opinednokia

nokia s60  时间:2021-02-28  阅读:()
(IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
4,No.
8,2013242|Pagewww.
ijacsa.
thesai.
orgSoftwareEcosystem:Features,BenefitsandChallengesJ.
V.
Joshua,D.
O.
Alao,S.
O.
Okolie,O.
AwodeleDepartmentofComputerScience,SchoolofComputingandEngineeringSciences,BabcockUniversity,Ilishan-Remo,OgunState,Nigeria.
Abstract—SoftwareEcosystem(SECO)isanewandrapidlyevolvingphenomenoninthefieldofsoftwareengineering.
Itisanapproachthroughwhichmanyvariablescanresolvecomplexrelationshipsamongcompaniesinthesoftwareindustry.
SECOsaregainingimportancewiththeadventoftheGoogleAndroid,AppleiOS,MicrosoftandSalesforce.
comecosystems.
Itisaco-innovationapproachbydevelopers,softwareorganisations,andthirdpartiesthatsharecommoninterestinthedevelopmentofthesoftwaretechnology.
TherearelimitedresearchesthathavebeendoneonSECOshenceresearchersandpractitionersarestilleagertoelucidatethisconcept.
Asystematicstudywasundertakentopresentareviewofsoftwareecosystemstoaddressthefeatures,benefitsandchallengesofSECOs.
ThispapershowedthatopensourcedevelopmentmodelandinnovativeprocessdevelopmentwerekeyfeaturesofSECOsandthemainchallengesofSECOsweresecurity,evolutionmanagementandinfrastructuretoolsforfosteringinteraction.
FinallySECOsfosteredco-innovation,increasedattractivenessfornewplayersanddecreasedcostsKeywords—Softwareecosystem;Opensource;closedsystemI.
INTRODUCTIONThenotionofecosystemsoriginatesfromecology.
OnedefinitioninWikipediadefinesanecosystemasanaturalunitconsistingofallplants,animalsandmicro-organisms(bioticfactors)inanareafunctioningtogetherwithallofthenon-livingphysical(abioticfactors)oftheenvironment.
Althoughtheaboveisanexcellentdefinition,itislesssuitablehereandthereforewestartfromthenotionofhumanecosystems.
Ahumanecosystemconsistsofactors,theconnectionsbetweentheactors,theactivitiesbytheseactorsandthetransactionsalongtheseconnectionsconcerningphysicalornon-physicalfactors.
Softwareecosystems(SECO)refertothesetofbusinessesandtheirinterrelationshipsinacommonsoftwareproductorservicemarket[9].
ASoftwareEcosystemconsistsofthesetofsoftwaresolutionsthatenable,supportandautomatetheactivitiesandtransactionsbytheactorsintheassociatedsocialorbusinessecosystemandtheorganizationsthatprovidethesesolutions[1].
Thisisanemergentfieldinspiredinconceptsfromandbusinessandbiologicalecosystems[14].
WellknownexamplesofcommunitiesthatmaybeseenassoftwareecosystemsareApplesiPhone,Microsoft,GoogleAndroid,Symbian,RubyandEclipse.
Ecosystemconceptmayrefertoawiderangeofconfigurations.
Yet,theyallinvolvetwofundamentalconcepts:anetworkoforganisationsoractors,andacommoninterestinthedevelopmentanduseofacentralsoftwaretechnology.
Thesoftwareindustryisconstantlyevolvingandiscurrentlyundergoingrapidchanges.
Notonlyareproductsandtechnologiesevolvingquickly,manyinnovativecompaniesareexperimentingwithnewbusinessmodels,leadingoccasionallytofundamentalshiftsinentireindustrystructuresandhowfirmsandcustomersinterrelate[17].
Recently,manycompanieshaveadoptedthestrategyofusingaplatformtoattractamassfollowingofsoftwaredevelopersaswellasend-users,buildingentire"softwareecosystems"(SECOs)aroundthemselves,evenasthebusinessworldandtheresearchcommunityarestillattemptingtogetabetterunderstandingofthephenomenon.
