motionmyim

NewFrontiersinTranslationStudiesSeriesEditorDefengLiCenterforStudiesofTranslation,InterpretingandCognition,UniversityofMacau,MacaoSARMoreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.
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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,Singapore(Hugs)GengshenHuSchoolofInternationalStudiesZhengzhouUniversityZhengzhou,ChinavForewordbyDollerupItisagreatpleasureformetowritethisForewordtoProfessorGengshenHu'scomprehensiveintroductiontoEco-translatology.
ThenewfieldofEco-translatologycametomyattentionwhen,in2002,ProfessorGengshenHusubmittedapapertothejournalPerspectives:StudiesinTranslatologyofwhichIwastheeditor-in-chief.
Iforwardedthearticletoourreferees,whorec-ommendeditforpublication.
Weallrecognizedthatthiswasanovelandoriginalapproachtotranslationstudies.
ThearticlewaspublishedandwasfollowedbytwomoreforPerspectives.
Later,ImetProfessorHuduringmystaysasavisitingscholaratTsinghuaUniversity(Beijing,China),andwebecamegoodandtrustedfriends.
TheInternationalAssociationforEco-TranslatologyResearchwasfoundedin2010,andIwasinvitedtodeliverapaperattheFirstInternationalSymposiumonEco-TranslatologyinMacaoin2010.
Therewereinternationalvisitorsandapproxi-mately60establishedChinesescholarsengagedinpresentationsandlivelydiscus-sions.
ThereweresomepublicationsondisplayasasignthattheconceptofEco-translatologywascatchingon,notonlyinChinabutalsoelsewhere.
IfolloweddevelopmentsinEco-translatologyasanadviser.
Ideliveredaplenarypresentationatthefifthsymposium(2015)inTainan,Taiwan.
Thenumberofpar-ticipantsinthesymposiumhadswelled,andtherewerenumerousyoungscholarsandPh.
D.
students.
Eco-translatologywasreachingouttonewgenerationsthatwouldensureitsgrowthinthefuture.
Numerouspublicationsandtheseswereondisplayforparticipantstostudy.
Eco-translatologyhadbecomeastrongmovementintheChineseworld,andtheworldoutsideChinawasincreasinglypayingheedtoit.
ItisnoteworthythatEco-translatologyreferstoreal-lifetranslationwork,e.
g.
,whichtranslators(or"languageworkers")translatebecausetheymustearnmoneyforfoodandhousing.
Theactivityisthuslinkedtotranslators'survivalandcareers.
Tosurvive,translatorsneedtobeabletomakerationalselectionsandadaptationsintheirtranslationaleco-environments.
GengshenHuconcludesthatinthesamewaythatallthefactorsinvolvedinthetranslationprocessaffecttranslators,translatorshavetoadapttothesefactorstomakedecisions:"Thisdescriptionpositionsthevitranslatorinadefinitionoftranslation.
Thetranslationisacyclicalterationofthetranslator'sselectiveadaptationandadaptiveselection.
"ThekeywordsinEco-translatologyareadaptationandselectioninthetransla-tionaleco-environment,withconstantinterplaybetweencontextualfactors,clients,andtranslators.
Allfactorsinthisinterplayare,inprinciple,ofequalweight,althoughsomeaspectsaremoreobviousthanotherswhenstudiedfromspe-cificangles.
Eco-translatologyisexplicitlytheecosystem,thetextandtexttype,andthecli-entselecttranslatorsforspecificassignments.
ItalsostressesthattranslatorsmustadapttotheenvironmentorbeeliminatedaccordingtotheDarwinianprincipleofthesurvivalofthefittest.
ThisisasupplementthatProfessorGengshenHuhasaddedtothetheory,anditholdsgoodinmanycontexts.
Thetextsthatareeasiesttotranslateareeasilyexploredandeasyforthetranslatortoadapttothetargetlan-guageecosystem,whichistheultimategoalofalltranslation.
ItisappreciablethatEco-translatologyisverycomplex.
IsuggestthatEco-translatologyhasgreatpotential.
Itinspiresnewapproachestotranslationstudies:Itcanbeappliedtofieldswhereitisnotobviousthatitisrele-vant.
Ihavetriedtoillustratethisinasmallcollection,PapersonEco-Translatology,inordertoshowitsstrengths,weaknesses,andpossibilityofprovidingnewinsights.
Eco-translatologyisbasedonancientChinesenotionsaboutharmonybetweenhumansandtheirenvironment(thedoctrineofUnityofManandNature).
Iwishtoemphasizethisinterdependenceandharmonyandtounderlinethatancientlineageiscentral:theschoolisnotpromptedbyanysuddenchangesinsocietybutisinspiredbynature,byourenvironments,whicharegreaterandlastlongerthantheindividualhumanlife.
ItisalsopermeatedbytheChineseviewofthecollectivevs.
theindividual(intheWest).
NosinglepersoncancomprehendorembraceEco-translatologyinitsentirety,butteamsorcommunitiesoftranslatorscan.
ThisbookdealswithEco-translatology.
Ihopeitcaninspirefurtherstudies.
Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthesecannotincludethewholetheoreticsystembutcancoverselectedpartsoraspectsofit.
Copenhagen,DenmarkCayDollerup8June2019ForewordbyDollerupviiForewordbyFangAnEmergingParadigmofEco-TranslationStudies1ProfessorHugs,GengshenHUhashadacareerexperiencesimilartomine:bothofusworkedastranslatorsindifferentresearchinstitutesintheearlyyears.
Inper-formingsci-techtranslationformanyyears,weaccumulatedwidepracticaltransla-tionexperience,absorbednewscientificknowledge,andlearnedvariousresearchmethods.
Allthishelpedustogenerateavarietyofinnovativethoughtsandprom-isestoprovidefruitfulbenefitsfortherestofourlives.
