glazedrockettube

NameandIndexNameandIndexNameandsubjectindexAbsolutezero3absolutetemperature1,5,141–asintegratingfactor108–interpretation4-6,141absorptionofsound347-349attenuationofsound327,349absorptionnumber–spectral186–averaged187,189activationenergy362,388activatedprocess388activity231–coefficient231,234–determination232ADAMS,Henry133adiabatic30adiabaticequationofstate36d'Alembertsolutionofwaveequation325alloys–phasediagrams243-247–shapememory374-393ammoniasynthesis260,270-272Andrews,Thomas82anomalyofwater29,70,73,90Apollo19ARCHIMEDES17–buoyancylawof16ASIMOV,Isaac179atmosphere–physicalatm16–technicalat16–oftheearth2,15,17,298–CO2inatmosphere237austenite377pp.
availablefreeenergy123–generic123–fordroplets/bubbles301pp.
–forfog/clouds307–forballoons315–forgels337–relationtoHelmholtzandGibbsfreeenergy124AVOGADRO,Amadeo4–lawof2,206–number2azeotropy235Balanceequationsseeequationsofbalanceballoons312-322–pressure-massrelation315,318–pressure-radiusrelation314–stabilityof315-31–interconnectedballoons320-322bar16barometricaltitudeequation18barometricstep18barrier–energetic362,378,380BNARD,Henri128BERNOULLI,Daniel6,179Bernoulliequation23,24BISCARI,G.
351blackbody185–radiation185,186bodyforce12boilingline,evaporationline–insinglefluid74,75,77,159–inbinarysolution220-225,233,235,236,238boilingtemperature–increaseof222BOLTZMANN,LudwigE.
152–lawofStefan-Boltzmann188,193Boltzmannconstant2,185BOYLE,Robert3bubbles301-307buoyancy–forceofArchimedes16burningglass198Nameandsubjectindex396CAILLETET,Louis,B.
123CARNOT,SadiN.
L.
131,132carnotization162cascade–separatingcascade227-229cavityradiation193CELSIUS,AulusC.
8Celsiusscale7LECHALELIER,HenriL.
264Chapman-Jouguettheory358-360chemicalconstant255,257-260chemicalreactions251-284chemicalpotential199-204–general201-203–idealmixtures204-208–measurability200,203chimney48-52circulation25CLAPEYRON,BenotP.
E.
118CLAUSIUS,RudolfJ.
E.
132Clausius–formulationof2ndlaw105–inequality112Clausisus-Clapeyronequation117–approximateanalyticform118Clausius-Rankineprocess157-160cloudbase295-297,299coherency383–energy383-389–factor383collectorsofradiation52,198commontangentrule119,240,242communicatingballoons320-322compressionratio98,99compressor84-86–twostage86concentration199condensationofvapor68-70condenser154conode248conservationlaws9,10–mass11,12–momentum12-25–energy26-52consolutetemperature248constitutiveequations57-82continuityequation9,12convection127-130convectivemomentumflux20convexificationoffreeenergy119coolinglimit292-295correspondenceprinciple81counterions335-337,340creep369-373criticalpoint70-77,238criticalradius–droplet304–bubble306crystallizingrubber146-151cumuluscloud295cycles89-104–efficiencyof89-104–Brayton102–Carnot91–modifiedwithheatconduction92-94–Diesel99–Ericson94–gas-vapor164–Joule90–mercury-water163–Otto96–Stirling96DAIMLER,Gottlieb101Dalton'slaw206Dampingofsound327,349deformation-temperaturediagram–shapememoryalloys377–Landautheory332,333degree–ofmoisture285–ofsaturation289–offreedom217,247,249desalinationbyosmosis215detonations360Nameandsubjectindex397dewline–inbinarysolution220,225,238,242–inmoistair288–insinglefluid74,77,159,163dewpoint298diffusion–coefficients354–equation356–inreactingmixture356-358DIESEL,Rudolf101Dieselengine99–efficiency101diffusioncoefficients354digester79dispersionofsound347-349dissociation211,335distillation223-230–batch224–cascade227–continuous227doubleglazedwindow61droplets301-312–vaporpressureof307dryice72ECKART,Carl345efficiency–ofcycles90-104–offuelcell277–ofheatpump168–ofNewcomenengine153–ofpowerstation161–propulsive104–ofrefrigerator165–ofthermalpowerstation52–ofWattsteamengine154