ThispaperexploresthemaintermsunderconsiderationwhicharethemeaningofSECO,identifythemainfeaturesofSoftwareEcosystems(SECOs)andfinallyestablishthebenefitsandchallengesofSECOsII.
WHATISTHEPROBLEMInthepastfewdecades,wehavewitnesseddifferenttypesofsoftwaredevelopmentmethodologiesrangingfromwaterfall,spiral,component,chaos,rapidapplicationdevelopment,rationalunifiedprocesstoagilemodelsrespectively.
Almostallthemodelsmentionedencouragedevelopmentofsoftwareproductentirelyontheorganisationconcerned.
TheemergentofSoftwareEcosystem(SECO)developmentparadigmhasbroughtaboutco-innovationasaresultofdifferentplayers,howeverresearchcommunitiesandpractitionersarestillgraspingtounderstandthisconcept.
Hencethisworkisaimtoexposewhatisknownaboutsoftwareecosystems(SECOs).
III.
OBJECTIVESOFTHESTUDYThegoalofthestudyistocarryoutasystematicstudyofsoftwareecosystemsinordertopresentawiderviewofwhatiscurrentlyknownaboutsoftwareecosystemsThespecificobjectivesareto:(IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
4,No.
8,2013243|Pagewww.
ijacsa.
thesai.
orga)IdentifythemainfeaturesofSoftwareEcosystems(SECOs).
b)EstablishthebenefitsandchallengesofSECOsIV.
SCOPEOFTHESTUDYItisnoteasytostudyexistingSoftwareEcosystems(SECOs)duetothefactthatmanySECOsareclosedcommunitiesanditishardtogetaccesstoinformation.
Therefore,weadoptedfreeopensoftwareecosystemsasoursubjectofstudies.
V.
SIGNIFICANTOFTHESTUDYThesignificanceofthestudyistocreateawarenessabouttheemergentfieldsofsoftwareecosystemsforresearchcommunitiesandpractitionersandtoestablishresearchdirectionforsoftwareecosystems.
VI.
REVIEWOFRELATEDRESEARCHBosch[1]proposedaSoftwareEcosystem(SECO)taxonomythatidentifiesninepotentialclassesofthecentralsoftwaretechnologyasshowninTable1below,accordingtoclassificationwithintwobroaddimensions.
Thefirstoneisthecategorydimension,whichrangesfromoperatingsystemstoapplications,andtoend-userprogramming.
Thesecondoneistheplatformdimension,rangingfromdesktoptoweb,andtomobile.
TABLEI.
SOFTWAREECOSYSTEMTAXONOMYend-userprogrammingMSExcel,Mathematical,VHDLYahoo!
Pipes,MicrosoftPopFly,Google'smashupeditornonesofarApplicationMSOfficeSalesForce,eBay,Amazon,NingnonesofaroperatingsystemMSWindows,Linux,AppleOSXGoogleAppEngine,Yahoodeveloper,Coghead,BungeeLabsNokias60,Palm,Android,iPhonecategoryplatformDesktopWebMobileInSoftwareEngineering(SE)community,studiesofSECOsweremotivatedbythesoftwareproductlines(SPLs)approachaimingatallowingexternaldeveloperstocontributetohithertoclosedplatforms[1].
[4],opinedthatapotentialbenefitofbeingamemberofasoftwareecosystemistheopportunitytoexploitopeninnovationanapproachderivedfromopensourcesoftware(OSS)processeswhereactorsopenlycollaboratetoachievelocalandglobalbenefits.
Externalactorsandtheefforttheyputintotheecosystemmayresultininnovationsbeingbeneficialnotonlytothemselves(andtheircustomers)butalsotothekeystoneorganisation,asthismaybeaveryefficientwayofextendingandimprovingthecentralsoftwaretechnologyaswellasincreasingthenumberofusers.