ShanghaiJournalofTranslatorsforScienceandTechnology(nownamedShanghaiJournalofTranslators),whereIworkedasafounder,wasfirstpublishedin1986.
InSerialNo.
3ofthatyear,ProfessorHUpublishedanarticleentitled"AbstractInterpreting:AnApproachtoScientificInterpretation.
"Inthefollowingseveralyears,hepublishedaseriesofarticlesinthejournal,taking"supplementarytranslation,""omission,"and"varianttranslation"ashismaintopics.
Duringthesameperiod,healsopublishedseveralconsecutivearticlesoninterpretationinChineseTranslatorsJournalandparticularlyinBabel,aninternationaljournaloftranslationstudies.
Inthesecondhalfofthe1980s,thereweresomesignsofimprovementindomestictranslationstudies.
Thoughmanycommentaryandsenti-mentalarticlesandsuperficialintroductorypapersaboutthetranslationexperienceappeared,thematicandsystematicstudies,especiallyoninterpreting,similartoProfessorHU'swork,werestillratherscarce.
Tomyknowledge,throughoutthe1980s,combinedwithhisworkexperience,ProfessorHUmadeaseriesofexplora-tionsonsci-techinterpretation,academicinterpretation,andforeignaffairs1ThisForewordiswrittenbyFangMengzhi,aSeniorProfessoratShanghaiUniversity;aDistinguishedTranslatorintheChinesetranslationfield;andthefoundingeditorofShanghaiJournalofTranslators,acorejournalofforeignlanguagesandtranslationinChina(1986-).
TheformerPresidentoftheShanghaiSci-TechTranslationSociety,ProfessorFANGnowservesasanEditorialConsultanttotheInternationalJournalofEco-Translatology.
viiiinterpretation,whichlaidasolidfoundationforhissubsequentstudiesonintercul-turalcommunicationpragmatics.
Inthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,thescopeoftranslationstudieswasexpanded,theresearchobjectswerediversified,thetheoreticalbackgroundwasbroadened,andtheforeignresearchapproacheswerefrequentlyredirected,fromthelinguisticapproachtothemultidisciplinaryapproach,theculturalapproach,andthenthepost-linguisticapproach,leadingtochangesinthetranslationresearchfociinChina.
Asoneapproachleavesthestage,anothertakesitsplace.
AfterWesternscholarshadplayedadominantroleintheconstructionoftranslationtheoryformorethanhalfacentury,theybegantostagnateattheturnofthecentury.
Atthemomentwhenpeopleweretalkingaboutthe"nextturn"oftranslationstudies,Eco-translatologyenteredtheinternationaltranslationworldasanewapproach.
InOctober2001,ProfessorHUgavealectureentitledFromtheDarwinianPrincipleofAdaptationandSelectiontoTranslationStudiesatHongKongBaptistUniversity.
InDecemberthesameyear,hepresentedapapertitled"AnInitialExplorationintoanApproachtoTranslationasAdaptationandSelection,"andEco-translatology,whichhadbeenindependentlyinitiatedbyaChinesescholar,becameknownworld-wide.
Inthissense,Eco-translatologykeptpacewiththenewcentury.
Withtheexpansionofthemacroperspectiveoftranslationasadaptationandselection,ProfessorHUpresentedaresearchpaperentitled"UnderstandingEco-Translatology"attheInternationalConferenceonTranslatingGlobalCulture:TowardsanInterdisciplinary(Re)ConstructioninAugust2006.
Itbecameincreas-inglyclearthatEco-translatologywasanewlyemergingeco-paradigmoftransla-tionstudiesfromanecologicalperspective,withtranslationasadaptationandselectionandthesimilarityandisomorphismbetweentranslationecologyandnatu-ralecologyasitstheoreticalfoundation,takingaholisticviewofecologyasitsmethodology,ecologicalwisdominChinesetraditionalcultureasitsfulcrum,andtheinterrelationshipbetweentranslatorsandtranslationaleco-environmentsasitsresearchobject.
Thus,Eco-translatologyisalsotheexcavation,expansion,andpro-motionoftheessenceoftranslationasadaptationandselection.
Translatologyisacomprehensiveandinterdisciplinarystudy.
Systematologyregardsthesystemasanorganicwholewithspecificfunctionsowingtotheintegra-tionofseveralinteractingandinterdependentcomponents.
Fromtheperspectiveofsystematology,notalldisciplinesassociatedwithtranslatologyareinterdisciplin-ary.
Acomprehensivedisciplineisformedbytakinganabstractobjectfoundinseveralfieldsastheresearchobject,andtheabstractobjectisalsotheconnectionpointoftherelevantinterdisciplinarysubjects.
Translationisalinguistic,cultural,andthinkingactivitythatconveysinformationbetweensymbols.
Theconnectionpointbetweenlinguisticsandtranslatologyisthesemanticandstructuraltransfor-mationoflinguisticsigns;theconnectionpointbetweenculturologyandtranslatol-ogyliesintherestrictionandtransmissionofheterogeneouscultureintheprocessoftranslation;andtheconnectionpointbetweencognitivescienceandtranslatologyconsistsoftheformationandthelawoftranslationthinking.
Then,wemustcon-siderthefollowingquestion:WhereistheconnectionpointbetweenecologyandtranslatologyForewordbyFangixProfessorHUpointsoutthatbytakingecologicalholismasitstenet,Orientalecologicalwisdomasitsbasis,and"adaptation/selection"theoryasitssteppingstone,theeco-paradigmoftranslationstudiessystematicallyprobestranslationaleco-environments,translationtextualecologies,and"translatorcommunity"ecolo-giesaswellastheirinterrelationshipsandinterplayandiscommittedtodescribingandinterpretingaholistictranslationecologyandtranslationtheoryfromtheper-spectiveofecology.
