Bush卡巴斯基2010激活码

CRSReportforCongressPreparedforMembersandCommitteesofCongressBorderSecurity:KeyAgenciesandTheirMissionsChadC.
HaddalAnalystinImmigrationPolicyJanuary26,2010CongressionalResearchService7-5700www.
crs.
govRS21899BorderSecurity:KeyAgenciesandTheirMissionsCongressionalResearchServiceSummaryAfterthemassivereorganizationoffederalagenciesprecipitatedbythecreationoftheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity(DHS),therearenowfourmainfederalagencieschargedwithsecuringtheUnitedStates'borders:theU.
S.
CustomsandBorderProtection(CBP),whichpatrolstheborderandconductsimmigrations,customs,andagriculturalinspectionsatportsofentry;theU.
S.
ImmigrationsandCustomsEnforcement(ICE),whichinvestigatesimmigrationsandcustomsviolationsintheinteriorofthecountry;theUnitedStatesCoastGuard,whichprovidesmaritimeandportsecurity;andtheTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA),whichisresponsibleforsecuringthenation'sland,rail,andairtransportationnetworks.
Thisreportismeanttoserveasaprimeronthekeyfederalagencieschargedwithbordersecurity;assuchitwillbrieflydescribeeachagency'sroleinsecuringournation'sborders.
Thisreportwillbeupdatedasneeded.
BorderSecurity:KeyAgenciesandTheirMissionsCongressionalResearchService1nthewakeofthetragedyofSeptember11,2001,theU.
S.
CongressdecidedthatenhancingthesecurityoftheUnitedStates'borderswasavitallyimportantcomponentofpreventingfutureterroristattacks.
BeforeSeptember11,2001,bordersecurityfellpiecemealunderthemandateofmanydiversefederaldepartments,includingbutnotlimitedtotheDepartmentofJustice(theImmigrationandNaturalizationService);theDepartmentoftheTreasury(theCustomsService);theDepartmentofAgriculture(theAnimalandPlantHealthInspectionService);andtheDepartmentofTransportation(theCoastGuard).
TheHomelandSecurityActof2002(P.
L.
107-296)consolidatedmostfederalagenciesoperatingalongtheU.
S.
borderswithinthenewlyformedDHS.
MostoftheseagencieswerelocatedintheDirectorateofBorderandTransportationSecurity(BTS),whichwaschargedwithsecuringtheborders;territorialwaters;terminals;waterways;andair,land,andseatransportationsystemsoftheUnitedStates;andmanagingthenation'sportsofentry.
1TheloneexceptionistheU.
S.
CoastGuard,whichremainedastandalonedivisionwithinDHS.
TheBTSwascomposedofthreemainagencies:(1)theCBP,whichischargedwithoverseeingcommercialoperations,inspections,andlandborderpatrolfunctions,(2)ICE,whichoverseesinvestigations,aliendetentionsandremovals,air/marinedruginterdictionoperations,andfederalprotectiveservices,and(3)theTSA,whichischargedwithprotectingthenation'sair,land,andrailtransportationsystemsagainstallformsofattacktoensurefreedomofmovementforpeopleandcommerce.
OnJuly13,2005,theSecretaryofDHS,MichaelChertoff,announcedtheresultsofthemonths-longSecondStageReview(2SR)thatheundertookuponbeingconfirmedasDHSSecretary.
OneofSecretaryChertoff'smainrecommendations,whichwasagreedtobytheDHSAppropriationsConferees,wastheeliminationoftheBTSDirectorate.
TheSecretaryannouncedthecreationofanewOfficeofPolicy,which,amongotherthings,assumedthepolicycoordinationresponsibilitiesoftheBTSDirectorate.
TheoperationalagenciesthatcomprisedBTS(CBP,ICE,TSA)nowreportdirectlytotheSecretaryandDeputySecretaryofDHS.
ThegoalofthisreorganizationwastostreamlinethepolicycreationprocessandensurethatDHSpoliciesandregulationsareconsistentacrossthedepartment.
