propensitynetlife

Notes2CultureandOnlineCommunication1.
See,forexample,Dery(1996),Shields(1996),Porter(1997),andBell(2001;BellandKennedy,2000)oncybercultures;Surratt(1998)andSmithandKollock(1999)ononlinecommunities;Turkle(1995)onidentity;Kolko,Nakamura,andRodman(2000)onrace;Spender(1995),Harcourt(1999)andChernyandWeise(1996)ongender;Stone(1995)ongenderiden-tityanddisability;Loader(1998)onclass;Cooper(2000)oncybersex;Tsagarousianou,Tambini,andBryan(1998)oncyberdemocracy.
2.
Specialissuesincludethefollowing:-LanguageLearningandTechnology7.
2(2003)'Telecollaboration';-InternationalNegotiation9.
1(2004)onICTsandinternationalnegotiation;-JournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication11.
1(2005)'CultureandComputer-MediatedCommunication';and-AAUSCannual(AmericanAssociationofUniversitySupervisorsandCo-ordinators)(2006)Internet-MediatedInterculturalForeignLanguageEducation(eds.
BelzandThorne).
3.
See,forexample,Siebenhaar(2006,p.
485),whosehypothesesregardingtheregionaloriginsofSwissInternetrelaychatusersarebasedontheirlanguageuse.
4.
Thediscourseofthe'borderlessworld'persistsintalkabouttheglobalecon-omy,butisseriouslychallengedby,amongothers,GoldsmithandWu(WhoControlstheInternet:IllusionsofaBorderlessWorld,2006),whoarguethatpowerfuleconomicinterestswillcontinuetorelyonterritorialgovernmentsforsupportintheircross-borderenterprises.
5.
Whilewerecognizethatconventions,practicesandvaluesarenotsimplyequivalent,theliteraturetendsnottodistinguishbetweentheminconsis-tentways.
Ourdiscussionwillthereforemovebetweenreferringsometimestooneandsometimestoallofthesetypesofculturalregularities.
6.
TheygivethetellingexampleofHIV-preventioncampaigns,wheretypi-callyhigh-contextAfricanculturesmaybequiteexplicit,whereasAustraliancampaignsareunusuallyimplicitandallusive(1997,p.
144).
7.
Forsimilarfindings,seeTwu2007,p.
250.
8.
WhiletheseinterpretationsofMa'sdatamayseemtoveerbacktowardshypothesis1(theInternetremovesculturaldifference),theargumentismorenuanced.
ThereisnoexpectationthattheInternetnecessarilyeliminatesallculturaldifference;rather,itmightofferanopportunitytobreakwithcertainculturalconventions,notall.
And-asMa'sworksuggests-cultureswillbothtakeupthispossibilitydifferentlyand,wecontend,continuetointerpret190Notes191others'onlinebehaviouraccordingtotheirownculturallydeterminedexpectations.
9.
Frow's(2005)criticalexplorationofgenreapproachestheconceptinasimilarwaytoFreadmanandMacdonald.
10.
InChapter4,wediscussthechangesthattakeplaceovertimewithrespecttodiscussionforums,andshowthatsuchchangesdonotnecessarilymoveinthedirectionofconvergencebetweencultures.
11.
Thorne's(2003)subsequentworkon'cultures-of-use'broadensaHa\lidayanconceptualizationofgenretoembraceanethnologicalapproachtothewaycommunicativegenresandthetechnologiestheyemployareembeddedin-andshape-widerculturalpractices.
Communicationstechnologiesareseenas'artefacts',notsimplymaterialbutimbuedwithculturalmeaningarisingfromtheir'historiesofuse'(p.
40)byparticularcommunities,historiesthatcontinuetoevolve.
Thisisentirelyconsistentwithouruseofgenretheoryasthebasisforunderstandingculturalpractices.
3DebateorConversationFrenchandBritishPublicInternetDiscussion1.
SeealsotheconnectionsmadebyColinandMourlhon-Dallies(2004)betweenthe'caurrierdeslecteurs'(LetterstotheEditor)andthepublicdiscussionforum.
2.
StudiesbyGubmanandGreer(1997),TankardandBan(1998),Peng,ThamandXiaoming(1999)andGreerandMensing(2004)offersimilarstatistics.
3.
Cowen(2001)assertsthat'[wJebsitessuchastheElectronicTelegraphandGuardianUnlimitedrankassomeofthemostwell-knowninBritain'(p.
190),whileEstela(2000)notesthehighpositionofthedailypressamongthe20mostvisitedFrenchwebsites(p.
24).
4.
Evenin2003theproportionofnewusersattheBBCwebsiteremainedsig-nificant,astheBBCDirectorofNewMediaandTechnologyreported:'And,ofthe25millionadultsandchildrenonlineintheUK,75.
TheTimes,whichmighthaveseemedanobviousBritishcounterparttoLeMande,didnotincorporateaforumfacilityuntilwellaftertheothersites,withnoneavailablein2002.
6.
'BBCNewsonlinereceives660millionpageimpressionsamonth,with9.
1millionUKusersreadingit(around30millionworldwide).
Comparethiswithitsnearestrival-GuardianUnlimited-thathas80millionpageimpres-sionsamonthand7.
2millionusers,manyfromoutsidetheUK.
Allothernewspapers'sitesareatleastathirdthesizeoftheGuardian's.
'(McCarthy,2003,np).
'Usercontributionshavecontinuedtoshowsteadygrowthinrecentyears(fromanaverageof112,310registeredusersinNovember2002to244,963inNovember2003;messageboardsattractedover7millionpageimpressionsaweekinNovember2003),(Graf,2004,p.
27).
192Notes7.
LesEchos,L'EquipeandTeleramaarededicatedto,respectively,business,sport,televisionandthearts.
Figuressourcedfrom'Mediametrie-eRatings'andbasedonNielsen//NetRatings(PanelHomeandWork.
ReportFrance-September2002),citedinSantrot(2002).
8.
Thetitle'LeNouvelObservateurfromdaytoday'distinguishesthefrequentlyupdatedonlineversionfromthepaperweekly.
