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IndexAACP.
SeeAmorphouscalciumphosphate(ACP)Aglyptinustumerus,309Alignedcarbonnanotubes(ACNTs),347,350Alternatingelectriceld(AEF),224Amaurisochlea,303Amelogenincalciumeffects,178hydroxyapatitecrystals,175–176conformation,165–167cooperativeregulation,HAPgrowth,179enamelmatrixproteins,164Feffects,178HAPformation,178–179OCPregulation,178–179regulatoryroleof,170–171Amorphouscalciumcarbonate(ACC)air–waterinterface,204–205anhydrousethanol,210biomimeticapproach,204biomineralizationpc-ACCandpv-ACC,201polymorphtransformationprocess,200–201seaurchinlarvalspicules,199CaCO3,190carbonatesourcemethod,196,197colloidallithography,205direct-mixingmethodNa2CO3-MgCl2-CaCl2,191–193Na2CO3-NaOH-CaCl2,191,192Na2CO3-PAA-CaCl2,193–194dissolution–recrystallization,2133DOMcalcitesinglecrystals,202,203gasdiffusiontechnique,194–196Kitanomethod,197–198Langmuirmonolayer,206–207macromolecularmatrix,206magnesium,211phasetransformation,211phosphateion,198phospholipids,208–209PILPprocess,206polymermembrane,202PSScontent,213SAmonolayer,207SEM,207–208silicateions,198solid–solidtransition,206Amorphouscalciumphosphate(ACP),109crystalorganization,172enameluid,171–172HAPtransformationandOCPintermediate,174Ancylurismeliboeus,300Antifreezeglycoproteins(AFGPs),59absorption–inhibitionmodel,97DPPA,95helicalcontent,97hydrophilicandhydrophobicfaces,96ice/vacuuminteraction,97low-energyminima,96pureglycoforms,95Thrg-methylgroup,96Antifreezeproteins(AFPs)AFGPs,91–92absorption–inhibitionmodel,97DPPA,95helicalcontent,97hydrophilicandhydrophobicfaces,96ice/vacuuminteraction,97X.
Y.
Liu(ed.
),Bioinspiration:FromNanotoMicroScales,BiologicalandMedicalPhysics,BiomedicalEngineering,DOI10.
1007/978-1-4614-5372-8,SpringerScienceCBusinessMediaNewYork2012379380IndexAntifreezeproteins(AFPs)(cont.
)low-energyminima,96pureglycoforms,95Thrg-methylgroup,96applications,59cryoprotectioncellvolumes,89–90coolingrates,90DMSO,92ice-freestate,91multicellularsystems,90vitrication,90–91diversity,61foodtechnology,94–95foreignbodies,59,60homogeneousnucleation,58–59icecrystalgrowthinhibitionAFP-inducedmorphologicalmodication,81–87atcrystalsurfaces,792Dnucleationbarrier,79roughenedcrystalsurfaces,79,80icenucleationinhibitionheterogeneousnucleation,67–76interfacialeffectparameterandkinkkineticenergybarrier,78–79nucleationbarrier,63–67structure,62surfacekinetics,77thermodynamicdrivingforce,63lipidmembranestabilizationcarbohydratemoieties,93hydrophobicinteractions,93–94thermotropicphasetransition,92–93TTTT,93nucleation,58plasmafreezingtemperature,59protein-basedanti-icecoating,97–98thermalhysteresis,denition,60Apatite.
SeeToothenamelApatiteproteininteraction.
SeeBiomineralizationAphroditasp.
,312AqueoussolutionsystemBCFmodel,114heterogeneousnucleationmodel,115–116KDPandADP,115spiralgrowthmodel,114,115Atomicforcemicroscopy(AFM),288–289Atomiclayerdeposition(ALD),259Azygocypridinalowryi,309–310BBattery,364–365Baxtermodel,335–336Begoniapavonina,301Bio-engineering,366–367Bioluminescence,278Biomimetics.
SeePhotoniccrystalsBiomimickingtechnologiesbottom-upapproacheschemicaldeposition,345–347colloidalassemblies,347–348layer-by-layerdeposition,348sol–gelmethods,348–349combinationmethodschemicalvapordeposition,350electrospinning,352membranecasting,350–351micelles,351–352top-downapproachesphotolithography,343–344plasmatreatment,surfaces,344–345templating,341–343BiomineralizationaqueoussolutionsystemBCFmodel,114heterogeneousnucleationmodel,115–116KDPandADP,115spiralgrowthmodel,114,115articialproteinsandpeptidesBMP2,153–154titanium,153boneandteeth,136–137calciumphosphatesACP,111DCPAandDCPD,113HAP,110–111solid-titrationmethod,113solubilityisotherms,111–112controlledcolloidalassembly(seeColloidalassembly)controllingcalciumphosphateprecipitation,141–142controllingcrystalgrowthasparticacidpolypeptides,144–145Asp-containingpeptides,145,146COM,145hydrophilicityandhydrophobicity,145mOPNandbOPN,147osteopontin,145controllingnucleationandaggregation,143–144Index381controllingtransformationGlyandGlu,150–151PAA,150TR-SLSmeasurement,147,149denition,108HAPcrystalformationamelogenin,138–139collagen,138SIBLINGproteinfamily,139structureandfunction,140–141HAPcrystalgrowthmechanismsbiologicalHAPformationmodel,117–118CCmethod,124constantcompositionmethod,118–119drivingforce,growth,116–117intermolecularinteractions,127Posnerclusters,127pseudo-bodyuid,123real-timephase-shiftinterferometry,121–122Stokes–Einsteinequation,128synthesisof,119–120two-dimensionalnucleation,123–124zinc/magnesiumions,125–126inorganiccrystals,108organic–inorganicinteractionprocesses,108pc-ACCandpv-ACC,201polymorphtransformationprocess,200–201seaurchinlarvalspicules,199toothenamelformation(seeToothenamel)Bonemorphologicalprotein2(BMP2),153Bovinesialoprotein(BSP),139Bravais–Friedel–Donnay–Harkerlaw,82Burton-Cabrera-Frank(BCF)model,114CCalciumcarbonateprecipitate(CCP),194Calciumhydroxyapatite(HAP)crystalsACPtransformation,174amelogenin,175–176Ca2Ceffects,175–176CO32andCO3-HAp,169compositionandsolubility,168–169cooperativeregulation,179crystalstructure,169–170enamelformation,165Feffects,175Mg2Ceffects,176mineralapatites,162OCPinvolvement,175OCPregulation,178–179Calciumoxalatemonohydrate(COM),145CalciumphosphatesACP,111DCPAandDCPD,113HAP,110–111precipitation,141–142solid-titrationmethod,113solubilityisotherms,111–112Callophrysgryneus,319Carbonatesourcemethod,196,197Carbonnanotube(CNT),2Cassiemodel,335–336CCP.
