedpolicydoesnotdirectlyinvolvematerialexchangebe-tweenthesourceandthetarget,theformerisclearlydemandingcooperationonmilitaryissues.
CAMEO1013NameDemandjudicialcooperationDescriptionRequire,demandthattargetengagesinorexpandscooperationinjudicialmatters.
UsageNotesUsethiscodefordemandsthattargetengagesinjudicialcooperation,suchasthroughextraditingwantedindividuals.
ExampleAseniorBritishministerreiteratedthatLibyamusthandoverallegedbombersoftheU.
S.
airlinerasheembarkedonatriptoNorthAfricatoseekArabsupportforthedemand.
CAMEO1014NameDemandintelligencecooperationDescriptionRequire,demandthattargetexchangesintelligenceorinformation.
UsageNotesUsethiscodefordemandsthattargetengagesinintelligencecooperation,includingbutnotlimitedtotheexchangeofinformationinsecuritymatters.
ExampleTherebelKurdistanWorkers'PartyissuedadeclarationdemandingthattheTurkishgovernmentprovideinformationonthesafetyofitsleaderAbdullahOcalan.
CAMEO102NameDemandfordiplomaticcooperation(suchaspolicysupport)DescriptionRequire,demandexpansionofdiplomatictiesorcooperation.
UsageNotesThiscodereferstodemandsforexpandeddiplomatictiesandnon-tangiblesupportonparticularpolicies.
Demandsformorespecicformsofdiplo-macy,suchasmediationandnegotiationarecodedelsewherewithincategory10.
ExampleKosovoMunicipalityAssociation(AKK)ocialsdemandedsupportfromtheKosovoAssemblyinregainingcontroloverthepropertiesthatbelongedtothembefore.
ExampleGreecebluntlydemandedthatitsEuropeanCommunitypartnersrefusetorecognizetheFormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia,onGreece'snorthernborder,aslongasitkeepsthatname.
ExamplePalestinianocialsdemandedFridaythattheUnitedStatesmatchtheEu-ropeanUnion'ssupportforPalestinianstatehood.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK49CAMEO103NameDemandmaterialaid,notspeciedbelowDescriptionRequire,demandprovisionofmaterialassistancenototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiscategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
Thesourcecouldbedemandingaidforitselforonbehalfofathirdparty;ineithercase,theactorwhoisexpectedtoprovideassistanceshouldbecodedasthetarget.
ExampleTheThirdWorldWaterForumconcludedonSaturdaythattheUSandotherdevelopednationsmustallocategreaternancialresourcestohelpwiththebattleagainsttheglobalwaterandsanitationcrisis.
CAMEO1031NameDemandeconomicaidDescriptionRequire,demandprovisionofeconomicassistance.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Demandsforloansordebtreliefarealsocodedhere.
Demandsforreciprocaleconomicexchange,suchastrade,shouldbecodedas1011instead.
ExampleAccordingtoreportstheUKispushinghardfortheUSsupportitsdebtreliefplantotacklepovertyinAfrica.
CAMEO1032NameDemandmilitaryaidDescriptionRequire,demandprovisionofmilitaryassistance.
UsageNotesNotethatdemandsformilitarysecurityanddeploymentofpeacekeepersarecodedas1034instead.
CAMEO1033NameDemandhumanitarianaidDescriptionRequire,demandprovisionofhumanitarianaid.
UsageNotesDemandsbyrefugeestobeletintotheterritoriesofothercountries(whichshouldbecodedastargets)andasylumdemandsallthere.
Thesearenotnecessarilyverbalacts;refugeescouldbeactivelyseekingshelterorrefugeintargetcountriesorregions.
ExampleSome800,000IraqiKurdssoughtrefugeinGermanylastmonth.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK50CAMEO1034NameDemandmilitaryprotectionorpeacekeepingDescriptionRequire,demandthatthetargetprovidesmilitaryprotectionorpeacekeep-ingforces.
UsageNotesThesourcethatdemandspeacekeeperscoulddemandthatforitselforonbehalfofanotherparty.
ExampleEthnicAlbaniansinsouthSerbiaaredemandingaU.
N.
militarypresencetoprotectthemagainstaheavilyarmedrulingSerbminorityandpreventaBosnia-stylecivilwar,butsomeforeignmonitorsareskeptical.
ExampleTheRedCrossoperatinginIraqsaidUSandBritishforcesmustensuresecuritytoallowemergencywater,food,andmedicalsuppliestoreachtheneedy.
ExampleNoteTwoeventsarecodedduetothecompoundtarget.
CAMEO104NameDemandpoliticalreform,notspeciedbelowDescriptionRequire,demandpoliticalchangenototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoverbalandnon-threateningappeals.
Demandsthattaketheformofdemonstrations,protests,etc.
arecodedundercategory14instead.
Sourceactorscanbelocalcitizensaswellasinternationalactors;theycouldbemakingtheappealontheirownbehalforonbehalfofoth-ers.
Notethatwhentherequestedreformclearlyconstitutessomeformofconcessionoryieldingbythetarget,suchastheeasingofadministrativesanctions,amoreappropriate"Demand"codemightbefoundunder105.
ExampleAttheendofaseminaronreform,around100Arabintellectualsandac-tivistspublishedadeclarationdemandingwide-rangingpoliticalchangesintheArabworld.
CAMEO1041NameDemandleadershipchangeDescriptionRequire,demandchangeinleadershiporpower.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoverbalandnon-threateningappeals.
Demandsthattaketheformofdemonstrations,protests,etc.
arecodedundercategory14instead.
Notethateventhoughdemandsforthetargettoresignorrelinquishpowerareformsofyielding,theyarestillcodedhere.
Alsocodedemandsforelectionshere(unlesstheyarerst-timeelectionsandhenceconstitutemajorinstitutionalchange).
ExampleSunnishavedemandedthatcontroloftheInteriorMinistrybetakenawayfromShiitereligiouspartiesinthenextgovernment.
ExampleRwandanrebelsdemandedtheremovalofPresidentJuvenalHabyarimanandhisrulingpartyatthefourthroundoftalksaimedatendinga23-monthcivilwar.
ExampleFormerSocialistprimeministerAndreasPapandreoudemandedimmediateelectionsafteraspecialcourtclearedhimofallchargesinGreece'sbiggestcorruptiontrialthiscentury.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK51CAMEO1042NameDemandpolicychangeDescriptionRequire,demandchangeinanyparticularpolicy.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoverbalandnon-threateningdemands.
Demandsthattaketheformofdemonstrations,protests,etc.
arecodedundercategory14instead.
Justlikethesourceactor,thepolicyinquestioncanalsobedomesticorinternationalinnature.
Ifitisclearfromtheleadthatbydemandingcertainpolicychangesthesourceisinfactdemandingthatthetargetyieldorconcede,theeventmightbebettercodedunder105(e.
g.
demandsformilitarywithdrawalshouldbecodedas1056).
ExampleOppositiongroupsinZimbabwearedemandingthatPresidentMugabeaban-donhiscontroversialpolicyoflandconscations.
CAMEO1043NameDemandrightsDescriptionRequire,demandprovisionorexpansionofsocial,political,orotherrights.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoverbalandnon-threateningdemands.
Demandsthattaketheformofdemonstrations,protests,etc.
arecodedundercategory14instead.
Ifitisclearfromtheleadthatbydemandingcertainrightsthesourceisinfactdemandingthatthetargetyieldorconcede,theeventmightbebettercodedunder105.
Demandsforprovisionofcompensationforpreviouslyviolatedrights,forinstance,arecodedas105.
ExampleThemainHuturebelgroup,ForcesforDefenceofDemocracy(FDD),in-sistedonitsdemandsthatBurundi'sgovernmentgranttheHutumajoritymorerights.
CAMEO1044NameDemandchangeininstitutions,regimeDescriptionRequire,demandmajorinstitutional,constitutional,orregimechange.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstoverbalandnon-threateningdemands.
Demandsthattaketheformofdemonstrations,protests,etc.
arecodedundercate-gory14instead.
Institutionalchangeisdierentfrompolicychangeinthattheformerdirectlyalterstherulesofthegame.
Demandsforfundamentalchangesinthepoliticalsystem(e.
g.
democratization)aswellasmorelimitedinstitutionalchanges(e.
g.
changingelectorallaw)arecodedhere.
ExampleRwandanrebelsannouncedthatPresidentKagameandhisRwandanPatri-oticFrontmustagreetomajorconstitutionalchangesbeforetheydemobilize.
ExampleTheAlbaniansofsouthernSerbiaaredemandingpoliticalandterritorialautonomyfromSerbianauthorities.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK52CAMEO105NameDemandthattargetyield,notspeciedbelowDescriptionRequire,demandthattargetyieldsorconcedes,nototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Thesourceforthiseventtypemayormaynotbeoneoftheadversaries;athirdpartycouldalsobedemandingthatoneormoreofthepartiesinconict(whoarecodedastargets)toyield.
Whenathreatisattachedtoademandforyielding,theappropriatecodeundercategory13shouldbeusedinstead.
Also,ifaccompaniedbysomeformofprotestactivity,codesundercategory14shouldbeused.
Whenyieldingactuallytakesplace,usetheappropriatecodeundercategory08.
ExampleTheUnitedStatesonThursdaydemandedthattheDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea(DPRK)forsakeitsnuclearprogram.
ExampleNoteBecausenomilitaryengagementhasyetoccurred,thisdefaultcodeisusedinsteadof1056.
CAMEO1051NameDemandeasingofadministrativesanctionsDescriptionRequire,demandthattargetrelaxesadministrativerestrictions.
UsageNotesUsethiscodewhenagovernmentispushedtoundertakesomepoliticalchangesthatclearlyconstitutesomeformofconcessionoryielding,suchasrelaxingorremovingbans,curfews,orotherrestrictionsthatarealreadyinplace.
Demandsthattaketheformofdemonstrations,protests,etc.
arecodedundercategory14instead.
ExampleHumanrightsorganizationAmnestyInternationaldemandedthattheSu-danesegovernmentendcurbsonpressfreedom.
ExampleTheInternationalLaborOce(ILO)reiterateditsdemandtodaythatIsraeleaserestrictionsonthemovementofPalestinianworkers.
CAMEO1052NameDemandeasingofpoliticaldissentDescriptionRequire,demandthattargetstopspoliticalprotestactivities.
UsageNotesUsethiscodefordemandsthatthetargetstopengaginginprotests,demon-strations,strikes,etc.
Notethatthiscoderefersexclusivelytoverbalde-mands;ifthesourceactivelyseekstostopactivitiesthroughrepressivemea-sures,175isusedinstead.
ExampleIranianauthoritieshavebeenpressuringworkersoftheUnitedBusCompanyofTehran(Sharekat-eVahed)tocancelthestriketheyhavebeenplanningforbetterpayandworkingconditions.
CAMEO1053NameDemandreleaseofpersonsorpropertyDescriptionRequire,demandthattargetreleasespersonsorproperty.
UsageNotesUsethiscodefordemandsthatthetargetreleaseprisoners,hostages,andanyconscatedproperty.
ExampleRussiasaidonTuesdaythatSudanmustreturnaMi-26helicopterthatwascapturedbytheSudaneseauthoritieslastweek.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK53CAMEO1054NameDemandeasingofeconomicsanctions,boycott,orembargoDescriptionRequire,demandthattargetliftsoreaseseconomicsanctions,boycott,orembargo.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeonlyforeconomicsanctions,boycotts,orembargoes.
ExampleThe106thInter-ParliamentaryUnionConferencestressedtheobligationoftheinternationalcommunitytotakeimmediateactiontoliftembargoesandothersanctionswhichhavenegativelyaectedchildrenindierentpartsoftheworld.
CAMEO1055NameDemandtoallowinternationalinvolvement(non-mediation)DescriptionRequire,demandthattargetallowaccesstointernationalactors,suchasobservers,humanitarianagencies,andpeacekeepingforces.
UsageNotesDemandsforadversariestoallowmediationarecodedas108instead.
ExampleKenzoOshima,theUnitedNationsEmergencyReliefCoordinator,de-mandedpartiestotheconictinIraqtoallowhumanitarianworkersthefreedomofmovementnecessaryfordischargingtheirmandate.
CAMEO1056NameDemandde-escalationofmilitaryengagementDescriptionRequire,demandthattargetstopsghtingortakesmeasurestoeasemilitaryconictortension.
UsageNotesUsethiscodefordemandsforceaseres,militarywithdrawals,anddemobi-lization.
ExampleWashingtonalongwithitsalliesdemandedthatHamasrenounceitsarmedstruggleagainstIsrael.
ExampleEuropeanCommunityforeignministersdemandedthewithdrawalofYu-goslavfederalforcesfromBosnia-HerzogovinaonMondaycallingthemanoccupyingarmy,diplomatsquotedanECdeclarationassaying.
ExampleBosnianSerbsdemandedatrucewithMoslemforcesineastBosniabeforeallowingU.
N.
aidconveystofeedstarvingMoslemciviliansintheregion.
CAMEO106NameDemandmeeting,negotiationDescriptionRequire,orderparty(ies)tomeet,negotiate.
UsageNotesThiseventformcanbeinitiatedbyeithertheadversariesorotherthirdparties.
ExampleYugoslaviaonTuesdaydemandedameetingoftheU.
N.
SecurityCounciltodiscussCroatia'smilitaryadvanceintotheSerb-heldKrajinaregion,de-scribingitas"aseriouschallengetotheworldcommunity.
"CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK54CAMEO107NameDemandsettlingofdisputeDescriptionOrderpartiestoaconicttoreachasettlement,agreement,orresolutionofconict.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Notethatthesourceforthiseventcannotbetheadversariesthemselves.
Whenoneormorepartiestoaconictcallforendingtheconict,thatistakentobeanexpressionofintentonthepartofthatsourceactorandisthuscodedas037instead.
ExampleJackStrawsaidonFridaythattheSudanesegovernmentandtherebelsinDarfurmustreachanagreementthatstopstheconictforgoodbeforedevelopmentalassistancetotheregionisreleased.
ExampleNoteBecauseofthecompoundtarget,twoseparateeventsarecoded.
CAMEO108NameDemandmediationDescriptionRequireordemandthatathirdpartymediatesaconictorthatadversariesacceptmediationofanotherparty.
UsageNotesThiseventformisaverbalact.
Itspecicallyreferstodemandsbyac-torsotherthanpotentialmediators;eithertheadversariesoraprospectivemediatorcanbecodedasthetarget.
ExampleEgyptianPresidentHosniMubaraksaidhereWednesdaythattheUSmustbereadytomediatebetweenIsraelisandPalestiniansassoonastheIsraelielectionsofJanuary28arenalized.
2.
11DISAPPROVECAMEO110NameDisapprove,notspeciedbelowDescriptionExpressdisapprovals,objections,andcomplaintsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes111-116cannotbemade.
Disapprovalsaretypicallyverbalevents.
ExampleOnTuesday,NigerianjuniorforeignministerDubemOniyasummonedNiger'sambassadorBrahMohamanetocomplainofinactionoverthegangs.
CAMEO111NameCriticizeordenounceDescriptionCondemn,decryapolicyoranaction;criticize,defame,denigrateresponsi-bleparties.
ExampleAlbaniaonFridaydenouncedasanuglycrimeYugoslavia'ssuppressionofethnicAlbanianunrestinthesouthernYugoslavprovinceofKosovo.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK55CAMEO112NameAccuse,notspeciedbelowDescriptionCharge,blame,incriminateforallegationsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventcategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
Notethateventscodedunder112areallegationmadebyactorsanddonotinanywayimplythattheallegedeventshavetakenplace.
ExampleZimbabweanPrimeMinisterRobertMugabetodayaccusedtheUnitedStatesofrestoringtheblackmailinthenegotiationsonindependenceforNamibia.
CAMEO1121NameAccuseofcrime,corruptionDescriptionAllege,chargethetargetwith,orblameforengagingincrimeorcorruption.
ExampleOustedpresidentJean-BertrandAristidehasbeenaccusedofmisusinguptoUS$50million($73million)inpublicfunds,muchofitbelievedtohavebeenembezzled,bycurrentHaitiangovernmentocials.
CAMEO1122NameAccuseofhumanrightsabusesDescriptionAllege,chargethetargetwith,orblameforhumanrightsviolations,suchasarbitrarydetentionsforprosecutions,torture,andslavery.
ExampleHumanrightswatchdogAmnestyInternationalaccusedtheUnitedStatesofviolatinghumanrights,ignoringinternationallawandsendinga"permissivesignaltoabusivegovernments".
CAMEO1123NameAccuseofaggressionDescriptionAllege,chargethetargetwith,orblameforinitiatinghostilitiesorengaginginquestionableorunjustiablemilitaryactionssuchasviolationsofceasere.
UsageNotesIfthenatureofthemilitaryactioninquestionrelatestohumanrightsabusesorwarcrimes,theyshouldbecodedelsewherewithinthiscategory.
ExampleTheSudanesegovernmenthasaccusedDarfurrebelsofviolatingamonth-oldceasere,amemberoftheChadianteamtryingtobrokerapeacepacthassaid.
ExamplePalestiniansblamedIsraelforthebombingofRaedKarmiintheWestBankCityofTulkarm,whichhassetoarenewedwaveofviolence.
CAMEO1124NameAccuseofwarcrimesDescriptionAllege,chargethetargetwith,orblameforparticipationinwarcrimes/ExampleKosovo'sprimeministerhasbeenindictedbytheU.
N.
warcrimescourtforhisallegedpartinatrocitiesduringtheghtagainstSerbforcesandwillresign.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK56CAMEO1125NameAccuseofespionage,treasonDescriptionAllege,chargethetargetwith,orblameforspying,espionage,ortreason.
ExampleAChristianmissionaryfromCalgarywasarrestedinLebanonforcollabo-ratingwithIsrael,accordingtotheCanadianPress.
ExampleNigerianauthoritiesjailed52membersofthebannedMovementfortheActualizationoftheSovereignStateofBiafra(MASSOB)onallegationsoftreasonforplayinginayouthfootballtournamentinLagos.
CAMEO113NameRallyoppositionagainstDescriptionMobilizeotherpartiesagainstthetarget.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypically,althoughnotexclusively,averbalact.
Usethiseventformtocodeinstanceswhereoneparty(thesource)solicitsthirdpartiestoexpressdisapprovalof,protestagainst,orpunishanotherparty(thetarget).
Notethatonlydiplomaticsolicitations—notmilitarymobilizations—shouldbecodedhere.
ExampleAnocialSyriannewspapercalledThursdayonArabstouniteand"mobi-lize"againstIsraeliright-wingerArielSharon,whohasvowednottoreturntheGolanHeightstoSyriaifheiselectedprimeministerFebruary4.
ExampleArchbishopDesmondTutuonSundaycalledforsanctionsagainstNigeriainthewakeoftheexecutionofKenSaro-Wiwa.
CAMEO114NameComplainociallyDescriptionWrittenandinstitutionalizedprotests,appeals,andallpetitiondrivesandrecalls.
ExampleYugoslavialodgedanocialprotestwithAlbaniatoday,chargingitsneigh-borwithsupportingdissidentshereinwhatissaidwastantamounttoincit-ingrevolution.
ExampleLebanoncomplainedtotheUnitedNationsonTuesdayovertwoIsraeliairraidslastFridayinwhichitsaid20peoplewerekilledorwounded.
CAMEO115NameBringlawsuitagainstDescriptionSue,lecivilorcriminallawsuitatdomesticorinternationalcourts.
UsageNotesSourcemustbetheplaintiorthestate,andtargetmustbethedefendant.
ExampleASaudibusinessmanissuingtheUnitedStatesfordamagestohispharma-ceuticalplantwhichwerecausedbyamissileattackinAugust,hisAmericanlawyersaid.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK57CAMEO116NameFindguiltyorliable(legally)DescriptionFindguiltyorliableatacourtoflaw.
UsageNotesSourcemustbethecourtinquestion,whichcouldbedomesticorinterna-tional,andtargetmustbethedefendant.
Thiseventformreferstypicallytorulingsagainstnon-individuals,whereimprisonmentisnotanissue.
Whenindividualsarefoundguiltyandarethereforedetained,use173instead.
ExampleAEuropeancourtconvictedTurkeyof"inhumanacts"Thursdayforde-stroyingthehomeofaKurdishcitizeninthecountry'ssoutheast.
2.
12REJECTCAMEO120NameReject,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllrejectionsandrefusalsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes121-129cannotbemade.
Allrejectionscodedunderthiscategoryshouldimplyrefusalstocooperateoryieldinsomeway.
ExampleThePalestiniansrejectproposedIsraelichangestotheWyeRiverland-for-securitydeal,chiefPalestiniannegotiatorSaebErakatsaid.
CAMEO121NameRejectmaterialcooperation,notspeciedbelowDescriptionRefusetoengageinorexpandmaterialexchange.
UsageNotesThiscategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
Refusalstoprovideunilateralmaterialassistance—notmutualexchange—arecodedas122instead.
Notethedierencebetweenrefusingtoestablishorexpandmaterialcooperationandreducingoreliminatingexistingties(category16).
ExampleYemenhasrejectedaU.
S.
requesttointerrogatedetaineesheldaftertheescapeof23al-Qaidaprisoners,asecurityocialsaidTuesday.
CAMEO1211NameRejecteconomiccooperationDescriptionRefusetoengageinorexpandeconomicties.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforrejectionsofmutualeconomicexchange,suchastradeandinvestment;rejectiontoprovidenancialaid(orcanceldebt)iscodedas1221instead.
ExampleBangladeshhasonceagainoutrightrejectedanIndianproposalforsigningFreeTradeAgreement(FTA)withher,urgingthecounterparttosigntheproposedSouthAsiaFreeTradeAgreement(SAFTA)instead.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK58CAMEO1212NameRejectmilitarycooperationDescriptionRefusetoengageinorexpandmilitaryties.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforrejectionsofmutualmilitaryexchange;rejectiontoprovidemilitaryaidiscodedas1222instead.
ExampleSouthKoreahasrejectedNorthKorea'sconsistentdemandtoseveradecades-longmilitaryalliancewithWashington,whichkeepstroopshereunderamutualdefensepact.
CAMEO1213NameRejectjudicialcooperationDescriptionRefusetoengageinorexpandcooperationinjudicialmatters.
UsageNotesUsethiscodewhenthesourceactorrefusestocooperateinextraditionsorothermatterspertainingtolegalproceedings.
ExampleYugoslaviaonThursdayatlyrejectedanAustralianultimatumtohandoveraguardinvolvedinashootinginfrontoftheYugoslavconsulateinSydney.
CAMEO1214NameRejectintelligencecooperationDescriptionRefusetoengageinorexpandcooperationinintelligenceorinformationsharing.
UsageNotesUsethiscodewhenthesourceactorrefusestoinvestigateorshareinforma-tion.
ExampleTheUNonTuesdayimposedadefactoinformationblackoutonthewith-drawal,collectionandmonitoringofheavyweaponsaroundSarajevo.
CAMEO122NameRejectrequestordemandformaterialaid,notspeciedbelowDescriptionRefusetoextendmaterialaidnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocoderefusalstoprovidematerialassistance.
Usesub-categorieswheneverpossible.
CAMEO1221NameRejectrequestforeconomicaidDescriptionRefusetoextendnancialassistance.
ExampleBonnrejectedrecentcallsbyEastGermany'sCommunistrulersforimmedi-ateeconomicaid,sayingitwaswithholdingituntilademocratically-electedgovernmenttakesover.