Therefore,theconnectionpointofecologyandtranslatologyliesintheecologicalenvironmentandtranslationcontext.
Thetranslationcontext(referredtoasthe"translation-environmentecology"byProfessorHUinthisbook)isthesumofthesubjectiveandobjectiveelementsrelatedtotwokindsoflanguagesandculturesconstructedbythetranslatorintheprocessoftranslation,withfourkeyelements:translator,originalcontext,targetlanguagecontext,andinteraction.
ThefourmajorelementsofEco-translatology(translation-environmentecology,transla-tiontextualecology,"translatorcommunity"ecology,andtheirinterrelationshipsandinterplay)areincloseagreementwiththefourelementsofthetranslationcon-text.
Eco-translatologyissignificantbecauseittakesaholisticviewoftranslationfromtheperspectiveofeco-reason,whichcompensatesforthelackofreasoninprevioustranslationstudies.
Eco-translatologyisaself-containedtranslationtheorysystem.
Undertheguid-anceofeco-holism,itemphasizesitsmetaphoricalreferencetothebasicprincipleof"survivalofthefittest,"whichisgenerallyacceptedbyhumanbeings.
Itnotonlyshowsthecharacteristicsofadisciplineattheabovementionedconnectionpointbutalsoconstructsaholistictranslationecosystem,revealstheeco-reasonoftransla-tion,andproposesEco-translationethicsbasedontheclassicalpreceptsofancientChinesephilosophy,suchas"manandnatureasone,""follownature'scourse,""people-oriented,"and"moderatelyharmonious.
"Constructedontheabovemen-tionedbasis,Eco-translatologyanswersthefundamentalquestionsintranslationstudies:"Whatistranslation""Whotranslates""Howtotranslate"and"Whytotranslate"Whatistranslation(what)referstotranslationasanactivityofthetrans-lator'sselectionandadaptationtothetranslationaleco-environmentandtextuallifetransplantation;whotranslates(who)refersto"translator-centeredness"and"trans-lator'sresponsibility"intheethicsoftranslation;howtotranslate(how)referstothetranslator's"survivalofthefittest,""selectiveadaptation,"and"adaptiveselection";andwhytotranslate(why)referstothecoretenetsoftranslationstudies,suchas"doingthingswithtranslations.
"Meanwhile,Eco-translatologyprovidesanewoverviewandexpositionoftranslationprinciples,translationprocesses,translationcriteria,translationstrategies,translationmethods,andothertranslationphenomenaaswellastheholistictranslationecosystemfromtheperspectiveofeco-reason.
Eco-translatologyisaself-containedandindependenttheoreticalsystem.
Ithasasetoftermstodescribethebasicconceptsofitsresearchobjects,purposes,con-tents,methods,laws,andtheorems.
Generally,thetermisoneoftheimportantsignsthatdifferentiatesaparticulartheoreticsystemfromothers.
Thescientificationandsystematizationofterminologynotonlyrepresentthelevelofthedevelopmentofacertaintheoreticsystembutalsohavebecomeanimportantconditionforensuringthesteadyadvancementoftranslatology.
Eco-translatologyhasadistinctiveForewordbyFangxterminology,suchas"theSequenceChain,"eco-paradigm,eco-reason,translationaleco-environment,translationalecosystem,Eco-translationethics,textualecology,textualtransplantation,balanceandharmony,multiplesymbiosis,multidimensionalintegration,translator'sresponsibility,selectiveadaptationandadaptiveselection,"three-dimensional"transformations,doingthingswithtranslations,post-eventpenalty,degreeofholisticadaptationandselection,approachtotranslationasadap-tationandselection,andtranslationaseco-balance.
SomeoftheabovetermshavebeenincludedinADictionaryofTranslationStudiesinChina,editedbyme,merg-ingintothemainstreamofthetranslationsystem.
ThisbookpositionsEco-translatologyasan"eco-paradigm"oftranslationstud-iesandpointsout(Chap.
7)thatsinceecologyisa"meta-science,"andtheecologi-calapproachisatransdisciplinaryandholisticapproach,ecology,asamethodologythatdominatestheuniversalsocialthinkingmode,isadisciplinethatnotonlyhasanextensiveimpactonsocietybutalsoisofultimatesignificancetohumanexis-tenceanddevelopment.
Therefore,translationstudiesfromanecologicalperspec-tivearestudiesbasedoneco-reasonor,inotherwords,studiesusingecologicalphilosophy(suchastheprincipleofoverallbalance,theprincipleofsymbiosisandcoexistence,orthelawofmultipleunity),whicharephilosophicalandmethod-ological.
Asageneraltheorythatholisticallyviewstranslationfromanecologicalperspective,Eco-translatologyisanintegratedstudyinvolving"translationstudies,""translationtheory,"and"translatedtext,"whichmakesitsuniversalityincreasinglyobvious.
Theefficiencyofasystematictheorydependsonthecoverageanduniversalityofitsresearchfield.
Eco-translatologyboastsasolidphilosophicalfoundationwhilecomplyingwithlogicalrulesandnaturalmechanisms.
Assoonasthistheoryemerged,aconstantstreamofresearchactivitiesandacrowdofresearchesrespondedtoit.
Statisticsshowthatoverthepastdecade,therehavebeenmorethan300master'sanddoctoralthesesbasedonthefundamentaltheoryofEco-translatology,dozensofacademicjournalpapersusingEco-translatologyintheirtitlesorkeywordsdomesticallyandabroad,andmorethanadozenrelatedpapersbyforeignscholarspresentedandpublishedintheseriesofInternationalSymposiumsonEco-translatology.
Amongthese,from2004to2011alone,asmanyasfifteenpaperswereeditedandpublishedbymeinShanghaiJournalofTranslators.