Accordingto[8]closerrelationshipsbetweentheorganisationsinanecosystemmayenableandimproveactiveengagementofvariousstakeholdersinthedevelopmentofthecentralsoftwaretechnology.
Whenexplainingtheconceptofsoftwareecosystemsitisalsonecessarytoaddresshowsoftwareecosystemsrelatetothedevelopmentofopensourcesoftware[6].
Thereareclearsimilaritiesbetweenthesetwoconcepts,butalsoseveraldifferences,whichjustifythedefinitionofsoftwareecosystemsasauniqueconcept.
Themaindifferencebetweenthesetworelatestotheunderlyingbusinessmodel.
[3],explaintheopen-sourcebusinessmodelasfollows:"Thebasicpremiseofanopen-sourceapproachisthatby"givingaway"partoftheCompany'sintellectualproperty,youreceivethebenefitsofaccesstoamuchlargerMarket.
Theseusersthenbecomethesourceofadditionsandenhancementstotheproducttoincreaseitsvalue,andbecomethetargetforarangeofrevenue-generatingproductsandservicesassociatedwiththeproduct.
"Whereasinaclosedsoftwareecosystemtheintellectualproperty(thecode)isnotsharedinanyway.
However,differentresearchdirectionsindicatedbyliteratureandindustrialcasesre-enforcealotofimportantperspectivestobeexplored,suchasarchitecture,socialnetworks,modelling,business,mobileplatformsandorganizational-basedmanagement[9].
Besides,SECOsinvolveamultidisciplinaryperspective,includingSociology,Communication,Economy,BusinessandLaw.
Thesestudiesarealsomotivatedbythesoftwarevendors'routinesincetheynolongerfunctionasindependentunitsthatcandeliverseparateproducts,buthavebecomedependentonothersoftwarevendorsforvitalsoftwarecomponentsandinfrastructuressuchasoperatingsystems,libraries,componentstores,andplatforms[2].
VII.
ARCHITECTUREOFMAJORSOFTWAREECOSYSTEMS(SECOS)1)SymbianSoftwareEcosystemInthisecosystemasshowninfigure1,thedifferentcategoriesoflicensesandpartnerrelationshipsincludedareasshown:Fig.
1.
SymbianEcosystem[16](IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
4,No.
8,2013244|Pagewww.
ijacsa.
thesai.
orgSymbiandescribeditsnetworkofcustomersandcomplementorsasan"ecosystem",IntheSymbianecosystem,thedifferentcategoriesoflicensesandpartnerrelationshipsincludedare:Systemintegratorsor"licensees"(handsetmanufacturers)thatintegratedexternallysourcedsoftwareandinternallydevelopedhardwaretocreatenewdevices(i.
e.
handsets)forsaletoendusers.
CPUvendorsworkedtoensureSymbianOScompatibilitywiththeirlatestprocessors.
UserInterfacecompanies.
Othersoftwaredeveloperssometimesreferredtoasindependentsoftwarevendors(ISVs)includingdevelopersofuserapplicationsandalsomiddlewarecomponentssuchasdatabases.
NetworkOperators,whichinmostcountrieswerethedominantdistributionchannelforphones,andalsodecidedwhatsoftwarecomponentswerepreloadedonphones.
Enterprisesoftwaredevelopers,forcaseswhereacompanydevelopedSymbiancompatiblesoftwareforitsemployeesthatuseSymbianphones.
Inmanycases,membersofSymbian'secosystemwerealsomembersofcompetingmobilephoneecosystems,suchasthosesurroundingthePalmOS,WindowsMobile,andlaterLinuxbasedplatformssuchastheLiMoFoundationandGoogle'sOpenHandsetAlliance(Android).
2)MicrosoftSoftwareEcosystem(SECO)Microsoftecosystemconsistsofthefollowingcomponents:Devicemanufacturers,IndependentSoftwareVendors(ISVs),ValueAddedResellers(VARs),OfficeEquipmentDealersandSystemsIntegrators(SI)asshownin(Figure2),andcanallbenefitfromworkingtogether.