CAMEO1222NameRejectrequestformilitaryaidDescriptionRefusetoextendmilitaryassistance.
ExampleTheTurkishgovernmenthasrefusedtocommittoanydirectassistancetotheUS-ledwaragainstIraq,citingdomesticopposition.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK59CAMEO1223NameRejectrequestforhumanitarianaidDescriptionRefusetoextendhumanitarianassistance.
UsageNotesRefusalstoprovideshelterorrefugeshouldalsobecodedhere.
Whensourcerefusestogranthumanitarianagenciesaccess(insteadofrefusingtoprovideassistanceitself),1245shouldbeusedinstead.
ExampleSyriasaysitwillnotacceptanymorerefugeesifwarstartsinIraq.
CAMEO1224NameRejectrequestformilitaryprotectionorpeacekeepingDescriptionRefusetoprovidepeacekeepingforcesorotherformofmilitaryprotection.
UsageNotesRefusalsbyprospectiveprovidersofprotectionandpeacekeepingshouldbecodedhere;refusalsbyadversariestograntaccesstopeacekeepersshouldbecodedas1245instead.
ExampleTheUnitedNationsonTuesdayrejectedacallforitspeacekeepingforcestobedeployedinEastTimor.
ExamplePakistan,akeyU.
S.
allyinthewaragainstterrorism,hasrefusedtodeploypeacekeepersinIraqandhasurgeditscitizenstoavoidcominghere.
CAMEO123NameRejectrequestordemandforpoliticalreform,notspeciedbelowDescriptionRefusetoinstitutepoliticalchangenototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesIfthereforminquestionclearlyconstitutessomeformofconcessionoryield-ingbythesource,suchastheeasingofexistingadministrativesanctions,amoreappropriatecodemightbefoundunder124('Refusetoyield').
Actorsrequestingthedemandorthose(thecountryorthepeople)thatwillbeaf-fectedbytherejectionshouldbecodedastargetdependingonavailabilityofinformationinthelead.
ExampleTheUSonThursdayrejectedcallsbyKoAnnan,UNsecretary-general,toadoptfar-reachingUnitedNationsreformsasacomprehensivepackage.
CAMEO1231NameRejectrequesttochangeleadershipDescriptionRefusetochangeleadershiporrelinquishpower.
UsageNotesRejectionstoresignorhandoverpower,aswellastoholdelectionsthatmightopenthewayforchangeinleadership,arecodedhere.
Notethatwhilerefusalstoundertakeotherformsofyieldingarecodedunder124,refusalstogiveuppowerarecodedhere.
ExampleVice-PresidentMoodyAworihasdeclinedtoresigndespitegrowingpressurebytheKenyaAnti-CorruptionCommisionafterhewasimplicatedinamajorscandal.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK60CAMEO1232NameRejectrequesttochangepolicyDescriptionRefusetochangeagivenpolicy.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforrefusalstoacquiescetodemandsforpolicychange—political,economic,military,social,orotherwise.
Ifthepolicychangeinquestionclearlyrepresentsaformofyielding,theappropriatecodeunder124shouldbeusedinstead.
CAMEO1233NameRejectrequestforrightsDescriptionRefusetoprovideorrespectsocial,political,economicorotherrightsandfreedoms.
UsageNotesIfitisclearfromtheleadthatbyrejectingcertainrightsthesourceisinfactrefusingtoyieldorconcede,theeventmightbebettercodedunder124.
ExampleAnkara'sCankayadistrictadministrationhasdeniedlandallocationfortheconstructionofanAlevitetemple,Cemevi,inthedistrict.
CAMEO1234NameRejectrequestforchangeininstitutions,regimeDescriptionRefusetomakefundamentalpoliticalchanges,suchasmovingfromonetypeofapoliticalsystemtoanotherandreformingpoliticalinstitutionsorkeylaws.
UsageNotesNotethedierencebetweeninstitutional/regimechangesandpolicyreforms.
ExampleInwhathasbeendescribedasapolicyu-turn,PresidentLevyMwanawasahasrenegedonhiscommitmenttotheZambianpeopleforholdingelectionsunderanewconstitution.
CAMEO124NameRefusetoyield,notspeciedbelowDescriptionRejectrequests,refuse,ordeclinetoyieldnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiscategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
CAMEO1241NameRefusetoeaseadministrativesanctionsDescriptionRejectrequests,refuseordeclinetoeaseadministrativesanctions,suchascensorship,curfew,stateofemergency,andmartiallaw.
ExampleDespitewarningsofstarvationbyhumanitarianagencies,theIsraeligovern-mentisrefusingtoliftthecurfewonPalestinianslivingintheWestBankandGaza.
CAMEO1242NameRefusetoeasepopulardissentDescriptionRejectrequests,refuse,ordeclinetoreduceorstoppoliticalprotestactivi-ties,suchasdemonstrationsandrallies.
ExampleAround1,800of2,200SerbianteacherswillnotendtheirstrikeunlesstheirdemandsforwageincreasesaremetbytextcolorblueBelgrade,aunionocialannouncedafterthreeweeksofstriking.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK61CAMEO1243NameRefusetoreleasepersonsorpropertyDescriptionRejectrequests,refuse,ordeclinetoreleaseorreturnpersonsorproperty.
UsageNotesRefusalstoreleaseorexchangeprisonersandhostages,aswellastoreturnpreviouslyconscatedproperties,arecodedhere.
ExampleTheU.
S.
saiditwouldnotmeethostage-takersdemandstoreleaseprisonersinIraq,includinganumberoffemales.
ExampleNoteInanidealscenario,theidentityofthehostage-takerswouldhavebeencodeablehere.
CAMEO1244NameRefusetoeaseeconomicsanctions,boycott,orembargoDescriptionRejectrequests,refuse,ordeclinetoreduceoreliminateeconomicsanctions,boycotts,orembargoes.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeonlyforeconomicsanctions,boycotts,orembargoes.
ExampleUSauthoritiessaidyesterdaythatremovingthesanctionsonBurmaiscur-rentlyoutofthequestionasthatwouldrewardtheregimefordoingnothing.
CAMEO1245NameRefusetoallowinternationalinvolvement(non-mediation)DescriptionRejectrequests,refuseordeclinetoallowaccesstointernationalactorssuchasobservers,humanitarianagencies,andpeacekeepingforces.
UsageNotesProspectivepeacekeepers,observers,etc.
arecodedastargets.
ExampleTheUNITAmilitaristwingrefusedtoallowUnitedNationsplanestolandandevacuate15ofitsobserverswhoweretakenhostage,theUnitedNationsObserverMissioninAngola(MONUA)said.
ExampleBeirutagainrejectedThursdayaUnitedNationsappealfordeployingarmytroopsalongitsborderswithIsrael.
CAMEO1246NameRefusetode-escalatemilitaryengagementDescriptionRejectrequests,refuse,ordeclinetostopghtingortakemeasurestoeasemilitaryconictortension.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforrejectionsofceaseres,militarywithdrawals,anddemobi-lization.
ExampleIran'sreligiousleaderAyatollahRuhollahKhomeinitodayrejectedIraqiPresidentSaddamHussein'sproposalforacease-reduringtheMoslemholymonthofRamadan.
ExampleRebelsintheIvoryCoastonWednesdaydismissedanappealfromPresidentLaurentGbagotolaydowntheirarms,sayingtheyhadlostalltrustinthegovernmenttheyroseupagainstonSeptember19.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK62CAMEO125NameRejectproposaltomeet,discuss,negotiateDescriptionRefusetomeet,discuss,ornegotiate.
UsageNotesNotethatspecicrefusalstoacceptinvolvementofmediatorsorrefusalstomeetwithmediatorsarecodedas126instead.
ExampleIsraeliPresidentMosheKatsavhasrefusedtomeetJordan'svisitingKingAbdullahIIinTelAviv,sayinghewouldonlywelcomehiminJerusalem,hisocesaidTuesday.
ExampleTheradicalPalestinianIslamicJihadmovementrejectedaninvitationtoattendameetingnextweekofPalestinianfactionstodebateplansforinde-pendencefromIsrael,thegroupsaidWednesday.
ExamplePakistanPresidentMohammadZia-Ul-HaqtodayrejectedafreshoerfromAfganistanfordirecttalksbetweenthetwoneighbors.
CAMEO126NameRejectmediationDescriptionRefuseinvolvementofmediatorsormediationinitiatives.
UsageNotesThetargetforthiseventshouldbethepotentialmediators.
ExamplePalestinianleaderYasserArafatWednesdayrejectedaUSoertohostasummitinmid-Julytohammeroutaframeworkagreementforpeacebe-tweentheIsraelisandthePalestinians.
ExampleIsraelisopposedtoFrenchmediationinpeacenegotiationswithSyria,acloseaidetoPrimeMinisterEhudBaraksaidWednesday.
CAMEO127NameRejectplan,agreementtosettledisputeDescriptionRejectaproposalorrequestforanal,comprehensivesettlement,peaceproposal,orresolution.
UsageNotesThiseventformreferstypically,althoughnotexclusively,towrittenand/orformalproposalsofcomprehensivesettlementsthatseektoresolveaconict.
Thetargetshouldbetheopponentwithwhomthesourceisinvolvedinaconict.
ExampleIvoryCoastrebelsonFridayagainrejectedawestAfricanpeaceplan,andsaidtheyalsoopposedthedeploymentofaregionalpeacekeepingforceuntiltheirpoliticaldemandsaremet.
ExampleNewlyappointedPalestinianPrimeMinisterIsmailHaniyehhasrefusedtorespondtoademandfromtheUSPresidenttoadheretointerimpeacedealsreachedwithIsrael.
CAMEO128NameDefynorms,lawDescriptionDisobey,challenge,orresistlawsornorms.
UsageNotesThiseventcategorycoversbothciviliandisobedienceandocialdeance.
ExampleTherepublicofSloveniadeedYugoslavfederalauthorityonWednesdayandwassettodeclareitsrighttosecedefromthecountry.
ExampleAnewspaperbasedinChristianeastBeiruthasviolatedabanbyGeneralMichelAounanddescribedhisrivalEliasHrawiaspresident.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK63CAMEO129NameVetoDescriptionRefusetoassentorformallyrejectlegislativeproposal,recommendation,orresolution.
ExampleTheUnitedStatesonWednesdayvetoedaSecurityCouncilresolutioncen-suringasaviolationofinternationallawitsmilitarysweepoftheNicaraguanambassador'shomeinPanamaonDecember29.
2.
13THREATENCAMEO130NameThreaten,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllthreats,coerciveorforcefulwarningswithseriouspotentialrepercussions,nototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThreatsaretypicallyverbalacts.
Thisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes131-139cannotbemade.
Whenanyconict-ualbehaviorisforecastedusingfuturetense,itistreatedasa"threat"(e.
g.
'willattack'iscodedas'Threatentoattack').
ExamplePresidentReaganhasthreatenedfurtheractionagainsttheSovietUnioninaninternationaltelevisionprogrambeamedbysatellitetomorethan50countries.
CAMEO131NameThreatennon-force,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllnon-forcethreatsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventformisaverbalact.
Itcontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
Whennon-forcethreatsareactuallycarriedoutcodes160-166shouldbeusedinstead.
Threatsofadministrativesanctions,suchasbansorcurfews,shouldbecodedunder132.
ExampleIranonTuesdaythreatenedtocutoelectricitytotheautonomousAzer-baijanirepublicofNakhichevanovernon-paymentofbills,theocialIRNAnewsagencyreported.
CAMEO1311NameThreatentoreduceorstopaidDescriptionThreatentoreduceorstopprovidingmaterialaid.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforthreatstoreduceoreliminateprovisionofmaterialassistance—economic,military,humanitarian,andpeacekeeping.
ExampleAfricanstatestodayannouncedthattheywillwithdrawtheirpeacekeepingforcefromChadunlessPresidentGoukouniOueddeiarrangedaceaserewithrebelsghtingtotopplehisgovernmentandheldelectionswithinfourmonths.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK64CAMEO1312NameThreatentoboycott,embargo,orsanctionDescriptionThreatentorestrictnormaleconomicinteractionsbyimposingsanctions,boycotts,orembargoes.
UsageNotesUsethiscodefortheimpositionofrestrictionsorrestraintsoneconomicexchange,typicallyoncommerceandsimilartransactionsasawaytoprotestorpunishthetarget.
ExampleAFrenchministerthreatenedtodaytoimposeimportrestrictionsagainstWestGermangoodstodayastheleadersofthetwocountriessoughttoeasetensionsinFranco-Germanrelations.
CAMEO1313NameThreatentoreduceorbreakrelationsDescriptionThreatentoreduceorformallyseverties.
UsageNotesNon-forcethreatstodeclareindependence,resign,withdrawdiplomats,re-duceorbreakdiplomaticties,etc.
areallcodedhere.
ExampleTheAzerbaijaniparliamentthreatenedonMondaytosecedefromtheSovietUnionunlesstheKremlinwithdrewitstroopsfromtherepublic.
ExamplePakistantodaythreatenedtobreakodiplomaticrelationswithZaireandCostaRicaovertheirtieswithIsraelontheeveofavisitherebyPalestineLiberationOrganization(PLO)ChairmanYasserArafat.
ExampleNoteBecauseofthecompoundtarget,twoeventsarecodedinthisexample.
ExamplePalestinianleaderssaidtheywouldboycottallocialcontactwiththeUnitedStates.
CAMEO132NameThreatenwithadministrativesanctions,notspeciedbelowDescriptionThreatentoimposeorexpandnon-forceadministrativerestrictionsandpenaltiesnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesUsesub-categoriesformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
ExampleGreece,likemostotherexistingmembers,planstoimposerestrictionsonitslabourmarketfornewEUmembersforatleasttwoyearsfrom1May.
CAMEO1321NameThreatenwithrestrictionsonpoliticalfreedomsDescriptionThreatentoimposeorexpandrestrictionsonfundamentalfreedoms,suchasfreedomsofspeech,expression,andassembly.
UsageNotesNotethatifathreatindicatespotentialuseofcoerciverepressivetacticsasawayofenforcingtherestrictionsinquestion,137shouldbeusedinstead.
ExampleIsraelthreatenedtobanvotinginEastJerusalemifHamas,whichadvocatesIsrael'sdestruction,ranintheelection.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK65CAMEO1322NameThreatentobanpoliticalpartiesorpoliticiansDescriptionThreatentobanpoliticalactivitiesofparticularpartiesorindividuals.
UsageNotesIfthetargetisbeingthreatenedwithimprisonmentorothermeasuresofrepression,137shouldbeusedinstead.
ExampleIsrael'sCabinetmetSundayanddecidedtoapproveaplanthatwillnotallowcandidatesfromthemilitantgroupHamasontheballotsthere.
ExamplePresidentYoweriMusevenihasthreatenedtobanUgandanoppositioncan-didatesfromparticipatingintheupcomingelections.
CAMEO1323NameThreatentoimposecurfewDescriptionThreatentoenforceadeadlinebeyondwhichinhabitantsofanareaarenotpermittedtobeonthestreetsorinpublicplaces.
ExamplePresidentLaurentGbagboannouncedonSundaythathewillextendthenight-timecurfewinAlgiersinresponsetorecentunrestwithinthecity.
ExampleNoteNotethatthefuturetenseusedintheleadimpliesathreat.
ExamplePresidentAbdelazizBouteickathreatenedtoinstituteacurfewinAlgiersinresponsetorecentunrestwithinthecity.
CAMEO1324NameThreatentoimposestateofemergencyormartiallawDescriptionThreatenwithsuspendingcertaingivenrightsorthewholeconstitutionbyimposingstateofemergencyormilitaryrule.
ExampleIraq'sinterimgovernmentannouncedthatitispreparedtoimposemar-tiallawasstreetbattlesragedincentralBaghdadbetweeninsurgentsandsecurityforces.
CAMEO133NameThreatenpoliticaldissentDescriptionThreatentomobilizeorengageinactionsofpoliticaldissentsuchasprotestdemonstrations,hungerstrikes,strikesorboycotts,physicalobstructionsintobuildingsorareas,andriots.
ExampleRadicalFrenchfarmerssaidonFridaytheywouldblockadeParisfromMon-daynighttodemandanendtotheEuropeanCommunity'sdrasticfarmreform.
ExampleDruzeinhabitantsoftheSyrianGolanHeightsthreatenedtodaytoholdageneralstrikeunlessIsraelrescindeditsannexationoftheregionwithin10days.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK66CAMEO134NameThreatentohaltnegotiationsDescriptionThreatentobreak-uporwithdrawfromdiscussion,negotiation,ormeeting.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforthreatsandwarningsbysourceactorstostopnegotiations,typicallypresentedasprotestsagainstparticularactionsorpoliciesoftargetactors.
ExampleTheSovietUnionhasthreatenedtostopnegotiationstoreducelong-rangenuclearweaponsiftheUnitedStatesgoesaheadwiththeplanneddeploy-mentofnewmedium-rangenuclearmissilesinEurope,theWashingtonPostreportedtoday.
CAMEO135NameThreatentohaltmediationDescriptionThreatentostopmediationactivities.
UsageNotesThiseventformisaverbalact.
Usethiseventformtocodethreatsandwarningsbysourceactors—mediatorsoradversaries—tostopmediatingorengaginginmediatedtalks.
ExampleTheEuropeanCommunitymayhaltmediationeortsamongYugoslavia'sfeudingrepublicsifcooperationbyallpartiesfounders,DutchForeignMin-isterHansVandenBroeksaidonTuesday.
CAMEO136NameThreatentohaltinternationalinvolvement(non-mediation)DescriptionThreatentoreduceorstopinternationalinterventionbyexpellingorwith-drawingobservers,humanitarianagencies,peacekeepers,etc.
UsageNotesThreatsbyinternationalagenciestowithdrawtheirinvolvementaswellasthreatsbyhostcountriestoexpelsuchactorsarecodedhere.
Notethatmediationrelatedthreatsarecodedas135instead.
ExampleU.
N.
Secretary-GeneralKoAnnanannouncedonMondaythathewillwith-drawweaponsinspectorsandhumanitarianworkersfromIraq.
ExampleNoteFuturetenseintheleadindicatesthreat(i.
e.
ithasnotyettakenplace).
CAMEO137NameThreatenwithrepressionDescriptionThreatendissidentswithforciblesubjugation.
UsageNotesThreatstoimprisonaswellastouseforcetoclampdownonoppositionactivitiesarecodedhere.
Notethateventhoughitmightinvolveuseofviolencebypoliceorothersecurityforces,repressionofdissidentsisdier-entfromuseofmilitaryforceagainstanotherarmedgroup;threatstousemilitaryforceortoengageinbattlearecodedunder138instead.
ExampleCairo'ssecuritychiefhaswarnedthatpolicewillnolongertolerateralliesbytheKifaya("Enough")group.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK67CAMEO138NameThreatenwithmilitaryforce,notspeciedbelowDescriptionThreatentouseforcenototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventformisaverbalactanditcontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwheneverpossible.
Moreactiveexpressionsofthreattouseforcearecodedundercategory15.
ExampleOsamabinLaden'sal-Qaedaterrornetworkhasthreatenedtodeliverdevas-tatingblowstotheUnitedStatesandIsrael,aSaudi-ownedweeklyreports.
ExampleNoteBecauseofthecompoundtarget,twoeventsarecoded.
CAMEO1381NameThreatenblockadeDescriptionThreatentoprevententryintoand/orexitfromaterritoryusingmilitarymeasures.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypicallyaverbalact.
ExampleNATOconrmedonWednesdayitwouldtightenthenavalblockadeoftherumpYugoslavstateintheAdriaticwithAlbania'shelp.
CAMEO1382NameThreatenoccupationDescriptionThreatentooccupy,seizecontrolofthewholeorpartofaterritory.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypicallyaverbalactandisdistinctfrom192,whichreferstomilitaryoccupationsthathavebeenorarebeingcarriedout.
ExampleEthnicAlbanianshavesworntoghtuntiltheygaincontrolofvillagesnearMacedonia'sborderwithKosovo,MacedonianocialssaidWednesday.
CAMEO1383NameThreatenunconventionalattackDescriptionThreatentouseunconventionalviolence,includingterroristactivities.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypicallyaverbalactandisdistinctfromunconventionalattacksthatareactuallycarriedout(category18).
ExampleTheHamasthreatenedMondaytoresumeterroristactivitiesinIsraelinanescalationoftheintifada(uprising).
CAMEO1384NameThreatenconventionalattackDescriptionThreatentoattack,useconventionalweaponsagainstaparty.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypicallyaverbalact.
ExampleIrantodaythreatenedtolaunchanewmilitaryoensiveinitsGulfwarwithIraqunlessBaghdadaccepteditsconditionsforendingthe28-month-oldconict.
ExampleIranthreatenedtoshellIraqitownstodayinretaliationforanairraidonthesoutherncityofSusangerdwhere,itsaid,100peoplewerekilled.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK68CAMEO1385NameThreatenunconventionalmassviolenceDescriptionThreatentouseforcepotentiallyaectinglargemassesofpeople,includ-ingtheuseofweaponsofmassdestruction(nuclearorchemical-biological-radiologicalattacks),massexpulsionsorkillings,aswellasethniccleansing.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypicallyaverbalact.
Usethiscodeforthreatstocarryoutactionsbestrepresentedincuecategory20.
ExampleAterrorgroupbasedinTrinidadclaimstobemanufacturingchemicalandbiologicalweaponstouseagainsttheUnitedStatesandBritain,accordingtoamediareportSunday.
ExampleNoteBecauseofthecompoundtarget,twoeventsarecoded.
CAMEO139NameGiveultimatumDescriptionGiveanalwarning,ultimatedemandororder.
UsageNotesThiseventformistypicallyaverbalact.
Useittocodenaldemands,rejec-tionofwhichcarriestheriskofsomeformofretaliationbythepartyissuingtheultimatum.
Useofthiscodedependsprimarilyontheterminologyusedbyreporters—lookfortheword'ultimatum',otherwise,itissimplyathreat.
ExamplePeruhasissuedanultimatumtoEcuadortohaltattacksacrosstheirdis-putedjungleborder.
2.
14PROTESTCAMEO140NameEngageinpoliticaldissent,notspeciedbelow.
DescriptionAllciviliandemonstrationsandothercollectiveactionscarriedoutasprotestsagainstthetargetactornototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes141-145cannotbemade.
Notethatanyformofcivilianindividualorcollec-tiveactionthatisundertakenasasymbolofsupport—ratherthanprotest—forthetargetactorshouldbecodedelsewhere(potentiallyundercategory05).
ExampleTheHomelandUnion(Conservatives)begancollectingsignaturesinpartofadrivetoconvincetheLithuanianParliamenttoamendtheconstitutionsothatsame-sexmarriagesarebanned.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK69CAMEO141NameDemonstrateorrally,notspeciedbelowDescriptionDissentcollectively,publiclyshownegativefeelingsoropinions;rally,gathertoprotestapolicy,action,oractor(s).
UsageNotesUsesub-categoriesifdemandsofprotestersareknownandcodeable.
Thetargetforthiseventformisthepartythattheprotestisdirectedagainst;thelocationofademonstrationsometimesrepresentstheidentityofthetarget.
ExampleUpto100ethnicAlbaniansdemonstratedonTuesdayintheYugoslavprovinceofKosovo,where24peoplewerekilledinnationalistriotslastMarch,Belgraderadiosaid.