SeeCalciumcarbonateprecipitate(CCP)Cellmembrane,2,90–92Centerofmassmotionremoval(CMMR),11Chemicalbathdeposition(CBD),345–347Chemicalvapordeposition,350Chimaeraphantasma,180Chlorophilaobscuripennis,305–306Chrysinaaurigans,303Chrysinagloriosa,304Chrysinalimbata,303Chrysiridiarhipheus,307–308Chrysochroafulgidissima,296Circulardichroism(CD),167Classicalnucleationtheories(CNTs),240–242Colloidalassemblybiomimickingtechnologies,347–348biomineralshardtissues,249heterogeneous2Dcolloidalcrystallizationexperiments,254–256humantoothenamels,249self-epitaxialnucleationinducedassembly,250–253shadoweffects,250,254supersaturation-driveninterfacialstructuralmismatch,250–253crystallizationmodeling,222nano/microsizedparticles,222nucleationbarrier,226–231classicalnucleationtheories,240–241kineticsof,231–240photoniccrystals2Dcolloidalcrystals,2573Dcolloidalcrystals,258structuralcolor,258–266thermodynamicdrivingforcealternatingelectriceld,224,225attractiveandrepulsiveforce,224colloidalparticlesinteractions,223–224382IndexColloidalassembly(cont.
)phasetransition,224–225supersaturation,2262DColloidalcrystals,2573DColloidalcrystals,258Columbaliviadomestica,291COM.
SeeCalciumoxalatemonohydrate(COM)Contactangle(CA),335Controllingcrystalgrowthasparticacidpolypeptides,144–145Asp-containingpeptides,145,146COM,145hydrophilicityandhydrophobicity,145mOPNandbOPN,147osteopontin,145CoraclesIndica,320Cosmophasisumbratica,300–301Coulomb'slaw,39Crystallization.
SeeColloidalassemblyDDelarbreamichiana,301–302Dentin-enameljunction(DEJ),162–163Dentinsialophosphoprotein(DSPP),139Diffractiongratingslightwavelengths,310–311marineanimals,309inplants,309–310Sphaeridiinaegen.
sp.
,308structuralcolorationmechanism,281–282Dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO),92Diphenylphosphorylazide(DPPA),95Direct-mixingmethodNa2CO3-MgCl2-CaCl2,191–193Na2CO3-NaOH-CaCl2,191,192Na2CO3-PAA-CaCl2,193–194Doublehydrophilicblockcopolymer(DHBC),196Doublereectionfabricationprocess,266PapilioP.
blumeibutteries,264–265P.
ulyssesbutteries,262–263polystyrenecolloids,265ultrasonication,265DPPA.
SeeDiphenylphosphorylazide(DPPA)Drosophilamelanogaster,291DSPP.
SeeDentinsialophosphoprotein(DSPP)EElaeocarpusangustifolius,301–302Electrospinning,352EnamelcrystalsACPformationandorganization,171–172ACP–HAPtransformation,174amelogeninandenamelin,170–171CaP-clustermodels,172–174HAPgrowth,178–179OCPepitaxialovergrowth,apatite,175–177HAPformation,175intermediation,174one-directionalCa2Cdiffusion,177–178Enamelincooperativeregulation,171dentin-enameljunction,16332kDaporcine,171regulatoryroles,170–171Euchromagigantea,296Euploreacore,303ExtendedX-rayadsorptionnestructure(EXAFS),111FFabricatecolloidalcrystals,259–260Finite-differencetime-domain(FDTD),289Fluidictransportation,363–364Fluorescence,2782DFourierpowerspectrum,321Fouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy(FTIR),175Fuelcellsystem,364–365GGasdiffusiontechnique,194–196HHeterogeneousnucleation,227Hibiscustrionum,309–310Highlyorderedpyrolyticgraphite(HOPG),97Homogeneousnucleation,227Hopliacoerulea,297Hydroxyapatite(HAP)crystalformationamelogenin,138–139collagen,138SIBLINGproteinfamily,139structureandfunction,140–141Index383crystalgrowth(seeBiomineralization)crystalgrowthmechanismsbiologicalHAPformationmodel,117–118CCmethod,124constantcompositionmethod,118–119drivingforce,growth,116–117intermolecularinteractions,127Posnerclusters,127pseudo-bodyuid,123real-timephase-shiftinterferometry,121–122Stokes–Einsteinequation,128synthesisof,119–120two-dimensionalnucleation,123–124zinc/magnesiumions,125–126IIcecrystalgrowthinhibitionAFP-inducedmorphologicalmodicationBFDHtheory,82crystalfaces,83–84crystalgrowthhabitmodication,81sh-typeicebindingsurface,85Hartman–Perdoktheory,82hexagonalice,88hexagonalprism,86icepyramidalfaces,87PBCtheory,82–83secondarypyramidalsurfaces,86TmAFP,88–89atcrystalsurfaces,792Dnucleationbarrier,79roughenedcrystalsurfaces,79,80Icenucleationinhibitionheterogeneousnucleationforeignparticles,74homogeneousnucleation,73,74microwatersuspendingtechnology,70,71nucleationrate,67optimalstructuralmatch,76"-plot,74,75straight-linesegment,71substratesurfaceandsupersaturation,69zero-sizedeffect,72interfacialeffectparameterandkinkkineticenergybarrier,78–79nucleationbarrierclustersandnuclei,64heterogeneousnucleation,65interfacialcorrelationfunction,67,68surfacefreeenergy,65–66structure,62surfacekinetics,77thermodynamicdrivingforce,63Idealsurfaces,334Interference,280–281Iridescence,360Iridescentcolor,278Isingmodel,39Isotacticpolypropylene(i-PP),350KKitanomethod,197–198LLamprocyphusaugustus,318Layer-by-layerdeposition,348Leontopodiumnivale,310Lightillumination,353–355Lightscattering,282–283Lingulaunguis,179–180Lotuseffect.
