thermalchrome

INDEXAcholeplasmalaidlawii238actinioerythrinartifactformation162structure162actinioerythrol76adenocarcinoma328(3S)-adonirubin76adonixanthin79aldolcondensationartifactformation156-158aleuriaxanthin24alloxanthin32,59,65,67,79,1534-hydroxy-alloxanthinA594-hydroxy-alloxanthinB594-keto-alloxanthin61amarouciaxanthinA65amarouciaxanthinB65Anemoniasulcata85antheraxanthin8,25,32,44,45,48biosynthesis181B-apo-8'-carotenoateethylesterHPLC-MSanalysis116standardinfoodanalysis112Artemiasp83astacene76Astacus1eptodactylus81,249astaxanthin30,59,67,76,79,240alkalicatalyzedastaceneformation161-162andtumorprevention329(3RS,3'RS)-astaxanthin338(3S,3'S)-astaxanthin61,249biosynthesis180configurationalisomers341decaprenoastaxanthin240HPLC-MSanalysis116lipovite11incomplex249occurrence338(I)-protein75synthesis344asteriarubin102Asterias83Asteriasamurensis64Asteriasrubens102Asterinapectinifera64Atlanticsalmon249auroxanthin47apo-10'-auroxanthinols9Blymphocytes325bacteriochlorophyll207bacterioruberin237,243,244biosynthesis177bisanhydrobacterioruberin22,125structure126synthesis125-127trisanhydrobacterioruberin22bastaxanthinc164birds73Bixaorellana365bixin51HPLC-MSanalysis116ca1thaxanthin43canceroral313canthaxanthin31,61,76,79,229,25dioxime79formationfromisozeaxanthin162HPLC-MSanalysis1162-hydroxy-B,B-carotene-4-one158(2R)-2-hydroxy-canthaxanthin63,249lackofvitaminAactivity279metabolism255tumorprevention316,325,328,329TandBlymphocyteproliferation325capsanthin48,79biosynthesis181epoxide48inpaprika366capsanthon48capsochrom48capsorubinbiosynthesis181caprorubon48Carassiusauratus72carcinogeninducedtissueinjury313targettissues315carcinogenesis285-287carcinomaDMBA-induced330oral330squamouscell328Carcinusmaenas81,249CarophyllPink347(X-Carotene377biosynthesis175,196,203,205HPLC-MSanalysis116incarrot112inDunaliellasalina119B-carotene24,41,208,229accumulationintherat304adenocarcinoma328andcellcultures284andtransformation284anti-mutagenicactions283Blymphocyteproliferation325bioavailability269,270biosynthesis175-177,180,181,185,187-189,191,195,203-205carcinogenesis285-287,307-31carotenodermia272chemically-inducedtumors330chemoprevention269,279,293,307-310,3l37-cis-B-carotene2089-cis-B-carotene20813-cis-B-carotene20815-cis-B-carotene208clearance270distribution274DMBA-inducedtransformation294,296,297effects283-287erythema304fibrosarcoma328functions279-283HPLC-MSanalysis116humaninterventionstudies287,313-315immunoenhancement327immunologicactivity283,323inasparagus115incarcinogentargettissues315incarrot112inDunaliellasalina119,154ininitiation297inmammaryglands294inspinach113interventiontrials313,314,316isomers208leukoplakia313,315,317,319lipidperoxidation283liver275macrophagefunctions324melanogenesis307muscle275naturalkillercells325,327neutrophilmicrobicidalactivity325photoprotection280photosensitivityreactions280-281plasma275plasmalevels272promotion297pro-vitaminAactivity279psoralenphotosensitivity301,302radicalquenching281respiratoryinfections323semi-B-carotene53,181378sisterchromatidexchange297skin275squamouscellcarcinoma328standardinfoodanalysis112subcutaneousadministrationoftumorcells328subcutaneousfat275Thelpercelllevels324Tlymphocyteproliferation325treatmentofphotosensitivediseases269tumorprevention269,279,293,307-310,3l3virus-inducedtumors327B-carotene15,15'dioxygenase279B,B-carotene-2-o162B,B-carotene-2,2'-diol62(3R)-10'-apo-B-caroten-3,10'-dio18octadehydro-B,B-caroten-3-o132B--carotene24,41(5'Z)-B,~-carotene40y-carotene41biosynthesis174,176O-carotene41biosynthesis174-carotene41(5'Z)-,~-carotene40~-carotene5biosynthesis170,172,174,196,197,199,200,203-205cis-~-carotene39HPLCanalysis20310'-apo-~-caroten-10'-ol6,8carotenodermia272carotenoidartifactsisolation154-165airoxidation162alkalicatalyzed156-161alleneisomerization155cis-transisomerization154epoxide-furanoxiderearrangement155reactionsonactivesurfaces163thermal164pre-extraction150-154carotenoidsantennafunction226B-apocarotenoids279bioavailability269biosynthesis167-184arylcarotenoids179cell-freesystems169,170,175-177,181,185-194chromoplastpreparations195-206C5-unitaddition177cyclization172-176,203-205desaturation170,196-203enzymes169,172,174epoxidation180herbicideeffects185hydroxylation179isoprenoidpathway168phytoeneformation168photoregulation187prenylpyrophosphates168,169,189,190Z-Eisomerization170chiralanalysis261cisisomers154fluorescence226functions279-283humaninterventionstudies287membranereinforcers237metabolictransformations249naturalvsartifact149orientationinmembrane240sulfate64carotenoid-tetrapyrroleenergytransfer224B-carotenoneHPLC-MSanalysis116carotenoproteins75carotenolipoproteins81carotenopyropheophorbide224cellcultures284chemopreventiveagents269chlorobactenebiosynthesis179cholesterol238chrysanthemaxanthin48circulardichroism75citanaxanthin158citranaxanthin338B-citraurin51B-citraurin-epoxide16,52cochloxanthin52dihydrocochloxanthin52colonadenoma331carcinoma331corynexanthin244Coryphaenahippurus72C.
p.
450structure128synthesis128-129C.
p.
473structure129synthesis129CPTA(2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylammoniumchloride)174,177crocetin232HPLC-MSanalysis116crocetindialdehydeHPLC-MSanalysis116crocin365Crocussativa365Crustacea83crustacyanin75,80apo-crustacyanin76fromHomarusgammarus76crustochrin82cryptocapsin48B-cryptoeutreptiellanon45cryptoxanthina-cryptoxanthin42B-cryptoxanthin42HPLC-MSanalysis116isocryptoxanthin42cryptoxanthindiepoxideinasparagus115cucurbitaxanthinbiosynthesis181cucurbitaxanthinA45cucurbitaxanthinB45DMBA(dimethylbenzanthracene)330Daphniamagna63,249decaprenoxanthinbiosynthesis177structure129synthesis130-132diadinoxanthin32biosynthesis181diapocarotenoids170diapophytoene170diatoxanthin32,59,674,4'-diketo-diatoxanthin32dihydroxyisorenieratenebiosynthesis179dimethylhydrazineinducedcolontumors331diosphenolformation161,16315,15-dioxygenase257a-doradexanthin67B-doradexanthin67dorradecin161Dunaliellabardawil367Dunaliellasalina119,154,337Echinaster83echinenone31,61(2R)-2-hydroxy-echinenone63,2493-hydroxy-echinenone793'-hydroxy-echinenone794'-hydroxy-echinenone256,257Echinodermata83epidemiologicstudies323erythemapreventionbyB-caroten304erythropoieticprotoporphyria22eschscholtzxanthin79biosynthesis181ethyl8'-apo-B-caroten-8'-oate338,348eutreptiellanon30,45biosynthesis181fibrosarcoma328fishes67flavoxanthininspinach1132'-hydroxy-flexixanthin22,24foodcarotenoids/retinoidsextraction110-111HPLCanalysis107,110-123incarrot112inliver113inspinach112saponification111fritschiellaxanthin29,622,3-didehydrofritschie1la-xanthin29fucoxanthin6319'-acyloxy-fucoxanthins25,26alkalisensitivity161,164artifactformation153,160,161,164379biosynthesis18119'-butanoy1oxy-fucoxanthin2519'-hexanoy1oxy-fucoxanthinartifactformation150-151structure151isofucoxanthin164structure153R/Sisomerism155fucoxanthino128,63,160,163Fusinusperp1exus61galloxanthin8Gallusdomesticus73gazaniaxanthin42Guararubra248gyroxanthin27diester27Halobacterium243halocynthiaxanthin28,65,160halocynthiaxanthin3'-acetate20heteroxanthin44.
highperformanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)carotenes111,199carotenoidsandretinoids105-123inanimals106infood107,110-113inplantsandmicrobes106intissuesandplasma106,108diode-arraydetection109-110normalphase105referencestandards106,108,112retinoids111retinylesters109reversedphase105xanthophylls111Homarusamericanus80,82Homarusgarramus82HPLC-massspectroscopy(MS)carotenoids114-120HPLC-MS-MScarotenoids116-120daughterionspectrum118,119multiplereactionmonitoring119selectedreactionmonitoring119Hydrapirardi61idoxanthin249absoluteconfiguration252carbamates254(3S,3'S,4'R)-idoxanthin67initiation297interventionstudies287,313,314,316Japanesecommoncatfish72karpoxanthin43,44epi-karpoxanthin43lactucaxanthin43latoxanthin45biosynthesis181leukoplakia313,315380lightsources301lilixanthin17,42,48Linckiasp83lipidperoxidation282lipoproteinscarotenoid-carrying248veryhighdensity248lutein8,41,67,79,231biosynthesis175,1803'-epilutein42inasparagus115inmarigoldpetals366inspinach113luteinA59luteinepoxide44,45oxolutein43luteochrome48luteoxanthin486'-apo-lycopenal6lycopene5,7,39,41,244biosynthesis170-177,184,186,189,203-2053,4-didehydro-lycopene40(5Z)-lycopene40(5Z,5'Z)-lycopene40prolycopene39,1723,4,3',4'-tetradehydro-lycopene40tetrahydrolycopenebiosynthesis1703,4-didehydro-lycopene-16-al50lycopenecyclase189,190,205apo-6'-lycopenoicester610'-apo-lycopenol6lycophy1141apo-lycopinol6lycoxanthin41,50Lysiasteriasperrieri83macrophages324Macropipuspuber81mactraxanthin44,59mammaryepithelialcellsB-caroteneandtransformation294,296,297mammaryglandB-carotenein294retinolin294Manducasexta92manixanthin153Marthasterias83melanogenesis307membranevesicles242methylbixinHPLC-MSanalysis116micronone159micronucleatedcells313,314micronutrientsdistributionandutilization270mutatoxanthins8,47mytiloxanthin59,65isomytiloxanthin1584-oxo-mytiloxanthin63mytiloxanthinone65Mytiluscoruscus59myxol134myxoxanthophyll23naturalkillercells325neochromeinasparagus115Neospongiococcum367neoxanthin9,33,44,4510'-apo-neoxanthin-10'-ol9biosynthesis1619-cisisomer154inspinach113R/Sisomerism155neurosporene5,7,207,211all-trans-neurosporene215biosynthesis170,172,174,175,177,20315-cis-neurosporene215(5'Z)-neurosporene40proneurosporene39nicotine174,177norbixin365okenoneartifactformation162structure152Oncorhynchus251Oncorhynchusketa84Ophiodermalongicaudum64ophioxanthin64organcultures284.