Someofthefifteenpapersexpoundthecoretenets,suchasTheoreticalPropsoftheApproachtoTranslationasAdaptationandSelection(HuGengshen,2004);Eco-Translatology:InterdisciplinaryIntegrationofTranslationStudies(HuGengshen,2009);MechanismoftheWholeEcologicalTranslationFieldSchemaTheory(ZhuGuicheng,2010);TranslationalEcologyvsNaturalEcology:Relevance,SimilarityandIsomorphism(HuGengshen,2010);andOntheEcologyandEnvironmentofTranslation(FangMengzhi,2011).
SomepapersapplythefundamentaltenetsandmethodsofEco-translatologytointerpretvarioustranslationphenomena,includingthetranslationthoughtsoftrans-lators,casestudiesofliterarytranslations,andtranslationstudiesofvariousprag-matictranslationtexts,suchasZhangGuruoandHis"Adaptation"and"Selection"(SunYingchun,2009);AdaptationandSelection:TracingtheTranslationPrinciplesForewordbyFangxiofYanFu(HuangZhonglian,2009);YanFu'sTranslationofEvolutionandEthicsRevisited:ATranslatologicalPerspective(JiaoWeihong,2009);Translator'sSelectiveAdaptationandAdaptiveSelection:AReviewofThreeEnglishVersionsofThePeonyPavilion(JiangXiaohua,2009);OntheTranslationofMetaphoricalIdiomsinNewsReportsfromthePerspectiveofTranslationasAdaptationandSelection(LiuYanfang,2009);andTranslationofPublicSignsfromthePerspectiveofEco-Translatology—ASurveyontheTranslationoftheThemeoftheShanghaiWorldExpo(SongHuijuan,2010).
Eco-translatologyhasbeendevelopingforover10years.
Certainly,thereareideasthatcannotbeeasilycomprehendedandthosewhoholddifferentviews.
Suchissuesareinevitableduringthedevelopmentofanewlyborntheoryandshouldbediscussedandevaluated.
TheeditorialboardofShanghaiJournalofTranslatorsorganizedadiscussionandpublishedarticlesononeofthecorequestions—"translator-centeredness"inthetranslationprocess—suchasIstheTranslatortheCenterinEco-TranslationTheoryADiscussionwithProfessorHUGeng-shen(ChenYuhong,2011);AStudyandArgumentoftheCoreConceptsofEco-Translatology(WangHong,2011);andAResponsetotheQuestionof"TranslatorCenteredness"(HuGengshen,2011).
Inaddition,inaliteraturereviewof10yearsofresearch,wecanseetheemer-gence,development,andperfectionprocessesofEco-translatologyovertheyears:TenYearsofResearch,TenMajorProgresses—AReportontheResearchandDevelopmentofEco-Translatology(StrongHugs,2011).
Inrecentyears,oneafteranotherresearchpaperonEco-translatology,takingonlythosereceivedbytheeditorialboardofShanghaiJournalofTranslatorsintoaccount,hasappeared,andthenumberhasfarexceededthosementionedabove.
MostofthesepapersareappliedinterpretationsofEco-translatology,especiallytheanalysisofthecharacteristicsandgainsandlossesofthetranslatedtextsinthelin-guisticdimension,culturaldimension,andcommunicativedimension.
However,theyhaveseldomarguedandexploredtranslationtheoriesorfurtherexpoundedtheontology,value,epistemology,andmethodologyofEco-translatology.
Generally,thereisstillroomforfurtheradvancementinthreerespects:extensionoftheresearchscope,improvementoftheresearchmethods,anddiversificationofresearchtopics,onwhichtopicsProfessorHUhascommentedinthisbook.
Atthebeginningofthenewcentury,Eco-translatologyemergedinresponsetotherequirementsofthetimes,andithasbeenconstantlyevolving.
Undoubtedly,thepublicationofEco-Translatology:TowardsaNewParadigmofTranslationStudies,morethanadecadeaftertheemergenceofthetheory,servesasamilestone,indicat-ingthatthedevelopmentofEco-translatologyhasenteredanewstage;atthesametime,itcanberegardedasthedeclarationofanewparadigmofEco-translatology.
Inmyopinion,thisbookprovidesapanoramicdescriptionandinterpretationofthetheoreticaldiscoursesystemofEco-translatology,furtherimprovestheconstructionofthetheoreticalcategory,expandsthemethodology,anddevelopsthetranslationstudieseco-paradigm.
ItwillnotonlyfacilitatetheunderstandingoftheresearchanddevelopmentofEco-translatologybutalsohelpunscrambleandclarifytheoreti-calviewpoints,answerquestions,andresolvedoubts.
Inaddition,itwilldrawmoreForewordbyFangxiiattentionintheacademicworldanddrawmoreparticipantstotheresearchandexchangeofEco-translatology.
AsanewbenchmarkforEco-translatology,thisbookisapearl,similartothepublicationofAnApproachtoTranslationasAdaptationandSelection15yearsago,inEco-translatologyandresearchinChinesetranslationtheories.
Doubtless,thisbookinEnglishwillmakenewcontributionstotheconstructionoftranslationstudiesasadiscipline,notonlyinChinabutalsoworldwide.
Shanghai,ChinaMengzhiFang10June2019ForewordbyFangxiiiPrefaceThelasthalfofthetwentiethcenturyhaswitnessedthetransitionfromindustrialcivilizationtoeco-civilizationinhumansociety,andglobalizingeco-thoughtsareessentiallyshapingthedevelopmentalrouteofworldacademicresearch.
Ecologicalnotionshavebeenincorporatedintothefieldsofhumanities,includinglinguistics,comparativeliterature,liberalartsandculturalstudies,andmediaandcommunica-tionstudies,andaccordingly,"interdisciplinary"or"multidisciplinary"studieshavevigorouslyexpanded.