,155elasticmodulus331-333,367–complex374–frequencydependence373–static369electro-neutrality336emissioncoefficient–spectral186–averaged187,189,190energy–absolutevalue267–barrier362,378,380–chemical27–elastic27–kinetic26–internal26-29–nuclear29–potential31–solar190,194energyconservation26enthalpy34entropic–elasticity144,145–stabilization379,380,393entropy105-133,135-152–absolutevalue267–fluxandproduction–inmixturesoffluids–insinglefluids344–ofagasandapolymermolecule135-139–asklnW135-152,207–asameasureofdisorder139-140–growth108-109,112,123,125,137–ofmixing204-207,214,268,284–molecularinterpretation137–ofarubberrod141-143–statisticalinterpretation135equalarearule119equationsofbalance–generic9–forclosedsystem10–foropensystematrest10–localinregularpoints10–ofmass11,343–ofmomentum12,343–ofenergy26,280,343–shortformsforclosedsystems33–ofinternalenergy32–ofpdV-thermodynamics34Nameandsubjectindex398–ofentropy282,344,351,352–ofinternalvariableinvisco-elasticity368–ofphasefractionsinshapememoryalloys387equationofstate–adiabaticforidealgases36–caloric–genericforfluids64-68–idealgas1–incompressiblefluid2–vanderWaals114–thermal–genericforfluids63–idealgas1–incompressiblefluid1–rubber145–vanderWaals79-81,119-122–rheological368,369Ericsonprocess94,95–efficiency95Eshelbytensor349-351Eulertheoremonhomogeneousfunctions202eutectic–point236,246–pressure243EVANS,Oliver154evaporation–insinglefluid74,75,77–inbinarysolution220-225,233,235,236,238–limit291,292,294–underload78,79extentofreaction252FAHRENHEIT,Daniel8Fahrenheitscale8fan35fanjetengine104Faraday,Michael81fat28feedpump155-157,163–workof157FICK,Adolf355Fick'slaw355fieldsofthermodynamics7,57FirstLawofthermodynamics9,26-55–historyof53fixedpoints8flames358-366flameeigenvalue364,366fluidmechanics–objectiveof7fluorizedhydrocarbons167flux–convective9–non-convective9–heatflux30focusingcollectors198fhn298fog306-312–region288–dropletsinair306-312FORD,Henry101FOURIER,Baronde179Fourier–law58–series179freeenergyseeHelmholtzfreeenergyfreeenthalpyseeGibbsfreeenergyfugacity231fugacitycoefficient231–definition231–determination234GALILEI,Galileo7gas–ideal1–real79–permanent82gasturbine102-104Gau'stheorem10,16GAYLUSSAC,Joseph3Gay-Lussac27Nameandsubjectindex399–experimentof38–andcarbohydrates28gels343-350GIBBS,WillardJ.
155Gibbs–equation111,148–paradox212–phaserule223,224,225,238,244,253,256Gibbs-Duhemrelation208,223glass–thermalconductivity61,62–transparency203glucose28–synthesis266,277-279,285graybody185greenhouse203GULDBERG,CatoM.
261HABER,Fritz272Haber-Boschsynthesis270-272Hagen-Poiseuille–lawof196harmonicwaves326harmonicsoundwaves–amplitudes326,328–withviscosityandheatconduction347-349–withoutviscosityandheatconduction327heat–ofevaporation69,76–asintegratedheating84–latent,inpseudoelasticity385–ofmeltingofwater76–ofmixing205–ofreaction262,359–ofsublimationofwater76heatconduction–instationary171-179–infiniterod172-175–ininfiniterod175,176–inthesoil177,178–inheatexchangers179-184–throughwindow61,62heatconductionequation171heatdeath132heatexchangers179-184–parallelandantiparallel180-183–reversible184heating30heatingaroom40-42heatpole175,176heatpump168heatofradiation184heat–transportcoefficient179–transfercoefficient179HELMHOLTZ,HermannL.
F.
von54Henrycoefficient236history–ofequationsofstate3–offirstlawofthermodynamics53–ofHaber-Boschsynthesis271–ofheatconduction179–ofheatradiation193–ofinternalcombustionengine101–liquefyinggasesandsolidifyingsolids81–ofmolecularinterpretationofentropy151–ofpressureandpressureunits15–ofSecondLawofthermodynamics131–ofsteamengine153–oftemperature7hotairengine87Hugoniotdiagram360humidity–relative297HUO,Y.