CAMEO1411NameDemonstrateorrallyforleadershipchangeDescriptionDissentcollectively,gather,orrallydemandingleadershipchange.
UsageNotesTargetshouldbetheactorwhoisexpectedtorelinquishpower.
Demonstra-tionsthatdemandnewelectionsshouldalsobecodedhere.
ExampleAngryactivistsfromthedefeatedFatahPartyhavestagedralliesintheGazaStripagainsttheparty'sleaderMahmoudAbbas,sayinghemustresign.
CAMEO1412NameDemonstrateorrallyforpolicychangeDescriptionDissentcollectively,gather,orrallydemandingpolicychange.
UsageNotesUsethiscodewhendemonstratorsdemandspecicpolicychangesorun-speciedpoliticalreforms.
ExampleTensofthousandsofuniversitystudentsthroughoutIndonesiastagedmassdemonstrationsSaturdaytodemandpoliticalreformsbyPresidentSuharto'sgovernment.
CAMEO1413NameDemonstrateforrightsDescriptionDissentcollectively,gather,orrallydemandingpolitical,social,economic,orotherrights.
UsageNotesUsethiscodefordemonstrationsthatdemandnewrightsorprotesttheviolationofexistingones.
ExampleThousandsofNigeriansfromthroughoutthecountrywereconvergingThurs-dayforarallyinLagostoprotesttherightsviolationsundertherecentlyimposedSharialawbyIslamicfundamentalistsinthenortherndistricts.
CAMEO1414NameDemonstrateforchangeininstitutions,regimeDescriptionDissentcollectively,gather,orrallydemandingmajorinstitutional,consti-tutional,orregimechange.
UsageNotesNotethedierencebetweeninstitutional/constitutionalchangesandpolicyreforms.
Demonstrationsthatcallforindependenceorautonomyessentiallydemandmajorchangestothewholesystemandarehencecodedhere.
ExampleThousandsofIraqiKurdsdemonstratedinthenortherncityofKirkukonSundaycallingforindependencefromIraq,witnessessaid.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK70CAMEO142NameConducthungerstrike,notspeciedbelowDescriptionProtestbyrefusingtoeatuntilcertaindemandsaremet,notfurtherspeci-ed.
UsageNotesUsesub-categoriesifdemandsofprotestersareknownandcodeable.
Thetargetforthiseventformisthepartyagainstwhichthehungerstrikersprotest.
ExampleUpto1,000ethnicTurksbeganahungerstrikeonMondaytoprotestagainstSweden'sdecisiontosendthembacktoBulgaria,wheretheysaytheyfaceimprisonment,homelessnessandpersecution.
CAMEO1421NameConducthungerstrikeforleadershipchangeDescriptionRefusetoeatuntildemandsforleadershipchangearemet.
UsageNotesTargetshouldbetheactorwhoisexpectedtorelinquishpower.
Hungerstrikesthatdemandnewelectionsshouldalsobecodedhere.
ExampleIslamicfundamentalistscontinuedtheirhungerstriketodemandtheresig-nationofAlgerianPresidentAhmedBenBella.
CAMEO1422NameConducthungerstrikeforpolicychangeDescriptionRefusetoeatuntildemandsforpolicyreformaremet.
UsageNotesUsethiscodewhenprotestersdemandspecicpolicychangesorunspeciedpoliticalreforms.
ExampleAmemberoftheSyrianparliament,MohammedMamoun,startedahungerstrikeyesterdaytoprotestPresidentAssad'sfailuretousherinmeaningfulpoliticalreforms.
CAMEO1423NameConducthungerstrikeforrightsDescriptionRefusetoeatuntildemandsforpolitical,social,economic,orotherrightsaremet.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforhungerstrikesthatdemandnewrightsorprotestthevio-lationofexistingones.
ExampleAlgerianlandownersbeganahungerstrikeoutsideParliamenttodemandthereturnofpropertyseizedbyAlgeriangovernmentforcesinthe1970s,APSnewsagencysaid.
ExampleSalaheddineSidhoum,Algeria'sleadinghumanrightsactivist,stageda24-hourhungerstrikeinprisononSundayinprotestagainstthewidespreadhumanrightsviolationsbyAlgeriansecurityforces,hislawyersaidonTues-day.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK71CAMEO1424NameConducthungerstrikeforchangeininstitutions,regimeDescriptionRefusetoeatuntildemandsformajorinstitutional,constitutional,orregimechange.
UsageNotesNotethedierencebetweeninstitutional/constitutionalchangesandpolicyreforms.
Hungerstrikesthatcallforindependenceorautonomyessentiallydemandmajorchangestothewholesystemandarehencecodedhere.
ExampleAgroupofChenchenrefugeesarecontinuingahungerstrikeinprotestoftheRussiangovernment'srefusaltoaccepttheindependenceofChechnya.
CAMEO143NameConductstrikeorboycott,notspeciedbelowDescriptionProtestbyrefusingtoworkorcooperateuntilcertaindemandsaremet,notspeciedfurther.
UsageNotesUsesub-categoriesifdemandsofprotestersareknownandcodeable.
Thetargetforthiseventformisthepartyagainstwhichthehungerstrikersprotest.
Thiseventformdoesnotrefertomilitarystrikes,whicharecodedundercategory19instead.
ExamplePalestiniansoftheIsraeli-occupiedWestBankshunnedworkonMondaytoprotestatsettlementofSovietJewishimmigrantsonArabland.
CAMEO1431NameConductstrikeorboycottforleadershipchangeDescriptionRefusetoworkorcooperateuntildemandsforleadershipchangearemet.
UsageNotesTargetshouldbetheactorwhoisexpectedtorelinquishpower.
Strikesorboycottsthatdemandnewelectionsshouldalsobecodedhere.
ExampleThefundamentalistUmma(Nation)partyhassaiditwillboycottAlgeria'srstmulti-partyelectionsunlessthepresidentagreestostepdown.
ExampleNoteIdeallytheAlgerianpresidentwouldhavebeencodedasthetarget.
CAMEO1432NameConductstrikeorboycottforpolicychangeDescriptionRefusetoworkorcooperateuntildemandsforpolicyreformaremet.
UsageNotesUsethiscodewhenprotestersdemandspecicpolicychangesorunspeciedpoliticalreforms.
ExampleSome500,000workersaliatedwiththeSerbianWorkers'Union(SSS)stoppedworkontherstdayofanopen-endedstrikeonMondayoveracontroversialemploymentbillsignedinbySerbianLabourMinisterDraganMilovanovic.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK72CAMEO1433NameConductstrikeorboycottforrightsDescriptionRefusetoworkorcooperateuntildemandsforpolitical,social,economic,orotherrightsaremet.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforstrikesorboycottsthatdemandnewrightsorprotesttheviolationofexistingones.
ExampleSevenoppositionpartiesinNepalhaveorganizedageneralstrikethatshutdownKhatmanduinprotestoflastweek'sarrestofanumberofactivists.
CAMEO1434NameConductstrikeorboycottforchangeininstitutions,regimeDescriptionRefusetoworkorcooperateuntildemandsformajorinstitutional,consti-tutional,orregimechange.
UsageNotesNotethedierencebetweeninstitutional/constitutionalchangesandpolicyreforms.
Strikesthatcallforindependenceorautonomyessentiallydemandmajorchangestothewholesystemandarehencecodedhere.
CAMEO144NameObstructpassage,block,notspeciedbelowDescriptionProtestbyblockingentryand/orexitintobuildingorarea,nototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesUsesub-categoriesifdemandsofprotestersareknownandcodeable.
Usethiseventformtocodeprotestactivitiesthatseektodisruptroutineandnormalproceedingsbyblockingroads,buildings,etc.
Whentheblockadeinquestionincludesmilitaryforces,use191instead.
ExampleAngryFrenchpaperworkersblockedtheEuropeBridgespanningtheRhinefromFrancetoWestGermanyformorethanthreehoursbydumpingsaw-dustontheroadway,Frenchborderpolicesaid.
CAMEO1441NameObstructpassagetodemandleadershipchangeDescriptionObstructpassage,blockentry/exittodemandleadershipchange.
UsageNotesTargetshouldbetheactorwhoisexpectedtorelinquishpower.
Obstructionsthatdemandnewelectionsshouldalsobecodedhere.
ExampleAbout200supportersofformerPresidentAhmedBenBellablockedroadsinthecapitalcityofAlgiersdemandingthathebereinstatedasleaderoftheAlgeriangovernment.
ExampleRebelsintheIvoryCoastonTuesdayblockedtransportintoAbidjanastheycontinuedtheireorttooverthrowthegovernmentofPresidentLaurentGbagbo.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK73CAMEO1442NameObstructpassagetodemandpolicychangeDescriptionObstructpassage,blockentry/exittodemandpolicyreform.
UsageNotesUsethiscodewhenprotestersdemandspecicpolicychangesorunspeciedpoliticalreforms.
ExampleDemonstratorsinBaghdadblockedaroadtoshowtheirdisapprovalfortheUnitedStates'militarypolicies,anewspaperreportedTuesday.
CAMEO1443NameObstructpassagetodemandrightsDescriptionObstructpassage,blockentry/exittodemandpolitical,social,economic,orotherrights.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforobstructionsthatdemandnewrightsorprotesttheviola-tionofexistingones.
ExampleYoungAlgeriansblockedroadsleadingtothecitycentreonSundaytopresstheirdemandsforgreaterfreedomandopportunitiesfromPresidentBoute-ika'sgovernment.
CAMEO1444NameObstructpassagetodemandchangeininstitutions,regimeDescriptionObstructpassage,blockentry/exittodemandmajorinstitutional,constitu-tional,orregimechange.
UsageNotesNotethedierencebetweeninstitutional/constitutionalchangesandpolicyreforms.
Obstructionsthatcallforindependenceorautonomyessentiallydemandmajorchangestothewholesystemandarehencecodedhere.
ExampleHundredsofthousandsofpeopleblockedstreetsinHongKongindeanceofChineseauthoritiestodemanddemocraticreforms.
CAMEO145NameProtestviolently,riot,notspeciedbelowDescriptionProtestforcefully,inapotentiallydestructivemanner,notfurtherspecied.
UsageNotesUsesub-categoriesifdemandsofprotestersareknownandcodeable.
Usethiseventformtocodedemonstrationsandproteststhatturnviolent.
Whentheuseofforcetocausecasualtiesistheprimarypurpose,usecategories18,19,or20instead.
ExamplePalestinianprisonersriotedMondayatthisjailinnorthernIsrael,settingretotheirmattressesandsmashingfurniture,policesourcessaid.
CAMEO1451NameEngageinviolentprotestforleadershipchangeDescriptionProtestforcefully,inapotentiallydestructivemanner,todemandleadershipchange.
UsageNotesTargetshouldbetheactorwhoisexpectedtorelinquishpower.
Riotsthatdemandnewelectionsshouldalsobecodedhere.
ExampleEgyptiandemonstratorsriotedfollowingapeacefuldemonstrationcallingfortheimmediateremovalofPresidentHosniMubarakfromoce.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK74CAMEO1452NameEngageinviolentprotesttodemandpolicychangeDescriptionProtestforcefully,inapotentiallydestructivemanner,todemandpolicyreform.
UsageNotesUsethiscodewhenprotestersdemandspecicpolicychangesorunspeciedpoliticalreforms.
ExamplePalestinianriotsagainstIsraelimilitarypoliciesarestillcontinuingwithnoendinsight.
CAMEO1453NameEngageinviolentprotesttodemandrightsDescriptionProtestforcefully,inapotentiallydestructivemanner,todemandpolitical,social,economic,orotherrights.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforriotsthatdemandnewrightsorprotesttheviolationofexistingones.
ExamplePalestinianyouthsresortedtothrowingstonesduringdemonstrationsagainsttheallegedhumanrightsviolationsbytheIsraelimilitary,ocialssaidonThursday.
CAMEO1454NameEngageinviolentprotesttodemandchangeininstitutions,regimeDescriptionProtestforcefully,inapotentiallydestructivemanner,todemandmajorinstitutional,constitutional,orregimechange.
UsageNotesNotethedierencebetweeninstitutional/constitutionalchangesandpolicyreforms.
Riotsthatcallforindependenceorautonomyessentiallydemandmajorchangestothewholesystemandarehencecodedhere.
ExamplePrisonersriotedatajailinEastTimor'scapitalDilionMondayjoiningthousandsofdemonstratorsindemandingareferendumonindependencefromIndonesianrule,localssaid.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK752.
15EXHIBITMILITARYPOSTURECAMEO150NameExhibitmilitaryorpolicepower,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllmilitaryorpolicemovesthatfallshortoftheactualuseofforce,nototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiscategoryisdierentfromcuecategories18,19,and20,astheyrefertousesofforce,whilemilitaryposturingfallsshortofactualuseofforceandistypicallyademonstrationofmilitarycapabilitiesandreadiness.
Category15isalsodistinctfromcategory13inthatthelatterrefersmerelytothreats,istypicallyverbal,anddoesnotinvolveanyactivitythatisundertakentodemonstratemilitarypower.
Notethatsourceactorsforcodes150-153arenotnecessarilymilitariesaliatedwithstatesbutanyorganizedarmedgroups.
Targetsareactorsagainstwhomthesourcemobilizesitsmilitarycapabilitiesinathreateningmanner.
ExampleTheMacedonianarmypreparedtoresumeshellingAlbanianrebel-heldter-ritoryasattemptstoresolvethecrisisonthepoliticalfrontweredeadlocked.
CAMEO151NameIncreasepolicealertstatusDescriptionNeednewdescription.
UsageNotesNeednewusagenotes.
ExampleNEEDEXAMPLE.
CAMEO152NameIncreasemilitaryalertstatusDescriptionHeightenmilitaryreadinessandcaution;bepreparedtouseforce.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodeformalmilitaryorderstogoonalert.
Thepartyagainstwhomthemilitarymoveisdirectedisthetargetactor.
ExampleIsraelitroopsremainedonalertintheoccupiedWestBanktodaytoforestallmoreviolenceafteraweekofunprecedentedPalestiniancivilunrest.
CAMEO153NameMobilizeorincreasepolicepowerDescriptionIncreasethenumberofmilitarypersonneland/orweapons.
UsageNotesUsethiscodewhenthegovernmentmobilizespolicepowertodemonstratestrength,mostlyasascaretactic.
ExampleThegovernmentofSindhprovincehasorderedpatrolsbypoliceandparamil-itarysoldiersafterviolentprotestsbyMuslimgroups.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK76CAMEO154NameMobilizeorincreasearmedforcesDescriptionIncreasethenumberofmilitarypersonneland/orweapons.
UsageNotesThepartyagainstwhomthemilitarymoveisdirectedisthetargetactor.
ExampleIsraelhasstrengtheneditsforcesinLebanonfollowingthediscoveryofSoviet-madeKatyusharocketsinthearealastweek,militarysourcessaidtoday.
ExampleBritainmobilizedarmyreservistsforapossiblewaragainstIraqonTuesdaywhileUNarmsinspectorssaidtheyneededmoretime.
2.
16REDUCERELATIONSCAMEO160NameReducerelations,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllreductionsinnormal,routine,orcooperativerelationsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes161-166cannotbemade.
ExampleItalyannouncedasuspensionofairlinkswithYugoslaviaonWednesday,onedayafteraYugoslavarmyjetshotdownahelicoptercarryingECtrucemonitors.
CAMEO161NameReduceorbreakdiplomaticrelationsDescriptionCurtail,decrease,break,orterminatediplomaticexchange.
UsageNotesCancellationofmeetings,withdrawal,orexpulsionofdiplomatsandtermi-nationofotherdiplomaticactivities(excludingnegotiationsandmediationswhicharecodedas164and165respectively)shouldbecodedhere.
ExampleAFrenchministerhascancelledaplannedvisittoHaitiafterastateofsiegewasdeclaredintheone-timeFrenchcolony,theForeignAairsMinistrysaidonSunday.
ExampleSwitzerlandsaidtodayithadexpelledtwoSovietdiplomatsbasedinGenevaforspying,addingtoalongseriesofespionagescares.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK77CAMEO162NameReduceorstopmaterialaid,notspeciedbelowDescriptionReductionsorterminationsofaidnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventformcategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwhen-everpossible.
ExampleTheUnitedStatesannouncedWednesdayitwouldprohibitallaidtoAlba-nianrebelsinMacedoniaandwoulddenyentrytotheUnitedStatestoallindividualsunderminingstabilitythere.
ExampleRedCrossocialssuspendedaiddeliveriesinBaghdadonWednesdayaftertwooftheirvehicleswerehitbygunreandastamemberwentmissing.
CAMEO1621NameReduceorstopeconomicassistanceDescriptionDecreaseorterminateprovisionofeconomicaid.
ExampleJapansaidonTuesdayithadhaltedeconomicaidtoYugoslaviainlinewithWesterneortstoendtheghtingthere.
CAMEO1622NameReduceorstopmilitaryassistanceDescriptionDecreaseorterminateprovisionofmilitaryaid.
ExampleTheUnitedStatessuspendedpartofamilitaryaidprogramforBosniaaimedatbringingBosnianCroatandMoslemarmedforcestogetherasauniedidentity,theNewYorkTimesreportedonFriday.
CAMEO1623NameReduceorstophumanitarianassistanceDescriptionDecreaseorterminateprovisionofhumanitarianaid.
ExampleTheUnitedNationsonTuesdayreducedfoodsuppliestothebiggestCam-bodianrefugeecampinThailandbecausericewasbeingdivertedtooutsideusers,reliefocialssaid.
CAMEO163NameImposeembargo,boycott,orsanctionsDescriptionStoporrestrictcommercialorothermaterialexchangeasaformofprotestorpunishment.
ExamplePresidentBillClintonhasimposedsanctionsontheTalibanreligiousfactionthatcontrolsAfghanistanforitssupportofsuspectedterroristOsamabinLaden,theWhiteHousesaidTuesday.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK78CAMEO164NameHaltnegotiationsDescriptionTerminatediscussions,negotiations.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodefailednegotiationsandwalk-outs,aswellasotherdisruptionsofplannednegotiations.
Notethattheterminationcanbeeitherunilateralorbi/multi-lateral.
ExamplePalestiniansandIsraelisfailedtoreachagreementonthefateofPalestinianocesineastJerusalemSunday,despitehoursoftensenegotiations,sourcesonbothsidesreported.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
CAMEO165NameHaltmediationDescriptionTerminatemediationactivities.
UsageNotesThesourceforthiseventformistypicallythemediatingparty(ies).
Usethiseventformtocodefailedmediationactivities.
ExampleSyrianocerstodayendedmediationeortsbetweenrivalmilitiasinTripoliasshellscontinuedcrashingintothenorthLebaneseportandthedeathtollrosetomorethan200.
CAMEO166NameExpelorwithdraw,notspeciedbelowDescriptionTerminatethepresenceofgroupsororganizationsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesUsethiscategorytocodebothexpulsionsbyhostauthoritiesandwith-drawalsbyguestgroupsororganizations.
Notethatexpulsionsordepor-tationsofindividuals—typicallyalegalmatter—arecodedas174instead.
Massexpulsionsofpeoplesarecodedas201.
Withdrawalofhostilemili-taryforcesconstitutesaformofyieldingandisthuscodedas0874.
Whendiplomatsarewithdrawnorexpelled,use161.
CAMEO1661NameExpelorwithdrawpeacekeepersDescriptionTerminatethedeploymentorpresenceofpeacekeepingforces.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodebothexpulsionsofpeacekeepingforcesbyhostcountriesandvoluntarywithdrawalsbyactorsprovidingthepeacekeepingforces.
Notethatwhilethehostcountryshouldbecodedasthesourceactorwhencodinganexpulsionofpeacekeepingforces,theprovideroftheforcesbecomesthesourcewhencodingwithdrawals.
ExampleEightyUNpeacekeeperswereshippedoutoftheeasternBosnianenclaveofGorazdeFriday,leavingjust100UNtroopstofollowthemoutlaterthismonth.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK79CAMEO1662NameExpelorwithdrawinspectors,observersDescriptionTerminatethepresenceofinspectorsorotherobservers.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodebothexpulsionsbyhostcountriesandwith-drawalsbyprovidersofinspectorsorobservers.
ExampleNorthKoreaexpelledinspectorsoftheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency,orIAEA,fromfrozennuclearfacilitiesatYongbyonafterU.
S.
ocialsallegedthattheNorthadmittedithadauranium-basedprograminlate2002.
CAMEO1663NameExpelorwithdrawaidagenciesDescriptionTerminatethepresenceofaidagenciesorothernon-governmentalorganiza-tionshelpingcivilians.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodebothexpulsionsbyhostcountriesandwith-drawalsbyprovidersofhumanitarianaid.
Whenaidissimplyreducedorhaltedbuttheexpulsionorwithdrawaloftheproviderisnotmentioned,use1623instead.
ExampleJakartaforcedtheUNrefugeeagency,UNHCR,outofthecountryfollowingthereliefoperation,althoughithadmorethan12mofunspentdonations.
2.
17COERCECAMEO170NameCoerce,notspeciedbelowDescriptionRepression,violenceagainstcivilians,ortheirrightsorpropertiesnototh-erwisespecied.
ExampleTurkishpolicepreventedthedemonstrationstagedbystudentsatCumhuriyetUniversitynearAKPocesinSivason15OctobertoprotestthedecisionofsendingtroopstoIraq.
CAMEO171NameSeizeordamageproperty,notspeciedbelowDescriptionUseofforceagainstpropertyorviolationofpropertyrightsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventformcategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwhen-everpossible.
ExampleCroatianauthoritiesarefailingtoupholdthepropertyrightsofCroatianSerbrefugees,ahumanrightsgroupprotestedhereWednesday.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK80CAMEO1711NameConscatepropertyDescriptionUseforcetotakecontrolofsomebodyelse'sproperty,conscate,expropriate.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocoderaidsandlootingsaswellasotherconscations.
ExampleInanunprecedentedmove,PalestinianpoliceinJerichoconscatedweaponsandexplosivesfromPalestinianarmedgroups,theIsraeliarmysaidFriday.
CAMEO1712NameDestroypropertyDescriptionUseforcetodestroy,demolishproperty.
ExampleAfghanguerillasblewupthreemainelectricpowerlinesleadingintoKabullastmonthandnearlyonethirdofthecity'spowersupplyisstilldown,theCzechoslovaknewsagencyCetekareportedfromKabultoday.
ExampleJewishsettlersintheWestBankcityofHebronsetretotheocesofthePalestinianadministratorsofMuslimpropertyovernightfollowingthekillingofanIsraeliman,PalestinianresidentssaidSunday.
ExampleIsraeliarmybulldozersdemolishedPalestinianhomesandcivilianbuildingsinsouthernGazaonSunday,PalestinianocialsandUSwitnessessaid.
CAMEO172NameImposeadministrativesanctions,notspeciedbelowDescriptionFormaldecrees,laws,orpoliciesaimedatcurbingtherightsofciviliansnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventformcategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwhen-everpossible.
CAMEO1721NameImposerestrictionsonpoliticalfreedomsDescriptionViolateorimposelimitationsonfundamentalpoliticalrightssuchasfree-domsofspeech,expression,andassembly.
UsageNotesRestrictionsonmediaandactivitiesofpoliticaldissentarecodedhere.
Notethatiftheeventisabouttheactualenforcementofsuchrestrictionsthroughrepressivetactics,suchasimprisonmentsanddispersionofdemonstrations,175shouldbeusedinstead.