9.
Someforums(suchastheMiddleEastforumatLeMonde)andsomeusers(participantswhosemessageshavebeenremovedpreviously,newpartici-pantsinBBCforums)arepre-moderated;thatis,messagesmustbeapprovedbeforetheyappearontheforum.
10.
Thepossibilityoflaunchingadebateonatopicofone'sownchoicewasintroducedlater.
11.
ThechangewaspartoftheredesignofLeMondeforumsoflate2000.
12.
'{Olnesperequevousparticiperezanospetitescastagnesamicales'[wehopeyouwillparticipateinourfriendlylittlepunch-ups]isthegreetingpostedtoaself-identifiedforeigneronthe'Autressujets'forum(Baguette,'Iesetrangers,sont-ilsbienvenus'[areforeignerswelcome],21July1999).
13.
Ourdistinctionbetween'debate'and'conversation'parallelstheoppositionbetween'discussion'and'conversation'intheliteratureonverbalinterac-tion.
Wehave,however,retainedthetermsadoptedonthesitesstudied,since'discussion'isclearlynotusedbyBritishparticipantsinthetechnicalsenseofcompetitive,topic-driven,monitoredpublictreatmentofasubject(Bublitz,1988,p.
20,citedinTabensky,2000,p.
SO).
IndeeditisconstruedonbothFrenchandBritishsitesinculturallydeterminedways.
Furthermore,asweshallsee,theimportanceofthedistinction-theextenttowhichdebateandchatmightsharethesamespace-similarlydiffersalongculturallines.
14.
Inquotingpostingstothesites,wemakenoattempttostandardizegrammarorspelling,nortoreproducenon-standardexpressioninourtranslations.
15.
Whilealltheforums,FrenchandBritish,excluderacist,defamatoryandadvertisingmessages,theforumsoftheFrenchnationaldailyLiberationalsoexplicitlyexclude'IesmessageslIOnargumentes'[messageswithnoargument](Liberation,2005).
16.
ItisworthnotingthatLightandRogers's1999articleon'TheDebatingChamber'(thesitesetupbyTheGuardianfordiscussionofthe1997UKelections)isentitled'ConversationasPublishing'.
17.
Theexistenceofthisthread,andthesentimentsexpressedonitfurtherservetounderlinetheextenttowhichinteractionontheBritishsitesenactsconversationalconventions:'Closingdownaconversationisapotentiallyface-threateningact'(Dapke,Brown,Liddicoat,&Love,1994,p.
22,referringtotheworkofLaver,1981).
18.
ThisexchangeisdiscussedindetailinChapter6.
19.
Cf.
LabbeandMarcoccia(2005),whoarguethatdigitalgenresareinitiallyvariationsonexistinggenres,beforeemergingasnewgenresintheirownright.
20.
SeeHerring(2002)andAdams(1996)onthedemographics,originsandpurposesofUseNetnewsgroups.
Notes1934Plus~achange.
.
.
:AreOnlineCulturalDifferencesFadingOverTime1.
ThewebsitefortheDailyTelegraphandtheSundayTelegraph.
2.
Dialoguewas,however,reintroducedinApril2007,withthelaunchof'my.
Telegraph',whichenablesuserstowriteblogs,andtopostcommentsontheblogsofothers.
3.
Similarly,discussiononprominentUSnewspapersiteshasbeencurtailedandfocused:theWashingtonPosthasreplaceditsforumswithfifteen'discussiongroups',eachhostedbyanindividualmoderatorwholaunchesthedailyques-tionfordiscussion,andinApril2007theNewYorkTimesclosedthemajorityofitsforums,leavingonlythoseoncrosswordsandgames,opera,classicalmusic,booksand'humanorigins'.
Itinvitedreadersinsteadto'expressyourviewsonourblogs,answerourdailyquestionandsubmitquestionsforTimeseditorsinour"TalktotheNewsroom"feature'(NewYorkTimes,2007).
4.
'Re:ExploitationdesforumsduMonde'[UsingtheLeMondeforums],'Lesforums-Vosquestions'[Theforums-yourquestions].
5.
Thisproposalhadsurfacedindependentlyonathreadonthe35-hourweek,whenoneparticipantsalutedthecontributionofanother:Jetrouvequelesmoderateursdeceforumdevraitmettrecetexteenexerguequelquepartdansleurjournal,parexempleaveccetitre'Lapenseedumoisdenotreforum',qU'est-cequevousenpensez[Ithinkthatthemoderatorsofthisforumshouldputthistextasaquota-tionsomewhereintheirnewspaper,forexamplewiththistitle'Thoughtofthemonthfromourforum',whatdoyouthink](navarin,'Dansl'actualiteLes35heuresenquestion'[Inthenews-Challengingthe35hourweek],13October2002)5PublicDiscussionForumsasaToolforLanguageLearning1.
Cf.
O'Rourke(2007,p.
49)onthevariousdegreesofintegrationoftandemlearningintoinstitutionallearning.
2.
ListsoffurthersitesfacilitatingonlinestudentexchangescanbefoundinO'Dowd(2007,pp.
174,202).
3.
Althoughimpressionsofnoveltymaynotbesharedbyallstudents:see,forexample,Thorne(2003,p.
56)onstudentrejectionofthemediumofemailasoutmoded.
4.
Werecognizethatthesemaynotbetheirnativelanguageandculture.
5.
Forfurtherdiscussionoftheseissues,seeO'Rourke(2007,pp.
57-59).
6.
Foronething,thegenericspecificityofInternetdiscussionforumsevidentlylimitswhatcanbetaughtthroughthem:Chapter9presentsacasestudyofFrenchmediawebsitediscussionforumsusedinacourseon'argumentation'.
7.
Herewereferofcoursetomonolingualsites.
Anexampleofanexplic-itlyinterculturalandmultilingualsite,notrestrictedtolanguagelearners,Wordreference.
com,isgivenlaterinthischapter.
194Notes8.
Thornenoteselsewherethat'Researchonlearninginnon-institutionalizeddigitalenvironmentsisinitsrelativeinfancy'(Thorne&Black,2007,p.