351hysteresis–inrubber146-150–inballoons321,322–inshapememoryalloys375,376,382-390,392Idealgases1idealmixtures207Nameandsubjectindex400injectionratio100,101integrabilitycondition113,115,204,202integratingfactor111internalcombustionengines96-102–Ottoengine96–Dieselengine99–historyof101inversioncurve122Jetengine104thrustof19,20jetpropulsionprocess103JOUKOVSKI,NikolaiE.
25JOULE,JamesP.
4Joule–process90–heating274KASTNER,Oliver392KELVIN,Lord4Kelvin–temperature4–formulationof2ndlaw105KIRCHHOFF,GustavR.
187–lawofradiation186kinetictheory–ofgases4.
,6–ofshapememoryalloys387KUTTA,MartinW.
25–lawofKutta-Joukovski24LANDAU,LevD.
329Landautheoryofphasetransition329-335latentheat265,385LAVAL,PatrikC.
G.
de46Lavalnozzle46Lawsofthermodynamics–Zeroth7–First26-36–Second105-113–Third264-267load-deformationdiagram–rubber146,149–shapememoryalloy375,383,390LAVAL,GustafP.
46Lavalnozzle46LAVOISIER,AntoineL.
53LENOIR,JeanJ.
E.
101LEIBNIZ,Gottfried,W.
26Leibnizrule10,18LIFSHITZ,EvgeniiM.
329liftforceofanairfoil24,25LILIENTHAL,Ottovon25LINDE,Carl,Rittervon101,123liquefactionofgases81,82LOSCHMIDT,JohannJ.
132MARIOTTE,Edmé1,3martensite377pp.
martensitictwins378,382massaction,lawof253-260–idealmixtures254–mixturesofidealgases254–historyof255–applicationsof256-260masstransferrate12MAXWELL,JamesC.
152Maxwell–line120–distribution140–demon152MAYER,RobertJ.
54mechanicalequivalentofheat53,54melt243,246meltingline74,77memoryengines376metastability265,362,378MIDDLETON,KnowlesW.
E.
8microwave184–oven184,185miscibilitygap–inbinarysolutionsandalloys243,244–internarysolutions248-250Nameandsubjectindex401mixtures199-250–ideal207–ofidealgases206–chemicallyreacting251-284moisturecontent285mol2–fraction199–asaunit223–mass1,223–number199,223MLLER,Ingo177,319,349Navier-Stokeslaw57,58NERNST,Walter,H.
264,266NEWCOMEN,Thomas153Newton,Isaac–lawofmotion12–lawoffriction60Newtonianfluid58nozzleflow–massbalance11,12–momentumbalance21-23–energybalance42-46nucleationbarrier–ofdroplets304,311–ofbubbles305Osmosis208-216–desalination215–energeticinterpretation213-215–inPfeffertube210-213–physiologicalsaltsolution213–van'tHofflaw208-210osmoticpressure209–ofseawater212OTTO,NikolausA.
101Ottoengine96–efficiency98overheating306ozone–hole168–goodandbad194,167PAPIN,Denis79,153PascalPa16PFEFFER,Wilhelm211Pfeffertube210,215phasediagrams–graphicalconstruction238-246–(g,X)-diagram239,241,242,244,245–(h,T)-diagram76,77–(p,T)-diagram70-73,75,223,262–(p,υ)-diagram74,75–(p,X)-diagramforbinarysolution220,222,233,235,236,238,242,244–(r,T)-diagram76–(T,X)-diagramforbinarysolution220,225,228,229,245,246–forternarysolutions247,250phaseequilibrium–forvanderWaalsgas119,120–forLandautheory330,331phaseshift327,373phasetransitions–firstandsecondorder329–underload334–insinglefluid68-82–solid-liquid70,74,77–solid-vapor70,74,77–liquid-vapor68-82–inshapememoryalloys377-391–insolutionsandalloys–liquidvapor219-243–solid-liquid243-247–internarysolutions247-250–Landautheory329-335–reversibleandhysteretic150,382-385phasespeed327,328phenomenologicalequations345,350,353,354photosynthesis278-284physiologicalsaltsolution213plaitpoint249PLANCK,MaxK.
186Nameandsubjectindex402–Thirdlaw266–formulaforblackbodyradiation185–constant185,267pneumaticengine86Poincaré,JulesH.