SeeSuperhydrophobicsurfaceLow-densitypolyethylene(LDPE),344MMagnesiumamorphouscalciumcarbonate(Mg-ACC),192Marinatechnology,367–368Matrixextracellularphosphoglycoprotein(MEPE),139Mentzelialindleyi,309–310Mesh-likestructured(MLS),337Micelles,351–353Microcondensation,365–366Microdevices,367–368MnO2nanotubearray(MTA),346MorphoM.
peleides,259M.
rhetenor,299–300MSC.
SeeMultistepcrystallization(MSC)MultilayerAncylurismeliboeus,300beetleC.
gloriosa,304C.
fulgidissima,296chafferbeetleHopliacoerulea,297chirpedmultilayers,303Chrysiridiarhipheus,307–308circularpolarizations,304–305colorchanges,299384IndexMultilayer(cont.
)Cosmophasisumbratica,300–301cross-sectionalSEMimages,298ESEMimages,298infruits,301–302Morphobutteries,299–300Papiliopalinurus,307periodicmultilayer,302–303inplants,300–301sculptedmultilayer,305–306TEMcharacterizations,296T.
isabellae,297,298Multistepcrystallization(MSC)amorphouscalciumphosphatephase,244amorphousdensedroplets,246–248colloidalsuspension,247–248initialdiluteliquidphase,247selectedareaelectiondiffractionpatterns,243stablecrystal,247–248subcrystalnuclei,247–248two-stepcrystallization,244–245UV–visextinctioncurves,243NNanoscalechannelsaqueousliquids,biomoleculesAFM/STMtip,32Alzheimer'sdisease-relatedpeptide,34AQP1structure,29biomolecules,37capillaryforce,31chargedmacromolecules,31dampingcoefcient,33deprotonatedcarboxylgroup,35,36electrostaticinteractionenergy,29externalchargespeed,32glutamicacidresidue,34insulatornanochannels,38Langevinequation,33laser,31lysineresidue,34manipulation,32metallicnanotube,38molecularwaterpump,28moleculestranslocation/permeation,31nanochannelexert,36nanoscalepores,31numericalsimulations,30ordereddipoleorientations,28peptideLDTGADDTVLE,37peptide–watermixture,29,33simulatedsystem,35stochasticdynamics,33SWNT,30thermaluctuation,32gatingandpumpingofaquaporins,28averageinteractionpotentials,25carbonatoms,4centerofmassvelocity,11characteristicangle,20,21CMMRmethod,11CNT,6,12defects,probabilityof,22deformations,6dipoleippingfrequency,22directionality,20electricaleld,27exponentialdecay,9externaluctuation,18externalforce,15ippingfrequency,9,10forced-atom,8Gaussianoccupationuctuation,10hourglassshape,26hydrogenbonddefects,22KcsAionchannel,13macroscopy,5molecularbiologicalsystems,18moleculartransport,20nanotube,5netwaterux,23orientationdistribution,27possibleforced-atoms,23potentialproles,26protonlter,28relativefreeenergy,10representativesystems,16simulationsystem,4single-lledwatermolecules,13singlehydrogen-bondedchain,7SWNT,3theoreticalmodel,16totalinteractionpotential,24totalwaterdensitydistribution,14truncationfunction,16unperturbednanochannel,14vanderWaals,12vibratingfrequency,19water–CNTinteractionenergy,16waterdensitydistribution,7watermolecules,3wateroccupancyandnetux,8watertransportation,22hydrogenbonds,3moleculardynamicssimulations,2Index385polarmoleculesBerendsenthermostat,40biosensors,38branchedtubes,46Coulomb'slaw,39dipole–dipoleinteraction,48electricalcoupling,38hydrogentransportation,46Isingmodel,39monitored-water,41nanoscalestructures/molecules,38numericalanalysis,47PCP,48proteinallostery,39signalcharge,42signaltransmissionandmultiplication,40thermalnoises,39timedelay,42time-dependentbehavior,45TIP3Pwatermodel,48waterdipoleorientations,44watermolecules,40Y-shapednanotubes,43waterpermeation,1Nelumbonucifera,332Non-idealsurfaces,335–336Nucleationclassicalnucleationtheories,240–242freeenergybarriercrystallization,228heterogenous,227homogenous,227interfacialcorrelationfunction,231roughsubstrate,228roughsubstrate/foreignbodyoccurrence,228,229kineticmodelequilibriumstate,234–235experimentalverication,237–240nonstationary/nonsteadystate,237pre-nucleationprocess,232–233stationary/steadystate,235–237multistepcrystallizationamorphouscalciumphosphatephase,244amorphousdensedroplets,246–248colloidalsuspension,247–248initialdiluteliquidphase,247selectedareaelectiondiffractionpatterns,243stablecrystal,247–248subcrystalnuclei,247–248two-stepcrystallization,244–245UV–visextinctioncurves,243OOctacalciumphosphate(OCP)epitaxialovergrowth,apatite,175–177HAPformation,175intermediation,174regulations,178–179Osteopontin(OPN),139PPAA.
SeePoly(acrylicacid)(PAA)Pachyrhynchusargus,317PapilioP.
blumei,264–265P.
palinurus,307P.
ulysses,262–263,332–333Paridessesostris,319Pavomuticus,313Periodicbondchain(PBC),82Philepittacastanea,313Phosphatidylcholine(PC),93Photolithography,343–344Photondensityofstates(PDOS),3232DPhotoniccrystalAphroditasp.