Ontheonehand,however,systematicinvestigationsinthe"ecologicaldimension"havelongpassedbeyondtheacademicconcernoftransla-tionstudies,thoughitisadisciplineofstriking"multi-disciplinarity.
"Ontheotherhand,large-scaleshortcomingsandinsufficiencyexistalongwithageneralizationofdomesticand/orforeignattemptstoapproachtranslationalissues—owingnotonlytothemerelysuperficialuseofecologicaltermsbutalsotoeffortslabeled"scattered,""parochial,""straggling,"or"unsystematic"thathavedebasedthesediscussions.
Againstsuchasocialandacademicbackground,theauthor,almost10yearsago,embarkedonasystematizedroutetowardEco-translatologywithaviewtoidentifyingthemissinglinkofasystematic"ecologicaldimension"intranslationstudiesandunmaskingthepaucityofpreviousstudiesinthediscipline.
If"AnInitialExplorationintoanApproachtoTranslationasAdaptationandSelection"atThe3rdFITAsianTranslators'Forumin2001wasthefirststeptowardanecologicalapproachtotranslationstudies,then"UnderstandingEco-Translatology,"presentedattheinternationalconferencetitledTranslatingGlobalCultures:TowardsInterdisciplinary(Re)Constructionsin2006,signaledtheevolu-tionandintegrationofacademicattemptstoexploretheecologicalapproachtotranslationstudies.
Inaddition,ifsupportbytheChineseNationalSocialScienceFoundationfortheproject"Eco-Translatology:EcologicalPerspectiveofTranslationStudies"in2008andthepublicationof"Eco-Translatology:APrimer"inTheChineseTranslatorsJournalin2008somewhatrepresentedtheacceptanceandrec-ognitionofEco-translatologyamongtheSoutheastAsianacademicsphereoftrans-lationstudies,thentheestablishmentofthe"InternationalAssociationforEco-TranslatologyResearch"in2010,thesuccessof"InternationalSymposiumsonEco-Translatology,"andaboveallthelaunchoftheJournalofEco-Translatologyxivshowthat"Eco-translatology,"atheoryinitiatedinChina,hastraveledfarbeyondthenationalboundariesandenteredworldacademia.
TheauthortherebywritesandpublishesthisEco-Translatology:TowardsaNewParadigmofTranslationStudiesinEnglishasagiftfortheseconddecadeofthetwenty-firstcentury.
Thisbook,aretrospectiveexaminationofEco-translatologicalstudiesthroughoutthefirstdecadeofthecurrentcentury,meanwhileassumesthemissionofstimulatingandpromotingEco-translatologyintheyearstofollow.
Intheprocessofpreparingthismanuscript,theauthoradherestothefollowingprinciples:(1)theprincipleoftheprofession,i.
e.
,maintainingtheprofessionalprin-ciplesoftranslationscholarship;(2)theprincipleoflocalization,i.
e.
,beingrootedinEasternculture;(3)theprincipleofinternationalization,i.
e.
,reconcilingtheapproachwithWesternmethods;and(4)theprincipleofecology,i.
e.
,seekingholis-ticeco-balanceingeneral.
ThebirthandgrowthofEco-translatologyhavebenefitedfromvariousopportu-nities,conditions,andcontributions.
Eco-translatologygerminatedinBeijing,theChinesecapital,whereTsinghuaUniversityislocated;itemergedinHongKong,China,whereEastandWestconverge;anditexpandedinMacao,whereChineseandforeignersrubshoulders.
Theeliteschool,freshopportunities,favorablecondi-tions,andcollaborativeeffortsfromlike-mindedpeopleworldwideallcontributedtothepresentstatusofEco-translatology.
Overthepastdecade,theauthorhastoiledandsoughttoconstructanEco-translatologicaldiscoursesystem.
Overthisdecade,theauthorhasfoundconsolationinthefactthatEco-translatology,byexplicatingitspositionatthecruxofstudiesontextualecology,translationecol-ogy,and"translatorcommunity"ecology,hasgivenanewshapetothefieldoftranslationstudies,translationtheories,andtranslationperformances.
Whatheval-uesmostisthatmorethansixhundredthesesanddoctoraldissertationsandresearcharticlesonEco-translatologyhavebeenaccomplishedorpublished;themostrepre-sentativedevelopmentsincludethetimelyestablishmentoftheInternationalAssociationforEco-translatologyResearch,theconsecutiveholdingofInternationalSymposiumsofEco-translatology,andtheregularpublicationofJournalofEco-Translatology.
OntheeveofpublishingEco-Translatology:TowardsanEco-ParadigmofTranslationStudies,theauthorwishestoexpresshissinceregratitudetotheschol-arsProf.
ZHOUZhaoxiang,Prof.
TANZaixi,andProf.
ZHANGPeiyaofortheirhelpduringhisdoctoralstudy;Prof.
GUZhengkun,Prof.
MAOSihui,andProf.
WANGNingfortheirsuggestionsonhisresearchproject;Prof.
YANGZijian,Prof.
FANGMengzhi,andProf.
XUJunfortheirassistanceinacademicgrowth;andProf.
CayDollerup(Denmark),Prof.
EdwinGentzler(USA),andProf.
KirstenMalmkjear(UK)fortheirfriendshipandencouragementacrossinterna-tionalboundaries.
InregardtothespreadandpromotionofEco-translatology,theauthorwishestoexpresshisthankstoProf.
JIANGXiaohua,Prof.
SONGZhiping,Prof.
MENGFanjun,Prof.
LIUYafeng,Prof.
LIUAihua,Prof.
BIANLihong,Prof.
LILi,Prof.
HUGongze(Taiwan),Prof.
TAOYoulan,Prof.
LUODijiang,PrefacexvProf.
MarionBoers(SouthAfrica),Prof.
DouglasRobinson(USA/HongKong,China),Prof.