ExampleTheBritishgovernmentonMondayoutlawedthelargestProtestantextrem-istorganizationinNorthernIrelandbecauseofwhatitcalleditsdirectin-volvementinkillinginthestrife-tornprovince.
ExampleNicaragua'sSandinistagovernmenttodayorderedtheoppositionnewspaperLaPrensatosuspendpublicationindenitely,aspokesmanforthepapersaid.
CAMEO1722NameBanpoliticalpartiesorpoliticiansDescriptionPreventestablishmentoractivitiesofpoliticalpartiesorpoliticians.
ExamplePresidentYoweriMusevenihasbannedUgandanoppositioncandidatesfromparticipatingintheupcomingelections.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK81CAMEO1723NameImposecurfewDescriptionSetadeadlinebeyondwhichinhabitantsofanareaarenotpermittedtobeonthestreetsorinpublicplaces.
ExampleTurkishauthoritieshaveimposedacurfewinthetownofCizreinsoutheast-ernTurkeyafterademonstrationoverfraudallegationsinSunday'slocalelections,securitysourcessaidhereTuesday.
CAMEO1724NameImposestateofemergencyormartiallawDescriptionSuspendnormalconstitutionalrightsandprovisionsbyinstallingstateofemergencyormilitaryrule.
ExampleThemilitarygovernmentofPresidentProsperAvrildeclareda30-daystateofsiegeinHaitionSaturday,suspendingpartsoftheconstitutionandar-restingpoliticalopponents,aspokeswomanfortheU.
S.
embassysaid.
CAMEO173NameArrest,detainDescriptionLegalorextrajudicialarrests,detentions,orimprisonments.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeforbothcriminalandpoliticaldetentions.
Note,however,thattakingofhostagesiscodedas181instead,andchargesorlawsuitsarecodedas115.
ExampleIsraelisoldiersarrestedmorethan100PalestiniansonSaturdayinasecuritysweepoftheHebronareaoftheoccupiedWestBank,militarysourcessaid.
CAMEO174NameExpelordeportindividualsDescriptionFormalremovalorexpulsionofindividualsfromterritories,typicallyfollow-inglegalproceedings.
UsageNotesExpulsionofdiplomatsconstitutereductionofdiplomaticrelationsandshouldbecodedas'Reduceorbreakdiplomaticrelations'(161).
Expul-sionofpeacekeepers,inspectors,oraidagenciesrefertocategory166.
Masspoliticalexpulsions,withthepurposeofethniccleansingforinstance,arecodedas201instead.
ExampleGhanaianauthoritieshavedeported168LiberiansfortravelingwithoutproperdocumentsonaSwedish-registeredvessel,aportocialsaidMonday.
CAMEO175NameUserepressionDescriptionActivelyrepresscollectiveactionsofdissentbyforcingsubjugationthroughcrowdcontroltactics,arrests,etc.
UsageNotesNotethedierencebetweenrepressionofdissidentsandmilitaryengage-ments.
ExampleLiberianriotpoliceusedteargastodispersedemonstratorsprotestingelec-tionresultsinMonrovia.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK822.
18ASSAULTCAMEO180NameUseunconventionalviolence,notspeciedbelowDescriptionUseofunconventionalformsofviolencewhichdonotrequirehighlevelsoforganizationorconventionalweaponry,nototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodeuseofformsofforceandviolencethatdonotre-quirehighlevelsoforganizationtypicalofstate-militaryestablishments.
Ter-roristattacks,ifnotfurtherspecied,shouldbecodedhere.
Usethisdefaultcodealsoforuseofknives,rocksandothersuchunsophisticatedweapons.
Thisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes181-186cannotbemade.
ExampleAtemporarycampforCongoleserefugeeswasattackedbyBurundianmili-tiamenarmedwithmachetes,killingatleast156people,theUNrefugeeagencyreported.
CAMEO181NameAbduct,hijack,takehostageDescriptionKidnap,takehostage,hijack,orforciblyseizecontrolofanaircraft,car,bus,ship,etc.
ExampleAfghanrebelshavekidnappedupto16SovietcivilianadvisersfromatownbazaarandexplodedaseriesofbombsinthecapitalKabul,westerndiplo-maticsourcesinneighboringPakistansaidtoday.
CAMEO182NamePhysicallyassault,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAttackphysicalwell-beingofindividualswithouttheuseofweaponry,nototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThiseventformcategorycontainssub-formsformoredetailedcodingwhen-everpossible.
Beatingsarecodedhere.
ExampleIsraelisoldiersroutinelybeatupPalestiniandetaineesontheoccupiedWestBankwiththeknowledgeofseniorocers,acourtmartialwastoldtoday.
CAMEO1821NameSexuallyassaultDescriptionSexuallyabuse,assaultsexualintegrityofindividuals.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocoderapesandothersexualassaults.
ExampleU.
S.
borderpatrolagentssexuallyabusedillegalMexicanimmigrantswithimpunity,ahumanrightsorganizationchargedonSaturday.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK83CAMEO1822NameTortureDescriptionTorture,inictextremepainonindividuals.
UsageNotesThedistinctionbetween1822andthedefaultcode182dependprimarilyontheparticularterminologyusedbyreporters.
Thiscodeisusedtypicallywhen"torture"ismentionedinthelead.
ExampleSecurityforcesinGuineahavetorturedscoresofSierraLeoneanandLiberianrefugees,whomauthoritiesblameforaborderconict,HumanRightsWatch(HWR)saidThursday.
CAMEO1823NameKillbyphysicalassaultDescriptionKillindividualsbyphysicallyassaultingthemwithouttheuseofweaponry,throughbeating,torture,lynching,etc.
UsageNotesWhenaphysicalassault—beating,torture,lynching,etc.
–isspecicallymen-tionedtohavecauseddeath,thiscodetakesprecedenceoverothercodesforphysicalassault.
ExampleAPalestinianprisonerdiedasaresultoftorturewhileinIsraelipolicecus-tody,accordingtoareportbyapathologistsenttoIsraelbyPhysiciansforHumanRights.
CAMEO183NameConductsuicide,car,orothernon-militarybombing,notspeciedbelowDescriptionTheuseofexplosivedevicesorimprovisedexplosivesoutsideofmilitaryengagements.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwheredistinctionsamongcodes1831-1834cannotbemade.
Aerialbombingsthatinvolvetheuseofaircraftarecodedas195instead.
ExampleIrishnationalistguerrillaswoundedtwoBritishsoldiersinabombattackonThursday,policesaid.
CAMEO1831NameCarryoutsuicidebombingDescriptionCarryoutbombattackwiththeintentionofcausingowndeathaswellasothercasualties.
UsageNotesNoteveryattackthatresultsintheassailant'sdeathisnecessarilyasuicideattack;werelyontheterminologyusedbyreporterstomakethatcall—wecodebombingsassuicidebombingsifthereportidentiesitassuch.
ExampleTwoPalestiniansuicidebomberskilled23peopleaswellasthemselveslateSundaywhentheyblewthemselvesupinTelAvivinthesecond-worstattackinthecurrentPalestinianuprising,policesaid.
ExampleAtleastthreeIraqicivilianshavebeenkilledinasuicidecarbombingincentralBaghdad,Iraqipolicesaid.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK84CAMEO1832NameCarryoutvehicularbombingDescriptionBlowupacarorothervehicletocausedamagetosurroundings.
UsageNotesIfacarbombingisalsoknowntohavebeenasuicideattack,thesuicidecomponenttakesprecedenceandtheeventiscodedas1831.
ExampleAprominentanti-SyriajournalisthasbeenkilledinacarbombexplosioninaresidentialsectorofmostlyChristianeasternBeirut.
CAMEO1833NameCarryoutroadsidebombingDescriptionDetonateexplosivesontheroadsidetocausedamageandcasualtiestopassers-by.
UsageNotesThesebombsorexplosivesaretypicallyleftalongtheroadsbyassailantslongbeforetheyaredetonated,hencereportsofsuchattackscanrarelycrediblyidentifytheactorsresponsibleforplacingthoseexplosives.
Therefore,theparticularlocationsofsuchattacksaretypicallycodedassourceactors.
ExampleAroadsidebombingnearthetownofSamarraonSundaykilledoneU.
S.
soldierandwoundedtwoothers,themilitarysaid.
CAMEO1834NameCarryoutlocationbombingDescriptionTheuseofpre-placedexplosivedevice(s)withtheintentofcausingcasualtiesandor/structuraldamage.
UsageNotesThedistinguishingfactorsforthiscodearethepresenceofplacedmunitionsdetonatedeitherremotelyoraccordingtopre-setconditions(time,proxim-ity,movementofthedevice,etc.
).
Suicide,vehicularbombingcomponents,orroadsidelocationstakeprecedenceandarecoded1831,1832and1833re-spectively.
Mineeldcasualtiesandthedeploymentofminesarespecicallyexcludedfromthiscodeandarecodedas193(Fightwithsmallarmsandlightweapons)instead.
ExampleThreeUSservicemenwerekilledbyanimprovisedexplosivedeviceoutsideoftheIraqicityofBasra.
CAMEO184NameUseashumanshieldDescriptionUseciviliansasbueronthefrontlinesorinotherdangerousenvironments.
ExampleTheSriLankanarmyhasbeenholdingthousandsofTamilcivilianrefugeesashumanshieldsinthebattlezonesofthesouthernsectoroftheJanapeninsula,accordingtoapressreleasebytheLiberationTigers.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK85CAMEO185NameAttempttoassassinateDescriptionAttemptbutfailtokillpoliticallysignicantandinuentialpersons.
UsageNotesUsethiscodeonlywhenanassassinationattemptortargetedkillingisfoiled;whenassassinationsaresuccessfullycarriedout,186isusedinstead.
Thisdistinctionismadebecauseconsequencesofthesetwotypesofeventscouldbesignicantlydierent.
Thesourceofthiseventwouldideallybetheassailant;however,inmanycasesthisinformationwillnotbeavailableandthelocationoftheattackwouldbecodedasthesourceinstead.
ExampleAnattempttoassassinatedeputygovernoroftheTyumenregion,OlegChemezov,wasthwartedinKhanty-Mansiysk(Siberia),thecity'spolicereported.
ExampleMilitantsloyaltoIraq'sAl-QaedafrontmanAbuMusabal-ZarqawisaidtheyattemptedtoassassinateoutgoingPrimeMinisterIyadAllawi,inastatementpostedontheinternet.
CAMEO186NameAssassinateDescriptionKillpoliticallysignicantandinuentialpersons.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodetargetedkillingsandassassinationsofpoliticallyinuentialelitesorleaders.
ExampleHezbollahguerrillaskilledthedeputychiefofIsrael'smilitiaallyinsouthernLebanonSundaysourcesonbothsidessaid.
ExampleNoteThisexampleiscodedasanassassinationbecauseofthepositionthevictimheld(whichisexplicitlyreported).
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK862.
19FIGHTCAMEO190NameUseconventionalmilitaryforce,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllusesofconventionalforceandactsofwartypicallybyorganizedarmedgroupsnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes191-196cannotbemade.
Inadditiontounspeciedactsofghting,"killings"ofanykindwhentheweaponsusedarenotspeciedshouldalsobecodedhere.
Whennewsleadsrefertoactsofkillingthattakeplaceduringanattackorsomeformofmilitaryengagementas"murders",thoseshouldstillbecodedhere.
However,murdersingeneral—ascriminalactswithnopoliticalconnotations—arenotcodedundertheCAMEOframework.
Therstexamplebelowillustrateshowonecandierentiatebetweenthesetwodierentusesoftheverb"murder".
ExampleOneSerbpolicemanwasmurderedinanattackonapolicepatrolbyKosovoAlbaniansneartheborderwithKosovo,stateagencyTanjugreportedSun-day.
ExampleVietnameseandKampucheanforceswerebattlingforcontrolofastrategicbasenearthebordertoday,Thaimilitarysourcessaid.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsarecodedwithactorsreversed.
ExamplePalestiniangunmenattackedanIsraelivillageclosetotheWestBankSundayandkilledanIsraeli,publictelevisionreported.
CAMEO191NameImposeblockade,restrictmovementDescriptionPrevententryintoand/orexitfromaterritoryusingarmedforces.
UsageNotesNotethatthiseventformisdierentfromcode144('Obstructphysically'),whichreferstocivilianprotestactivitiesthatseektodisruptroutineandnormalproceedings.
ExampleIsraelFridayreimposedblockadesintheWestBankfollowingtheshootingdeathsoftwoIsraelisadayearlier,amilitaryspokesmanannounced.
ExampleTheSovietUnioncloseditssouthernborderswithIranandTurkeybecauseofghtingbetweenAzerbaijanisandArmenians,aneditorattheocialArmeniannewsagencysaid.
ExampleNoteDuetothecompoundtarget,twoeventsarecoded.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK87CAMEO192NameOccupyterritoryDescriptionOccupy,seizecontrolofaterritoryusingarmedforces.
ExampleVietnamese-ledforceshaveretakenastrategicvillageinWesternKampucheaaftererceghtingwithguerrillaswhooverranitlatelastmonth,Thaimilitarysourcessaidtoday.
ExampleBurmesetroopshavecapturedpartofaKarenguerrillastrongholdontheThaiborderaftervedaysofghting,ThaipoliceheresaidonMonday.
ExampleIsraeltodaymounteditslong-threatenedinvasionofSouthLebanon,plough-ingthroughtheUnitedNationslinesonthecoastofsouthofTyreandthrustingforwardinatleasttoinlandareas.
CAMEO193NameFightwithsmallarmsandlightweaponsDescriptionAttackusingsmallarmsandlightweaponssuchasries,machine-guns,andmortarshells.
UsageNotesSmallarmsincluderevolversandself-loadingpistols,riesandcarbines,sub-machineguns,assaultriesandlightmachine-guns.
Lightweaponsin-cludeheavy-machineguns,hand-heldunder-barrelandmountedgrenadelaunchers,portableanti-aircraftguns,portableanti-tankguns,recoillessri-es,portablelaunchersofanti-tankmissileandrocketsystems,portablelaunchersofanti-aircraftmissilesystem,andmortarsofcaliberslessthan100mm.
ExampleSudaneserebelsshelledthesouthernregionalcapitalJubaforthersttimeinayearonSundayandMonday,killingabout20people,reliefocialsinNairobisaid.
ExampleEgyptianpoliceopenedretodisperseMoslemfundamentalistdemonstra-torsonMondaynight,killingonepersonandarresting12,securitysourcessaid.
ExampleSerbforceskilledthreeethnicAlbaniansinagunbattleinsoutheasternSer-biaFriday,apoliticalcouncilrepresentingethnicAlbaniansintheregionsaidinremarkspublishedhereSunday.
ExampleNoteNotethatbecausethetypeofweaponusedisspecied,thiscodeisusedinsteadofthedefaultcode190.
ExampleAmineeldexplosionnearthetownofSamarrakilledtwoIraqiyouthsandwoundedveothersonSunday.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK88CAMEO194NameFightwithartilleryandtanksDescriptionAttackusingartillery,tanks,androcketre.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodemilitaryengagementsthatinvolvetheuseofgunsoflargecaliberthataretooheavytocarry,suchascannonormissilelaunchersthatarenotportable,andtanksand/orwarships.
Whenbothsmallarmsorlightweaponsandheavyweaponryareused,thiscodetakesprecedence.
ExampleVietnamese-ledforceslaunchedartillery,mortar,androcketreagainstKampucheanguerrillacampsneartheeasternThaibordertoday,killingorwounding50,Thaimilitarysourcessaid.
ExampleIsraelitanksredfourshellbombsattargetsinJericho,witnessessaid,inarareincidentintheWestBankcity.
CAMEO195NameEmployaerialweapons,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAttack,bombfromair,notspeciedbelow.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodebombingsthatinvolvetheuseofmilitaryaircraft.
Whenbothaerialandothersmalltypesofweaponsareused,thiscodetakesprecedence.
Thisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwheredistinctionsamongcodes1951-1952cannotbemade.
ExampleSovietaircraftincludinghelicoptergunshipskilled46AfghanciviliansinanattackonavillageinthewesternprovinceofHeart.
ExampleIsraelihelicoptersandtanksshelledpositionsofthePalestiniansecurityforcesandresidentialareasnearthetownofRafah.
CAMEO1951NameEmployprecision-guidedaerialmunitionsDescriptionTheuseofaerialweaponsthatutilizeinternaland/orremotesensingandguidancecontrolstostrikespecictargets.
UsageNotesThedistinctionbetween1951andthedefault195dependsonwhethertheparticularterminologyusedbyreportersisindicativeofguidedorprecisionweapons.
Theweaponsthemselvesmusthaveguidancecapabilityandshouldbedierentiatedfrom"surgicalaerialattacks"whichareotherwisecodedunderthedefault195.
ExampleBritishaircraftusingprecisionguidedmissileskilled4IraqisinanattackonasuspectedweaponssupplyinBasra.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK89CAMEO1952NameEmployremotelypilotedaerialmunitionsDescriptionTheuseofremotelypilotedorunmannedaerialplatformsforthedeliveryorordinance.
UsageNotesUsethiseventformtocodeaerialattacksthatinvolvetheuseofunmannedorremotelypilotedvehicles.
Thiscodetakesprecedenceovertheuseofprecisionguidedmunitions(1951).
ExampleRecentUSPredatorattacks,occurringaboutonceeverythreedays,havekilledatleasteighttopal-QaedaleaderssincelastJuly,accordingtoPen-tagonsources.
CAMEO196NameViolateceasereDescriptionReinitiateghtinginthemidstofaformalorinformalceasereortruce.
UsageNotesRegardlessofhowtheceasereisbrokenandwhatkindsofweaponsareused,allceasereandtruceviolationsarecodedhere.
ExampleBoththePhillippinesmilitaryandtheMoroIslamicLiberationFrontareguiltyofviolatingtheceasereagreementsignedinMarch2001,accord-ingtoagroupthatconductedsimultaneousfact-ndingmissionsinLanao,Maguindanao,andCotabatoprovinceslastweek.
ExampleNoteTworeciprocaleventsofthesametypearecoded.
2.
20ENGAGEINUNCONVENTIONALMASSVIOLENCECAMEO200NameUsemassiveunconventionalforce,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAllusesofunconventionalforcethataremeanttocausemassdestruction,casualties,andsueringnototherwisespecied.
UsageNotesThisresidualcategoryisnotcodedexceptwhendistinctionsamongcodes201-204cannotbemade.
CAMEO201NameEngageinmassexpulsionDescriptionForcelargegroupsofpeopleorpopulationsoutofsometerritory.
UsageNotesNotethatthiseventformisdierentfromexpulsionsofdiplomatsandin-ternationalornon-governmentalgroups(166),andlegaldeportations(174).
Massexpulsionscodedherearetypicallycarriedoutwiththeintentionofclearingoutaparticulargroupofpeopleoutofaspecicarea.
ExampleTheIsraeliarmyforcedoutonWednesdaymorethan1,000PalestinianrefugeesfromtheirhomesinaWestBankrefugeecampduringa48-hoursearchformilitants,residentssaid.
CHAPTER2.
VERBCODEBOOK90CAMEO202NameEngageinmasskillingsDescriptionKillasubstantialnumberofpeople,typicallywiththeintentionofriddingaterritoryofaparticulargroupofpeople.
UsageNotesPoliticallymotivatedmasskillingsandgenocidesarecodedhere,relyingprimarilyonthespecicterminologyusedbyreporterstoidentifyaneventthatinvolves"mass"killings.
ExampleSudan'sgovernmentisresponsibleformasskillingsandotheratrocitiesintheDarfurregion,accordingtoaUnitedNationsreport.
CAMEO203NameEngageinethniccleansingDescriptionUsemassexpulsionsand/ormasskillingstargetingaspecicethnicgroup.
UsageNotesWhenareportidentiesmassexpulsionsormasskillingsasbeingmotivatedbyethniccleansing,usethiscodeinstead.
Theonlywaywecancodeethniccleansingsassuchisonlyifreportersusethatparticularterminology;there-fore,wewillneedtorelyoncarefulanalysisofoureventdata,wherebywewouldfocusonparticulardyads,toreliablymeasureethniccleansings.
ExampleSerbforceswereengagedinethniccleansinginKosovoagainstthemajorityAlbanianpopulationoftheprovince,accordingtotheUSgovernment.
CAMEO204NameUseweaponsofmassdestruction,notspeciedbelowDescriptionAttackwithunconventionalweaponsthataremeanttocausemassivede-structionandcasualties.
CAMEO2041NameUsechemical,biological,orradiologicalweaponsDescriptionAttackusingchemical,biological,orradiologicalweapons.
CAMEO2042NameDetonatenuclearweaponsDescriptionAttackusingnuclearweapons.
Chapter3ACTORCODEBOOKActorandAgentdictionariesaredevelopedtosystematicallyassigncodestonames(ofindividuals,countries,identitygroups,organizations,etc.
)thatrefertosourceortargetactorsinnewsreports.
SeveralmainregionaldictionarieshavebeendevelopedwithintheframeworkoftheCAMEOprojectthataimformuchgreaterspecicityinactorcodinghoweverthemainthrustoftheactorcodingprocessistoallowcodingprojectstousevaryingdegreesofspecicitydependingupontheirneedsandtoreducetheeortnecessarytocreatecustomregionalorissueareadictionariesfromthegroundup.
Inadditiontolayingouttheformatandtherulesthatapplycommonlytothecreationofnewcodesinactorandagentdictionariesthiscodebookalsodocumentsthesharedandregion-specicactorsthatexistedinthedictionariesatthetimeofthiscodebookscompilation(aswellassomeupdatesfromsubsequentrevisions).
ItdoesnotcontainanexhaustivelistofallagentandactorcodesutilizedinthevariousKEDS/CASCADEprojectsthatmakeuseoftheCAMEOcodingschemes.
3.
1COMMONRULES,FORMAT,ANDGENERALCODESActorcodesarecomposedofaseriesofthree-charactergroups.
Thelengthofthecodegiventoanyactordependsonthenumberofthesegroupsnecessaryfortheneedsofthecodinggroup.
Additionalthree-charactergroupsbeyondtherstcanbeappendedtotheactorcodeinordertoprovidegreaterspecicityastothetypeofactor,geographiclocation,oritsfunctionandduties.
Insomeinstancesactorsmaybedeemedimportantenoughtowarrantathreecharactercodeuniquetothemselves;thiswillalwaysbethelastthreecharactersoftheactorcoding.
Someactorcodesalsorequiredate-restrictions,whichrefertoassigningmultiplecodestooneactorandputtingadaterestrictiononeachcode.
Theformatofthesecodesdonotdeviatefromtheframeworklaidoutbelowexceptfortheinclusionofspecicdates,whichindicatetheperiodsthatcorrespondtoeachofthedierentcodes.
Theneedfordaterestrictionsarisewhenthedatasetcoversalongperiodandtherolesofindividuals/groups/organizations—eventhenamesandstructuresofstates—changeduringthisspan.
Forinstance,politicalpowerfrequentlychangeshandsinIsrael,hencewecannotgivetheIsraeliLaborParty,forexample,asinglecodethatspeciesitsdomesticrole.
Therefore,wecodeitasdate-restricted,capturingwhenthepartywaspartoftheadministrationandwhenitplayedtheroleofopposition:IsraeliLaborParty[ISRGOVLBA<770622][ISRGOVLBA840814-861020][ISRGOVLBA920713-960618][ISRGOVLBA990706-010307][ISROPPLBA]91CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK92TheaboveentryindicatesthattheLaborPartyactedaspartoftheIsraeligovernmentforallofthespeciedperiodsandastheoppositionduringallothertimes.