Additionally,theFederalAirMarshalsprogramwasmovedoutofICEandbackintoTSAtoincreaseoperationalcoordinationbetweenallaviationsecurityentitiesinthedepartment.
Conceptuallyspeaking,CBPprovidesthefrontlineresponders2toimmigrationsandcustomsviolationsandservesasthelawenforcementarmofDHS,whileICEservesastheinvestigativebranch.
TSAischargedwithsecuringthenation'stransportationsystems,whereastheU.
S.
CoastGuardalsoservesanimportantbordersecurityfunctionbypatrollingthenation'sterritorialandadjacentinternationalwatersagainstforeignthreats.
CombinedFY2010appropriationsforthebordersecurityagenciesofDHSequaled$30.
96billion,3andthecombinedfulltimeequivalent(FTE)manpowertotaledapproximately180,142employees.
41AlthoughthefunctionsofCBPandICEweretransferredundertheP.
L.
107-296,theactualagencieswerecreatedbytheGeorgeW.
BushAdministration.
ForamoredetailedinformationonDHS,seeCRSReportRL31549,DepartmentofHomelandSecurity:ConsolidationofBorderandTransportationSecurityAgencies,byJenniferE.
Lake.
2SomearguethattheStateDepartment'sConsularpostsabroadprovidethefirstlineofdefensebyreviewingvisaapplicationsanddeterminingwhichforeignnationalswillbeprovidedwiththedocumentationrequiredtolegallyenterthecountry.
3Thisnumber,andallthebudgetnumbersinthebodyofthisreport,representsthenetappropriationforthefouragenciesdiscussedfromP.
L.
111-83,theDepartmentofHomelandSecurityAppropriationsAct,2010.
ForamoredetailedbreakdownofDHSappropriationsforFY2010,includingthegrossbudgetauthorityprovidedtoeachagency,seeCRSReportR40642,HomelandSecurityDepartment:FY2010Appropriations,coordinatedbyJenniferE.
Lake(continued.
.
.
)IBorderSecurity:KeyAgenciesandTheirMissionsCongressionalResearchService2TheU.
S.
CustomsandBorderProtection(CBP)CBPcombinedportionsofthepreviousborderlawenforcementagenciesunderoneadministrativeumbrella.
ThisinvolvedabsorbingemployeesfromtheImmigrationandNaturalizationService(INS),theBorderPatrol,theCustomsService,andtheDepartmentofAgriculture.
CBP'smissionistopreventterroristsandterroristweaponsfromenteringthecountry,providesecurityatU.
S.
bordersandportsofentry,apprehendillegalimmigrants,stemtheflowofillegaldrugs,andprotectAmericanagriculturalandeconomicinterestsfromharmfulpestsanddiseases.
5Asitperformsitsofficialmissions,CBPmaintainstwooverarchingandsometimesconflictinggoals:increasingsecuritywhilefacilitatinglegitimatetradeandtravel.
6InFY2010,CBP'sappropriatednetbudgetauthoritytotaled$10.
13billion7andmanpowertotaledapproximately58,105FTE.
Betweenofficialportsofentry,theU.
S.
BorderPatrol(USBP)—acomponentofCBP—enforcesU.
S.
immigrationlawandotherfederallawsalongtheborder.
Ascurrentlycomprised,theUSBPistheuniformedlawenforcementarmoftheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity.
Itsprimarymissionistodetectandpreventtheentryofterrorists,weaponsofmassdestruction,andunauthorizedaliensintothecountry,andtointerdictdrugsmugglersandothercriminals.
InthecourseofdischargingitsdutiestheUSBPpatrolsover8,000milesofourinternationalborderswithMexicoandCanadaandthecoastalwatersaroundFloridaandPuertoRico.
Atofficialportsofentry,CBPofficersareresponsibleforconductingimmigrations,customs,andagriculturalinspectionsonenteringaliens.
Asaresultofthe"onefaceattheborder"initiative,CBPinspectorsarebeingcross-trainedtoperformallthreetypesofinspectionsinordertostreamlinethebordercrossingprocess.