MarySnell-Hornby(Austria),Prof.
MichaelCronin(Ireland),Prof.
ChristianeNord(Germany),Dr.
RindonKundu(India),Prof.
JoannaRadwanska-Williams(USA/Poland),Prof.
KristinaTaivalkoshi(Finland),Prof.
RadegundisStolze(Germany),Prof.
ZoyaG.
Proshina(Russia),Prof.
YvonGousry(France),Prof.
RobertoA.
Valdeón(Spain),Dr.
DouglasMcNaught(UK),Prof.
JulianeHouse(Germany),Dr.
SedatMulamyimandProf.
AnthonyPym(Australia),Dr.
AnnaPonomareva(UK),Dr.
ShellyOchs(USA),Dr.
YalaIsmail(Egypt),andProf.
YoungminKim(Korea)aswellasthoseinterestedinandattractedbyEco-translatologyandinparticularthosechallengingandcriticizingEco-translatology.
Ontheaccomplishmentofthedraft,theauthorhasbeenstruckbythewordsthatarealwaysbeyondone'swordsandthatthehigherone'saim,theharderonelabors.
Theauthorhasalsocometorealizethatwhatoneknowsisproportionaltowhatisunknown.
Eco-translatologyisanemergingEco-translationparadigmoftranslationstud-ies.
Withmetaphoricalanalogiesbetweenthetranslationalecosystemandthenatu-ralecosystemandconceptualborrowingsasitsmethodology,Eco-translatologyprobesthetranslationaleco-environments,textualecologies,and"translatorcom-munity"ecologiesaswellastheirinterrelationshipsandinterplay.
Regardingtrans-lationasaholisticecosystem,itdescribesandinterpretstranslationactivitiesintermsoftheecologicalprinciplesofeco-holism,Orientaleco-wisdom,andtransla-tionasadaptationandselection.
WithintheEco-translationparadigm,"translationaseco-balance,""translationastextualtransplantation,"and"translationasadapta-tionandselection"arethecoreconcepts.
ThisbookoffersapanoramicviewofEco-translatology.
IncludedinthisbookaretheinceptionandinitialdevelopmentofEco-translatology,theresearchfociandtheoreticaltenets,themainstudiesatthemacro-,meso-,andmicro-levels,empiricalstudiesandtheoreticalapplications,theimplicationsfortranslationstudies,andaroadmapforfurtherdevelopment.
Theoverallformation,interpretation,andillus-trationoftheinterrelationshipsandinterplaybetweentranslationaleco-environments,textualtransplantation,andthetranslator'sadaptationandselectionofthe"translatorcommunity"willeventuallyleadtotheconstructionofanentiretheoreticaldiscoursesystemofEco-translatology.
Thisbookmainlytargetstranslationstudiestheoreticiansandpractitionersacrosstheglobe,thefacultyandundergraduateandpostgraduatestudentsoftranslationstudies,doctoralscholars,andthosewhoareinterestedinthedomainoftranslationstudies.
Itwillalsobeavaluablereferenceforscholarsandgraduatesfromtheadja-centfieldsoflinguistics,culturalstudies,cross-culturalcommunicationstudies,andrelateddisciplines.
Theauthordedicatesthisbook:Totheadulthood(2001–2019)ofresearchanddevelopmentinEco-translatology;PrefacexviTothe10thanniversaryofthefoundingoftheInternationalAssociationforEco-Translatology;andTotheestablishmentoftheZhengzhouUniversityAcademyofEco-Translatology,China,inMay2019.
Zhengzhou,China(Hugs)GengshenHuSummer2019PrefacexviiSynopsisEco-translatologyisanemergingparadigmoftranslationstudiesfromanecologicalperspective.
Withmetaphoricalanalogiesbetweenthetranslationalecosystemandthenaturalecosystemalongwiththeconceptualborrowingsasitsmethodology,Eco-translatologyprobestranslationaleco-environments,textualecologies,and"translatorcommunity"ecologiesaswellastheirinterrelationshipsandinterplay.
Regardingthesceneoftranslationasaholisticecosystem,itdescribesandinter-pretstranslationactivitiesintermsoftheecologicalprinciplesofeco-holism,Orientaleco-wisdom,andtranslationasadaptationandselection.
Withinthiseco-translationparadigm,"translationaseco-balance,""translationastextualtransplan-tation,"and"translationasadaptationandselection"arethecoreconcepts.
ThisbookoffersapanoramicviewofEco-translatologythatexploresandexpoundsecologicalideasandecologicalconnotationsintextstobetranslatedandintranslationactivitiestomakeeco-reason,eco-principles,theecologicalizedworldoutlook,andmethodologythegeneralguidelinesfortranslationstudies.
IncludedinthisbookaretheinceptionandinitialdevelopmentofEco-translatology,theresearchfociandtheoreticaltenets,themainstudiesatthemacro-,meso-,andmicro-levels,empiricalstudiesandtheoreticalapplications,theimplicationsfortranslationstud-ies,andaroadmapforfurtherdevelopment.
Theoverallformation,interpretation,andillustrationoftheinterrelationshipsandinterplaybetweentranslationaleco-environments,textualtransplantation,andthetranslator'sadaptationandselectionofthe"translatorcommunity"willeventuallyleadtotheconstructionofanentiretheoreticaldiscoursesystemofEco-translatology.
Thisbookprimarilytargetstranslationstudiestheoreticiansandpractitioners,academicians,andundergraduateandpostgraduatestudentsaswellaslaypersonswhoareinterestedinthedisciplineoftranslationstudies.
Itwillalsobeavaluablereferenceforscholarsandgraduatesfromtheadjacentfieldsofpureandappliedlinguistics,comparativeliterature,culturalstudies,cross-culturalcommunication,mediastudies,andotherrelateddisciplines.
xixContents1Preliminaries:TheNameandNatureofEco-Translatology11.