,312coloredbarbules,315dermalcollagenber,313latticestructure,314P.
argus,317inpeacockfeathers,313–314photonicbandgap,316PWEmethod,316reectionspectra,315SEMcharacterizations,3123DPhotoniccrystalCallophrysgryneus,319electrontomography,317Lamprocyphusaugustus,318Paridessesostris,319–320Photoniccrystals2Dcolloidalcrystals,2573Dcolloidalcrystals,258doublereectionfabricationprocess,266Papilioblumeibutteries,264–265Papilioulyssesbutteries,262–263polystyrenecolloids,265ultrasonication,265386IndexPhotoniccrystals(cont.
)mimickingnaturalstructuralcolorfabricatecolloidalcrystals,259–260fabriccare,262Morphopeleidesbutteries,259replicatingmethods,259responsivephotoniccrystals,260–261silkfabrics,260tunablestructuralcolor,260Photonicstructuresamorphousphotonicstructureinbeetles,324Braggcondition,322coherentlightscattering,322featherbarbs,3232DFourierpowerspectrum,321incoherent-scatteringhypothesis,320photondensityofstates,323structurallycoloredskin,birds,323whitecolors,320diffractiongratingslightwavelengths,310–311marineanimals,309inplants,309–310Sphaeridiinaegen.
sp.
,308historicalsurvey,278–280methodologycolorspecications,286–288opticalobservations,284spectralmeasurements,284–286structuralcharacterizations,288–289theoreticaltreatments,289–290multilayerAncylurismeliboeus,300C.
fulgidissima,296C.
gloriosa,304chirpedmultilayers,303Chrysiridiarhipheus,307–308circularpolarizations,304–305colorchanges,299Cosmophasisumbratica,300–301cross-sectionalSEMimages,298ESEMimages,298infruits,301–302Hopliacoerulea,297Morphobutteries,299–300Papiliopalinurus,307periodicmultilayer,302–303inplants,300–301sculptedmultilayer,305–306TEMcharacterizations,296T.
isabellae,297,298noncommunicativefunctions,3262DphotoniccrystalAphroditasp.
,312coloredbarbules,315dermalcollagenber,313latticestructure,314P.
argus,317inpeacockfeathers,313–314photonicbandgap,316PWEmethod,316reectionspectra,315SEMcharacterizations,3123DphotoniccrystalCallophrysgryneus,319electrontomography,317Lamprocyphusaugustus,318Paridessesostris,319–320singlethinlmbiologicalsignicance,290HymenopteraandDipterawings,291iridescentneckfeathers,293,294keratinthinlm,295SEMcharacterizations,292structural-colorpatterns,290–291structuralcolorationdiffraction,281–282interference,280–281lightscattering,282–283structuraldeterminations,326Phyllagathisrotundifolia,301Planarcellpolarity(PCP),48Planewaveexpansion(PWE)method,289Poly(acrylicacid)(PAA),150Poly(ethyleneterephthalate)(PET),202Polysodiumstyrenesulfonate(PSS),211Polystyrene(PS),203Polystyrenecolloids,265Potentialenergysurface(PES),128RRatosteopontin(rOPN),147Responsivephotoniccrystals(RPCs),260–261Rufe-endedameloblasts(RAs),163SScanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM),213Selaginellawilldenowii,300–301Self-assembledmonolayer(SAM),207Shadoweffects,250,254Sheathlin,164Silkfabrics,260,261Single-walledcarbonnanotube(SWNT),3Small-angleX-rayscattering(SAXS),167Sol–gelmethods,348–349Index387Sphingnotusmirabilis,324Stokes–Einsteinequation,128Structuralcolorphotoniccrystals(seePhotoniccrystals)photonicstructuresandcoloration(seePhotonicstructures)superhydrophobicsurface,360Structuralcolorationdiffraction,281–282interference,280–281lightscattering,282–283structuraldeterminations,326Superhydrophobicsurfacebiomimickingtechnologiesbottom-upapproaches,345–349combinationmethods,349–352top-downapproaches,340–345fabrication,333functionalapplicationsair-retainingproperty,360–362batteryandfuelcellapplication,364–365bio-engineering,366–367uidicdragreduction,360–362uidictransportation,363–364marinatechnology,367–368microcondensation,365–366microdevices,367–368oil–waterseparationandoilabsorption,365structuralcolorandiridescence,360transparentandantireectivecoating,359–360watersupportingforce,360–362lotusleaf,332Papilioulysses,333"slippy"Cassiestate,333"sticky"Wenzelstate,333waterdrops,331wettabilitycontrol,externalstimuli,352–358dynamicwettingbehavior,336idealsurfaces,334non-idealsurfaces,335–336three-interfacecontactline,336–338transitions,338–340TThree-dimensionalorderedmacroporous(3DOM),202Three-interfacecontactline(TCL),333,336–338Time-resolvedstaticlightscattering(TR-SLS),147Titaniumdioxide,353Tmesisternusisabellae,297–298Toothenamelameloblasts,162amelogenin,165–167dentin-enameljunction,162–163enamelcrystalformation(seeEnamelcrystals)enameluid,pH,167–168enamelmatrixproteinscomponentsandcharacteristics,164microstructure,165–167HAPformation(seeCalciumhydroxyapatite(HAP)crystals)hardtissues,mineral,178–180ioniccomposition,167–168mineralcomponent,168–170organicmatrixsecretionandformation,163Transfermatrixmethod(TMM),289Transmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM),170,192Two-stepcrystallization(TSC),244–245UUVirradiation,354WWatercontactangle(WCA),334Wenzelmodel,335Wettingsurfacecontrol,externalstimulielectricalpotential,356–358lightillumination,353–355temperatureanddualtemperature/PH,355–356dynamicwettingbehavior,336idealsurfaces,334non-idealsurfaces,335–336three-interfacecontactline,336–338transitions,338–340ZZincoxide,353