Butrarelydotheecosystempiecesremainstatic.
Newsoftwareapplicationsareconsistentlybeingrolledout.
AndtheVARs,dealersandSIsthatsellandsupportthesesystemschangewiththem.
Fig.
2.
MicrosoftSoftwareEcosystem[7]Microsoftsitatthecentreofecosystem.
Ecosystemsareanessentialingredientindeliveringcustomer-focusedsolutions.
Andtheyhelpdrivestandards.
And,theypresentrevenueopportunitiesforallthepartnersinvolved.
It'snowonderthatMicrosoftspendssomuchmoneyonbuildingtheirecosystemTheMicrosoftecosystemofapplications,partners,andhighlyskilledITresourcesprovidescustomerswiththebestchoice.
3)iPhoneSoftwareEcosystemTheiPhoneecosystemwhichisoneoftheApple'sthreesub-ecosystemsconsistsofthefollowingcomponentsDevelopersandDesignersDistributionDevicesUsersInternetServicesandAdvertisersiPhonecomponentsareshowninfigure3below.
Fig.
3.
iPhonecomponentsDevelopersdesignsandimplementcomplexinterfacessmoothlyandefficientlyonlimitedhardware.
C++andObjective-Caretheprimarylanguagesused.
Applehashistoricallyputverylittleeffortintosupportingdevelopersanddesigners,buthassteppedupeffortsfortheiPhoneplatform.
DesignersarecrucialtothesuccessofiPhoneapplications.
Developerssimplyutilisevarioustechnologiesavailabletogivedesignerswhattheywantandneedtobuildexcellentinterfaces.
4)RubySoftwareEcosystemRubyisadynamic,opensourceprogramminglanguagewithafocusonsimplicityandproductivity.
Ithasanelegantsyntaxthatisnaturaltoreadandeasytowrite.
ItwascreatedbyYukihiruMatsumotain1995inJapan.
TheRubySoftwareEcosystemconsistsmainlyoftwoelementsi.
e.
GemsandDeveloperswithpossiblerelationships(IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
4,No.
8,2013245|Pagewww.
ijacsa.
thesai.
orgamongthem.
Ifadeveloperhasarelationshipwithagem,heisadeveloperofthatspecificgem.
Fig.
4.
RubySoftwareEcosystem[11]TheentireRubyecosystemconsistsofalldevelopers,gemsandtheirrelationshipsasshowninfigure4.
SomecorporatehightechnologyinitiativeswithRubyare:SunMicrosystems,Microsoft,Apple,IBMandSAP.
5)GoogleAndroidEcosystemAndroidisacomprehensiveopensourceplatformdesignedformobiledevices.
ItischampionedbyGoogleandownedbyOpenHandsetAlliance.
TheopenHandsetAllianceprominentmembersinclude:T-Mobile,Motorola,Samsung,SonnyEricsson,Toshiba,Vodafone,Google,Intel,andTexasinstrument.
Thislisthasgrownmultifoldwithover80innumber[5].
Androidisrevolutionizingthemobilespace.
Itisatrulyopenplatformthatseparatesthehardwarefromthesoftwarethatrunsonit.
Thisallowsforamuchlargernumberofdevicestorunthesameapplicationsandcreatesamuchricherecosystemfordevelopersandconsumers.
OnewayinwhichAndroidisquitedifferentfromotherplatformsisthedistributionofitsapplications.
Onmostotherplatforms,suchasiPhone,asinglevendorholdsamonopolyoverthedistributionofapplications.
OnAndroid,therearemanydifferentstores,ormarkets.
Eachmarkethasitsownsetofpolicieswithrespecttowhatisallowed,howtherevenueissplit,andsoon.
Assuch,Androidismuchmoreofafreemarketspaceinwhichvendorscompeteforbusiness.