149).
9.
Foradiscussionoftheconstraintsofthelanguageclassroom,seeCowleyandHanna,1997.
10.
'Gettingtoknoweachother'(CulturalDiscussions)createdbymoderatorGenJen54,1June2006.
BySeptember2007,233replieshadbeenpostedtothisexceptionalquestionnairewhere,foronce,readerswereinvitedtorevealpersonaldetails.
11.
Cf.
Little(1991,pp.
3-4);LamyandHampel(2007,pp.
147-148).
12.
ThispOSSibilityisdiscussedindetailinChapter8.
13.
Cf.
Lam(2000,2003,2004),whosecasestudiesshowhownon-standardvari-etiesofEnglishcanbeusedtoconstructviableEnglish-languageidentitiesforonlinecommunication.
6AFunnyThingHappenedontheWaytotheForum:Learners'ParticipationStrategies1.
Asubscriptionwhichincludestherighttoposttotheforumscosts6eurospermonthatthetimeofwriting(2008).
2.
SeealsodiscussioninChapter3.
'Autressujets'wasreplacedby'Taussujets'[Alltopics]inlate2000.
3.
Anothersignificantchangein2001wasthecreationoftheforum'Questionssurceforum'[Questionsaboutthisforum],cateringfortechnicalandother'howto'questionsregardingonlinediscussionpreviouslyfoundon'Autressujets'.
By2008,thishassimplybecome'Vasquestions'[Yourquestions].
4.
Cf.
theargumentofKollockandSmith(1996)concerningtheongOingneedtonegotiaterulesincomputer-enabledcommunities:Evenifacommunityhasdevelopedagoodsetofrules,thereisthetaskofteachingnewmembersaboutthoserules.
[.
.
.
]Newmembersaretemptedtowadeintoanewsgroupwithoutfirstlearningthelocalculturebyread-ingthedocumentsthathavebeenpreparedbyothermembersorbyobservingthegroupforaperiodoftimebeforeattemptingtoparticipate.
[.
.
.
]EveninnewsgroupsthathaveproducedaFAQ,manyoftherulesandinstitutionsthatarepresentremaininformal,undocumentedanddif-ficulttoenforce.
Asaresult,therearecertainchronicproblemsthataredifficulttoresolvethroughtheseinformalmeans.
Forexample,groupsrou-tinelywanderoffoftheirdeclaredtopics,andarefrequentlyinvadedbythosewhoareeitherignorantofthegoalsofthegrouporwhoactivelyseektodisruptthem.
(p.
122)5.
Whilstthecontributionsofthesefourwritersformpartofthedataforourstudy,thesubjectsthemselves(David,Laura,EleanorandFleurie)donot.
Wearenotacquaintedwiththem,andthenatureoftheironlineparticipa-tionmeansthatallweknowoftheirpersonal,pedagogicalandinstitutionalsituationiswhattheychoosetorevealaboutthemselvesintheirmessages.
6.
Inhissubjectline,GrossefatiguealludestoacelebratedincidentatthebattleofFontenoy(1745),wheretheEnglishinvitationtotheFrenchtobeginfiringNotes195wasmetwithareplycommonlycitedas'MessieurslesAnglais,tirezlespremiers!
'[Afteryou,gentlemen:shootfirst!
]andgallantrycosttheFrenchtheirfrontline.
7.
ThisepisodeisechoedinParamskas'experiencewiththediscussionlist'Causerie'[Chat]bothinthekindsofintroductorymessagespostedbyunwittingstudentsandinthelackofcontinuedparticipationbythesenovices:Everyonceinawhile,aFrenchteacherwilldiscoverCauserieandpushhisorherstudentsontoit,resultinginmultiplemessagesofthetype:Hi,I'mXXX,andI'mlearningFrenchandIwouldliketotalktoyou.
Writetome!
Thisisperhapsnotthebestuseofthemedium,but'theCause'takesitallingoodstride.
Someonealwaysspeaksuptowelcometheclassmembers,whotendtofadeawaygiventhevolumeofmessages.
Causeriewasnotsetupasapedagogictool,butcertainlycanservethatfunctionwell.
(Paramskas,1995,p.
167)8.
Laura'sattemptattextualpasticheheredoesn'tquiteworkintranslationandherself-positioningasthescarybutultimatelyharmlesswolfmaybemissed.
9.
ThisissomethingthatChen(1998)wasbelatedlyrequiredtotakeintoaccountwhenheattemptedtouseahighlycodifiedformofdebateastheformatforemailexchangeamongstudentsfromvariouscountries.
7FaceOff:IdentityinOnlineDebate1.
Thefamouscase,recountedbyStone,ofaprominentNewYorkmalepsy-chiatristwhoparticipatedinaCompuServechatroomundertheguiseofadisabledfemaleneuropsychologistandthebetrayalfeltbythosewhohadbefriendedherisbutoneexampleofthetenaciousbelief,despiteeverything,inonlinesincerity(Stone,1995,pp.
65-82).
2.
AsnotedinChapter4,themajorityoftheNewYorkTimesforumswereclosedandremovedinApril2007(NewYorkTimes,2007).
3.
Foranoverviewofthesedevelopmentsandtheirapplicationtothestudyofonlinecommunication,seeThurlow,LengelandTomic(2004,pp.
95-105).
4.
See,forexample,Burkhalter(1999),Donath(1999),Revillard(2000).
5.
TheNouvelObservateursiteaccommodatestheproductionofanameforeveryforum:participantsinadebateonMicrosoftthereforeincludeBillPortesandBillGuette(respectively,atranslationandphonetictranspositionofthenameBillGates).
(SeeNouvelObservateur,2007,toconsulttherules.
)Suchmade-to-measurenameswereatonepointpossibleontheLeMondesite,whereregularsalsorangplayfulchangesonrecognizablepseUdonyms.
Ifthesamepersonhasmultiplenames,whichcannotbetracedbacktothesameaddress,onlineandofflineworldsmightseemtodiverge,butwemustremindourselvesthatotherwrittengenresalsoallowmultiplepseudonymsanditisentirelypossibletoringtalk-backradioor-whynot-totalktostrangersonbusesunderdifferentguises.