SeeAmorphouscalciumphosphate(ACP)Aglyptinustumerus,309Alignedcarbonnanotubes(ACNTs),347,350Alternatingelectriceld(AEF),224Amaurisochlea,303Amelogenincalciumeffects,178hydroxyapatitecrystals,175–176conformation,165–167cooperativeregulation,HAPgrowth,179enamelmatrixproteins,164Feffects,178HAPformation,178–179OCPregulation,178–179regulatoryroleof,170–171Amorphouscalciumcarbonate(ACC)air–waterinterface,204–205anhydrousethanol,210biomimeticapproach,204biomineralizationpc-ACCandpv-ACC,201polymorphtransformationprocess,200–201seaurchinlarvalspicules,199CaCO3,190carbonatesourcemethod,196,197colloidallithography,205direct-mixingmethodNa2CO3-MgCl2-CaCl2,191–193Na2CO3-NaOH-CaCl2,191,192Na2CO3-PAA-CaCl2,193–194dissolution–recrystallization,2133DOMcalcitesinglecrystals,202,203gasdiffusiontechnique,194–196Kitanomethod,197–198Langmuirmonolayer,206–207macromolecularmatrix,206magnesium,211phasetransformation,211phosphateion,198phospholipids,208–209PILPprocess,206polymermembrane,202PSScontent,213SAmonolayer,207SEM,207–208silicateions,198solid–solidtransition,206Amorphouscalciumphosphate(ACP),109crystalorganization,172enameluid,171–172HAPtransformationandOCPintermediate,174Ancylurismeliboeus,300Antifreezeglycoproteins(AFGPs),59absorption–inhibitionmodel,97DPPA,95helicalcontent,97hydrophilicandhydrophobicfaces,96ice/vacuuminteraction,97low-energyminima,96pureglycoforms,95Thrg-methylgroup,96Antifreezeproteins(AFPs)AFGPs,91–92absorption–inhibitionmodel,97DPPA,95helicalcontent,97hydrophilicandhydrophobicfaces,96ice/vacuuminteraction,97X.
Y.
Liu(ed.
),Bioinspiration:FromNanotoMicroScales,BiologicalandMedicalPhysics,BiomedicalEngineering,DOI10.
1007/978-1-4614-5372-8,SpringerScienceCBusinessMediaNewYork2012379380IndexAntifreezeproteins(AFPs)(cont.
)low-energyminima,96pureglycoforms,95Thrg-methylgroup,96applications,59cryoprotectioncellvolumes,89–90coolingrates,90DMSO,92ice-freestate,91multicellularsystems,90vitrication,90–91diversity,61foodtechnology,94–95foreignbodies,59,60homogeneousnucleation,58–59icecrystalgrowthinhibitionAFP-inducedmorphologicalmodication,81–87atcrystalsurfaces,792Dnucleationbarrier,79roughenedcrystalsurfaces,79,80icenucleationinhibitionheterogeneousnucleation,67–76interfacialeffectparameterandkinkkineticenergybarrier,78–79nucleationbarrier,63–67structure,62surfacekinetics,77thermodynamicdrivingforce,63lipidmembranestabilizationcarbohydratemoieties,93hydrophobicinteractions,93–94thermotropicphasetransition,92–93TTTT,93nucleation,58plasmafreezingtemperature,59protein-basedanti-icecoating,97–98thermalhysteresis,denition,60Apatite.
SeeToothenamelApatiteproteininteraction.
SeeBiomineralizationAphroditasp.
,312AqueoussolutionsystemBCFmodel,114heterogeneousnucleationmodel,115–116KDPandADP,115spiralgrowthmodel,114,115Atomicforcemicroscopy(AFM),288–289Atomiclayerdeposition(ALD),259Azygocypridinalowryi,309–310BBattery,364–365Baxtermodel,335–336Begoniapavonina,301Bio-engineering,366–367Bioluminescence,278Biomimetics.
SeePhotoniccrystalsBiomimickingtechnologiesbottom-upapproacheschemicaldeposition,345–347colloidalassemblies,347–348layer-by-layerdeposition,348sol–gelmethods,348–349combinationmethodschemicalvapordeposition,350electrospinning,352membranecasting,350–351micelles,351–352top-downapproachesphotolithography,343–344plasmatreatment,surfaces,344–345templating,341–343BiomineralizationaqueoussolutionsystemBCFmodel,114heterogeneousnucleationmodel,115–116KDPandADP,115spiralgrowthmodel,114,115articialproteinsandpeptidesBMP2,153–154titanium,153boneandteeth,136–137calciumphosphatesACP,111DCPAandDCPD,113HAP,110–111solid-titrationmethod,113solubilityisotherms,111–112controlledcolloidalassembly(seeColloidalassembly)controllingcalciumphosphateprecipitation,141–142controllingcrystalgrowthasparticacidpolypeptides,144–145Asp-containingpeptides,145,146COM,145hydrophilicityandhydrophobicity,145mOPNandbOPN,147osteopontin,145controllingnucleationandaggregation,143–144Index381controllingtransformationGlyandGlu,150–151PAA,150TR-SLSmeasurement,147,149denition,108HAPcrystalformationamelogenin,138–139collagen,138SIBLINGproteinfamily,139structureandfunction,140–141HAPcrystalgrowthmechanismsbiologicalHAPformationmodel,117–118CCmethod,124constantcompositionmethod,118–119drivingforce,growth,116–117intermolecularinteractions,127Posnerclusters,127pseudo-bodyuid,123real-timephase-shiftinterferometry,121–122Stokes–Einsteinequation,128synthesisof,119–120two-dimensionalnucleation,123–124zinc/magnesiumions,125–126inorganiccrystals,108organic–inorganicinteractionprocesses,108pc-ACCandpv-ACC,201polymorphtransformationprocess,200–201seaurchinlarvalspicules,199toothenamelformation(seeToothenamel)Bonemorphologicalprotein2(BMP2),153Bovinesialoprotein(BSP),139Bravais–Friedel–Donnay–Harkerlaw,82Burton-Cabrera-Frank(BCF)model,114CCalciumcarbonateprecipitate(CCP),194Calciumhydroxyapatite(HAP)crystalsACPtransformation,174amelogenin,175–176Ca2Ceffects,175–176CO32andCO3-HAp,169compositionandsolubility,168–169cooperativeregulation,179crystalstructure,169–170enamelformation,165Feffects,175Mg2Ceffects,176mineralapatites,162OCPinvolvement,175OCPregulation,178–179Calciumoxalatemonohydrate(COM),145CalciumphosphatesACP,111DCPAandDCPD,113HAP,110–111precipitation,141–142solid-titrationmethod,113solubilityisotherms,111–112Callophrysgryneus,319Carbonatesourcemethod,196,197Carbonnanotube(CNT),2Cassiemodel,335–336CCP.