1Introduction11.
2Translatology21.
3Ecology41.
4Eco-Translatology:AnEco-ParadigmofTranslationStudies61.
5UnderstandingEco-TranslatologyThroughTerminology91.
6GlancingatEco-TranslatologyThrougha"Shortcut"oftheNine"Three-in-One"Expressions131.
7Eco-Translatologyvs.
TranslationStudiesandOtherPrevailingTranslationTheories151.
8Summary17References182Eco-Translatology:InceptionandDevelopment212.
1Introduction212.
2Origins222.
2.
1GlobalEcologicalTrendofThought222.
2.
2EcologicallyRelatedStudiesinDifferentDisciplines232.
2.
3EcologicallySuperficialTermsUsedinTranslationStudies232.
2.
4EcologicallyOverlookedDimensionsinTranslationScholarship252.
3PrerequisitesfortheExploration272.
3.
1EpistemicSequenceofthe"SequenceChain"272.
3.
2IsomorphismBetweenTranslationalandNaturalEcosystems312.
3.
3SystematicStudiesonTranslationasAdaptationandSelection(TAS)342.
4ContinuousStudiesandDevelopments362.
4.
1InitialStudiesattheBeginningoftheTwenty-FirstCentury36xx2.
4.
2ProgressiveAchievementsandInformationDissemination372.
4.
3IncorporationofTASintoEco-translatology382.
4.
4TheoreticalApplicationsandFurtherDevelopment402.
4.
5DevelopmentMomentum:FromStreamletto"StrongCurrent"412.
5Summary42References423Eco-Translatology:ResearchFociandTheoreticalTenets473.
1Introduction473.
2TheEco-TranslationParadigm473.
2.
1TheScientificResearchParadigm473.
2.
2TranslationResearchParadigms483.
2.
3The"EcologicalParadigm"ofEco-Translatology503.
3TheoreticalBasesofEco-Translatology523.
3.
1Eco-Holism523.
3.
2EasternEco-Wisdom533.
3.
3TranslationasAdaptationandSelection(TAS)553.
4ResearchAreasofEco-Translatology563.
4.
1TranslationalEcologies(StudiesonTranslationalEnvironments)563.
4.
2TextualEcologies(StudiesonSource–TargetTexts)583.
4.
3"Translator-Community"Ecologies(StudiesonTranslatorActs)593.
4.
4RelationshipsAmongtheThreeEcologies603.
5MethodologyofEco-TranslatologyResearch613.
5.
1TransdisciplinaryOverview613.
5.
2MetaphoricalAnalogies623.
5.
3ConceptualBorrowings633.
5.
4HolisticIntegration643.
6EcologicalPrinciplesforEco-Translatology653.
6.
1EmphasizingHolismandInterrelation653.
6.
2SeekingDynamicBalance663.
6.
3ReflectingEcologicalAesthetics673.
6.
4Identifyingthe"TranslatorCommunity"673.
6.
5AdheringtoEco-TranslationEthics683.
6.
6HighlightingUnityinDiversity683.
7PrinciplesofEco-TranslationEthics703.
7.
1Principleof"BalanceandHarmony"703.
7.
2Principleof"MultipleEco-Integration"723.
7.
3Principleof"SymbiosisandDiversity"733.
7.
4Principleof"TranslatorResponsibility"743.
8OtherResearchFociandTheoreticalTenets773.
9Summary81References82Contentsxxi4TheMacrolevel:AnEntireTranslationalEcosystem874.
1Introduction874.
2ComplexThinking,ComplexityofEcosystems,andCross-DisciplinarityofTranslationStudies884.
2.
1ComplexThinking884.
2.
2ComplexityofEcosystems894.
2.
3Cross-DisciplinarityofTranslationStudies904.
3TheEntireTranslationalEcosystem924.
3.
1TranslationManagementEcosystem934.
3.
2TranslationMarketEcosystem944.
3.
3TranslationEducationEcosystem974.
3.
4TheEcosystemofTranslationItself984.
3.
5OverallTranslationalEnvironments1004.
3.
6OtherStudiesonTranslationalEcosystems1024.
4Cross-DisciplinaryIntegrationoftheEcosystemofTranslationItself1034.
4.
1InterdisciplinaryInterplayandCross-DisciplinaryStudies1034.
4.
2SynergicFusionofMultidimensionalStudies1064.
4.
3OtherStudiesontheEcosystemofTranslationItself1074.
5CoordinationandBalanceofTranslationalEcosystems1114.
5.
1CoordinationandBalanceofEcosystemsfromDifferentDimensions1124.
5.
2CoordinationandBalanceofIndividualEcologiesandPopulationEcologies1134.
5.
3CoordinationandBalanceoftheTranslationalEcosystemandOtherSocialSystems1144.
5.
4CoordinationandBalanceofEcosystemsAlongthe"SequenceChain"1164.
6Conclusion117References1185TheMesolevel:OntologicalTheoriesofTranslatology1215.
1Introduction1215.
2CognitionofTranslationTheory1225.
2.
1DefinitionandPurposeofTranslationTheory1225.
2.
2TheKeyComponentsandFunctionsofTranslationTheory1235.
2.
3TheCharacteristicsandJudgmentofTranslationTheory1245.
2.
4TheTenViewpointsintheResearchofTranslationTheory1255.
3"WhatIsTranslation"fromthePerspectiveofEco-Translatology131Contentsxxii5.
3.
1UnderstandingtheNatureofTranslationfromDifferentPerspectives1315.
3.
2UnderstandingTranslationfromthePerspectiveofEco-Translatology1345.
3.
3TranslationasEcologicalBalance1365.
3.
4TranslationasTextualTransplants1375.
3.
5TranslationasAdaptationandSelection1405.