Thefigure5belowsummarisedandroidsoftwarestack.
Fig.
5.
AndroidSoftwareStack[13]6)EclipseEcosystemEclipseisanopensourceintegrateddevelopmentenvironment(IDE)forJava.
ItwasoriginallyaimedtoprovideaunitedplatformfordifferentIDEproductsfromIBM.
TheEclipseproject,whichbeganattheendof1998,hasanambitionto"eclipse"theleaderoftheIDEmarket.
Withinfewyears,EclipsehasevolvedfromJavaIDE(version1.
0)toauniversaltoolingplatform(version2.
0),andfinallyevolvestoanapplicationframeworkforbuildingrichclientapplication(version3.
0).
CommercialsoftwaredevelopmenttoolssuchasIBMRationaltool,webspherestudio,andBorlandJBuilderhavebeendevelopedbasedonEclipse.
EclipseiscurrentlymanagedbytheEclipsefoundationwithover100membersincludingHP,IBM,Nokia,INTELandBorland.
Thebiggestchallengeforthefoundationistocopewithitsrapidgrowthfromitscommunity.
EclipseecosystemArchitectureThefunctionalbuildingblocksoftheEclipseIDEareillustratedinFigure6below.
Theentireplatformisopensourceandroyalty-freeforotheropensourceorcommercialproductsthataddnewbuildingblocks.
Fig.
6.
EclipseecosystemArchitecture[12]A.
ComponentsoftheEclipseecosystemArchitecture1.
C/C++DevelopmentTools(CDT)(IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
4,No.
8,2013246|Pagewww.
ijacsa.
thesai.
orgTheC/C++DevelopmentTools(CDT)projectiscreatingafullyfunctionalCandC++IDEfortheEclipseplatform.
2.
Plug-inDevelopmentEnvironmentThePlug-inDevelopmentEnvironment(PDE)suppliestoolsthatautomatethecreation,manipulation,debugging,anddeployingofplug-ins.
3.
JavaDevelopmentToolsJavaDevelopmentTools(JDT)aretheonlyprogramminglanguageplug-insincludedwiththeEclipseSDK.
However,otherlanguagetoolsareavailableorunderdevelopmentbyEclipsesubprojectsandplug-incontributors4.
EclipseRuntimePlatformThecoreruntimeplatformprovidesthemostbasiclevelofservicessuchasLoadingplug-insandmanagingaregistryofavailableplug-ins,managingresources,updateandhelpfacility.
5.
IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironmentTheEclipseIDEprovidesacommonuserexperienceacrossmulti-languageandmulti-roledevelopmentactivities.
6.
WebToolsPlatformThemissionoftheWebToolsPlatform(WTP)projectistoprovideageneric,extensible,andstandards-basedtoolplatformthatbuildsontheEclipseplatformandothercoreEclipsetechnologies.
7.
RichClientPlatformTheEclipseRichClientPlatform(RCP)isasetofplug-insneededtobuildarichclientapplication.
Theeclipseconsortiumiscurrentlyhostingeighttoplevelprojectsandoverthirtysub-levelopensourceprojects.
TherearealsocountlessnumberofcommercialandopensourceEclipserelatedproducts,plug-ins,anddistributionsavailablefromtheinternet.
Thisvirtualecosystemtakescareofsoftwaredevelopment,applicationlifecycle,datamanagement,andbusinessoperationsVIII.
OPENSOURCESOFTWARE(OSS)ANDCLOSEDECOSYSTEMS-SIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESTABLEII.
THESIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESBETWEENOPENSOURCESOFTWAREANDCLOSEDSYSTEMSSimilaritiesAsharedinterestinthedevelopment,evolution,anduseofasoftwareproductIndependentactorscollaborateandcontributetodevelopmentOpeninnovationNewbusinessmodelsascomparedtotraditionallicensedsoftwareDifferencesOSSClosedecosystemsOpensourcecode.