SeeCalciumcarbonateprecipitate(CCP)Cellmembrane,2,90–92Centerofmassmotionremoval(CMMR),11Chemicalbathdeposition(CBD),345–347Chemicalvapordeposition,350Chimaeraphantasma,180Chlorophilaobscuripennis,305–306Chrysinaaurigans,303Chrysinagloriosa,304Chrysinalimbata,303Chrysiridiarhipheus,307–308Chrysochroafulgidissima,296Circulardichroism(CD),167Classicalnucleationtheories(CNTs),240–242Colloidalassemblybiomimickingtechnologies,347–348biomineralshardtissues,249heterogeneous2Dcolloidalcrystallizationexperiments,254–256humantoothenamels,249self-epitaxialnucleationinducedassembly,250–253shadoweffects,250,254supersaturation-driveninterfacialstructuralmismatch,250–253crystallizationmodeling,222nano/microsizedparticles,222nucleationbarrier,226–231classicalnucleationtheories,240–241kineticsof,231–240photoniccrystals2Dcolloidalcrystals,2573Dcolloidalcrystals,258structuralcolor,258–266thermodynamicdrivingforcealternatingelectriceld,224,225attractiveandrepulsiveforce,224colloidalparticlesinteractions,223–224382IndexColloidalassembly(cont.
)phasetransition,224–225supersaturation,2262DColloidalcrystals,2573DColloidalcrystals,258Columbaliviadomestica,291COM.
SeeCalciumoxalatemonohydrate(COM)Contactangle(CA),335Controllingcrystalgrowthasparticacidpolypeptides,144–145Asp-containingpeptides,145,146COM,145hydrophilicityandhydrophobicity,145mOPNandbOPN,147osteopontin,145CoraclesIndica,320Cosmophasisumbratica,300–301Coulomb'slaw,39Crystallization.
SeeColloidalassemblyDDelarbreamichiana,301–302Dentin-enameljunction(DEJ),162–163Dentinsialophosphoprotein(DSPP),139Diffractiongratingslightwavelengths,310–311marineanimals,309inplants,309–310Sphaeridiinaegen.
sp.
,308structuralcolorationmechanism,281–282Dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO),92Diphenylphosphorylazide(DPPA),95Direct-mixingmethodNa2CO3-MgCl2-CaCl2,191–193Na2CO3-NaOH-CaCl2,191,192Na2CO3-PAA-CaCl2,193–194Doublehydrophilicblockcopolymer(DHBC),196Doublereectionfabricationprocess,266PapilioP.
blumeibutteries,264–265P.
ulyssesbutteries,262–263polystyrenecolloids,265ultrasonication,265DPPA.
SeeDiphenylphosphorylazide(DPPA)Drosophilamelanogaster,291DSPP.
SeeDentinsialophosphoprotein(DSPP)EElaeocarpusangustifolius,301–302Electrospinning,352EnamelcrystalsACPformationandorganization,171–172ACP–HAPtransformation,174amelogeninandenamelin,170–171CaP-clustermodels,172–174HAPgrowth,178–179OCPepitaxialovergrowth,apatite,175–177HAPformation,175intermediation,174one-directionalCa2Cdiffusion,177–178Enamelincooperativeregulation,171dentin-enameljunction,16332kDaporcine,171regulatoryroles,170–171Euchromagigantea,296Euploreacore,303ExtendedX-rayadsorptionnestructure(EXAFS),111FFabricatecolloidalcrystals,259–260Finite-differencetime-domain(FDTD),289Fluidictransportation,363–364Fluorescence,2782DFourierpowerspectrum,321Fouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy(FTIR),175Fuelcellsystem,364–365GGasdiffusiontechnique,194–196HHeterogeneousnucleation,227Hibiscustrionum,309–310Highlyorderedpyrolyticgraphite(HOPG),97Homogeneousnucleation,227Hopliacoerulea,297Hydroxyapatite(HAP)crystalformationamelogenin,138–139collagen,138SIBLINGproteinfamily,139structureandfunction,140–141Index383crystalgrowth(seeBiomineralization)crystalgrowthmechanismsbiologicalHAPformationmodel,117–118CCmethod,124constantcompositionmethod,118–119drivingforce,growth,116–117intermolecularinteractions,127Posnerclusters,127pseudo-bodyuid,123real-timephase-shiftinterferometry,121–122Stokes–Einsteinequation,128synthesisof,119–120two-dimensionalnucleation,123–124zinc/magnesiumions,125–126IIcecrystalgrowthinhibitionAFP-inducedmorphologicalmodicationBFDHtheory,82crystalfaces,83–84crystalgrowthhabitmodication,81sh-typeicebindingsurface,85Hartman–Perdoktheory,82hexagonalice,88hexagonalprism,86icepyramidalfaces,87PBCtheory,82–83secondarypyramidalsurfaces,86TmAFP,88–89atcrystalsurfaces,792Dnucleationbarrier,79roughenedcrystalsurfaces,79,80Icenucleationinhibitionheterogeneousnucleationforeignparticles,74homogeneousnucleation,73,74microwatersuspendingtechnology,70,71nucleationrate,67optimalstructuralmatch,76"-plot,74,75straight-linesegment,71substratesurfaceandsupersaturation,69zero-sizedeffect,72interfacialeffectparameterandkinkkineticenergybarrier,78–79nucleationbarrierclustersandnuclei,64heterogeneousnucleation,65interfacialcorrelationfunction,67,68surfacefreeenergy,65–66structure,62surfacekinetics,77thermodynamicdrivingforce,63Idealsurfaces,334Interference,280–281Iridescence,360Iridescentcolor,278Isingmodel,39Isotacticpolypropylene(i-PP),350KKitanomethod,197–198LLamprocyphusaugustus,318Layer-by-layerdeposition,348Leontopodiumnivale,310Lightillumination,353–355Lightscattering,282–283Lingulaunguis,179–180Lotuseffect.