Althoughincreasedpolicingofthe196NotesIeMondesitesaw,between2000and2002,anenforcementoftheprincipleofunitaryidentity-oneaddress,onepseudonym-afurtherdevelopmentin2003disturbedit.
Thiswaswhentherighttocontributewasrestrictedtosubscriberstotheonlineedition.
Accordingtodiscussionon'Coindetente'[Relaxationcorner),thisbroughtabouttheformationofforumcouplesandothergroupings,ascontributorsunitedundertheonenameandtheonesubscription.
Ithasnot,however,meantacompleterepudiationofthenotionofindividualidentity,asmembersoftheseconsortiatendtosigntheircontributionswithindividualnames/pseudonyms.
6.
Foradiscussionofidentitycuesinnewsgroups,seeDonath(1999).
7.
SeealsoDonath(1999,p.
30).
8.
TheshiftingendermaywellbeduetothesharingofasubscriptiontoIeMondeasmentionedinnote5above:thepointis,however,thatnooneseekstoclarifythistangentialissue.
9.
Onthispoint,seeChapter3.
Ourinvestigationsintocross-culturaldifferenceinonlinedebatesuggestthatthefocusofdiscussiononUSsitesisalsoaboutmakingacase,butthatthistendstobethroughthepresentationofconflict-ingpersonalviewsandexperiences,ratherthanthroughengagementwiththeargumentsofothers.
ThistendencyisconsistentwithDonath'sobserva-tion(1999,p.
50)thatthemostusualkindofidentitymanipulationseenonnewsgroupsisthatofstatusenhancement,tocastoneselfastheauthoritativespeaker.
DebateonFrenchsitesisnotablylessgroundedinthepersonal.
10.
QueenslandUniversityofTechnologyunitHHB066,French6,2002.
8TowardsInterculturalDiscussion:GettingOffontheRightFoot(ing)1.
Ourstudydidnotencompasstheprivatesphereofpersonalcontactsbetweenfriends,familyandcolleagues.
Intheprivatedomain,wewouldexpecttheincidenceofproductiveinterculturalexchanges(orsustainedexchangesthatdonotdegenerateintoabuse)tobesignificantlyhigher.
2.
ThedistinctionDerymakesbetween'flaming'('Exchanginginsultselectron-ically',1994,p.
322)and'rant'('On-linedemagogueryinwhichusersgivethemselvesovertoinspiredhyperboleandwild,zanycapitalizationandpunctuation',p.
324)isprincipallyoneoflength.
Wewilluse'rant'torefergenerallytoonlineverbalabuse.
3.
Mostdiscussionsitesaremoderatedtosomedegree;however,ingeneral,contributionsappearonlineimmediately(iftheypasstheautomaticcensorcheckingforoffensivelanguage),butmayberemovedsubsequentlybyamoderatoriftheydonotconformtothesite'scodeofconduct.
4.
Herring'sdiscussionreferstoEnglish-languageforums.
Examinationofthecodesofconductofforumsbasedinavarietyofculturesandlanguages,however,suggeststhattheinflammatorynatureofpublicInternetdiscussionisawidespreadissue,notrestrictedtoAnglophonecultures.
5.
Theperformanceofidentityaccordingtoaclassroommodelissimi-larlynotedbyDooly(2006).
Shepresentsastrikingexampleofthegapbetweentheconstructionofanonlineidentityforapedagogicaltask(blandself-presentationcorrespondingtoclassroomconventionsand/orimaginedNotes197teacherexpectations)andthesameindividual'sonlineidentityperformedthroughherpersonalwebpagewithmuchuseofgraphics,humourandcolour.
6.
SeeBenson(2002)onthedistinctionbetweenautonomyandself-access.
7.
Unilangalsooffersfivesuchforums,separatefromthe'VirtualSchoolofLanguages',butonlyinEnglish.
These'non-languageforums'include'Politics'and'Cultures'.
Herethelearnerspeakingpositionisabandoned,butalthoughinterculturaldiscussionscertainlyoccurintheseforums,thepropensitytorantisonceagainafactor,withprominentwarningsaboutbehaviourandtheexclusionofuserswhobreachthegUidelines.
8.
Afteralullinactivity,thethreadwastwicerevived(11December2003-8January2004,137messages;12February-8April2004,48messages)beforebeingarchivedon6May2004.
9.
Infact,Francophonesfurnished147(36.
7percent)ofthe401messages;however,88ofthesewereby'frogoff',aFrenchmaneducatedinEnglandandseeminglyequallyateaseinbothlanguages.
10.
Numbersprefacedby#refertoindividualmessageswithinthethread.
11.
OrasKuhnheim(1998)succinctlyputsit,'BoundariesareinherenttothedefinitionofsubjectpOSitions,andaborderidentityisnoexception'(p.
25).
12.
Similarly,Park(2007)notesthewayinwhichnon-nativespeakeriden-tityisinvokedtemporarilyatparticularmomentsintheinformal,small-groupconversationsbetweenUS,SpanishandKoreancollegestudentsandgraduatesthatsheanalyses.
13.
Cf.
Rosello's(1998)workontheneedto'decline'stereotypes.
9UsingPublicInternetForumstoDevelopFrenchArgumentationSkills1.
BruceRoberts,postingonIECC-discussion@stolaf.
edu,22March1994,citedinWarschauer,1995,p.
95.
2.
Indesigningtheassessmentregime,theinstructorhadtoconsidermanyoftheissueswhicharealsoraisedbyLamyandHampelintheirdiscussionofassessment(Lamy&Hampel,2007,pp.
88-101).
However,whileLamyandHampelsituatemostoftheirdiscussionoftheassessmentofonlinepro-ductioninthecontextofcollaborativeprojects,oursolutionsrelatetothecreationofaculturallyauthenticproduct.
Aswillbeseenlaterinthechapter,thesubsequentrequirementthatstudentsprovidecommentaryonthepro-ductionandreceptionoftheirsuccessivepostingsmeansthatthereisalsoaprocess-basedelementtoassessment.