Furthermore,duetoitsprominentroleinIsraelipolitics,thepartyisgivenitsspecialthree-charactercode(LBA),whichsetsitapartfromotheroppositiongroupsorcoalitionpartnersincasetheresearcherwishestomakethatdistinctionattheanalysisstage.
Evenstatessometimesneedtobedate-restrictedwhenpreviouslysovereignstates(orpartsofotherstates)merge(e.
g.
,EastandWestGermany,NorthandSouthYemen,andNorthandSouthVietnam)orexistingstatesbreakuptocreatemultiplenewones(e.
g.
,Yugoslavia,Czechoslovakia,andEritrea'sseparationfromEthiopia).
Forinstance,Serbiahasthefollowingcode:Serbia[YUGSRB<920427][FRYSRB920427-030204][SCGSRB030205-060605][SRB]whichindicatesthatSerbiawaspartoftheSocialistFederalRepublicofYugoslaviaupuntilitgaineditsindependencein1992,afterwhichitformedtheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(withMontenegro),whichbecamethenewstate—alooserfederation—ofSerbiaandMontenegroafterFebruary,2003.
On5June2006,theunionofSerbiaandMontenegroisdissolvedandtheyeachbecomeseparatesovereignstates.
Foramorecomprehensiveexplanationondate-restrictions,readersshouldrefertoChapterXiintheTABARIManual(availableathttp://www.
ku.
edu/keds).
3.
1.
1ActorsandAgentsTABARImakesuseoftwodierenttypesofdictionaryinordertoappropriatelycodesourcesandtargetsofeventdata.
OriginallyitmadeuseonlyofActordictionariesinwhichsingularpatternmatch-ableentriesweregivenspecicactorcodes.
Subjecttostemmingrulesandbasicpatternmatching,eachactorthatmightbeeithertargetorsourcehadtobegivenitsownentryintotheappropriateactordictionary.
Inearly2009thisprocesswasaugmentedbythecreationandadditionofAgentdictionaries.
RatherthanlistspecicactorsexplicitlytheAgentdictionariesattempttousecommonlyrecurringwordstocategorizeactorsandalleviatemuchoftheneedforthelevelofredundancyintheactordictionaries.
AnexamplewouldbetheuseofthewordadmiralinanagentdictionaryinordertoindicatethatanactorshouldbecodedwithaMILclassication.
OnceaddedtotheMILagentdictionaryTABARIwillautomaticallyclassifyanactorasMILupondetectingadmiralaspartofthesourceortargetname(thisissubjecttobeingoverriddenbyspecicentriesintheactordictionariessuchthatanindividualofadmiralrankthatisservinginanon-militarycapacitywouldnotcodeasMIL).
TheinteractionbetweenagentsandactorsAtthispointactorentriestakeprecedenceoveragententriesastheactorcodingsarepresumedtobemorespecic.
Notethatincaseswheretheagentandactorcodingswouldresultinduplicationofclassicationstheduplicateisignored.
ThereforeifantrimisintheactordictionarycodingasUSAMILandadmiralisintheagentdictionary(codingasMIL)thenTABARIonseeingtheactoradmiralantrimwillcodetheresultingasUSAMILandNOTUSAMILMIL.
AtthispointTABARIalsodoesnotcombineagentcodingsandthesemustbeexplicitlydesignatedineithertheactororagentdictionaries.
Forexamplewhilebothstudent(codingasEDU)anddissident(codingasOPP)maybepresentinagentdictionariesTABARIwillnotreadstudentdissidentasEDUOPP.
Insteadthismustbeexplicitlyprovidedintheagentdictionary.
Thiswasdonetoavoidsituationsinwhichstudentdissidentanddissidentstudentwouldcodedierently(EDUOPPandOPPEDUrespectively).
ImplementationofahierarchialsystemforcombiningmultipleagentsintoasingleactorcodingmaybepartoffutureimplementationsofTABARIasafurthereorttocutdownontheneedforseeminglyredundantdictionaryentries.
CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK93Codingofanyactorfollowstwobasicrules.
Therstistoproceedfromthegeneraltothespecicandthesecondistomaintainaconsistentpatterninchoosingthehierarchialplacementofappropriatethreeletterclassications.
AllactorcodesinTABARIarecombinationsofthreeletterclassicationsthatcanindicateavarietyofcharacteristicsabouttheactor.
Takentogethertheyare,ineect,acodedsnapshotoftheinformationrelevantaboutthatactortotheparticularcodingprojectbeingundertaken.
Threeletterclassicationscanbeindicativeofanumberofdif-ferentcharacteristicsincludingbutnotlimitedto:primarycountry,international,ortransnationalaliation;geographicsub-orsupra-region;religious/ethnicidentity;and/orprimary,secondary,andtertiaryrolecodes.
3.
1.
2FirstThree-CharactersTherstthreecharacterclassicationforanyactorisnecessarilythemostgeneralbutalsoformsthebasisforthemostbasicofdataaggregation,distinguishingstateactorsfromothertypesofinternationalactors(suchasethnicgroupsorinternationalorganizations).
Theinitialthreechar-actercodeforanyactorwillcorrespondtooneofthefollowing:a)statecodeb)ethnic/religiouscodec)international/transnationalcoded)geographicregioncodeeachoftheseisdescribedinfurtherdetailbelow.
A.
CountryCodesInthecaseofdomesticactors—actorsassociatedwithspeciccountries—therstthreechar-actersindicatetherespectivecountries.
TheUnitedNationslistofstandardthree-lettercountrycodesareusedtoidentifycountries.
Thecurrentlist,aswellasalistofchangedandaddedcodes,canbefoundattheUNwebsite(http://unstats.
un.
org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.
htm).
AlistofUNcountrycodesisalsopresentedinTable3.
15.
B.
Religious/EthnicIdentityCodesTypicallyindividualsactingintheirowncapacitiesoronbehalfoftheircountriesaregiventhecodesthatcorrespondtotheirrespectivecountries.
However,someethnicandreligiousidentitygroupsarenotassociatedexclusivelywithparticularcountries.
Thesegroups,andhenceindivid-ualsassociatedprimarilywiththesegroups,areassignedtheirownspecialcodes.
Forexample,AlbaniansliveinandaresignicantactorsnotonlyinthestateofAlbaniabutinotherBalkancountriesaswell;therefore,whennewsreportsspecicallymentionethnicAlbaniansandnotthestateofAlbania,wedistinguishbetweenthetwobyassigningthecodeABNasopposedtoALB,whichcorrespondstoAlbania.
Thesespecialidentitycodesaredocumentedintheirrespectiveregionalsectionsinthiscodebook.
Inadditiontothespecialidentitycodes,therearealsocodesformoreuniversalreligiousgroups,suchasCHRforChristian,CHRMRNforMaroniteChristian,MOSforMuslim,andMOSSUNforSunniMuslim.
SeeTable3.
2foralistofthesereligiousgroupcodes.
Sincethelevelofspecicityforreligiousactorsishighlydependentupontheboundsofagivenstudytwoseparatereligiousactordictionariesexist.
Onemaintainsonlythemostbroadcategoriesofreligiousactors(CHR,MOS,HINetc.
)andthesecondprovidesthecodesforsubgroupswithinthoseheadings(CHRPRO,CHRJHW,MOSSHI,MOSSUNetc.
).
Coderscanuseeitherdictionarydependingonthelevelofdistinctiontheyrequire.
Bothreligiousactordictionariesalsoincludeentriesforavarietyofwordsthatcanserveasagentsdenotingeitheragenericreligiousactor(inwhichcasetheRELcodeisCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK94applied)oraspecicreligiousgroup.
Foralistoftheseagents,codersshouldrefertotheactualdictionaries.
Notethatthesereligiousandethnicidentitycodesareusedastherstthree-charactersonlywhentheactorinquestionisnotspecicallyidentiedwithacountryinthenewslead.
Otherwise,theybecomethesecondthree-characters(i.
e.
,suxestocountrycodes).
Forexample,"Kurds"arecodedasKUR,while"IraqiKurds"arecodedasIRQKUR.
CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK95Table3.
1:UnitedNationsCountryCodesCountryUNCodeAfghanistanAFGAlandIslandsALAAlbaniaALBAlgeriaDZAAmericanSamoaASMAndorraANDAngolaAGOAnguillaAIAAntiguaandBarbudaATGArgentinaARGArmeniaARMArubaABWAustraliaAUSAustriaAUTAzerbaijanAZEBahamasBHSBahrainBHRBangladeshBGDBarbadosBRBBelarusBLRBelgiumBELBelizeBLZBeninBENBermudaBMUBhutanBTNBoliviaBOLBosniaandHerzegovinaBIHBotswanaBWABrazilBRABritishVirginIslandsVGBBruneiDarussalamBRNBulgariaBGRBurkinaFasoBFABurundiBDICambodiaKHMCameroonCMRCanadaCANCapeVerdeCPVCaymanIslandsCYMCentralAfricanRepublicCAFChadTCDChileCHLChinaCHNColumbiaCOLContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK96CountryUNCodeComorosCOMCongo,DemocraticR.
ofthe(Kinshasa)CODCongo,People'sR.
ofthe(Brazzaville)COGCookIslandsCOKCostaRicaCRICted'Ivoire(IvoryCoast)CIVCroatiaHRVCubaCUBCyprusCYPCzechRepublicCZEDenmarkDNKDjiboutiDJIDominicaDMADominicanRepublicDOMEastTimor(Timor-Leste)TMPEcuadorECUEgyptEGYElSalvadorSLVEquatorialGuineaGNQEritreaERIEstoniaESTEthiopiaETHFaeroeIslandsFROFalklandIslands(Malvinas)FLKFijiFJIFinlandFINFranceFRAFrenchGuianaGUFFrenchPolynesiaPYFGabonGABGambiaGMBGeorgiaGEOGermanyDEUGhanaGHAGibraltarGIBGreeceGRCGreenlandGRLGrenadaGRDGuadeloupeGLPGuamGUMGuatemalaGTMGuineaGINGuinea-BissauGNBGuyanaGUYHaitiHTIHolySee(VaticanCity)VATContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK97CountryUNCodeHondurasHNDHongKongSpecialAdm.
RegionofChinaHKGHungaryHUNIcelandISLIndiaINDIndonesiaIDNIranIRNIraqIRQIrelandIRLIsleofManIMYIsraelISRItalyITAJamaicaJAMJapanJPNJordanJORKazakhstanKAZKenyaKENKiribatiKIRKorea,DemocraticPeople'sR.
(Pyongyang)PRKKorea,Republicof(Seoul)KORKuwaitKWTKyrgyzstanKGZLaosLAOLatviaLVALebanonLBNLesothoLSOLiberiaLBRLibyaLBYLiechtensteinLIELithuaniaLTULuxembourgLUXMacaoSpecialAdm.
RegionofChinaMACMacedoniaMKDMadagascarMDGMalawiMWIMalaysiaMYSMaldivesMDVMaliMLIMaltaMLTMarshallIslandsMHLMartiniqueMTQMauritaniaMRTMauritiusMUSMayotteMYTMexicoMEXMicronesiaFSMContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK98CountryUNCodeMoldovaMDAMonacoMCOMongoliaMNGMontenegroMTNMontserratMSRMoroccoMARMozambiqueMOZMyanmarMMRNamibiaNAMNauruNRUNepalNPLNetherlandsNLDNetherlandsAntillesANTNewCaledoniaNCLNewZealandNZLNicaraguaNICNigerNERNigeriaNGANiueNIUNorfolkIslandNFKNorthernMarianaIslandsMNPNorwayNOROccupiedPalestinianTerritoryPSEOmanOMNPakistanPAKPalauPLWPanamaPANPapuaNewGuineaPNGParaguayPRYPeruPERPhilippinesPHLPitcairnPCNPolandPOLPortugalPRTPuertoRicoPRIQatarQATRunionREURomaniaROMRussiaRUSRwandaRWASaintHelenaSHNSaintKitts-NevisKNASaintLuciaLCASaintPierreandMiquelonSPMSaintVincentandtheGrenadinesVCTSamoaWSMContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK99CountryUNCodeSanMarinoSMRSaoTomeandPrincipeSTPSaudiArabiaSAUSenegalSENSerbiaSRBSeychellesSYCSierraLeoneSLESingaporeSGPSlovakiaSVKSloveniaSVNSolomonIslandsSLBSomaliaSOMSouthAfricaZAFSpainESPSriLankaLKASudanSDNSurinameSURSvalbardandJanMayenIslandsSJMSwazilandSWZSwedenSWESwitzerlandCHESyriaSYRTajikistanTJKTanzaniaTZAThailandTHATogoTGOTokelauTKLTongaTONTrinidadandTobagoTTOTunisiaTUNTurkeyTURTurkmenistanTKMTurksandCaicosIslandsTCATuvaluTUVUgandaUGAUkraineUKRUnitedArabEmiratesAREUnitedKingdomGBRUnitedStatesUSAUnitedStatesVirginIslandsVIRUruguayURYUzbekistanUZBVanuatuVUTVenezuelaVENVietNamVNMWallisandFutunaIslandsWLFContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK100CountryUNCodeWesternSaharaESHYemenYEMZambiaZMBZimbabweZWEC.
GenericInternational/TransnationalActorCodesDierentgenericcodesareusedtodierentiatebetweenvariouskindsofinternationalandtransnationalactors.
IGO(internationalgovernmentalorganization),IMG(internationalmilita-rizedgroup),NGO(non-governmentalorganization),NGM(non-governmentalmovement),andMNC(multi-nationalcorporation)arethesegenericcodes.
Thesegenericcodescaneitherbeusedontheirownorastherstthreecharactersofmoredetailedcodes.
Someinternational/transnationalactorsgettheirownspecialthreecharactercodes(e.
g.
UNOfortheUnitedNations,AMNforAmnestyInternational,IRCfortheRedCross),whicharenotusedontheirownbutassuxestothesegenericactorcodes(i.
e.
IGOUNO,NGOAMN,NGOIRC).
Asanexception,wealsohaveasix-charactergenericcodeusedforpeacekeepingforceswhentheparticularorganizationalaliationisnotknown:IGOPKO.
Thiscodeisassignedevenwhenthenationalidentityofthepeacekeepersinquestionisspecied.
Hence,forinstance,"Senegalesepeacekeepers"arecodedasIGOPKOsincetheyoperateaspartofaninter-governmentalorgani-zationandtheymightberepresentingtheUnitedNationsorECOWAS.
Insomecases,actorsareprimarilytransnational/internationalinnature,yettheircountryaliationsarealsoknown;codershavetheoptionofincludingthisinformationbyattachingcountrycodestothegenerictransnational/internationalcodes.
Thiscouldbeparticularlyvaluableif,giventheresearchagenda,thecountrydistinctionbecomeskeyattheanalysisstage.
(Forexample,actorswithcodesNGOUSA,NGMUSA,andMNCUSA,forinstance,canthenallbecombinedwithotherUSAactorsatthisstage,whilestillpreservingthefullcodes/informationinthedictionariesforalternativegroupings.
)(Seesections2Dand2E.
)Inaddition,wehavethecodeUIS(unidentiedstateactor),whichisusedwhenanactorisknowntobeacountryorgovernment—oritisknowntoactonbehalfofacountryorstate—buttheidentityoftheparticularcountryisnotrevealedinthereport(e.
g.
"foreigndiplomat").
UISistypicallyusedasathree-lettercodeonitsown.
TheIMGcodeismeanttobeabletodistinguishthosenon-governmentalgroups,organizations,andmovementsontheinternationalorregionallevelforwhommilitarizedoperationsaretheirprimarymeansofinteractingwithintheinternationalsystem.
CodersshouldbesurehowevertodistinguishbetweenthesekindsofactorsandthoseassignedasecondaryrolecodeofCRM(seesection3.
1.
2).
WhileCRMactorsmayutilizeviolentoperations,theyprimarilyexistforthepurposeofachievingmonetaryprotandnotfortheachievementofpoliticalaimsthroughviolenteorts.
ThedistinctionbetweenNGOandNGMismeanttocapturethetheoreticaldierencebe-tweenwell-structured,formalnon-governmentalorganizationsandanomicornon-associationalso-cialmovements.
Althoughinmanyinstancesthelinedividingthetwowillbefuzzy,webelievethatthedistinctionistheoreticallyimportantenough-itmightbemoreimportantforsomeresearchquestionsthanothers-towarranthavingseparatecodes.
Greenpeace,forinstance,isoneofthosedicultcases:althoughitistypicallythoughttobeanNGO,itactuallyfunctionsmoreasalooseandinformalmovementwithsomemoreformalorganizations,suchastheGreenpeaceFoundationandGreenpeaceUSA,associatedwithit.
CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK101Sometimesnewsarticlesrefertounnamedactorssuchas"humanrightsadvocates,""anti-WTOprotesters,"and"supportersofPalestine;"theseactorsarebestcodedasNGMssincetheyclearlybelongtosomenon-governmentalcollectiveeortbut,atthesametime,arenotexplicitlyassociatedwithspecicorganizations.
"Aidworkers,"ontheotherhand,arecodedasNGOssinceparticipationinaiddistributiongenerallyrequiresbeingpartofanorganizedgroupwiththenecessaryresourcestodistributematerialassistance—eveniftheidentityofthegroupisnotspeciedinthenewslead.
Ifaninternational/transnationalactorcannotbecategorizedasIGO,IMG,UIS,NGO,NGM,orMNCforwhateverreason,INTcanbeusedasthelast-resort,catch-allcode.
Table3.
4illustrateswhatthesegenericcodesrefertoandtheirusagewithexamples.
Notethatsomeoftheseexamplesaresimplyassignedthethreecharactergenericcodes,whileothersarefurtherspeciedwiththeirownspecialsuxes.
Insomecasesthisdependsonhowspecicthereportiswithrespecttotheidentityoftheactor.
However,thelevelofspecicitycouldalsovaryfromprojecttoproject,dependingonwhatkindsofactorsareimportantgiventheresearchquestion,andhence,howmuchinformationcoderswanttoretaininthecodeforeachactor.
D.
GeographicRegionCodesSometimesnewsreportsdonotspecifyagroupofcountriesseparatelyandinsteadrefertothemusingthegeneralgeographicalregiontheyareassociatedwith,suchasLatinAmerica(LAM),theMiddleEast(MEA),EasternEurope(EEU),etc.
Insuchcases,whereexactidenticationofthecountriesinvolvedisnotpossible,internationalregioncodeslaidoutinTable3.
5canbeusedastherstthreecharacters,whichthentypicallyconstitutestheentirecode.
CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK102Table3.
2:MainReligiousGroupCodesReligiousGroupCodeUnspeciedReligiousRELAgnostic/AtheistATHAlewiMOSALEAnimist/PaganPAGBahaiBAHBuddhistBUDChristianCHRCatholicCHRCTHCopticCHRCPTJehovah'sWitnessesCHRJHWLatterDaySaintsCHRLDSMaroniteCHRMRNOrthodoxChristianCHRDOXProtestantCHRPROConfucianCONHinduHINJainJANJewJEWHasidicJEWHSDOrthodox/Ultra-OrthodoxJewJEWUDXMuslimMOSDruzeMOSDRZShi'aMOSSHISuMOSSFISunniMOSSUNTaoistTAOZoroastrianZROCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK103Table3.
3:MainEthnicGroupCodesEthnicGroupCodeAlbanianABNArabARBCroatCROGypsyGYPHausaHAUIboIBOIjawsIJWKrahnKRHKurdKURMandingoeMANOgoniOGOSerbSERSlavSLVTamilTAMTurkTRKUighurUIGYorubaYRBCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK104Table3.
4:International/TransnationalGenericCodesGenericActorTypeExampleFullCodeCodeIGOInternationalorregional"theUnitedNations"IGOUNOInter-governmentalorganization"WorldTradeOrganization"IGOWTOIMGInternationalorregional"al-Qaeda"IMGMOSALQInternationalMilitarizedGroups"AbuSayaaf"IMGSEAMOSASFINTInternationalortransnationalactors"internationalenvoy"INTwhocannotbefurtherspeciedas"internationalobserver"INTIGO,UIS,NGO,NGM,orMNC"worldcommunity"INTMNCMulti-nationalcorporations"Halliburton"MNC"multinationalrm"MNC"Shelloilcompany"MNCNGMNon-governmentalmovements"Greenpeace"NGMGRP"anti-WTOactivists"NGM"humanrightsadvocate"NGMNGONon-governmentalorganizations"aidworker"NGO"AmnestyInternational"NGOAMN"RedCross"NGOIRCUISUnidentiedstateactors"foreigndiplomat"UIS"worldgovernments"UISCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK105Table3.
5:InternationalRegionCodesRegionCodeAfricaAFRBalkansBLKCaribbeanCRBCaucasusCAUCentralAfricaCFRCentralAsiaCASCentralEuropeCEUEastIndiesEINEasternAfricaEAFEasternEuropeEEUEuropeEURLatinAmericaLAMMiddleEastMEAMediterraneanMDTNorthAfricaNAFNorthAmericaNMRPersianGulfPGSScandinaviaSCNSouthAmericaSAMSouthAsiaSASSoutheastAsiaSEASouthernAfricaSAFWestAfricaWAF"theWest"WSTCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK1063.
1.
3SubsequentThree-CharacterCodesWhileprevioussectiondetailedtheappropriatecodingfortheinitialthreecharacterdesignationofanygivenactorthefollowingprovidesguidanceonusingtheactorandagentdictionariesforanyadditionalthreecharacterdesignationsthatmaybeofusetothecoders.
Thisinformationcanbeanymannerofdetailincludinggreaterspecicityingeographicregion,religiousorethnicdistinction,typeoffunctionperformedetc.
Thelevelofspecicityrequiredisdependentonthecodingtask.
ForsomestudiesaregionaldistinctiontoindicatethegovernorofaterritoryinRussiamaynotbenecessarybutthefactthatthisgovernorisMoslemmightbe.
AcompletecodingfortheactormightbeRUSCHEMOSGOV:RUSbeingtheprimaryactoridenticationbasedonpoliticalgeography,CHEindicatingamorespecicgeographicregion—Chechnya,MOSfurtherindicatingthattheactorinquestionisMoslem,andGOVindicatinghisroleasarepresentativeoftheRussiangovernment.
However,dependingontheneedsofthestudytheactorcouldbecodedsimplyasRUSGOViftheotherinformationisnotconsideredrelevant.
Asindicatedpreviouslyactorcodesfollowingtheirinitialthreecharacterdesignationfollowtwobasicrules.
Therstisthatactorcodingshouldproceedfromthegeneraltothespecic.
Thesecondisthatwheneverpossiblethefollowinghierarchyshouldbemaintained.
1)GeographicSub-region2)ReligiousorEthnicdesignation3)Primaryrolecodes4)Secondaryrolecodes5)Tertiaryrolecodes6)SpecicactorcodeNoteveryactorwillhaveeachofthesecategories(andsomemayhavemultipledesignationswithinsomecategories)butthisprovidesthecoderwithaclearerpathofhowanactor'scodingschemeshouldbreakdownandensuressomelevelofconsistencyacrossstudies.
A.
GenericDomesticActor/RoleCodesGenericdomesticcodesareassignedtoactorsinordertoindicatetheirrolesandstatuses,whenknownandrelevant,withintheirrespectivecountries(seeTable3.
6.