SeeSuperhydrophobicsurfaceLow-densitypolyethylene(LDPE),344MMagnesiumamorphouscalciumcarbonate(Mg-ACC),192Marinatechnology,367–368Matrixextracellularphosphoglycoprotein(MEPE),139Mentzelialindleyi,309–310Mesh-likestructured(MLS),337Micelles,351–353Microcondensation,365–366Microdevices,367–368MnO2nanotubearray(MTA),346MorphoM.
peleides,259M.
rhetenor,299–300MSC.
SeeMultistepcrystallization(MSC)MultilayerAncylurismeliboeus,300beetleC.
gloriosa,304C.
fulgidissima,296chafferbeetleHopliacoerulea,297chirpedmultilayers,303Chrysiridiarhipheus,307–308circularpolarizations,304–305colorchanges,299384IndexMultilayer(cont.
)Cosmophasisumbratica,300–301cross-sectionalSEMimages,298ESEMimages,298infruits,301–302Morphobutteries,299–300Papiliopalinurus,307periodicmultilayer,302–303inplants,300–301sculptedmultilayer,305–306TEMcharacterizations,296T.
isabellae,297,298Multistepcrystallization(MSC)amorphouscalciumphosphatephase,244amorphousdensedroplets,246–248colloidalsuspension,247–248initialdiluteliquidphase,247selectedareaelectiondiffractionpatterns,243stablecrystal,247–248subcrystalnuclei,247–248two-stepcrystallization,244–245UV–visextinctioncurves,243NNanoscalechannelsaqueousliquids,biomoleculesAFM/STMtip,32Alzheimer'sdisease-relatedpeptide,34AQP1structure,29biomolecules,37capillaryforce,31chargedmacromolecules,31dampingcoefcient,33deprotonatedcarboxylgroup,35,36electrostaticinteractionenergy,29externalchargespeed,32glutamicacidresidue,34insulatornanochannels,38Langevinequation,33laser,31lysineresidue,34manipulation,32metallicnanotube,38molecularwaterpump,28moleculestranslocation/permeation,31nanochannelexert,36nanoscalepores,31numericalsimulations,30ordereddipoleorientations,28peptideLDTGADDTVLE,37peptide–watermixture,29,33simulatedsystem,35stochasticdynamics,33SWNT,30thermaluctuation,32gatingandpumpingofaquaporins,28averageinteractionpotentials,25carbonatoms,4centerofmassvelocity,11characteristicangle,20,21CMMRmethod,11CNT,6,12defects,probabilityof,22deformations,6dipoleippingfrequency,22directionality,20electricaleld,27exponentialdecay,9externaluctuation,18externalforce,15ippingfrequency,9,10forced-atom,8Gaussianoccupationuctuation,10hourglassshape,26hydrogenbonddefects,22KcsAionchannel,13macroscopy,5molecularbiologicalsystems,18moleculartransport,20nanotube,5netwaterux,23orientationdistribution,27possibleforced-atoms,23potentialproles,26protonlter,28relativefreeenergy,10representativesystems,16simulationsystem,4single-lledwatermolecules,13singlehydrogen-bondedchain,7SWNT,3theoreticalmodel,16totalinteractionpotential,24totalwaterdensitydistribution,14truncationfunction,16unperturbednanochannel,14vanderWaals,12vibratingfrequency,19water–CNTinteractionenergy,16waterdensitydistribution,7watermolecules,3wateroccupancyandnetux,8watertransportation,22hydrogenbonds,3moleculardynamicssimulations,2Index385polarmoleculesBerendsenthermostat,40biosensors,38branchedtubes,46Coulomb'slaw,39dipole–dipoleinteraction,48electricalcoupling,38hydrogentransportation,46Isingmodel,39monitored-water,41nanoscalestructures/molecules,38numericalanalysis,47PCP,48proteinallostery,39signalcharge,42signaltransmissionandmultiplication,40thermalnoises,39timedelay,42time-dependentbehavior,45TIP3Pwatermodel,48waterdipoleorientations,44watermolecules,40Y-shapednanotubes,43waterpermeation,1Nelumbonucifera,332Non-idealsurfaces,335–336Nucleationclassicalnucleationtheories,240–242freeenergybarriercrystallization,228heterogenous,227homogenous,227interfacialcorrelationfunction,231roughsubstrate,228roughsubstrate/foreignbodyoccurrence,228,229kineticmodelequilibriumstate,234–235experimentalverication,237–240nonstationary/nonsteadystate,237pre-nucleationprocess,232–233stationary/steadystate,235–237multistepcrystallizationamorphouscalciumphosphatephase,244amorphousdensedroplets,246–248colloidalsuspension,247–248initialdiluteliquidphase,247selectedareaelectiondiffractionpatterns,243stablecrystal,247–248subcrystalnuclei,247–248two-stepcrystallization,244–245UV–visextinctioncurves,243OOctacalciumphosphate(OCP)epitaxialovergrowth,apatite,175–177HAPformation,175intermediation,174regulations,178–179Osteopontin(OPN),139PPAA.
SeePoly(acrylicacid)(PAA)Pachyrhynchusargus,317PapilioP.
blumei,264–265P.
palinurus,307P.
ulysses,262–263,332–333Paridessesostris,319Pavomuticus,313Periodicbondchain(PBC),82Philepittacastanea,313Phosphatidylcholine(PC),93Photolithography,343–344Photondensityofstates(PDOS),3232DPhotoniccrystalAphroditasp.