3.
Cf.
theexampleofKanduhn(Australie)attheendofChapter7.
4.
Thepseudonymsarethosechosenbythestudentsforuseintheforums.
5.
Thisexamplecomesfromarepeatofthecourseinthefollowingsemester.
6.
Seeourdiscussionofdefaultspeakingpositionsandthatofchampionofone'scultureinChapter8.
7.
'Blackboard'hereindicatestheweb-basedteachingandlearningplatform.
8.
Thesituationwasdifferent,however,forstudentspostingtoL'Express,whoreceivedanemailwhenevertherewasaresponsetotheirmessage,makingthisauser-friendlydestinationforstudentcontributions.
198Notes10ForumsforLearning:Language,CultureandIdentity1.
TheuseofsearchtermssuchasX+forums+discussion(whereXisafieldofinterest,termstranslatedasnecessary)revealsachoiceofforumsincom-monlytaughtlanguagesoncooking,pets,films,sports,jobs,scienceandsoon.
2.
ComparablesitesincludetheJapanese-languagesite'AllAbout'andthesites'12chat'and'Rongshuxia'inMandarin.
3.
AndyetwehaveseeninChapter6,withthecasesofLauraandDavidDaltononLeMonde,thatAmericanparticipationcanalsobewarmlywelcomed.
4.
KeyvolumesrelatinglanguagelearningtoidentityissuesincludeBlock(2006),Kramsch(2003),Norton(2000),PavlenkoandBlackledge(2004).
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plNewYorkTimes:http://www.
nytimes.
com/pages/readersopinions/index.
htmlNouvelObservateur,Debats:http://tempsreel.
nouvelobs.
com/debats/Rongshuxia(fflf}ff:i:J;,I(!
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topix.
com/forum/family/kidsUnilang,Languageforums:http://home.
unilang.
org/main/forum/WashingtonPost,Discussiongroups:http://www.
washingtonpost.
com/wp-srv/community/groups/front.
htmlnid=roICmessboardsWordreference,Languageforums:http://forum.
wordreference.
com/TFl,Forums:http://tfl.
IcLfr/infos/communautes!
lcinautes/YahooAnswers:http://au.
answers.
yahoo.
com/http://answers.
yahoo.
com/http://de.
answers.
yahoo.
com/http://es.
answers.
yahoo.
com/http://fr.
answers.
yahoo.
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answers.
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yahoo.
com/http://uk.
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yahoo.
com/IndexNote:Pagenumbersinboldindicatesignificantdiscussion12chat,198Adams,Chris,SO,192affordances,6,12,24,29,104,137AliAbout,198Anderson,Benedict,19Ang,CheeSiang,42anonymity,39,110-111,125-6,132,137,159,175Antaki,Charles,124,135,147,188anti-Americansentiment,25-6,38,54,108,112-13,114,128,137,138,159,172-3,185seealsorantinganti-Frenchsentiment,38,131,137,145-6,148,150,151,159,175-6Archer,CarolM.
,27argumentation,26,44-5,53-8,60,63,69,75,78,79,81-2,102,112-15,118,128-32,133-4,152-3,ISS-80,183,192,196assessmentoflanguagelearners,14,3~88,89,91,15~15~16~177,178,179-81,183,197Asti,Brian,49asynchronouscommunication,1,4,25,42,70,71,99-100,186,188Atifi,Hassan,44authenticity,91-2,101authority,8,154,173,196autonomy,seelearnerautonomyavatars,29,47,138Ban,Hyun,191Basharina,OlgaK.
,49BBC,5,12,51,52-70,74-6,78,80-1,129-30,138-9,191,192Beal,Christine,81Bell,David,190Belz,JulieA.
,25,26,35,43,45,48,49,88,93,190Benson,Phil,142,197Bichelmeyer,Barbara,46Biesenbach-Lucas,Sigrun,46,100Black,RebeccaW.
,194Blackboard(LearningManagementPlatform),158,161,177Blackledge,Adrian,198Bloch,Joel,35,44Block,David,187,198blogs,12,32,79,80-1,193Bolter,JayDavid,35Bonk,CurtisJ.
,48borderlessworld,15,20-1,22,23,112,115,136-7,138,145,189,190Brammerts,Helmut,93Breton,EricJ.
-L.
,79Brown,Anne,192Brown,JohnSeely,140Bryan,Cathy,190Bublitz,Wolfram,192bulletinboards,50-1,137seealsonewsgroupsBurkhalter,Byron,123,124,137,147,195Byram,Michael,164Cagiltay,Kursat,46Cakir,Hasan,46Callahan,Ewa,41Callan,VictorJ.
,31Causerie,195championofhomeculture,136-8,151,153,197seealsospeakingpositions,defaultChase,Mackie,23,24,43,47,49seealsoReeder,Kenneth214chatfacilities,34,42,43,68,69-70,87,120,190,195,198possibilityofinforums,seesmalltalkChen,Guo-Ming,27,42,44,195Cherny,Lynn,190Chiou,Jyh-Shen,41Cho,Chang-Hoan,43Christie,Bruce,28Cifuentes,Lauren,43,45,46,47Clyne,MichaelG.
,82codesofconduct,seeforums,codesofconductofcodeswitching,44,89,107,111,143-6Coldwell,Jo,46Colin,Jean-Yves,191collectivismvindividualism,22,24,25,30,31-2,33,41-2Collins,Allan,140commentarybyforumparticipants,seegenre,commentarybyparticipantsonCommonEuropeanFramework,156,158ComputerAssistedLanguageLearning(CALL),19,22,85-6,99-100seealsoNetwork-BasedLanguageTeaching(NBLT)conflict,8,54,55,56,64,76,86,88,102,114-15,136-8,175-7seealsoranting;interculturalmisunderstandingConvertino,Gregorio,49Cooper,AI,190Coverdale-Jones,Tricia,27,28Cowen,Nicola,51,52,191Cowley,Peter,194Crystal,David,71culturalconventionsofforumdiscussion,seeforums,culturalconventionsculturaldeterminism,27culturaldifferencesinCMC,8,40-9assumedlackof,20-3assumptionsabout,19-39,190-1British/French,50-72,73-81Index215culturalknowledge,9,22,98-9,103,105,117-18cyberhate,seerantingDaft,RichardL.