Thesecodes–suchasGOVforgovernment,OPPforopposition,andREBforarmedandviolent(non-state)groups–areappendedtotheinitial(usuallythreeorsix—butsometimeslonger)charactercoding.
IncaseofREB,notethatassociationwithaparticularstate(forinstance,LBNREB,ISRREB,etc.
)doesnotnecessarilyindicateviolentoppositionagainstthatstate,butonlythatthegroupislocatedandoperatesfromthegivencountry.
AcomprehensivelistofthesegenericrolecodescanbefoundinTable3.
6.
Wemakeacrucialdistinctionbetweenprimary,secondary,andtertiaryrolecodes:Primarycodesarethosecodersshouldusetoidentifytheroleofadomesticactorifatallpossible;amongthose,GOV,MIL,OPP,andREBareinfactthemostcommonlyused.
Ifnoneoftheprimarycodesappliestotheactorinquestion,codersshouldchoosefromsecondaryrolecodes.
Hence,forinstance,alaborunionwouldhavetheLABcodeandagivenjournalistwouldhavetheMEDcodeonlyiftheycannotbeidentiedasOPP.
HoweverthisdoesnotprecludetheadditionofsecondaryrolecodestotheprimarycodeifsuchdistinctionswouldbevaluabletothecoderssuchascodinganoppositionlaborunionasXXXOPPLAB(seebelow).
Althoughwehaveacodeforthelegislativebranch(LEG),itisidentiedasasecondarycodeandisnormallyusedsparingly:Whenagivenlegislativebodyismentionedasanorganization(e.
g.
theparliament,theHouseofCommons,theSenate),LEGisalwaysused.
Whenaparticularpoliticalpartyorindividualmemberofthelegislatureisinquestion,however,theconventionhasbeentoCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK107useGOVorOPP,dependingonwhethertherelevantpartyhascontroloftheexecutivebranch.
IfthecodersaremoreinterestedinthedierentiationbetweentheexecutiveandlegislativebranchesofagovernmentorifcontroloftheexecutiveisseparatefromcontrolofthelegislatureitmaybemoreusefultocodetheseactorsasLEG.
Asthesolemodiertotheinitialactordesignation,tertiaryrolecodes,ontheotherhand,shouldbeusedonlyaslastresort.
RADcapturesambiguousidentierssuchas"radical,""extremist,"and"fundamentalist"whichcanbeencounteredinnewsreportsbutdonotrefertoanysystematicallyidentiablegrouporrole.
Wefeltcompelledtocreatethecodetosystematizethethecodingofsuchambiguouslabels,themeaningofwhichcouldvaryfromreportertoreporterandacrossregions:Doestheterm"extremist"refersimplytotheconservativenatureofagroupordoesitimplythatthegroupinquestionisarmedandviolentInordertoavoidbiasandtoensurereliability,RAD(andnotREB)shouldbeusedinsuchcases.
Forexample,"extremistSerbiannationalist"shouldbecodedasSERRAD.
Similarly,MODshouldbeusedwhenambiguousidentierssuchas"moderate"and"mainstream"areencountered.
(AlsoseeSection2A).
UAFshouldbeusedalsoasalast-resortwhenanarmedgroupcannotbeidentiedeitherasMILorREB.
Thiswouldmostlikelyariseincaseswheretheassociationofagivenarmedgroupwiththestateitoperatesinisunclear(i.
e.
whetheritisanindependentrebelgrouporaparamilitary).
Ifthelinkbetweenaparamilitaryandastateiscommonknowledge,however,MILshouldstillbeused—eventhoughthegroupmightnotociallybepartofthestatemilitaryinstitution.
TheSerbVolunteerGuard,alsoknownasArkan'sTigers,forinstance,shouldbecodedasSRBMIL.
Tertiaryrolecodesaremoreoftenseenasadditionalmodierstofacilitatethegroupingofspecictypesofactorsifone'sanalysisrequiressuchadistinction.
ForexampleapplyingthedesignationofRADtospecicactorsassociatedwithknownfringeorextremistgroups.
Howeveruseofthesecodesshouldbedrivenbynecessityeitherbecauseofthespecicityrequiredfortheanalysisorbecauseoflimitationsinthesourcetexts.
Insomecasescountriesaredividedupintodistinctandpoliticallyrelevantregions,typicallyinfederalorotherwisedecentralizedsystems,anddierentcodesareassignedforeachofthesesub-stateregions,whichbecomethesecondthreecharactercodesattachedtothecountrycodes.
Inthesecases,rolecodesfordomesticactorswouldfollowthecountryandregioncodes(aswellasethnicorreligiouscodesifanyareneeded).
Notethatactorcodeswithdomesticroleswillsometimesneedtobedate-restrictedtoreectchangingrolesofactorsthroughthespanofthedataset.
Thiswouldbeparticularlytruewhencodingcountriesthatexperiencefrequentpowerchanges.
Itisconceivablethatinsomecasescoderswouldwanttopreservemorethanonegenericrolecodethatisapplicabletoanactorinquestion,asinthecaseof"state-media"or"militarycourts.
"Whenthishappens,theprimaryrolecodestakeprecedence;itisoptionaltousetheotherrolecodeasthethirdthree-characters.
Hence,"state-media"couldbecodedasXXXGOVMED.
Incaseof"militarycourts,"bothMILandJUDareprimarycodesbutMILtakesprecedenceasitismoreimperativethatwecatchthe'militaryvs.
civilian'distinction(i.
e.
,XXXMILJUD).
Insomecasesmorethanoneprimaryrolecodemaybeappropriateandadeterminationwillhavetobemadeastotheprimarycharacteristicoftheactor.
ForinstancetheUSSecretaryofDefenseisprimarilydistinguishedasagovernmentactorwithamilitaryroleandwouldbecodedasUSAGOVMIL(seealsosubsectionFforanexampleofanappropriatecodingconvention).
B.
Sub-StateRegionCodesIncountrieswithfederalsystems,autonomousregions,otherformsofdecentralization,oranyotheridiosyncraticfactsthatrenderregionaldistinctionspoliticallysignicant,ourcodeslinkactorstosub-stateregionsaswellascountries.
Assigningactorsdomesticregioncodes(asthesecondCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK108threecharacters)allowsresearcherstocodeandstudyintrastateeventswhichmighthavedomesticaswellasinternationalsignicance.
Asillustratedintheregion-specicsectionsofthiscodebook,thesesub-statecodesareessentialcomponentsoftheBalkansdictionary.
Serbiaduring2003-2006,forexample,isassignedthecodeSCGSRB,whereSCGistheUNcodeforthestateofSerbiaandMontenegroandSRBdenotestheRepublicofSerbia,whichisasub-stateentitywithinSerbiaandMontenegro.
IntheregionalWestAfricanactorsdictionary,wealsohaveregioncodeswithinLiberiaandNigeria,bothofwhichwerecodedseparatelyandextensivelyaspartsofindependentprojectswecompletedduring2003.
Thedictionaryincludesseparatesixcharactercodesforall36statesofNigeria–suchasNGAABUforAbuja,NGAKADforKaduna,andNGALAGforLagos–wherebytherstthreecharactersindicatethecountryofNigeriaandthesecondthreecharactersspecifytheparticularstatewithinthefederalstructure.
Insomecases,wehaveassignedgeographicregionswithinacountrytheirownthreecharactercodesbecausethedistinctionwasimportantfordemographicorotherpoliticalreasons(eventhoughtheseregionsdidnothavelegalstatus).
Biafra,whichiscodedasNGABIA,andtheNigerDeltaRegion,codedNGANDR,aretwosuchexamplesfromNigeria.
IncaseofTurkey,wehavegivenSoutheastTurkeyitsowncode(TURSOE),whichhasallowedustocapturemanydomesticevents(particularlybetweenKurdishinsurgentsandtheTurkishstate)wewouldnothavebeenabletodootherwise.
Acomprehensivelistofallsub-stateregioncodescanbefoundintherespectiveregion-specicsectionsofthiscodebook.
C.
Religious/EthnicIdentityCodesThesecodesrefertoethnicorreligiousidentitygroupswhicharenotstrictlyassociatedwithsinglecountries,therebyrequiringtheirownthreecharactercodes(seesection1Babove).
Aspreviouslydiscussed,thesecodesareassignedastherstthreecharactercodeswhenthereportdoesnotlinktheidentitygroupinquestiontoaspeciclocationorcountry(e.
g.
,SERforethnicSerbswhennotfurtherspecied).
Whensuchgroupsarespecicallyidentiedasresidinginparticularcountries,however,religious/ethnicidentitycodesareaddedtothecountrycodes(e.
g.
,HRVSERforethnicSerbslivinginCroatia).
Whentherstthreecharactersidentifythecountryandthesecondthreecharactersindicatearelevantsub-stateregionorpoliticalentity,theidentitycodesbecomethelastthreecharacters,suchasinthecaseofSCGKSVSER,whichreferstoKosovarSerbs.
Theseidentitycodescaninsomecasesalsobecomposedofsixletters(ortwothree-charactercodes).
Forexample,thecodefortheDruzeisMOSDRZ,andwhenanactorisspecicallyknowntobeaLebaneseDruze,thenthecodebecomesLBNMOSDRZ.
Ininstanceswheretheactorisknowntobereligiousinnature(suchasareferencetopriest,monk,abbot,etc.
)butthereligiousaliationisnotidentiedtheGenericReligious(REL)codeshouldbeused.
Acomprehensivelistofsuchidentitycodescanbefoundintheregion-specicsectionsofthiscodebook.
D.
SpecialInternational/TransnationalActorCodesInternational/transnationalactorscanbeassignedspecialcodesbyattachingactorspeciccodesassuxestothegenericcodes,particularlytoIGM,IGO,NGO,NGM,andMNC(i.
e.
IGOUNO,NGOAMN,NGOIRC).
Table3.
7listssuchactorswhoarecurrentlyassignedtheirownspecialcodesinourregionaldictionaries;bothregionallyandgloballyrelevantactorsarelisted,butnotethatthislistneednotbenalandcoders/researcherscangiveotheractorstheirowncodes.
IfanNGO,NGM,orMNCisknowntobeidentiedwithaparticularcountry,thisinformationcanalsobepreservedinthecode(seesections1Caboveand2Ebelow).
CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK109E.
CountryCodesIncaseswheretheactorinquestionisidentiedasanNGO,NGM,orMNC,thisroletakesprecedenceoverthequestionofwhatcountrytheyareassociatedwith.
Hence,therstthreecharactersbecomeNGO/NGM/MNCandthecountrycodebecomesthesecondthreecharactersifthecoder/researcherwishestopreservethatinformation.
Attachingthecountrycodedoesnotindicatethattheactorisociallyidentiedwithorthatheactsonbehalfofthatstate.
However,itdoesallowtheanalysttoeventuallycollapsetogetherallactorsassociatedwithacertaincountryifs/hesochooses(seesection1C).
F.
SpecialActorCodesIncaseswherethecodercan—giventheamountofinformationavailableinthenewslead—andwantstodistinguishbetweendierentactorsofthesamegenericdomesticrole,dierentgroupscaneachbegiventheirownthree-charactercodes,whicharethenbeusedasthelastthree-characters.
Forexample,theLikudandMeretzPartiesinIsraelareassignedtheninecharactercodesofISRGOVLKDorISROPPLKDandISRGOVMRZorISROPPMRZ,respectively.
(Notethatbothofthesecodesneedtobedate-restrictedappropriatelysincetheirrolesas'government'versus'opposition'changeregularly.
)G.
AgentandActorDictionariesAsstatedinsectionxxearlier,inadditiontoactordictionarieswhichcontaincodingsforspecicactors,TABARIcanalsomakeuseofaseriesofagentdictionarieswhichcontainlistsofkeywordsthat,whenencountered,areindicativeofspecicthreecharactercodes(theseareprimarilyrolecodesbutalsoincludereligiousgroups).
CurrentlytheagentdictionariesarecomprisedofseparatedictionariesfortheGOV,MIL,OPP,andREBcodesaswellasagenericagentdictionarythathandlesreferencesforsecondaryandtertiaryrolecodes.
Asindicatedpreviouslytherearealsotwoagentdictionariesforthecorrectcaptureofreligiouscodings(dierentiatedbytheirlevelofspecicity).
AdditionalhelpfuldictionariestothecoderaretheNGOactor,theEliteactor,andtheIMGdictionaries.
TheNGOactordictionarycoversawidevarietyofNGOsthatacodermightwanttocapture.
RatherthanassignspecicthreecharactercodesforeveryNGO/IGOeortshavebeenmadetocapturetheseactorswiththeappropriateInternational/Transnationalactorcodefollowedbyastateorgeographicregioncode(indicatingeitherhomecountryoftheactororprimaryregionofitsactivities)androlecodes(usuallysecondary)thatindicateitsprimaryareaofexpertise.
Ethnicorreligiousidenticationshavealsobeencapturedwheretheyweredeemedappropriate.
TheeliteactordictionaryhasentriesforanumberofprominentorganizationsorindividualsthatwouldcodewiththeELIdesignation.
UnfortunatelymostoftheentriesarespecictotheUSmakingitoflimitedvaluetothosecodingotherregions.
TheIMGdictionaryisaworkinprogresscapturingactorsthatwouldbeassociatedwithseveralgroupsthatfallundertheIMGclassication.
Insomecasesonlythenameoftheorganizationandknownotherappellationsarelistedbutforsomeprominentmembersorleadersarealsolistedandprovidedwithappropriatecodes.
Forexample"OsamabinLaden"iscapturedbythisdictionaryandassignedtheappropriateIMGMOSALQcoding.
NotethatdependingontheneedsofthecoderitmightbenecessarytomodifyacodesuchasthiswiththeRADtertiaryrolecodeinwhichcasehewouldcodeasIMGMOSRADALQ.
H.
TheAutomatedCodingProcessKnowledgeofthehowTABARIconductsitsactorcoding(particularlywhenmakinguseoftheagentdictionaries)isessentialfortheaccuratesetupoftheagentandactordictionariesandthedevelopmentofregionalortopicspecicdictionaries.
ThereareseveralelementsofthisprocessCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK110thatareparticularlyimportanttonote.
TherstisthatTABARIisNOTimplementedwiththeabilitytomakeuseofmultipleagentcodings.
Thereforeifcombinationsofagentsarecommonwithintheeventdatasourcethesewillneedtobecodedindividuallyoftenasagents.
Forexample:while"student"isanagentcorrespondingtothesecondaryrolecodeofEDUand"dissident"isanagentcorrespondingtotheprimaryrolecodeofOPP,TABARIwillparse"studentdissident"asEDUand"dissidentstudent"asOPP.
Thereforetheadditionof"studentdissident"and"dissidentstudent"totheOPPagentdictionary(bothcorrespondingtoOPPEDU)isnecessarytoaccuratelycodetheseactors.
NotethatOPPEDUwasselectedasanappropriatecodingandnotEDUOPPfollowingthegeneralizedhierarchypresentedabovewhichindicatesthatprimaryrolecodesshouldbeplacedpriortosecondaryrolecodeswhenbotharepresent.
Seebelowforanexampleofaconventionforhowtomanagemultipleappropriateprimaryrolecodes.
TABARIdoeseliminateredundancyinitsactorcodesbymeansofnotcodingmultipleagentcodes(itselectsonlytherst)andbyspecifyingthatactorcodestrumpagentcodes.
IfagivenactoralreadycodeswithaspecicsecondaryrolecodeandthatrolecodeappearsinthesourcetextasanagentTABARIdoesNOTspecifytherolecodetwice.
Forinstanceif"AlanGreenspan"issettospecicallycodeasUSAGOVand"FederalReserveChairman"isdesignatedasanagentforGOVthefollowingphraseinthesourcetext"FederalReserveChairmanAlanGreenspan"willcodeasUSAGOVandNOTasUSAGOVGOV.
OnewillnotethatwithinthesecondaryrolecodesthecodeELIspecicallymentionsformergovernmentocials.
ThisisimplementedwithinTABARIbyrecognizingthattheword"former"aspartofanagentoractorcodingwillcausetherecognizedpatterntobediscardedinfavoroftheELIsecondaryrolecode.
Therefore"formerFederalReserveChairmanAlanGreenspan"willcodeasUSAELIinsteadofUSAGOV.
H.
CodingExamplesandConventionsAnumberofexampleshavealreadybeenprovidedintheabovesectionsbutitseemsworthwhiletopointoutafewadditionalaswellasexamplesofcodingconventionsthatcanbeutilizedsoastostandardizeactorcodingacrosscoders.
OnesuchconventionisusedtodistinguishbetweenvariousmembersoftheUSDepartmentofDefense.
FormostactorsintheDefenseDepartmenttheyshouldbecodedwiththedesignationMILfollowedbyeitherSPY(ifconnectedtomilitaryintelligence)orGOViftheyareservicespecicorbelow(theCommandantoftheMarineCorporSecretaryoftheNavyforinstance).
AllDoDpersonnelabovethislevelthatareresponsibleforpolicysettingcodeasGOVMILastheyareprimarilyassociatedwiththegovernmentbuttheirrolewithinthegovernmentismilitaryoriented.
So,forexample:AdmiralMullenwhoservedasSecretaryofNavyfromJuly22,2005toSeptemberof2007andwentontoserveasChairmanoftheJointChiefs,wouldcodeasthefollowing:[USAMIL][USAMILGOV050722-070930][USAGOVMIL071001]NotethatthegenericUSAMILcodeisassignedtohimreectshistimeinnon-policypositions.
CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK111Table3.
6:GenericDomesticRoleCodesPrimaryDescriptionRoleCodesCOPPoliceforces,ocers,criminalinvestigativeunits,protectiveagenciesGOVGovernment:theexecutive,governingparties,coalitionspartners,executivedivisionsJUDJudiciary:judges,courtsMILMilitary:troops,soldiers,allstate-militarypersonnel/equipmentOPPPoliticalopposition:oppositionparties,individuals,anti-governmentactivistsREBRebels:armedandviolent(non-state)groups,individualsSPYStateintelligenceservicesandmembersincludingcovertoperationsgroupsaswellasintelligencecollectionandanalysesSecondaryDescriptionRoleCodesAGRAgriculture:individualsandgroupsinvolvedinorthepracticesofcropcultivationincludinggovernmentagencieswhoseprimaryconcernisagriculturalissuesBUSBusiness:businessmen,companies,staterunenterprisesandgovernmentagenciespromotingbusinessand/orprivatization,notincludingMNCsCRMCriminal:correspondingtoindividualsinvolvedinorallegedlyinvolvedinthedeliberatebreakingofstateorinternationallawsprimarilyforprotCVLCivilianindividualsorgroupssometimesusedascatch-allforindividualsorgroupsforwhomnootherrolecategoryisappropriateDEVDevelopment:individualsorgroupsconcernedprimarilywithdevelopmentissuesofvaryingtypesincludinginfrastructurecreation,democratizationetal.
EDUEducation:educators,schools,students,governmentagenciesorMNCsdealingwitheducationpractices,literacyetc.
ELIElites:formergovernmentocials,celebrities,spokespersonsfororganizationswithoutfurtherrolecategorization(GeorgeSoros,formerSecretaryofDefense,Bono)ENVEnvironmental:entitiesforwhomenvironmentalandecologicalissuesaretheirprimaryfocus,includeswildlifepreservation,climatechange,etc.
HLHHealth:individuals,groupsandgovt.
agenciesdealingwithhealthandsocialwelfarepractices(doctors,USCDC,DoctorsWithoutBorders)HRIHumanRights:actorsforwhomtheirprimaryareaofoperationorexpertiseiswithdocumentingand/orcorrectinghumanrightsconcernsLABLabor:specicallyindividualsinorelementsoforganizedlaborbutalsoincludinggovernmentagenciesandMNCsdirectedatlaborinterests(USDeptofLabor)LEGLegislature:parliaments,assemblies,lawmakers,referencestospeciclegislativeentitiesorsub-entitiessuchascommitteesMEDMedia:journalists,newspapers,televisionstationsalsoincludesprovidersofinternetservicesandotherformsofmassinformationdisseminationREFRefugees:alsoreferstoagenciesorMNCsdealingwithpopulationmigrationandrelocationissuesTertiaryDescriptionRoleCodesMODModerate:"moderate,""mainstream,"etc.
RADRadical:"radical,""extremist,""fundamentalist,"etc.
UAFArmedforcesthatcannotbeidentiedasMIL,COP,orREBCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK112CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK113Table3.
7:International/TransnationalActorswithSpecialCodesInternational/TransnationalActorsFullCodeAfricaAfricanDevelopmentBankIGOAFBArabBankforEconomicDevelopmentinAfricaIGOABDBankofCentralAfricanStates(BEAC)IGOBCACommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfricaIGOCEMCommunityofSahel-SaharanStates(CENSAD)IGOCSSEasternandSouthernAfricanTradeandDevelopmentBankIGOATDEconomicandMonetaryUnionofWestAfrica(UEMOA)IGOUEMEconomicCommunityofCentralAfricanStatesIGOECAEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates(ECOWAS)IGOWASFrancZoneFinancialCommunityofAfricaIGOCFAInter-AfricanCoeeOrganization(IACO)IGOIACIntergovernmentalAuthorityonDevelopment(IGAD)IGOIADMonetaryandEconomicCommunityofCentralAfricaIGOCEMNewEconomicPartnershipforAfrica'sDevelopmentIGONEPOrganizationofAfricanUnity(OAU)IGOOAUPan-AfricanParliamentIGOPAPSouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunityIGOSADWestAfricaDevelopmentBankIGOWADWestAfricaMonetaryandEconomicUnionIGOWAMMiddleEastArabCooperationCouncilIGOACCArabEconomicUnityCouncilIGOAEUArabLeagueIGOARLArabMaghrebUnionIGOAMUArabMonetaryFundforEconomicandSocialDevelopmentIGOAMFGulfCooperationCouncilIGOGCCOrg.
ofArabPetroleumExportingCountries(OAPEC)IGOAPEAsia,EuropeAsianDevelopmentBankIGOADBAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)IGOASNCommonwealthofIndependentStatesIGOCISCouncilofEuropeIGOCOECouncilofSecurityandCooperationinEurope(OSCE)IGOSCEEuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentIGOEBREuropeanFreeTradeAssociationIGOEFTEuropeanUnionIGOEECSouthAsianAssociationIGOSAASoutheastAsiaCollectiveDefenseTreaty(SEATO)IGOSOTGlobalAmnestyInternationalNGOAMNAssociationofCoeeProducingCountriesIGOCPCBankforInternationalSettlementsIGOBISCocoaProducer'sAllianceIGOCPACommonwealthofNationsIGOCWNGroupofEight(G-8)(G-7plusRussia)IGOGOEGroupofSeven(G-7)IGOGOSGroupofSeventy-Seven(G-77)IGOGSSCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK114International/TransnationalActorsFullCodeHighlyIndebtedPoorCountries(HIPC)IGOHIPHumanRightsWatchNGOHRWInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)IGOUNOIAEInternationalCocoaOrganization(ICCO)IGOICOInternationalCommissionofJuristsNGOJURInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ)IGOUNOICJInternationalCriminalCourtIGOICCInternationalCrisisGroupNGOICGInternationalFederationofHumanRights(FIDH)NGOFIDInternationalFed.
ofRedCrossandRedCrescent(ICRC)NGOCRCInternationalGrainsCouncilIGOIGCInternationalHelsinkiFederationforHumanRightsNGOIHFInternationalLaborOrganizationIGOUNOILOInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)IGOIMFInternationalOrganizationforMigrationNGOIOMInternationalWarCrimesTribunalsIGOUNOWCTInter-ParliamentaryUnionIGOIPUInterpolIGOITPIslamicDevelopmentBankIGOIDBMedecinsSansFrontieres(DoctorsWithoutBorders)NGOMSFNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO)IGONATOrganizationofAmericanStatesIGOOASOrganizationofIslamicConferences(OIC)IGOOICOrganizationofNon-AlignedCountriesIGONONOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)IGOOPCOxfamNGOXFMParisClubIGOPRCRedCrossNGOIRCRedCrescentNGORCRUnitedNationsIGOUNOUnitedNationsChildren'sFund(UNICEF)IGOUNOKIDUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationIGOUNOFAOUNHighCommissionforHumanRightsIGOUNOHCHUNHighCommissionforRefugeesIGOUNOHCRWorldBankIGOUNOWBKWorldEconomicForumNGOWEFWorldFoodProgramIGOUNOWFPWorldHealthOrganizationIGOUNOWHOWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)IGOWTOCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK1153.