,312coloredbarbules,315dermalcollagenber,313latticestructure,314P.
argus,317inpeacockfeathers,313–314photonicbandgap,316PWEmethod,316reectionspectra,315SEMcharacterizations,3123DPhotoniccrystalCallophrysgryneus,319electrontomography,317Lamprocyphusaugustus,318Paridessesostris,319–320Photoniccrystals2Dcolloidalcrystals,2573Dcolloidalcrystals,258doublereectionfabricationprocess,266Papilioblumeibutteries,264–265Papilioulyssesbutteries,262–263polystyrenecolloids,265ultrasonication,265386IndexPhotoniccrystals(cont.
)mimickingnaturalstructuralcolorfabricatecolloidalcrystals,259–260fabriccare,262Morphopeleidesbutteries,259replicatingmethods,259responsivephotoniccrystals,260–261silkfabrics,260tunablestructuralcolor,260Photonicstructuresamorphousphotonicstructureinbeetles,324Braggcondition,322coherentlightscattering,322featherbarbs,3232DFourierpowerspectrum,321incoherent-scatteringhypothesis,320photondensityofstates,323structurallycoloredskin,birds,323whitecolors,320diffractiongratingslightwavelengths,310–311marineanimals,309inplants,309–310Sphaeridiinaegen.
sp.
,308historicalsurvey,278–280methodologycolorspecications,286–288opticalobservations,284spectralmeasurements,284–286structuralcharacterizations,288–289theoreticaltreatments,289–290multilayerAncylurismeliboeus,300C.
fulgidissima,296C.
gloriosa,304chirpedmultilayers,303Chrysiridiarhipheus,307–308circularpolarizations,304–305colorchanges,299Cosmophasisumbratica,300–301cross-sectionalSEMimages,298ESEMimages,298infruits,301–302Hopliacoerulea,297Morphobutteries,299–300Papiliopalinurus,307periodicmultilayer,302–303inplants,300–301sculptedmultilayer,305–306TEMcharacterizations,296T.
isabellae,297,298noncommunicativefunctions,3262DphotoniccrystalAphroditasp.
,312coloredbarbules,315dermalcollagenber,313latticestructure,314P.
argus,317inpeacockfeathers,313–314photonicbandgap,316PWEmethod,316reectionspectra,315SEMcharacterizations,3123DphotoniccrystalCallophrysgryneus,319electrontomography,317Lamprocyphusaugustus,318Paridessesostris,319–320singlethinlmbiologicalsignicance,290HymenopteraandDipterawings,291iridescentneckfeathers,293,294keratinthinlm,295SEMcharacterizations,292structural-colorpatterns,290–291structuralcolorationdiffraction,281–282interference,280–281lightscattering,282–283structuraldeterminations,326Phyllagathisrotundifolia,301Planarcellpolarity(PCP),48Planewaveexpansion(PWE)method,289Poly(acrylicacid)(PAA),150Poly(ethyleneterephthalate)(PET),202Polysodiumstyrenesulfonate(PSS),211Polystyrene(PS),203Polystyrenecolloids,265Potentialenergysurface(PES),128RRatosteopontin(rOPN),147Responsivephotoniccrystals(RPCs),260–261Rufe-endedameloblasts(RAs),163SScanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM),213Selaginellawilldenowii,300–301Self-assembledmonolayer(SAM),207Shadoweffects,250,254Sheathlin,164Silkfabrics,260,261Single-walledcarbonnanotube(SWNT),3Small-angleX-rayscattering(SAXS),167Sol–gelmethods,348–349Index387Sphingnotusmirabilis,324Stokes–Einsteinequation,128Structuralcolorphotoniccrystals(seePhotoniccrystals)photonicstructuresandcoloration(seePhotonicstructures)superhydrophobicsurface,360Structuralcolorationdiffraction,281–282interference,280–281lightscattering,282–283structuraldeterminations,326Superhydrophobicsurfacebiomimickingtechnologiesbottom-upapproaches,345–349combinationmethods,349–352top-downapproaches,340–345fabrication,333functionalapplicationsair-retainingproperty,360–362batteryandfuelcellapplication,364–365bio-engineering,366–367uidicdragreduction,360–362uidictransportation,363–364marinatechnology,367–368microcondensation,365–366microdevices,367–368oil–waterseparationandoilabsorption,365structuralcolorandiridescence,360transparentandantireectivecoating,359–360watersupportingforce,360–362lotusleaf,332Papilioulysses,333"slippy"Cassiestate,333"sticky"Wenzelstate,333waterdrops,331wettabilitycontrol,externalstimuli,352–358dynamicwettingbehavior,336idealsurfaces,334non-idealsurfaces,335–336three-interfacecontactline,336–338transitions,338–340TThree-dimensionalorderedmacroporous(3DOM),202Three-interfacecontactline(TCL),333,336–338Time-resolvedstaticlightscattering(TR-SLS),147Titaniumdioxide,353Tmesisternusisabellae,297–298Toothenamelameloblasts,162amelogenin,165–167dentin-enameljunction,162–163enamelcrystalformation(seeEnamelcrystals)enameluid,pH,167–168enamelmatrixproteinscomponentsandcharacteristics,164microstructure,165–167HAPformation(seeCalciumhydroxyapatite(HAP)crystals)hardtissues,mineral,178–180ioniccomposition,167–168mineralcomponent,168–170organicmatrixsecretionandformation,163Transfermatrixmethod(TMM),289Transmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM),170,192Two-stepcrystallization(TSC),244–245UUVirradiation,354WWatercontactangle(WCA),334Wenzelmodel,335Wettingsurfacecontrol,externalstimulielectricalpotential,356–358lightillumination,353–355temperatureanddualtemperature/PH,355–356dynamicwettingbehavior,336idealsurfaces,334non-idealsurfaces,335–336three-interfacecontactline,336–338transitions,338–340ZZincoxide,353
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