,28Davies,Bronwyn,136debate,seediscussion,culturaldifferencesinunderstandingofdeception,seeidentity,fraudulentDelphiForums,75,143deNooy,Juliana,36,44Dery,Mark,136,137,190,196digitalnatives,176digressioneffortstocurb,4,75-7,80toleranceof,8,58-63,74-5,82,106,129,151,194Dinev,Tamara,40directnessvindirectness,25-6,27,31-2,34,42-4discussion,culturaldifferencesinunderstandingof,11,44-5,53-8,61,63,74,77,78,89,99,102,132,174-5,177,192,195,196Donath,Judith,126-7,195,196Dooly,Melinda,196Dapke,Susanne,192Dovidio,JohnF.
,93Dragona,Aliki,23,40Duguid,Paul,140EISaid,GhadaR.
,187email,50,76,92,120,163,197addresses,124-6attitudesto,24,40,193culturaldifferencesin,25,26,27,29-30,32,37,38,43-4,46,47,48,72genreof,25,26,27,28,32,36,37,42,71,81pedagogicalusesof,22,26,30-1,42,85-9,99,117,156,195ePals,30,88seealsokeypalserrors,seefeedback,onlanguageerrors;forummessages,correctnessoflanguageinEss,Charles,19,23,41Estela,Jean-Luc,191216Indexevaluation,seeassessmentoflanguagelearnersEvans,DanielS.
,22Express,L',74,78,80,156,158,161,162-3,165,166,173,176,197face-to-facecommunication(ITF),9,27-35,70,81-2,99-100,173feedbackonculture,112,114-15,174-5fromforumparticipants,8,13,14,39,90,96-8,108-11,168-73,174-7,189lackof,91,168-9onlanguageerrors,97,109,131-2,139-42,144-5,151,171-4,176uptakebystudents,14,97-8,Ill,178-81,197Figaro,Le,51,52,74,78,80,97,156,158,162-3,165,167,169,170,172,175Fischer,Gerhard,86flaming,seerantingfooting,103,148-53,173seealsospeakingpositionsformalityvinformality,8,15,23,27,45,47,57,79forummessagescorrectnessoflanguagein,xiii,9,56-7,67,80,101,106,107-8,131-2,192digitalrecordof,67,96,99,100,152,181,188digressionin,seedigreSSionephemeralityof,67,79-80initial,112,160lengthof,15,57,68-70,77,78-9,80,106,108,196purposeof,82,110qualityof,55,56,57,80,94,97,193written/oralstyle,65-8,72,79-80,81seealsoturntaking;feedbackforumsforchildren,184closureof,4,76-7,143,193,195codesofconductof,7-8,53,78,88-9,95,96,196,197culturalconventionsof,10,11,12,50-72,73-82,100,102,105-6inEnglish,4-5,12,50-72,73-82,143-54,197evolutionovertime,8,12,52,73-81featuresof,3-5,50-2,74,90-5,162-3,192,194,197inFrench,4-5,12,50-72,73-82,104-18,162-3forlanguagelearners,54,102,138-42inlanguagesotherthanEnglish&French,1,138,183-4,198neglectofinlanguageeducation,1,89,101,103noveltyof,12,73,105-7obstaclestoparticipationin,1-2,6-7,11,101-3,135-8,141-2participationinbyculturaloutsiders,4,9-10,12-13,99,101,107,112-15,118,123,133-4,137,138,142,146,153,168,185pedagogicaluseof,2,5,6-7,12,13-14,81-2,89-103,115-18,132-4,149,155-81,182-9politicalorientationof,53,74popularityof,18,51,52-3,75,89technicaldifficultiesencountered,158,166,177forumthreadlengthof,61startinga,53,74,76,78fraudulence,seeidentity,fraudulentFreadman,Anne,36-7,64-5,106,110,111,115,191Friceau,Benoit,53friendliness,friendship,13,26,47-8,92-5seealsorelationshipsonlineFroomkin,A.
Michael,126Frow,John,191Fussell,SusanR.
,seeSetlock,LeslieD.
Gaertner,SamuelL.
,93Gallois,Cynthia,31genre,2,7,10,11,36-9,64-5,82,102,104,115-16,191commentarybyparticipantson,8,12,13,39,50,54,64-5,67,75,97-8,105-6,108-11,114,116evolutionof,36-9,65,71,73,191stakesof,13,111,117,132-3template,12,36-8,44,65-8,71,93,192Gerritsen,Marinel,47globalization,15,21,73,81,186,189,190Goffman,Erving,124,135,148,153Goldsmith,Jack,190Goo,Jayhun,40Gorman,GaryEo,42Gottlieb,Nanette,40,41,137Gourves-Hayward,Alison,86Graf,Philip,52,191Greer,Jennifer,191Grusin,Richard,35Guardian,The,5,10,12,51,52-6,58-69,74-5,77,80,100,183,191,192Gubman,Jon,191Gunawardena,CharlotteNo,41GunskevonKolin,MartinaandMarkus,22Hall,EdwardTo,25,30,31,42Hall,HoThomas,33-4Hall,Stuart,124Hampel,Regine,100,194,197Handa,Carolyn,23,40Hanna,BarbaraEo,36,44,94,194Hara,Kazuya,35,47Hara,Noriko,49Harcourt,Wendy,190Harre,Rom,136Harrison,Richard,45Hart,WilliamBo,19Hatcher,Caroline,seeKim,Hee-SooHearn,Greg,seeKim,Hee-SooHeaton,Lorna,40,48Herring,Susanc.