2REGIONALDICTIONARIESAtthispointintheCAMEOProjectwehavethreemainregionaldictionaries—theMiddleEast,theBalkans,andWestAfrica.
Wehavealsodevelopedaunique,separatedictionaryforTurkey.
Inadditiontofollowingthesameformatandrules,thesedictionariesalsohaveachunkofentries—actorsandcorrespondingcodes—incommon.
Mostcountriesandmajorinternationalactors,forinstance,arefoundinallofthedictionaries.
Theydierfromeachotheronlyinthateachcontainsadditionalentriesthatarerelevantonlyfortheissuesandthecountriesinthatparticularregion;thedierenceoccursbecausewedevelopseparatedictionaries—verbsandactors—foreachregionusingleadsrelevantforthatregion.
However,becausethecreationofdictionariesissystematicandconsistentprocess,theregionaldictionariescanbecomparedandmergedatanytimetobuildcomprehensivemaindictionaries.
(Wedomergeourdictionariesperiodically;hence,theinitialdictionariesweuseinourregionaldictionarydevelopmentswereatonetimecreatedfromthemergingofanumberofsmallerandmoreregionaldictionaries.
)Thefollowingsub-sectionsdescribeandlistthespecialactorcodes—thosethathavespecialsuxesattachedtomakethemmorespecicthanthegenericcodes,aswellasthespecialgroupidentitycodes—thatarefoundinrespectivedictionaries.
AmajordierencethatsetstheactorsdictionaryforTurkeyapartfromourotheractordic-tionariesisitsincorporationofidiosyncraticcodesthatmakethedictionaryunsuitableforuseincodingothercountries.
Itsmergingwithotherdictionarieswouldthereforerequiretheeliminationofcertainentries.
Seethesub-sectiononTurkeyformoredetails.
Notethattheactualdictionariesaremuchlongerthanwhatarelistedinthiscodebook;whatislistedherearethecodesthatoneencountersinourdictionariesorintheoutputattheanalysisstage,andnotalltheentriesthatcorrespondtoeachcode.
Inmanycases,domesticactorsarealsosimplyassignedgenericcodes(suchascountryoridentitycodeplusthedomesticrolecode)whentheyareenteredinthedictionaries.
Itisonlywhenonewantstomakeadistinctionbetweendierentactorswiththesamegenericcode-forinstance,betweentwoormorecoalitionpartnersinagovernment-thatspecialcodesarecreated.
Itisimportanttocontinuallyupdatethiscodebookandincludenewspecialcodes,ifanyarecreated;otherwise,theanalysisstagewouldbecomplicatedsincewhatthedierentcodesrefertowillnothavebeendocumented(exceptinthedictionaryitself).
CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK1163.
2.
1TheMiddleEastTheArab-Israeliconict,particularlytheconictbetweenIsraelandthePalestinians,hasbeenourprimaryfocusincodingtheMiddleEast.
Hence,ourdictionaryismostdevelopedwithrespecttodomesticpoliticalactorsinIsraelandPalestine.
Aspartofaseparateproject,wehavealsoextensivelycodedAlgeria,andtheactorsdictionaryfromthatprojecthasbeenmergedwithourLevantdictionary.
WestartedcodingTurkeyusingthismoregeneralMiddleEastdictionary.
Duetothepresenceofidiosyncraticcodes,wehavenotmergedtheactorsdictionarywedevelopedforTurkeybackintothisdictionary;thiscouldstillbedone,however,selectively.
Table3.
8showsalistoftheactorswithspecialcodesintheMiddleEastdictionary.
Notethatbecauseofthedynamicnatureofthedomesticpositionsofmanyoftheseactors(forinstance,anoppositionpartyyesterdaybutagovernmentcoalitionpartytoday),manyaredate-restricted,sothatthedomesticgenericcodesthatspecifytheirpositionscanvarydependingonthedateofeachnewsreport.
'd.
r.
'refersto'date-restricted';fortheexactdatesrefertothedictionaryitself.
WhilethecodePSE(UNcode)referstotheOccupiedPalestinianTerritoriesoftheWestBankandtheGazaStrip,PALreferstoPalestiniansasanidentitygroup.
Therefore,PalestiniangovernmentandotherstateactorsarecodedasPSEGOV,PSECOP,etc.
dependingontheirrespectiveroles.
ThePalestinianLiberationOrganization(PLO),however,iscodedasPALPLOasitrepresentsthePalestinianpeopleingeneral;becauseofitsunusualstatus,thePLOcouldnotbeassignedoneofthegenericdomesticrolecodes.
TheorganizationsunderneaththePLOareeachassignedcodesbasedontheirspheresofinuence.
Hence,YasserArafatandFataharedaterestrictedasPALPLObeforetheOsloAccordsof1993-whichmarkedtheestablishmentofthePalestinianAuthority-andasPSEGOVthereafter.
(FatahitselfisinfactfurtherspeciedasPSEGOVFTA.
)CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK117Table3.
8:SpecialActorCodesfortheMiddleEastActor/DomesticRegionCodeAbuNidalOrganizationPALREBANOAlAqsaMartyrsBrigadePSEREBAAMAlQaedaALQAmalMilitiaLBNREBAMLArab(ethnicgroup)ARBArabIsraeliISRARBArmedIslamicGroup(GIA)DZAREBGIABaathPartyARBBTHBaghdadIRQBAGDemocraticFrontfortheLib.
ofPalestine(DFLP)PSEREBDFLDemocraticNationalRallyDZAGOVRNDEnnahdaMovementDZAOPPENNFatahPALPLO,PSEGOVFTA(d.
r.
)GazaStripPSEGZSHamasPSEREBHMS,PSEGOVHMS(d.
r.
)HezbullahLBNREBHEZIslamicActionFrontJOROPPIAFIslamicSalvationArmyDZAREBFISIslamicSalvationFrontDZAOPPFISIsraeliCommunistPartyISROPPCMNIsraeliLaborPartyISRGOVLBA,ISROPPLBA(d.
r.
)IsraeliSettlersISRSETKurd(ethnicgroup)KUR(TURKUR,IRQKUR,etc.
)KurdishDemocraticParty(KDP)IRQKURKDPLikudPartyISRGOVLKD,ISROPPLKD(d.
r.
)MeretzPartyISRGOVMRZ,ISROPPMRZ(d.
r.
)MovementoftheSocietyforPeaceDZAGOVMSP,DZAOPPMSP(d.
r.
)MuslimBrotherhoodEGYREBMBRNationalLiberationFront(FLN)DZAGOVFLN,DZAOPPFLN(d.
r.
)OccupiedPalestinianTerritoriesPSEPalestineLiberationFrontPALREBPLFPalestineLiberationOrganizationPALPLOPalestinianPALPalestinianIslamicJihadPSEREBISJPeople'sMujahedeenIRNREBPMDPolisarioGuerillasMARREBPLSPeople'sFrontfortheLib.
ofPalestine(PFLP)PSEREBPFLSalastGroupDZAREBGSPShasPartyISRGOVSHA,ISROPPSHA(d.
r.
)SouthLebanonArmyLBNREBASLTalibanAFGGOVTAL,AFGREBTAL(d.
r.
)WestBankPSEWSBCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK1183.
2.
2TurkeyAsmentionedabove,CAMEO'sactordictionaryforTurkeyisuniqueinthatitincludesidiosyn-craticcodeswhichrequirethatitnotbeusedwithoutcertainmodicationswhencodingothercountries.
ThereasonisthatitgivesvaguelyidentiedactorscodesthatidentifythemasactorsassociatedspecicallywithTurkey(eveniftheinformationisnotexplicitinthenewleads).
Forexample,"rebels"whoarenotfurtherspeciedarecodedasTURREBand"soldiers"similarlyunspeciedarecodedasTURMIL.
WewereabletodothatsinceTurkeywastheonlycountryincludedinthatprojectanditwastheonlycountrylistedinoursearchstringfornewsleads;wecouldreasonablyassumethattheinsucientlyspeciedactorswecomeacrosswouldinmostcasesbeassociatedwithTurkey.
Table3.
9showsalistoftheseuniquecodeswhicharepresentonlyinourspecialactorsdictionaryforTurkey.
NotethatbecauseTABARIgivesprecedencetolongerpatternsoverlessspecied,shorterentries,whennewsleadsfurtherspecifytheidentityoftheseactorsandtheyareenteredintothedictionaryassuch,theseidiosyncraticcodesaretrumped.
Forexample,"Kurdishrebels"arecodedasKURREBand"Iraqipolice"iscodedasIRQCOP.
InthecontextofTurkey,"villageguards"refertoKurdishlocalsinSoutheastTurkeyrecruitedbythemilitarytoghtKurdishguerrillas,mainlytherebelsassociatedwiththeKurdistanWorkers'Party(PKK)–codedTURREBPKK.
Hence,althoughtheyarenotociallyassociatedwiththeTurkishstateandtheTurkishmilitary,villageguardsarecodedasTURMIL;thisishowwewouldcodestate-sponsoredparamilitaries.
WealsodeviatefromthenormalCAMEOprotocolincodingwhatarecalled"StateSecurityCourts"(DevletGuvenlikMahkemeleri,DGMs)inTurkey.
UntilJune1999,thesecourtsincludedmilitaryjudgesandwerecommonlyregardedasbeingcontrolledbytheTurkishArmedForces.
Therefore,althoughcourtsystemsaretypicallycodedasJUD(orTURJUDincaseofTurkey),wecode"StateSecurityCourts"asTURMILfordatespriorto990618.
ThesecourtswerenallyabolishedinMay2004.
UnlikeTable3.
9,Table3.
10presentsalistofspecialactorcodeswhichcouldbeintegratedintootherdictionaries.
Again,notethatwhatislistedherearethecodesthatoneencountersinthedictionaryorintheoutputattheanalysisstage,andnotalltheentriesthatcorrespondtoeachcode.
ThekeyforcodingTurkeyistogetthedate-restrictionsright;withtheexceptionofpost-2003,themulti-partyperiodinTurkeyhasbeenmarkedbyshort-livedcoalitiongovernmentsandfrequentelections.
Furthermore,thebanningofpoliticalpartiesandtheirrebirthswithslightlychangednameshavebeencommonplaceinTurkey,therebyrequiringdate-restrictionstonull-codeclosedparties.
Also,whileTurkeyisaunitarystateandtherewaslittlelegalbasisforgivinggeographicregionsorcitiestheirownspecialcodes,itprovedessentialtointroducecertainregionsandcitiesasdierentactorsinordertofacilitatethecodingofdomesticcontentiouspoliticsevents.
CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK119Table3.
9:AmbiguousActorsandIdiosyncraticCodesforTurkeyAmbiguousActorCode"Activist(s)"TUROPP"Guerilla(s)"TURREB"Gunman/Gunmen"TURREB"Police"TURCOP"Prisoner(s)"TUROPP"Protester(s)"TUROPP"Rebel(s)"TURREB"Soldier(s)"TURMIL"StateSecurityCourt(s)"TURMIL"VillageGuard(s)"TURMILTable3.
10:SpecialActorCodesforTurkeyActor/DomesticRegionCodeAnkaraTURANKDemocraticPeople'sParty(DEHAP/HADEP)1TUROPPHDPDemocraticLeftParty(DSP)TUROPPDSP,TURGOVDSP(d.
r.
)DemocraticSocietyParty(DTP)TUROPPDTPDev-SOLTURREBDSLIstanbulTURISTIzmirTURIZMJusticeandDevelopmentParty(AKParty)TUROPPAKP,TURGOVAKP(d.
r.
)KurdistanWorkers'Party(PKK)TURREBPKKKurdsinTurkeyTURKURMotherlandParty(ANAP)TUROPPANP,TURGOVANP(d.
r.
)NationalActionParty(MHP)TUROPPMHP,TURGOVMHP(d.
r.
)RepublicanPeople'sParty(CHP)TUROPPCHP,TURGOVCHP(d.
r.
)SoutheastTurkeyTURSOETruePathParty(DYP)TUROPPDYP,TURGOVDYP(d.
r.
)VirtueParty(Fazilet)TUROPPFAZWelfareParty(Refah)TUROPPREP,TURGOVREP(d.
r.
)1DEHAPandHADEPareinfactdierentpoliticalparties,bothrepresentingtheKurdishoppositioninTurkey.
DEHAP,whichlaterjoinedDTPin2005,isseenasthecontinuationofHADEP,whichwasbannedin2003.
CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK1203.
2.
3WestAfricaInadditiontocodingWestAfricaingeneralwithCAMEO,wealsocodedLiberiaandNigeriaforseparateprojects.
Therefore,theWestAfricadictionaryismostdevelopedforthesetwocountries.
Also,becauseofthelevelofpoliticaldecentralizationandtheimportanceofintra-stateethnicinteractionsinthesecountries,numerousspecialregioncodeshavebeendevelopedparticularlytorepresentthefederalstateswithinNigeriaandthecountiesofLiberia.
ThedomesticregioncodesforNigeriaarelistedinTable3.
11andthoseforLiberiaarelistedinTable3.
12.
Notethatsomeoftheseregions,suchastheNigerDeltaRegioninNigeria,donotconstitutelegalboundariesbutstillrepresentpoliticallyimportantdivisionswithintheirrespectivecountries.
Otherregion-specicspecialcodesarelistedinTable3.
13.
Ethnicgroupsarecodedassixcharactercodesiftheexactlocationoftheactorsisnotspecied:theOgonipeopleofNigeria,forexample,arecodedasNGAOGOaslongasthenewsreportdoesnotassociatetheactorwithamorespecicregionwithinthecountry,butasNGAABUOGOifthespecicactorinquestionisidentiedasbeingfromAbuja.
Thesameappliestootherethnicgroupsandotherregions.
Notethatmostofthepoliticalandmilitantgroupsandorganizationsinthisregionarenotbeingassignedspecialcodes;thisisnotbecausetheyarenotimportantenoughtowarrantspecialcodes,butbecausetherstsixcharactersaretypicallythecodesforthecountryandtheregion/theethnicgroup(NGAHAU,NGAAGU,LBROGO,etc.
),andthelastthreecharactersarethengenerallyusedtospecifytherolesoftheactors.
Forexample,theO'oduaPeoplesCongress(aYorubarebelgroup)inNigeriaisassignedthecodeNGAYRBREB-Nigeria,Yoruba,rebelgroup-whichisnotaspecialcode(i.
e.
,anyYorubarebelgroupwouldbeassignedthesamecode).
Also,notethatonlyafewofthespecialpoliticalorganizationcodesaredate-restricted;thisreectsthecurrentstateofthedictionary,butthiscould,andshould,changeascodingcontinuesandtherolesoftheseactorschange.
CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK121Table3.
11:NigerianStates/RegionswithSpecialCodesRegionFullCodeAbujaNGAABUAbiaNGAABIAdamawaNGAADAAkwaIbomNGAAKIAnambraNGAANBBauchiNGABAUBayelsaNGABAYBenueNGABNUBiafraNGABIABornoNGABORCrossRiverNGACRRDeltaNGADELEbonyiNGAEBOEdoNGAEDOEkitiNGAEKIEnuguNGAENUGombeNGAGOMImoNGAIMOJigawaNGAJIGKadunaNGAKADKanoNGAKANKatsinaNGAKATKebbiNGAKEBKogiNGAKOGKwaraNGAKWALagosNGALAGNassarawaNGANASNigerNGANGRNigerDeltaRegionNGANDRNorthNigeriaNGANNGOgunNGAOGUOndoNGAONDOsunNGAOSUOyoNGAOYOPlateuStateNGAPLARiversNGARIVSokotoNGASOKTarabaNGATARYobeNGAYOBZamfaraNGAZAMCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK122Table3.
12:LiberianCounties/RegionswithSpecialCodesRegionFullCodeBomiLBRBOMBongLBRBONGrandCapeMountLBRCAPGrandGedehLBRGGCGrandBassaLBRGBAGrandKruLBRKRULofaLBRLOFMargibiLBRMRGMarylandLBRMRYMontserradoLBRMNTNimbaLBRNIMRivercessLBRRVCSinoLBRSINCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK123Table3.
13:WestAfricanActorswithSpecialCodesActorCodeAllLiberiaCoalitionPartyLBROPPALCAllNigeriaPeople'sPartyNGAOPPANPArmedForcesofLiberiaLBRREBAFL,LBRMIL(d.
r.
)CampaignforDemocracyNGAOPPCFDHausa(ethnicgroup)NGAHAUIbo,a.
k.
a.
Igbo(ethnicgroup)NGAIBOIjaws(ethnicgroup)NGAIJWIndependentNPFLLBRREBINPKamajormilitiaSLEREBKAMKrahn(ethnicgroup)LBRKRHLiberiaActionPartyLBROPPLAP,LBRGOVLAP(d.
r.
)LiberiaPeaceCouncilLBRREBLPCLiberiansUnitedforReconciliationandDemocracyLBRREBLURMandingoe(ethnicgroup)LBRMANMovementfortheAdvancementofDemocracy(MAD)NGAREBMADNationalDemocraticPartyofLiberiaLBROPPNDP,LBRGOVNDP(d.
r.
)NationalDemocraticCoalitionofNigeria(NADECO)NGAOPPNDCNationalPatrioticFrontofLiberia(NPFL)LBRREBNPF,LBRGOVNPF(d.
r.
)NationalUnionfortheTotalInd.
ofAngola(UNITA)AGOREBUNINewDealMovementLBROPPNDMOgoni(ethnicgroup)NGAOGORevolutionaryUnitedFrontSLEREBRUFTiv(ethnicgroup)NGATIVUnitedLiberationFrontforDemocracyLBRREBULMUnitedPeople'sPartyLBROPPUPP,LBRGOVUPP(d.
r.
)Yoruba(ethnicgroup)NGAYRBCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK1243.
2.
4TheBalkansOurfocusincodingtheBalkanshasprimarilybeenontheconictandconictresolutioneventsduringthersthalfof1990s.
TheBalkansactorsdictionaryis,therefore,mostdevelopedwithrespecttoethnicandterritorialdivisions(asopposedtospecicpoliticalpartiesororganizations).
TheFormerYugoslaviaThestateoftheSocialistFederalRepublicofYugoslaviadisintegratedby1992withthebreakingawayofitsconstituentsrepublics,eventuallyformingthestatesofSlovenia(UNcodeSVN),Croatia(HRV),theFormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia(MKD),BosniaandHerzegovina(BIH),andSerbiaandMontenegro(SCG).
BosniaandHerzegovina,createdwiththeDaytonAgreementof14December1995whichbroughtthreeyearsofcivilwartoanend,hasafederalstructurethatconsistsoftworepublics:theBosniak/CroatFederationofBosniaandHerzegovina(BIHBHF)andtheBosnianSerbRepublicaSrpska(BIHSRP).
Genericrolecodes(suchasGOV,MIL,OPP,etc.
)foractorsassociatedwithBIHBHFandBIHSRPbecomethelastthreecharactersoftheactorcodes.
Inordertodierentiatebetweenthestates/republicsandthepeopleasethnicgroups,BosnianMuslimsarecodedasBIH-MOS(notBIHBHF),BosnianCroatsasBIHCRO,andBosnianSerbsasBIHSER(notBIHSRP).
Moregenerally,CROandSERrefertoCroatandSerbethnicgroups.
Ifanactorwithagivenethnicityisassociatedwitheitheroneofthefederalunitsspecically,theethnicitycodecanbeattachedtothesix-characterunitcode(e.
g.
BIHBHFSER).
Genericrolecodes(suchasGOV,MIL,OPP,REB)canalsobeusedasthelastthree-character.
AfterthefellowconstituentrepublicsofSlovenia,Croatia,Macedonia,andBosnia-Herzegovinadeclaredindependencein1991,SerbiaandMontenegro-theremainingfederalstatesoftheSocialistFederalRepublicofYugoslavia-formedtheFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(thenUNcodeFRY).
OnFebruary4,2003,however,anewconstitutionwasaccepted,abdicatingthisself-proclaimedsuccessortotheSocialistFederalRepublicofYugoslaviaandreplacingitwithaloosefederationcalledSerbiaandMontenegro(UNcode,hencetheCAMEOcode,becomesSCG).
Thenewfeder-ationconsistedofthetwostatesofSerbia(SCGSRB)andMontenegro(SCGMTN),aswellasthetwoautonomousprovincesofKosovo(SCGKSV)andVojvodina(SCGVVD).
WithMontenegro'sunilaterdeclarationofindependenceon3June2006,followedbySerbia'sdeclarationon5June2006,SCGalsoceasedtoexistandgavewaytotwoindependentstates–MTNandSRB(withSRBKSVandSRBVVDasautonomousprovinces).
NotethatthestateofSerbiahasacodethatisdierentfromthatoftheethnicgroupofSerbs,whomightormightnotbelivinginSerbia.
WhenanactorisassociatedwiththeethnicgroupofSerbsanditscountryoforiginisnotspecied,theactorisassignedthecodeSER;iftheSerbinquestionisassociatedwithacertainlocationsuchasBosnia-BosnianSerb-thenthecodebecomesBIHSER(notBIHSRBorBIHSCG).
Thesameruleappliestotheotherethnicgroups.
AmorecomprehensivelistofmajoractorgroupsintheregionandtheirrespectivecodescanbefoundinTable3.
14.
Notethatactorswithgenericcodesarenotlisted;thepointhereistodocumentthedierentcodes-nottolistallactorentries,whichwouldmeanreplicatingthewholedictionary-thatexistinthedictionariessothatcodeswhichshowupintheoutputcanbeeasilyidentiedduringanalysis.
Actorslistedinthelastgrouparederivationsofdierentethnicgroupslivingindierentcountries.
Thislistisnotexhaustive;thoselistedherearemeantasexamplesofhowstate/countrycodesandcodesforethnicgroupslivinginthosecountriesaremergedtocreatespecialgroupcodes.
CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK125Table3.
14:SpecialActorCodesfortheBalkansActorFullCodeStates,AlbaniaALBFederalCroatiaHRVUnits,FormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedoniaMKDAutonomousBosniaandHercegovinaBIHRegionsFederationofBosnia-HercegovinaBIHBHFRepublikaSrpskaBIHSRPSerbiaSRBMontenegroMTNKosovoSRBKSVVojvodinaSRBVVDMainAlbanianABNEthnicCroatCROGroupsSerbSERTurkTRKGypsyGYPSlavSLVExamplesofBosnianCroatBIHCROEthnicGroupCroatianSerbHRVSERDerivationsKosovarAlbanianSRBKSVABNBosnianMuslimBIHMOSBosnianSerbBIHSERKosovarSerbSRBKSVSRBAPPENDIXThisisacontinuallyupdatedlistofallactorcodespresentinourdictionaries,themostrecentversionforwhichcanbefoundathttp://www.
ku.
edu/keds.