4"WhoTranslates"fromthePerspectiveofEco-Translatology1415.
4.
1"Translator-Centeredness"intheTranslationProcess1425.
4.
2"TranslatorResponsibility"inTranslationEthics1515.
4.
3TheTranslator'sAdaptationandConstructionoftheTranslationalEco-Environments1535.
4.
4Mechanismof"Post-eventPenalty"1545.
4.
5TheTranslator'sSurvivalConditionsandAbilityDevelopment1555.
4.
6TheTranslator,"Translator-Community"and"Translator-Community"Ecology1575.
5"HowtoTranslate"fromthePerspectiveofEco-Translatology1575.
5.
1TheIllustrationofthe"TranslationProcess"1585.
5.
2TheTheoreticalBasisforThree-DimensionalTransformation1615.
5.
3TheDefinitionofthe"HolisticDegreeofAdaptationandSelection"1645.
5.
4TextualTransplantsandEcologicalBalance1665.
5.
5Eco-TranslationalStrategy/OptimizingtheSelectionofMethods1685.
6"WhytoTranslate"fromthePerspectiveofEco-Translatology1695.
6.
1Translator'sSubjectiveMotivationin"DoingThingswithTranslations"1705.
6.
2TheTextualObjectiveFunctionof"DoingThingswithTranslations"1725.
6.
3FurtherStudieson"DoingThingswithTranslations"1795.
7Summary180References1806TheMicrolevel:Eco-TranslationOperationalIllustrations1856.
1Introduction1856.
2"Transplanting"ThroughMultidimensionalAdaptationandSelection1866.
2.
1"TheLastOneWasDelicious;BringMeAnotherOne!
1866.
2.
2"WorkersUnitetoProtecttheFactoryProperty!
189Contentsxxiii6.
3"Emptying"theTranslator'sMindandAbsorbingorReshapingtheNewEco-EnvironmentBeforeTranslating1916.
3.
1TranslatingaTextofMythicalExperience1916.
3.
2"ClassifiedInstruction"or"DispatchingCommander"1936.
4"MakingUp"forElementsLackingintheTargetEco-Environment1946.
4.
1AdditionalExplanationsintheTargetText1946.
4.
2"Supplementation"inConsecutiveInterpreting1966.
5"Leaningon"EithertheSource-TextEcologyortheTarget-TextEcology1976.
5.
1LeaningontheSource-TextEcology1986.
5.
2LeaningontheTarget-TextEcology1996.
6"Naturalizing"or"Greening"theTranslation2006.
6.
1TranslatingtheNaturalWorld2006.
6.
2ImitatingNaturalShapes2006.
7"Interveningin"theTextProductionandtheTranslationActivity2046.
7.
1TranslationInterventionsinSpecificTranslationalEco-Environments2046.
7.
2TranslationInterventioninthePatronageofthe"TranslatorCommunity"2056.
8Summary208References2107TheoreticalApplicationsandAppliedStudies2137.
1Introduction2137.
2AppliedCasesofPracticalStudies(1)2147.
2.
1StudiesontheTranslationofLiteraryWorks2147.
2.
2StudiesontheTranslationofPhilosophicalandSociologicalLiterature2157.
2.
3StudiesontheTranslationofSci-tech/Commercial/LegalDocuments2177.
2.
4StudiesonTranslationTeaching2197.
2.
5StudiesonTranslators2237.
2.
6StudiesonInterpreting2257.
2.
7StudiesonInternetTranslation2277.
3AppliedCasesofPracticalStudies(2)2297.
3.
1StudiesonTranslationHistoryandHistoryofTranslationTheory2297.
3.
2StudiesonTranslationCriticism2317.
3.
3StudiesonTranslationMethodology2327.
3.
4StudiesonTranslationEthics2337.
3.
5StudiesonSchoolsofTranslation2347.
3.
6OtherRelatedStudies236Contentsxxiv7.
4OverviewsandCommentsonAppliedStudies2377.
4.
1OverviewsandCommentsonTheoreticalApplications2377.
4.
2OverviewsandCommentsonCriticalReviews2397.
4.
3OverviewsandCommentsonAppliedStudiesinGeneral2407.
5SomePhenomenologicalInterpretations:AnEco-TranslatologicalPerspective2417.
5.
1Translatability2427.
5.
2Retranslation2457.
5.
3TranslationStrategyEmployment2477.
5.
4TranslationofStyles2497.
5.
5"Turns"ofTranslationStudies2497.
6Summary251References2528ImplicationsforTranslationStudiesandthe"RoadMap"forFurtherDevelopment2578.
1Introduction2578.
2DevelopmentalFrameworkofEco-TranslatologyResearch2578.
2.
1StudiesattheMacro-,Meso-,andMicrolevels2588.
2.
2AcademicPursuitofIntegrating"PresentwithPast,""EasternwithWestern,"and"SocialwithNaturalSciences"2618.
2.
3ThreeParadigmaticFeaturesofUniversality,Openness,andPracticality2668.
2.
4ThreeDevelopmentalStagesoftheTheory,theParadigm,andtheSchoolofThought2688.
3TrendsandEnlightenmentofEco-TranslatologyStudies2698.
3.
1EnrichingthePhilosophicalBasis2698.
3.
2BroadeningAcademicVision2708.
3.
3ConstructingtheEcologicalParadigm2718.
3.
4StimulatingCross-DisciplinaryResearch2738.
3.
5NourishingNewTranslationSchoolsofThought2748.
3.
6PayingBacktoRelatedDisciplines2758.
4FurtherDevelopmentofEco-Translatology2768.
4.
1Froma"TheoryConsumer"toa"TheoryProducer"2768.
4.
2ProgressofInternationalization2778.
4.
3FurtherResearch2808.
5Summary287References289Appendices293Postscript311Contents