Thisinitiativeunifiesthepriorinspectionsprocesses,providingenteringalienswithoneprimaryinspectorwhoistrainedtodeterminewhetheramoredetailedsecondaryinspectionisrequired.
8CBPinspectorsenforceimmigrationlawbyexaminingandverifyingthetraveldocumentsofincominginternationaltravelerstoensuretheyhavealegalrighttoenterthecountry.
Onthecustomsside,CBPinspectorsensurethatallimportsandexportscomplywithU.
S.
lawsandregulations,collectandprotectU.
S.
revenues,andguardagainstthesmugglingofcontraband.
Additionally,CBPisresponsibleforconductingagriculturalinspectionsatportsofentryinordertoenforceawidearrayofanimalandplantprotectionlaws.
Inordertocarryoutthesevariedfunctions,CBPinspectorshaveabroadrangeofpowerstoinspectallpersons,vehicles,conveyances,merchandise,andbaggageenteringtheUnitedStatesfromaforeigncountry.
(.
.
.
continued)andChadC.
Haddal.
4AllmanpowerestimatesarebaseduponrequestedFTEstakenfromTheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,CongressionalBudgetJustification,DepartmentofHomelandSecurityFiscalYear2010.
SinceallDHSagenciesunderdiscussioninthisreportwereeitherfullyfundedoralmostfullyfunded,thequalifyingphraseof"approximately"isusedinconjunctionwithallFTEestimates.
5U.
S.
Congress,HouseAppropriationsCommittee,DepartmentofHomelandSecurityAppropriationsBill,2005,108thCong.
,2ndsess.
,H.
Rept.
108-541.
6U.
S.
CustomsandBorderProtection,PerformanceandAnnualReport:FiscalYear2003,p.
25.
7ThegrossbudgetauthorityappropriatedforCBPinFY2010equaled$11.
56billion.
8DepartmentofHomelandSecurity,OfficeofthePressSecretary,"HomelandSecurityAnnouncesNewInitiatives,"pressrelease,September2,2003.
BorderSecurity:KeyAgenciesandTheirMissionsCongressionalResearchService3U.
S.
ImmigrationsandCustomsEnforcement(ICE)ICEmergedtheinvestigativefunctionsoftheformerINSandtheCustomsService,theINSdetentionandremovalfunctions,mostINSintelligenceoperations,andtheFederalProtectiveService(FPS).
ThismakesICEtheprincipalinvestigativearmforDHS.
ICE'smissionistodetectandpreventterroristandcriminalactsbytargetingthepeople,money,andmaterialsthatsupportterroristandcriminalnetworks.
9Assuchtheyareanimportantcomponentofournation'sbordersecuritynetworkeventhoughtheirmainfocusisoninteriorenforcement.
InFY2010,ICEappropriationstotaled$5.
44billion,10andtheagencyhadapproximately20,134FTEemployees.
UnlikeCBP,whosejurisdictionisconfinedtolawenforcementactivitiesalongtheborder,ICEspecialagentsinvestigateimmigrationsandcustomsviolationsintheinterioroftheUnitedStates.
ICE'smandateincludesuncoveringnationalsecuritythreatssuchasweaponsofmassdestructionorpotentialterrorists,identifyingcriminalaliensforremoval,probingimmigration-relateddocumentandbenefitfraud,investigatingwork-siteimmigrationviolations,exposingalienandcontrabandsmugglingoperations,interdictingnarcoticsshipments,11anddetainingillegalimmigrantsandensuringtheirdeparture(orremoval)fromtheUnitedStates.
12ICEisalsoresponsibleforthecollection,analysisanddisseminationofstrategicandtacticalintelligencedatapertainingtohomelandsecurity,infrastructureprotection,andtheillegalmovementofpeople,money,andcargowithintheUnitedStates.
13TheUnitedStatesCoastGuardTheCoastGuardwasincorporatedintoDHSasastandaloneagencybyP.
L.
107-296.
TheCoastGuard'soverallmissionistoprotectthepublic,theenvironment,andU.