,19,29,42,50,71,137,192,196Hewling,Anne,35highcontextvlowcontext,25,27,30,33-4,42-3,190Index217Highfield,Ashley,191Ho,MeiLinCaroline,47Hofstede,Geert,25,30,31,41homepages,personal,25,26,30,31,32,37,81,87,196-7Hu,Qing,40hyperlinks,4,23,25,30,78-9,80,127,163,166ICTs(Information&CommunicationTechnologies),attitudesto,24-5,40identitychallengesto,9,10,13,121-2,124,127-32constructionof,13,124,135,147,187-8,194,196default,seespeakingpositionsdeploymentof,9-11,13,120,124,133-5,152-4,161fraudulent,9-10,120-32,195,196learner,13,101,102-3,119,133,138-42,144,146-7,153,187,196-7,198national,47,114,127,129,133-4,137online,19,20-1,47,120-34secondlanguage,100-1,102,118,132-4,152-4,187-8,194,197situational,123-4,132-3seealsofooting;self-presentation;speakingpositionsimposture,seeidentity,fraudulentIndependent,The,5,9,13,74,75,102,143-54,189indirectness,seedirectnessindividualism,seecollectivismvindividualismIndyforums,seeIndependent,Theinformality,seeformalityvinformalityinstantmessaging,32,34,40,48interculturalcompetence,2,14,86,101,111,120InterculturalE-mailClassroomConnections(IECC),88interculturalists,seespeakingpositions,intercuituralistinterculturallearning,14,19-20,26,30-1,86-7,90,96,98-9,101,103218Indexinterculturalmisunderstanding,20,25-6,27,33,38,45,86,93InternationalTandemNetwork,seeTandemServerInternetrelaychat,seechat,facilitiesintraculturalvariation,31-2,36-7,49,97Jarvenpaa,Sirkaa1.
,19Jaureguiberry,Francis,121,123,129Johal,Parminder,22Johnston,Kevin,22Kaplan,RobertBo,82Kawabata,Akira,41Kawakami,Kerry,93Kellogg,Guy,187Kennedy,BarbaraMo,190Kern,RichardGo,86,88,90Kersten,Gregory,seeKoeszegi,Sabinekeypals,6,30-1,54,87-8,91,93,95,111,133,139,148seealsotandemlearning;telecollaborationKidopia,184Kiesler,Sara,137Kim,Haeyon,43,47Kim,Heeman,25,30,41Kim,Hee-Soo,19,43,44,46,47Kim,Kyong-Jee,48Kim,Soyoung,42Kinginger,Celeste,86Ko,Hanjun,43Koda,Tomoko,47Koeszegi,Sabine,25,42Kolko,BethEo,190Kollock,Peter,190,194Kramsch,Claire,26,36,38,43,44,45,48,49,72,86,93,198Kreef-Peyton,Joy,100Kuhnheim,JillSo,197Kurosaki,Hiroyuki,41Labbe,Helene,192Lam,WanShunEva,187,194Lamy,Marie-Noelle,100,194,197language,choiceof,88-9,90,91languagelearners,seelearnerslanguagelearningonline,12,19,20-1,25-6,30-1,38,48,49,81,85-9,190,193seealsoforums,pedagogicaluseof;tandemlearning;telecollaborationLantolf,JamesPo,187-8Laver,John,192learnerautonomy,87-8,90,98,101,103,142,189,197learner-to-learnerinteraction,I,2,13,19,92,102,138-42seealsoforums,forlanguagelearnerslearnersageof,92,96,102choiceofforumsfor,117,165-6,182-4confidenceof,92,100,101,102independent,87-8,98,138,141-2,143-4seealsoidentity,learnerlearningtasks,14,19,98,99,103,116-17,140,158-61,164-5,167,182-5,197seealsoassessmentoflanguagelearnersLedlow,Gerald,33-4Lee,Jasi,41Leeman,Jennifer,117Lee,Yuri,42Leidner,DorothyEo,19Lengel,Laura,195Lengel,RobertHo,28Letterstotheeditor,3,8,51,75,77,82,191Levin,JamesAo,29,46Levy,Mike,46Liang,Amy,46Liao,Chao-Chih,43,44,45Liberatioll,5,10,74,78,80,156,158,161,162-3,165,166,167,170,171-2,173,174,176,192Liddicoat,AnthonyJo,81,192Light,Ann,51-2,192Lincke,Andreas,32-3,41,45,48Little,David,93,194Loader,BrianDo,190LonelyPlanet,183Love,Kristine,192lowcontext,seehighcontextvlowcontextLyotard,Jean-Fraw;ois,111M6,5,74Ma,Ringo,34,43Macdonald,Amanda,36-7,64-5,106,191Macfadyen,LeahP.
,seeChase,Mackie;Reeder,KennethMangenot,Fran~ois,71,72Marcoccia,Michel,44,192McCarthy,Kieren,52,191Mcqueen,RobertL46Meadows,Michael,25,41Meho,LokmanI.
,49Meloni,Christine,100Mensing,Donica,191Meskill,Carla,22Miller,Daniel,25,40,47Mixxer,The,30,88moderation,4,8,10,46,53,61,62-3,69,70,72,74-7,78,80,94,96-8,102,104,105,106-7111113-17,129,137,13'9,143,146,192,193,194,196Mohammed,Susan,49Momes,184Monde,Le,5,12,51,52-7,59,61-3,65-70,74-5,78-80,102,104-18,124-8,156,158,160,162-3,165,191,192,193,195-6,198Morris,Christine,25,41Morse,Ken,42Mourlhon-Dallies,Florence,191Mi.
iller-Hartmann,Andreas,26,49,88,93Murphy,KarenL.
,46Murphy,Margaret,46Murray,DeniseE.
,28,35,71Nakamura,Lisa,137,190Nam,Kichan,40Negroponte,Nicholas,21Network-BasedLanguageTeaching(NBLT),11,86,91Index219Neuwirth,Christine,seeSetlock,LeslieD.
newcomers,initiationof5850106194,195'",,newsgroups,45,50-2,71,123,137,192,196newspapers,online,50-2,191,192NewYorkTimes,The,S,51,121-3,193,195Nguyen,HanhThi,187Nishiguchi,M.