Closedsourcecode.
Ownershipisshared.
Ownershipandcontrollieswiththekeystoneorganisation.
Freeuse(withoptionsforpayingforspecializationsandrelatedservices)Payforuse.
Extensibilitythroughopensourcecode.
ExtensibilitythroughcontrolledinterfacesIX.
FEATURESOFSOFTWAREECOSYSTEMSThemainfeaturesofSECOsareasfollows.
1)TheyInheritscharacteristicsofnaturalecosystemslikemutualism,commensalism,symbiosisandsoon2)SECOshavearchitecturalconceptslikeinterfacestability,evolutionmanagement,securityandreliability3)Itisantoopensourcedevelopmentmodel4)Theycanbeusedtonegotiaterequirementsforaligningneedswithsolutions,components,andportfolios5)SECOshavecapabilityforprocessinnovation.
X.
BENEFITSOFSOFTWAREECOSYSTEMS1)Fostersthesuccessofsoftwareco-evolutionandinnovationinsidetheorganizationinvolvedandincreasesattractivenessfornewplayers2)Decreasescostsinvolvedinsoftwaredevelopmentanddistribution3)Helpanalyseandunderstandsoftwarearchitecture4)Supportscooperationandknowledgesharingamongmultipleandindependentsoftwarevendors5)Enablesbetteranalysisofrequirementsandcommunicationamongstakeholders6)Helptoovercomethechallengesduringdesignandmaintenanceofdistributedapplications7)Provideshelptothetasksofbusinessidentification,productarchitecturedesignandriskidentification8)ProvidesinformationfortheproductlinemanagerregardingsoftwaredependenciesXI.
CHALLENGESOFSOFTWAREECOSYSTEMS1)Establishingrelationshipsbetweenecosystemactorsandproposinganadequaterepresentationofpeopleandtheirknowledgeintheecosystemmodelling.
2)Severalkeyarchitecturalchallengessuchas:platforminterfacestability,evolution,management,security,reliability.
3)Heterogeneityofsoftwarelicensesandsystemsevolutioninanecosystemandhoworganizationsmustmanagetheseissuesinordertodecreaserisksofdependence.
4)Companieshavedifficultyatestablishingasetofresourcesinordertodifferentiatefromcompetitors.
(IJACSA)InternationalJournalofAdvancedComputerScienceandApplications,Vol.
4,No.
8,2013247|Pagewww.
ijacsa.
thesai.
org5)Technicalandsocio-organizationalbarriersforcoordinationandcommunicationofrequirementsingeographicallydistributedprojects.
6)Insufficientinfrastructuresandtoolsforfosteringsocialinteraction,decision-makinganddevelopmentacrossorganizationsinvolvedinbothopensourceandproprietaryecosystems.
XII.
CONTRIBUTIONSThispapercontributestothefieldofsoftwareecosystemsbyproviding1)AnecessaryfoundationforunderstandinghowSoftwareEcosystemsarecomposedandfurtheraidsunderstandingofthisnewandexpandingareaofsoftwaredevelopment.
2)AnumberofopenresearchquestionsandchallengeswhichshouldenablescholarsinterestedinSECOstoswiftlygainanoverviewofthisresearchareaXIII.
FUTUREDIRECTIONSFORSOFTWAREECOSYSTEMSAswithmostnovelapproaches,thispaperonSECOhasopeneduppossibilitiesfornewandexcitingfuturedirections.
Thisfollowingareashouldbeinvestigatedasfutureresearchdirections/challengesforSECOs.
1)InOpensourceecosystems.
a)Howcanqualitybemeasuredperdeveloperb)Howcanrelationshipsbeformedbetweendevelopersc)Howcanconflictsberesolvedinopensourceecosystemsd)Howcanapplicationprograminterfaces(APIs)tothird-partycomponentsbeused.