S.
economicinterestsinmaritimeregions—atthenation'sportsandwaterways,alongthecoast,andininternationalwaters.
14TheCoastGuardisthusthenation'sprincipalmaritimelawenforcementauthorityandtheleadfederalagencyforthemaritimecomponentofhomelandsecurity,includingportsecurity.
Amongotherthings,theCoastGuardisresponsibleforevaluating,boarding,andinspectingcommercialshipsastheyapproachU.
S.
waters;counteringterroristthreatsinU.
S.
ports;andforhelpingtoprotectU.
S.
NavyshipsinU.
S.
ports.
Ahigh-rankingCoastGuardofficerineachportareaservesastheCaptainofthePortandistheleadfederalofficialresponsibleforthesecurityandsafetyofthevesselsandwaterwaysintheirgeographiczone.
15InFY2010,CoastGuard9U.
S.
ImmigrationsandCustomsEnforcement,BorderSecurityandImmigrationEnforcementFactSheet,athttp://www.
ice.
gov/graphics/news/factsheets/061704det_FS.
htm.
10ThegrossbudgetauthorityappropriatedforICEinFY2010equaled$5.
74billion.
11U.
S.
ImmigrationsandCustomsEnforcement,OfficeofInvestigationsFactSheet,http://www.
ice.
gov/graphics/news/factsheets/investigation_FS.
htm.
12U.
S.
ImmigrationsandCustomsEnforcementOrganization,athttp://www.
ice.
gov/graphics/about/organization/index.
htm.
13U.
S.
ImmigrationsandCustomsEnforcement,OfficeofIntelligenceOrganization,athttp://www.
ice.
gov/graphics/about/organization/org_intell.
htm.
14U.
S.
CoastGuard,Overviewathttp://www.
uscg.
mil/overview/.
15ForanindepthdiscussionoftheCoastGuardandportsecurity,seeCRSReportRS21125,HomelandSecurity:CoastGuardOperations-BackgroundandIssuesforCongress,byRonaldO'Rourke,andCRSReportRL31733,PortandMaritimeSecurity:BackgroundandIssuesforCongress,byJohnFrittelli.
BorderSecurity:KeyAgenciesandTheirMissionsCongressionalResearchService4appropriatedbudgetauthoritytotaled$10.
14billion,andtheagencyhadapproximately49,954FTEmilitaryandcivilianemployees.
AspartofOperationNobleEagle(militaryoperationsinhomelanddefenseandcivilsupporttoU.
S.
federal,stateandlocalagencies),theCoastGuardisataheightenedstateofalertprotectingmorethan361portsand95,000milesofcoastline.
TheCoastGuard'shomelandsecurityroleincludesprotectingports,theflowofcommerce,andthemarinetransportationsystemfromterrorism;maintainingmaritimebordersecurityagainstillegaldrugs,illegalaliens,firearms,andweaponsofmassdestruction;ensuringthattheU.
S.
canrapidlydeployandresupplymilitaryassetsbymaintainingtheCoastGuardatahighstateofreadinessaswellasbykeepingmarinetransportationopenfortheothermilitaryservices;protectingagainstillegalfishingandindiscriminatedestructionoflivingmarineresources;preventingandrespondingtooilandhazardousmaterialspills;andcoordinatingeffortsandintelligencewithfederal,state,andlocalagencies.
16TheTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)TheTSAwascreatedasadirectresultoftheeventsofSeptember11andischargedwithprotectingtheUnitedStates'air,land,andrailtransportationsystemstoensurefreedomofmovementforpeopleandcommerce.
TheAviationandTransportationSecurityAct(ATSA,P.
L.
107-71)createdtheTSAandincludedprovisionsthatestablishedafederalbaggagescreenerworkforce,requiredcheckedbaggagetobescreenedbyexplosivedetectionsystems,andsignificantlyexpandedFAMS.
In2002,TSAwastransferredtothenewlyformedDHSfromtheDepartmentofTransportation;aspreviouslynoted,in2003theFederalAirMarshalprogramwastakenoutofTSAandtransferredtoICE.