151polybisacrylamide335polyelectrolyticgels335-342potential–chemical199-204–gravitational31–thermodynamic115preheating163preservation–jar77–alcohol78pressurecooker79principle–ofleastconstraint264–oflocalequilibrium344,352process–Brayton102–Carnot91–Clausius-Rankine155-160–Diesel99–Ericson94–Joule90–Otto96–Stirling96propjet104proteins28pseudo-elasticity375,382-387Quasi-plasticity375Radiation184-198–betweentwoplates187,188-190–blackandgray185-190–andconduction192–betweensunandplanets190,191–infrared185–ultraviolet168radiativeenergyfluxdensity185-190–fromcavity193–ofthesun191RAOULT,FrancoisM.
219Raoultslawandapplications–ideal218-227–real232ratelaws–forviscoelasticity369–forshapememoryalloys387Rayleighline359,360reactionrate274,275,279-281reactionratedensity252realgas79recovery375–load375,377rectificationcolumn229recurrenceobjection151refrigerants167refrigerator164-167–compression164–absorption166regeneration95,96,103relativehumidity297RENOIR,EtienneJ.
J.
101residualdeformation375respiratoryquotientRQ253reversibilityobjection151reversibleprocess34,83-104–heatandwork83,89–cycle89-96Reynold'stransporttheorem10rocketequation19RUGGERI,Tommaso177,349RUMFORD,Grafvon53SAGREDO,Gianfrancesco7Saturn1B19saturatedsteam68-72saturationpressure70-72–decreaseof222sauna294Nameandsubjectindex403SecondLawofthermodynamics90,105-133–historyof131separatingcascade227-229separationofvariables171,172semipermeablemembrane200,210-216shapememory374-393–applications376,377–model378-379,391-393–two-wayshapememory376shearflow59-61,345shrinkfactor335pp.
solarconstant29,53,191,280solarenergy29,53,191–utilizationof196-198solidsolution246sound322-329–speed45,46,47,326–inidealgases326specificheat(capacity)64pp.
–idealgases66–liquidsandvapors65,126–water67–singularityatcriticalpoint126specificvalues9SPENGLER,Oswald133stability–ofballoons315pp.
–conditions125,126,371–criteria123standardatmosphere17steam–saturated68,69–wet68,69STEFAN,Josef–lawofStefan-Boltzmann188,193stoichiometry251stoichiometric–equations251–coefficients251–mixture258streamline23STREHLOW,Peter319stress–tensor12,13–isotropic14–force12stressrelaxation369-371STRMER,Mrten8sublimation–line74,77–region74,77suctionpump15superheating156-159,162surfaceenergy301surfacetension301swellingandshrinkingofgels335-342system–closed10–openandatrest10Temperature–absolute1–amplitudeinsoundwave328,329–astronomical191–consolute248–molecularinterpretation5,141–asintegratingfactor108–ofsunandplanets190,191–wavesinthesoil177temperaturegradient–instandardatmosphere17–dryadiabatic298–moistadiabatic298thermodynamics–objectiveof7,57,343thermodynamicsofirreversibleprocesses(TIP)343-393–singlefluids343-351–mixtures351-358thermodynamicforcesandfluxes344,350,353,369thermalconductivity58thermaldiffusivity171thermals130,295thermalpowerstation50Nameandsubjectindex404thermosiphon195THILORIER,CharlesS.
A.
82Thomsonformulae304,306THOMPSON,BenjaminseeGrafRUMFORDTHOMSON,WilliamseeLordKELVINthrottling40,120-123,163,165-167thrust–ofarocket18–ofajetengine19tieline248tin–pest265–whiteandgray265TORRICELLI,Evangelista15Torricellivacuum15,traction12transitionprobability388TREVITHICK,Richard154trioleine28triplepoint9,70-76tripleline74,75,77turbine47,50,102turbofanengine104Undercooling306unrestrictedmiscibility241VANDERWAALS,JohannesD.
80–equation79-81–potential79–internalenergyandentropy114–phaseequilibrium119–throttling120VAN'THOFF,JakobusH.
209–lawof209,212,216visco-elasticity366-374viscosity58,60,344–shear58,60,344–bulk58,345volumeofmixing205,207volumefraction2,199WAAGE,Peter255WATT,James155waveequation322-325–d'Alembertsolution325,326waves–planeharmonic327–oftemperature177–ofsound325-329work–asintegratedworking83working30–internal33–ofstress33Young'smodulus367ZERMELO,Ernst152