ThisalphabeticallyorderedlistofcodescanbeutilizedtoidentifydierentactorsthatmightappearinTABARIoutputs.
"(d.
r.
)"denotesthattheactoridentiedisdate-restrictedandispresentinthedictionaryunderadierentcodeforadierentperiod.
ThislistingnowincludesgenericrolecodeshoweveronlytheindividualrolecodesarelistedNOTthevariouspermutationsofactorandrolecodes.
ThereforeAGR(indicatinganactorconcernedwiththeeldofagriculture)islistedbuttherearenotseparatelistingsforeachXXXAGRwhereXXXisauniqueactorcode.
Table3.
15:ListofAllActorCodesasTheyWouldAppearintheOutputCodeActorAfghanistanAFGABNethnicAlbanianABWArubaAFGAfghanistanAFGGOVTALTaliban(d.
r.
)AFGREBTALTaliban(d.
r.
)AFRAfricaAGOAngolaAGOCABCabindaEnclaveAGOREBUNINationalUnionfortheTotalIndependenceofAngola(UNITA)AGRAgriculture(secondaryrolecode)AIAAnguillaALAlandIslandsALBAlbaniaALQAlQaedaANDAndorraANTNetherlandsAntillesARBArab(ethnicgroup)ARBBTHBaathPartyAREUnitedArabEmiratesARGArgentinaARMArmeniaASAAsia(region)ASMAmericanSamoaContinuedonnextpage126CHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK127CodeActorATGAntiguaandBarbudaATHAgnostic/AtheistAUSAustraliaAUTAustriaAZEAzerbaijanBAHBahaiBDIBurundiBELBelgiumBENBeninBFABurkinaFasoBGDBangladeshBGRBulgariaBHRBahrainBHSBahamasBIHBosniaandHerzegovina(d.
r.
)BIHBHFBosniak/CroatFederationofBosniaandHerzegovina(d.
r.
)BIHSRPBosnianSerbRepublikaSrpska(d.
r.
)BLKBalkansBLRBelarusBLZBelizeBMUBermudaBOLBoliviaBRABrazilBRBBarbadosBRNBruneiDarussalamBTNBhutanBUDBuddhistBUSBusiness(secondaryrolecode)BWABotswanaCAFCentralAfricanRepublicCANCanadaCASCentralAsiaCAUCaucasusCEUCentralEuropeCFRCentralAfricaCHESwitzerlandCHLChileCHNChinaCHNTICTibetCHRChristianCHRCPTCopticCHRCTHCatholicCHRDOXOrthodoxCHRJHWJehovah'sWitnessesCHRLDSLatterDaySaintsCHRMRNMaroniteContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK128CodeActorCHRPROProtestantCHRRAD"fundamentalist"ChristianCIVCted'Ivoire(IvoryCoast)CMNCommunistPartyCMRCameroonCODDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(Kinshasa)COGPeople'sRepublicoftheCongo(Brazzaville)COKCookIslandsCOLColombiaCOMComorosCONConfucianCOPCop(primaryrolecode)CPVCapeVerdeCRBCaribbeanCRICostaRicaCRMCriminal(secondaryrolecode)CROethnicCroatCUBCubaCVLCivilian(secondaryrolecode)CYMCaymanIslandsCYPCyprusCYPGRKGreekCypriotCYPTRKTurkishCypriotCZACzechoslovakiaCZECzechRepublicDEVDevelopment(secondaryrolecode)DEUGermanyDJIDjiboutiDMADominicaDNKDenmarkDOMDominicanRepublicDZAAlgeriaDZAGOVFLNNationalLiberationFront(FLN)DZAGOVMSPMovementoftheSocietyforPeaceDZAGOVRNDDemocraticNationalRallyDZAOPPENNEnnahdaMovementDZAOPPFISIslamicSalvationFrontDZAOPPFLNNationalLiberationFront(FLN)DZAOPPMSPMovementoftheSocietyforPeaceDZAREBFISIslamicSalvationArmyDZAREBGIAArmedIslamicGroup(GIA)DZAREBGSPSalastGroupEAFEasternAfricaECUEcuadorEDUEducation(secondaryrolecode)EEUEasternEuropeContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK129CodeActorEGYEgyptEGYREBMBRMuslimBrotherhoodEINEastIndies(region)ELIElites(secondaryrolecode)ENVEnvironment(secondaryrolecode)ERIEritreaESHWesternSaharaESPSpainESPBSQBasqueESTEstoniaETHEthiopiaEUREuropeFINFinlandFJIFijiFLKFalklandIslands(Malvinas)FRAFranceFROFaeroeIslandsFRYFederalRepublicofYugoslaviaFRYKSVKosovo(d.
r.
)FRYMTNMontenegro(d.
r.
)FRYSRBSerbia(d.
r.
)FRYVVDVojvodina(d.
r.
)FSMMicronesiaGABGabonGBRUnitedKingdomGBRREBIRAIrishRepublicanArmyGEOGeorgiaGHAGhanaGIBGibraltarGINGuineaGLPGuadeloupeGMBGambiaGMEDemocraticRepublicofGermany(EastBerlin)GMWFederalRepublicofGermany(Bonn)GNBGuinea-BissauGNQEquatorialGuineaGOVGovernment(primaryrolecodeGRCGreeceGRDGrenadaGRLGreenlandGTMGuatemalaGUFFrenchGuianaGUMGuamGUYGuyanaGYPGypsyHINHinduContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK130CodeActorHKGHongKong(SpecialAdministrativeRegionofChina)HLHHealth(secondaryrolecode)HNDHondurasHRVCroatia(d.
r.
)HTIHaitiHUNHungaryHUTHutu(ethnicgroup)IDNIndonesiaIGOInter-governmentalorganizationsIGOABDArabBankforEconomicDevelopmentinAfricaIGOACCArabCooperationCouncilIGOADBAsianDevelopmentBankIGOAEUArabEconomicUnityCouncilIGOAFBAfricanDevelopmentBankIGOAFUAfricanUnionIGOAMFArabMonetaryFundforEconomicandSocialDevelopmentIGOAMUArabMaghrebUnionIGOAPEOrganizationofArabPetroleumExportingCountries(OAPEC)IGOARLArabLeagueIGOASNAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)IGOATDEasternandSouthernAfricanTradeandDevelopmentBankIGOBCABankofCentralAfricanStates(BEAC)IGOBISBankforInternationalSettlementsIGOCEMMonetaryandEconomicCommunityofCentralAfrica(CEMAC)IGOCESCommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfricaIGOCFAFrancZoneFinancialCommunityofAfricaIGOCISCommonwealthofIndependentStatesIGOCOECouncilofEuropeIGOCPACocoaProducer'sAllianceIGOCPCAssociationofCoeeProducingCountriesIGOCSSCommunityofSahel-SaharanStates(CENSAD)IGOCWNCommonwealthofNationsIGOEACEastAfricanCommunityIGOEBREuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentIGOECAEconomicCommunityofCentralAfricanStatesIGOEECEuropeanUnionIGOEFTEuropeanFreeTradeAssociationIGOGCCGulfCooperationCouncilIGOGOEGroupofEight(G-8)IGOGOSGroupofSeven(G-7)IGOGSSGroupofSeventy-Seven(G-77)IGOHIPHighlyIndebtedPoorCountries(HIPC)IGOIACInter-AfricanCoeeOrganization(IACO)IGOIADIntergovernmentalAuthorityonDevelopment(IGAD)IGOICCInternationalCriminalCourtIGOICJInternationalCourtofJusticeContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK131CodeActorIGOICOInternationalCocoaOrganization(ICCO)IGOIDBIslamicDevelopmentBankIGOIGCInternationalGrainsCouncilIGOIMFInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)IGOIPUInter-ParliamentaryUnionIGOITPInterpolIGONATNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO)IGONEPNewEconomicPartnershipforAfrica'sDevelopmentIGONONOrganizationofNon-AlignedCountriesIGOOASOrganizationofAmericanStatesIGOOAUOrganizationofAfricanUnity(OAU)IGOOICOrganizationofIslamicConferences(OIC)IGOOPCOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)IGOPAPPanAfricanParliamentIGOPKOPeacekeepingforce(organizationunknown)IGOPRCParisClubIGOSAASouthAsianAssociationIGOSADSouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunityIGOSCECouncilofSecurityandCooperationinEurope(OSCE)IGOSOTSoutheastAsiaCollectiveDefenseTreaty(SEATO)IGOUEMEconomicandMonetaryUnionofWestAfrica(UEMOA)IGOUNOUnitedNationsIGOUNOAIEInternationalEnergyAgencyIGOUNOFAOUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationIGOUNOHCHUnitedNationsHighCommissionforHumanRights(OHCHR)IGOUNOHCRUnitedNationsHighCommissionforRefugees(OHCR)IGOUNOIAEInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)IGOUNOICJInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ)IGOUNOILOInternationalLaborOrganizationIGOUNOKIDUnitedNationsChildren'sFund(UNICEF)IGOUNOWBKTheWorldBankIGOUNOWCTInternationalWarCrimesTribunalsIGOUNOWFPWorldFoodProgramIGOUNOWHOWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)IGOWADWestAfricaDevelopmentBankIGOWAMWestAfricaMonetaryandEconomicUnionIGOWASEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates(ECOWAS)IGOWEUWesternEuropeanUnionIGOWTOWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)IMYIsleofManINDIndiaINDKASIndian-controlledKashmirINTAmbiguousinternationalortransnationalactorIRLIrelandIRNIranIRQIraqContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK132CodeActorIRQBAGBaghdadIRQKURKDPKurdishDemocraticParty(KDP)ISLIcelandISRIsraelISRGOVCMNIsraeliCommunistParty(d.
r.
)ISRGOVLBAIsraeliLaborParty(d.
r.
)ISRGOVLKDLikudParty(d.
r.
)ISRGOVMRZMeretzParty(d.
r.
)ISRGOVSHAShasParty(d.
r.
)ISRGOVCMNIsraeliCommunistParty(d.
r.
)ISROPPLBAIsraeliLaborParty(d.
r.
)ISROPPLKDLikudParty(d.
r.
)ISROPPMRZMeretzParty(d.
r.
)ISROPPSHAShasParty(d.
r.
)ISRSETIsraeliSettlersITAItalyJAMJamaicaJANJainJEWJewJEWHSDHasidicJewJEWUDXUltra-OrthodoxJewJORJordanJOROPPIAFIslamicActionFrontJPNJapanJUDJudiciary(primaryrolecode)KASKashmirKAZKazakhstanKENKenyaKGZKyrgyzstanKHMCambodiaKHMREBKMRKhmerRougeKIRKiribatiKNASaintKitts-NevisKORRepublicofKorea(Seoul)KURKurd(ethnicgroup)KWTKuwaitLABLabor(secondaryrolecode)LAMLatinAmericaLAOLaosLBNLebanonLBNREBAMLAmalMilitiaLBNREBASLSouthLebanonArmyLBNREBHEZHezbullahLBRLiberiaLBRBOMBomi(Liberia)LBRBONBong(Liberia)ContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK133CodeActorLBRCAPGrandCapeMount(Liberia)LBRGBAGrandBassa(Liberia)LBRGGCGrandGedeh(Liberia)LBRGOVLAPLiberiaActionParty(d.
r.
)LBRGOVNDPNationalDemocraticPartyofLiberia(d.
r.
)LBRGOVNPFNationalPatrioticFrontofLiberia(NPFL)(d.
r.
)LBRGOVUPPUnitedPeople'sParty(d.
r.
)LBRKRHKrahn(ethnicgroup)LBRKRUGrandKru(Liberia)LBRLOFLofa(Liberia)LBRMANMandingo,Mandingoe(ethnicgroup)LBRMNTMontserrado(Liberia)LBRMRGMargibi(Liberia)LBRMRYMaryland(Liberia)LBRNIMNimba(Liberia)LBROPPALCAllLiberiaCoalitionPartyLBROPPLAPLiberiaActionParty(d.
r.
)LBROPPNDMNewDealMovementLBROPPNDPNationalDemocraticPartyofLiberia(d.
r.
)LBROPPUPPUnitedPeople'sParty(d.
r.
)LBRREBAFLArmedForcesofLiberia(d.
r.
)LBRREBINPIndependentNPFLLBRREBLPCLiberiaPeaceCouncilLBRREBLURLiberiansUnitedforReconciliationandDemocracy(LURD)LBRREBNPFNationalPatrioticFrontofLiberia(NPFL)(d.
r.
)LBRREBULMUnitedLiberationFrontforDemocracyLBRRVCRivercess(Liberia)LBRSINSino(Liberia)LBYLibyaLCASaintLuciaLEGLegislature(secondaryrolecode)LIELiechtensteinLKASriLankaLKAREBJVPPeople'sLiberationFrontLSOLesothoLTULithuaniaLUXLuxembourgLVALatviaMACMacao(SpecialAdministrativeRegionofChina)MARMoroccoMARREBPLSPolisarioGuerillasMCOMonacoMDAMoldovaMDGMadagascarMDTMediterraneanMDVMaldivesContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK134CodeActorMEAMiddleEastMEDMedical(secondaryrolecode)MEXMexicoMHLMarshallIslandsMILMIlitary(primaryrolecode)MKDMacedoniaMLIMaliMLTMaltaMMRMyanmar(Burma)MNCMulti-nationalcorporationMNGMongoliaMNPNorthernMarianaIslandsMODModerate(tertiaryrolecode)MOSMuslimMOSALEAlewiMOSDRZDruzeMOSRAD"Fundamentalist,""radical,""extremist"MuslimMOSSFISuMOSSHIShiaMOSSUNSunniMOZMozambiqueMRTMauritaniaMSRMontserratMTNMontenegroMTQMartiniqueMUSMauritiusMWIMalawiMYSMalaysiaMYTMayotteNAFNorthAfricaNAMNamibiaNCLNewCaledoniaNERNigerNFKNorfolkIslandNGANigeriaNGAABIAbia(Nigeria)NGAABUAbuja(Nigeria)NGAADAAdamawa(Nigeria)NGAAKIAkwaIbom(Nigeria)NGAANBAnambra(Nigeria)NGABAUBauchi(Nigeria)NGABAYBayelsa(Nigeria)NGABIABiafra(Nigeria)NGABNUBenue(Nigeria)NGABORBorno(Nigeria)NGACRRCrossRiver(Nigeria)ContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK135CodeActorNGADELDelta(Nigeria)NGAEBOEdo(Nigeria)NGAEKIEkiti(Nigeria)NGAENUEnugu(Nigeria)NGAGOMGombe(Nigeria)NGAHAUHausa(ethnicgroup)NGAIBOIbo,Igbo(ethnicgroup)NGAIJWIjaws(ethnicgroup)NGAIMOImo(Nigeria)NGAJIGJigawa(Nigeria)NGAKADKaduna(Nigeria)NGAKANKano(Nigeria)NGAKATKatsina(Nigeria)NGAKEBKebbi(Nigeria)NGAKOGKogi(Nigeria)NGAKWAKwara(Nigeria)NGALAGLagos(Nigeria)NGANASNassarawa(Nigeria)NGANDRNigerDeltaRegion(Nigeria)NGANGRNiger(Nigeria)NGANNGNorthNigeria(Nigeria)NGAOGOOgoni(ethnicgroup)NGAOGUOgun(Nigeria)NGAONDOndo(Nigeria)NGAOPPANPAllNigeriaPeople'sPartyNGAOPPCFDCampaignforDemocracyNGAOPPNDCNationalDemocraticCoalitionofNigeria(NADECO)NGAOSUOsun(Nigeria)NGAOYOOyo(Nigeria)NGAPLAPlateuState(Nigeria)NGAREBMADMovementfortheAdvancementofDemocracy(MAD)NGARIVRivers(Nigeria)NGASOKSokoto(Nigeria)NGATARTaraba(Nigeria)NGATIVTiv(ethnicgroup,language)NGAYOBYobe(Nigeria)NGAYRBYoruba(ethnicgroup)NGAZAMZamfara(Nigeria)NGMNon-governmentalmovementsNGMGRPGreenpeaceNGONon-governmentalorganizationsNGOAMNAmnestyInternationalNGOCHECSIChristianSolidarityInternationalNGOCRCInternationalFed.
ofRedCrossandRedCrescent(ICRC)NGOFIDInternationalFederationofHumanRights(FIDH)NGOHRWHumanRightsWatchContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK136CodeActorNGOICGInternationalCrisisGroupNGOIHFInternationalHelsinkiFederationforHumanRightsNGOIOMInternationalOrganizationforMigrationNGOIRCRedCrossNGOJURInternationalCommissionofJuristsNGOMSFMedecinsSansFrontieres(DoctorsWithoutBorders)NGORCRRedCrescentNGOUAJUnionofArabJournalistsNGOWEFWorldEconomicForumNGOXFMOxfamNICNicaraguaNIUNiueNLDNetherlandsNMRNorthAmericaNORNorwayNPLNepalNRUNauruNZLNewZealandOMNOmanOPPOpposition(primaryrolecode)PAGAnimist/PaganPAKPakistanPAKKASPakistani-controlledKashmirPALPalestinianPALPLOPalestineLiberationOrganizationPALREBANOAbuNidalOrganizationPALREBPLFPalestineLiberationFrontPANPanamaPCNPitcairnPERPeruPGSPersianGulfPHLPhilippinesPHLREBASFAbuSayyafPLWPalauPNGPapuaNewGuineaPNGBOUBougainvillePOLPolandPRIPuertoRicoPRKDemocraticPeople'sRep.
ofKorea(Pyongyang)PRTPortugalPRYParaguayPSEPalestinianOccupiedTerritoriesPSEGOVFTAFatah(d.
r.
)PSEGOVHMSHamas(d.
r.
)PSEGZSGazaStripPSEREBAAMAlAqsaMartyrsBrigadeContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK137CodeActorPSEREBDFLDemocraticFrontfortheLiberationofPalestine(DFLP)PSEREBHMSHamas(d.
r.
)PSEREBISJPalestinianIslamicJihadPSEREBPFLPeople'sFrontfortheLiberationofPalestine(PFLP)PSEWSBWestBankPYFFrenchPolynesiaQATQatarRADRadical(tertiaryrolecode)REBRebel(primaryrolecode)REFRefugee(secondaryrolecode)REURunionROMRomaniaRUSRussiaRUSCNYChechnyaRWARwandaRWAGOVRPFRwandanPatrioticFront(d.
r.
)RWAUAFRPFRwandanPatrioticFront(d.
r.
)SAFSouthernAfricaSAMSouthAmericaSASSouthAsiaSAUSaudiArabiaSCGSerbiaandMontenegro(d.
r.
)SCGKSVKosovo(d.
r.
)SCGMTNMontenegro(d.
r.
)SCGSRBSerbia(d.
r.
)SCGVVDVojvodina(d.
r.
)SCNScandinaviaSDNSudanSDNDFRDarfurSDNREBNDANationalDemocraticAllianceSDNREBSPLSudanPeople'sLiberationArmySEASoutheastAsiaSENSenegalSENREBMDFMovementofDemocraticForcesofCasamanceSERethnicSerbSGPSingaporeSHNSaintHelenaSJMSvalbardandJanMayenIslandsSLASlavSLBSolomonIslandsSLESierraLeoneSLEREBKAMKamojormilitiaSLEREBRUFRevolutionaryUnitedFrontSLVElSalvadorSMRSanMarinoSNLSinhalese(ethnicgroup)ContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK138CodeActorSOMSomaliaSPMSaintPierreandMiquelonSPYSpy(primaryrolecode)SRBSerbia(d.
r.
)SRBKSVKosovo(d.
r.
)SRBVVDVojvodina(d.
r.
)STPSaoTomeandPrincipeSURSurinameSVKSlovakiaSVNSloveniaSWESwedenSWZSwazilandSYCSeychellesSYRSyriaTAMTamil(ethnicgroup)TAOTaoistTCATurksandCaicosIslandsTCDChadTGOTogoTHAThailandTJKTajikistanTKLTokelauTKMTurkmenistanTMPEastTimor(Timor-Leste)TONTongaTRGTuareg(ethnicgroup)TRKethnicTurkTTOTrinidadandTobagoTUNTunisiaTURTurkeyTURANKAnkaraTURGOVAKPJusticeandDevelopmentParty(AKP)(d.
r.
)TURGOVANPMotherlandParty(ANAP)(d.
r.
)TURGOVCHPRepublicanPeople'sParty(CHP)(d.
r.
)TURGOVDSPDemocraticLeftParty(DSP)(d.
r.
)TURGOVDYPTruePathParty(DYP)(d.
r.
)TURGOVMHPNationalActionParty(MHP)(d.
r.
)TURGOVREPWelfareParty(Refah)(d.
r.
)TURISTIstanbulTURIZMIzmirTUROPPAKPJusticeandDevelopmentParty(AKP)(d.
r.
)TUROPPANPMotherlandParty(ANAP)(d.
r.
)TUROPPCHPRepublicanPeople'sParty(CHP)(d.
r.
)TUROPPDSPDemocraticLeftParty(DSP)(d.
r.
)TUROPPDTPDemocraticSocietyParty(DTP)TUROPPDYPTruePathParty(DYP)(d.
r.
)ContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK139CodeActorTUROPPFAZVirtueParty(Fazilet)TUROPPHDPDemocraticPeople'sParty(DEHAP/HADEP)TUROPPMHPNationalActionParty(MHP)(d.
r.
)TUROPPREPWelfareParty(Refah)(d.
r.
)TURREBDSLDev-SolTURREBPKKKurdistanWorkers'Party(PKK)TURSOESoutheastTurkeyTUTTutsi(ethnicgroup)TUVTuvaluTWNTaiwanTZATanzaniaUAFUnidentiedArmedForce(tertiaryrolecode)UGAUgandaUGAREBADFAlliedDemocraticForcesUGAREBLRALord'sResistanceArmyUIGUighur(Chineseethnicminority)UISUnidentiedstateactorsUKRUkraineURYUruguayUSAUnitedStatesUSRUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR)UZBUzbekistanVATHolySee(VaticanCity)VCTSaintVincentandtheGrenadinesVENVenezuelaVGBBritishVirginIslandsVIRU.
S.
ViriginIslandsVNMVietnamVUTVanuatuWAFWestAfricaWLFWallisandFutunaIslandsWSMSamoaWST"theWest"YEMYemenYMNNorthYemenYMSSouthYemenYUGSocialistFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(d.
r.
)YUGBSNYugoslavia'sRepublicofBosnia(d.
r.
)YUGCTAYugoslavia'sRepublicofCroatia(d.
r.
)YUGKSVKosovo(d.
r.
)YUGMCDYugoslavia'sRepublicofMacedonia(d.
r.
)YUGMTNMontenegro(d.
r.
)YUGSLNYugoslavia'sRepublicofSlovenia(d.
r.
)YUGSRBYugoslavia'sRepublicofSerbia(d.
r.
)YUGVVDVojvodina(d.
r.
)ZAFSouthAfricaContinuedonnextpageCHAPTER3.
ACTORCODEBOOK140CodeActorZMBZambiaZROZoroastrianZWEZimbabwe