2)Governance.
a)Whatarethebeststrategiesforsurvivalinanecosystemb)HowcanorganisationsinvolvedachieveandmaintainahealthypositioninaSECO3)Analysisa)Howcananecosystembeanalysed.
b)Isitpossibletocreatemodels,visualizations,andlargedatasetsforanalysis4)OpennessEverysoftwareplatformatthecentreofanecosystemhastohavesomedegreeofopenness.
ThemainresearchquestionhereisHowcanopennessinsoftwareaffectsandinfluencesthesuccessofabusiness,wherethereappearstobearealtrade-offbetweentheheightofentrybarriersandnumberofthirdpartieswillingtoparticipateintheecosystem.
5)Qualitya)Howcanecosystemsdeliverthehighestqualityexperiencetocustomersintheecosystemb)WhataremeasuresthatparticipantscantaketoincreasequalityXIV.
CONCLUSIONThispaperprovidesareviewofSECOsandconfirmedthatitisanemergentfieldthathasbeenmainlyinspiredbystudiesfrombusinessandnaturalecosystems.
WehighlightedthatSECOsfieldneedsmoreindustrialstudiestoincreaseitsbodyofevidence.
Also,giventhecurrentstateofresearchandpracticeinSECOs,weenvisagedtheneedtoconductintegrativestudiesamongresearchcommunitiesandindustry.
FinallythepaperproposesanumberofopenresearchquestionsandchallengestoenablescholarsinterestedinSECOstoswiftlygainanoverviewoftheresearchareaandtohelpthemintheirownresearchendeavours.
REFERENCES[1]Bosch,J.
(2009).
FromSoftwareProductLinestoSoftwareEcosystems.
Inproceedingsof13thInternationalSoftwareProductLineConference(SPLC'09),SanFrancisco,USA,24-28August.
111-119.
[2]Boucharas,V.
,Jansen,S.
,andBrinkkemper,S.
,(2009),'FormalizingSoftwareEcosystemModeling'.
In:Proceedingsofthe1stInternationalWorkshoponSoftwareEcosystems,11thInternationalConferenceonSoftwareReuse,FallsChurch,USA,34-48,September.
[3]Brown,A.
W.
andBooch,G.
(2002).
ReusingOpen-SourceSoftwareandPractices:TheImpactofOpen-SourceonCommercialVendors.
Inproceedingsof7thInternationalConferenceonSoftwareReuse:Methods,Techniques,andTools,Austin,USA,April15-19.
123-136.
[4]Chesbrough,H.
(2006).
OpenInnovation:ANewParadigmforUnderstandingIndustrialInnovation.
InOpenInnovation:ResearchingaNewParadigm.
Chesbrough,H.
,Vanhaverbeke,W.
andWest,J.
(eds.
).
Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress:1-12.
[5]FabioCevasco(2011)RubyCompendium:AnessentialGuidetotheRubyEcosystem.
[6]Fitzgerald,B.
(2006).
TheTransformationofOpenSourceSoftware.
MISQuarterly30(3):587-598.
[7]GantzJ.
F,BibbyD.
(2011)WhitepaperonPartnerOpportunityintheMicrosoftEcosystem.
[8]Hanssen,G.
K.
andT.
E.
Fgri,(2008)ProcessFusion--AgileProductLineEngineering:anIndustrialCaseStudy.
JournalofSystemsandSoftware81:p.
843--‐854[9]Jansen,S.
,BrinkkemperS.
,FinkelsteinA.
BoschJ.
(2009),IntroductiontotheProceedingsoftheFirstWorkshoponSoftwareEcosystems,inFirstInternationalWorkshoponSoftwareEcosystems.
CEUR--WS.
[10]JansenS.
,BrinkkemperS.
,Finkelstein,A.
(2009)ASenseofcommunity:Aresearchagendaforsoftwareecosystems.
In:Proceedingsofthe31stInternationalConferenceonSoftwareEngineering.
[11]Kabbedijk,J.
,andJansen,S.