,34nonverbalcues,25,28,34Norton,Bonny,198NouvelObservateur,Le,5,12,52-4,56-9,63-4,67,70,74,77-9,81,131-2,134,156,158,162-3,165,166,167,170,174,175,192,195O'Dowd,Robert,26,35,43,45,46,47,48,49,86,87,88-9,90,93,99-100,101,138,187,193offensivebehaviour,seerantingO'Hair,Dan,33-4Okamura,JonathanY.
,123-4Olesova,Larissa,44Opp-Beckman,Leslie,87O'Rourke,Breffni,100,193Osman,Gihan,42Osuna,MaritzaM.
,22Papacharissi,Zizi,25,30,41Paramskas,Dana,195Park,Jae-Eun,197Pavlenko,Aneta,187-8,198Peng,FooYeuh,191penpals,seekeypalspersonalexperience,10,26,94,96personalinformation,10-11,15,26,47,93-5,142,159,194Pfeil,Ulrike,42politeness,32,44,46Porter,David,190Prensky,Marc,164pseudonyms,9,100,126-7,138,157,164,166-7,195-6,197Rakotonoelina,F1orimond,45,71ranting,114,136-7,143,145-8,151,153,196,197220IndexRaybourn,ElaineM.
,29Reeder,Kenneth,23,26,43,46,47seealsoChase,Mackieregister,seeformalityrelationshipsonline,26,28-9,45,47-8,88,90,92-5responses,seefeedback;turntakingRevillard,Anne,195Rheingold,Howard,21Rice,CraigD.
,28,30Richardson,Jennifer,44Ritter,Markus,45,49,86,93Roberts,MarilynS.
,43Roche,]6rg,seeChase,Mackie;Reeder,KennethRodman,GilbertB.
,190Rogers,Yvonne,51-2,192Rongshuxia,198Rosello,Mireille,197Rosson,MaryBeth,49StAmant,Kirk,19,23,28,40,41,43,45Santrot,Florence,192Scheuermann,Larry,22Schneider,Jeffrey,138,158,176Schultz,Tanjev,51secondlanguageidentity,seeidentity,secondlanguageself-disclosure,9,26,32,35,47-8,99,133self-presentation,9,13,20-1,25,26,29,47,93,95,103,123,134,139-40,149,151,159,160-1,164,166,167-8,187,195,196-7seealsoidentity;speakingpositionsSetlock,LeslieD.
,34,48Shachaf,Pnina,49Shields,Rob,190Shih,Yu-ChihDoris,43,45,46,47Short,John,28Siebenhaar,Beat,190Simpson,Vanessa,86situatedlearning,87,96situationalidentity,seeidentity,situationalSlater,Don,25,40,47,124smalltalk,54-6,58,60-72,74,75-7,80,81,94-5,105,143,156,181,192,195Smith,MarcA.
,190,194Smith,PeterJ.
,46Smith,SweeNoi,46SotiIlo,SusanaM.
,71speakingpositions,9,13,99,101,105,112,116,119,134,136-53,166-8,173,188,197ofculturaloutsider,112,114,118,133-4,135,152,167-8default,9,13,135-42,152,153,167interculturalist,144-9,151oflearner,seeidentity,learnershiftsin,119,147-54,188seealsoidentity;championofhomeculture;footingSpender,Dale,190Sproull,Lee,137stakes,seegenre,stakesofSteiner,Peter,20-1stereotypes,26,31,49,63-4,86,197Stone,AllucquereRosanne,190,195Straub,DetmarW.
,40Sugimoto,Taku,29,46Surratt,CarlaG.
,190Sussex,Roland,43,47Swales,JohnM.
,110Tabensky,Alexis,192Tambini,Damian,190Tamura,Takanori,41Tan,BernardC.
Y.
,41tandemlearning,12-13,30-1,32,87-9,90,92,93,103,193TandemServer,30,88TankardJr.
,JamesW.
,191tasks,seelearningtasksTaylor,Gary,22technologicaldeterminism,2,22-4,27telecollaboration,12-13,30-1,87-9,90,91,92,93,95,96,101,102,103Tella,Seppo,86TF1,5Tham,NaphtaliIrene,191Thatcher,Barry,35,36,42Thorne,StevenL.
,6,26,36,38,40,44,45,48,72,86,87,89,90,91-2,93,96,190,191,193,194Thurlow,Crispin,195Tomic,Alice,195topicsofdiscussionchoiceof,46,117,141discussiondrivenby,56-8,61,65,7~7~82,111,14~151,192initiationof,4,53-5,76-7,78,108,141,192rangeandavailabilityof,1,5,6,SO,53,55,57,61,75-6,90-1,105,108,109,197,198studentsdrawnto,90-1,105,133-4,153,165-6,174seealsodigressionTopix,184Toyoda,Etsuko,45Tsagarousianou,Roza,190Turkle,Sherry,21,119,190turntaking,11,23,25,26,29,46,58,60,68-70,71,78,81,99-100,137,183,185,186,187Twu,Hung-Ling,190Ulijn,JanM.
,32-4,41,45,48Unilang,138-42,150,197usernames,seepseudonymsVerckens,JanPieter,47Vetschera,Rudolf,seeKoeszegi,SabinevonderEmde,Silke,138,158,176vonMunchow,Patricia,45,71Walczuch,RitaM.
,41Walther,JosephB.
,29Index221Ware,PaigeD.
,26,41,43,45,48,49,86,93Warschauer,Mark,86,187,197WashingtonPost,The,S,193Watson,RichardT.
,41Weasenforth,Donald,100Weber,Ian,seeKim,Hee-Sooweblogs,seeblogsWeggeman,Mathieu,33-4Wei,Kwok-Kee,41Weise,ElizabethReba,190Widdicombe,Sue,124,135,147,188Williams,Ederyn,28Wong,John,22Woodward,Kathryn,124Wordreference,94-5,193Wu,Tim,190Wurtz,Elizabeth,30,42Xiaoming,Hao,191YahooAnswers,183Yang,Dazhi,44Yu,Kyong-Ae,43,47Yum,Young-ok,35,47Zaphiris,Panayiotis,42Zhang,Yang,49Zhu,Pinfan,43,45Zickmund,Susan,41,137Zohr~Ayman,187Zorn,Isabel,25,32,40,48