oscillaxanthin23structure134synthesis134-137oscillol134ovorubin(Pomaceacanaliculata)76apo-ovorubin79Pacificsalmon347papilioerythrinone63Papilioxuthus63paracentrone63Paralithodesbrevipes63parasiloxanthin687,8-dihydro-parasiloxanthin71Parasilurusasotus71pectenol59pectenolA,B59pectenolone32,59Penaeusvannamei260peridinin26alkalisensitivity161biosynthesis182R/Sisomerism155persicachrome52(all-e)-persicachrome17persicaxanthin11,16,52Phaffiarhodozyma339,366(3S)-phoenicoxanthin61phospholipidmembranes237photoprotection207,225,229,280photosensitivediseases269photosensitizedreactions280,281photosynthesis223phototoxicity301,302Phycomycesblakesleeanus366physoxanthin42phytoene230biosynthesis168,170,172,179,185-188,195-200,203(Z)-phytoene5phytoenedehydrogenaselAQ,190,197v~~toenesynthetase170,189,190phytofluene5biosynthesis172,179,196,200di-cis-phytofluene39Pierisbrassicae88,92pinacolicrearrangement48plectaniaxanthin24plectaniaxanthinacetonidestructure134synthesis135-137plectaniaxanthinB-D-glucosidestructure134synthesis135-137prasinoxanthin29artifactformation159biosynthesis181structure159Procambarusclarkii80,249Prognichthysagooagoo72promotion297Prosthecochloris92provitaminA258astaxanthin258canthaxanthin258zeaxanthin258psoralenphototoxicity301,302RBP(retinol-bindingprotein)88,102radicalquenching281radioactivecarotenoids186,197-204rainbowtrout254Ranapipiens88Raspailiaviminalis85rataccumulationofB-carotene304preventionofskinerythema30reactioncenterRps.
sphaeroides227Rps.
viridis227resonanceRaman75reticu1axanthin158retinalrhodopsinbindingsite142-145stereoisomers139absorptionspectra140relativeenergies142specificityofopsinbinding141-144synthesis139-141retinoicacid279inliver113retinol88,279andimmuneresponse324-hydroxy-retinol256inliver113inmammarygland2944-oxo-retinol256rhodopin22biosynthesis1773812-isopentenyl-3,4-dehydrorhodopin22,125rhodopina1162rhodopinol162rhodopsin75isomericanalogs141rhodoxanthin50biosynthesis181Rhynchosciaraamericana83rosafluene11rubixanthin42isorubixanthin42Salmosalar251salmoxanthin67saponification111,156sarcinaxanthinbiosynthesis177structure133synthesis132-134sinensiachrome9,10(all-e)-sinensiachrome17(7s,all-e)-sinensiachrome10(7s,9z)-sinensiachrome10sinensiaxanthin9,11,16singletoxygen281sintaxanthin158siphonein30sisterchromatidexchange297skinyellowing272spheroidene207,211biosynthesis177,1792-hydroxy-spheroidene179spirilloxanthin207,214,216,244all-trans-3,4-dihydro-spirilloxanthin216biosynthesis177,17913-cis-spirilloxanthin216,218Spongillalacustris85squalenebiosynthesis188,189Sterechinus83Synechocystis85syntheticcarotenoids338Thelpercells324Tlymphocytes325taraxanthin25targettissues315382ternstroemiaxanthin50Tethyaamamensis59tethyanine59Thunnusobesus72Tilapianilotica72torularhodin232torulene232transformation284triophaxanthin160triphasiaxanthin53triplet-tripletenergytransfer25tumorchemicalinduction330immunity327virusinduced327tunaxanthinA,B,C67TypeIphotosensitization281TypeIIphotosensitization282ultravioletlight301Uniopictorium85Upogebiapusilla81uriolide30Velellavelella80,10210'-violaxanthal5212'-violaxanthal52violaxanthin9,44,45,48,231biosynthesis181conversiontozeaxanthin150inasparagus115inspinach113apo-10'-violaxanthinols9violerythrin162wildsalmon251B-zeacarotene232biosynthesis176,177zeaxanthin8,23,32,41,59,67,79,231,240biosynthesis174,175,179,180HPLC-MSanalysis116isozeaxanthin31,42,256,258oxidationtocanthaxanthin162structure16310'-apo-zeaxanthin-10'-ol8,9