InFY2006,theprogramwastransferredbacktoTSA.
InFY2010,TSAappropriationstotaled$5.
26billion,17andtheagencyhadapproximately51,949FTEemployees.
Toachieveitsmissionofsecuringthenation'saviation,TSAassumedresponsibilityforscreeningairpassengersandbaggage—afunctionthathadpreviouslyresidedwiththeaircarriers.
TSAisalsochargedwithensuringthesecurityofaircargoandoverseeingsecuritymeasuresatairportstolimitaccesstorestrictedareas,secureairportperimeters,andconductbackgroundchecksforairportpersonnelwithaccesstosecureareas,amongotherthings.
18However,anoptoutprovisioninATSAwillpermiteveryairportwithfederalscreenerstorequestaswitchtoprivatescreenerscommencinginNovember2004.
19Additionally,asaresultofthe2SR,theFederalAirMarshalsprogramhasbeentransferredbacktoTSA.
FAMSisresponsiblefordetecting,deterringanddefeatinghostileactstargetingU.
S.
aircarriers,airports,passengersandcrewsbyplacingundercoverarmedagentsinairportsandonflights.
16U.
S.
CoastGuard,HomelandSecurityFactcard,athttp://www.
uscg.
mil/hq/g-cp/comrel/factfile/Factcards/Homeland.
htm.
17ThegrossbudgetauthorityappropriatedfortheTSAinFY2010equaled$7.
66billion18U.
S.
GeneralAccountingOffice,AviationSecurity:EffortstoMeasureEffectivenessandAddressChallenges,GAO-04-232T,November5,2003,pp.
5-6.
19SeeCRSReportRL32383,AReturntoPrivateSecurityScreeningatAirports:BackgroundandIssuesRegardingtheOpt-OutProvisionoftheAviationandTransportationSecurityAct,byBartElias.
BorderSecurity:KeyAgenciesandTheirMissionsCongressionalResearchService5ConclusionThisreporthasbrieflyoutlinedtherolesandresponsibilitiesofthefourmainagencieswithintheDHSchargedwithsecuringournation'sborders:theCBP,ICE,theU.
S.
CoastGuard,andtheTSA.
Itshouldbenoted,however,thatalthoughtheHomelandSecurityActof2002consolidatedalltheagencieswithprimarybordersecurityrolesinDHS,manyotherfederalagenciesareinvolvedinthedifficulttaskofsecuringournation'sborders.
Althoughbordersecuritymaynotbeintheircentralmission,theyneverthelessprovideimportantbordersecurityfunctions.
Theseagenciesinclude,butarenotlimitedtotheU.
S.
CitizenshipandImmigrationsServiceswithinDHS,whichprocessespermanentresidencyandcitizenshipapplications,aswellasasylumandrefugeeprocessing;theDepartmentofState,whichisresponsibleforvisaissuancesoverseas;theDepartmentofAgriculture,whichestablishestheagriculturalpoliciesthatCBPInspectorsexecute;theDepartmentofJustice,whoselawenforcementbranches(theFederalBureauofInvestigationandDrugEnforcementAgency)coordinatewithCBPandICEagentswhentheirinvestigationsinvolveborderorcustomsviolations;theDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,throughtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheCenterforDiseaseControl;theDepartmentofTransportation,whoseFederalAviationAdministrationmonitorsallairplanesenteringAmericanairspacefromabroad;theTreasuryDepartment,whoseBureauofAlcohol,Tobacco,andFirearmsinvestigatesthesmugglingofgunsintothecountry;andlastlytheCentralIntelligenceAgency,whichisanimportantplayerintheeffortstokeepterroristsandotherforeignagentsfromenteringthecountry.
Additionally,duetotheirlocation,stateandlocalrespondersfromjurisdictionsalongtheCanadianandMexicanbordersalsoplayasignificantroleintheeffortstosecureournation'sborders.
AuthorContactInformationChadC.
HaddalAnalystinImmigrationPolicychaddal@crs.
loc.
gov,7-3701