,(2011),'SteeringInsight:AnexplorationoftheRubySoftwareEcosystem'.
In:Proceedingsofthe2ndInternationalConferenceonSoftwareBusiness,Brussels,Belgium,44-55,June.
[12]LamT.
,GotzA.
(2005)'LeveragingTheEclipseEcosystemforScientificCommunity'10thICALEPCSInt.
Conf.
onAccelerator&LargeExpt.
PhysicsControlSystems.
Geneva,10-14Oct2005,TH3A.
3-5O(2005)[13]MarkGargenta(2011)LearningAndroid:O'ReillymediaInc.
[14]Moore,J.
F.
(1993).
Predatorsandprey:Anewecologyofcompetition.
HarvardBusinessReview71(3):75-86.
[15]WireheadLabs,Inc.
(2012).
TheiPhoneEcosystem[16]Wood,David(2002).
"SymbianDeveloperExpo2002-incontext"internalpresentation,SymbianLtd.
,London.
[17]Xu,L.
,Brinkkemper,S.
(2007):Conceptsofproductsoftware.
EuropeanJournalofInformationsystems531-541

CloudCone:$14/年KVM-512MB/10GB/3TB/洛杉矶机房

CloudCone发布了2021年的闪售活动,提供了几款年付VPS套餐,基于KVM架构,采用Intel® Xeon® Silver 4214 or Xeon® E5s CPU及SSD硬盘组RAID10,最低每年14.02美元起,支持PayPal或者支付宝付款。这是一家成立于2017年的国外VPS主机商,提供VPS和独立服务器租用,数据中心为美国洛杉矶MC机房。下面列出几款年付套餐配置信息。CPU:...

这几个Vultr VPS主机商家的优点造就商家的用户驱动力

目前云服务器市场竞争是相当的大的,比如我们在年中活动中看到各大服务商都找准这个噱头的活动发布各种活动,有的甚至就是平时的活动价格,只是换一个说法而已。可见这个行业确实竞争很大,当然我们也可以看到很多主机商几个月就消失,也有看到很多个人商家捣鼓几个品牌然后忽悠一圈跑路的。当然,个人建议在选择服务商的时候尽量选择老牌商家,这样性能更为稳定一些。近期可能会准备重新整理Vultr商家的一些信息和教程。以前...

香港 1核 1G 5M 22元/月 美国 1核 512M 15M 19.36元/月 轻云互联

轻云互联成立于2018年的国人商家,广州轻云互联网络科技有限公司旗下品牌,主要从事VPS、虚拟主机等云计算产品业务,适合建站、新手上车的值得选择,香港三网直连(电信CN2GIA联通移动CN2直连);美国圣何塞(回程三网CN2GIA)线路,所有产品均采用KVM虚拟技术架构,高效售后保障,稳定多年,高性能可用,网络优质,为您的业务保驾护航。官方网站:点击进入广州轻云网络科技有限公司活动规则:用户购买任...

nokia s60为你推荐
手机游戏排行榜2015求一款2015人气最多的手游,最好有前十排行榜中国电信互联星空怎么在中国电信网上营业厅自行开通互联星空消费权限bluestacksBluestacks安卓模拟器是什么机型的?公章制作word里如何制作公章?网页打开很慢为什么我打开网页很慢虚拟专用网安卓手机的虚拟专用网设置是什么东西?怎么用?什么是云平台什么是云平台管理软件,一个云平台软件应该具有哪些基本功能服务器连接异常服务器连接异常,即将退出,请重新进入游戏.怎么回事Qzongqzong皮肤上怎样写字微信电话本怎么用微信电话本好用吗
美国主机评测 国外主机 分销主机 12306抢票攻略 绍兴高防 速度云 免费高速空间 傲盾官网 hktv 免费网页申请 国外视频网站有哪些 台湾google 金主 广州服务器托管 中国电信宽带测速 双十二促销 贵州电信 godaddyssl htaccess ncp是什么 更多