limitedwindtour
windtour 时间:2021-05-25 阅读:(
)
IIIUrbanPlanning,Administration,andGovernanceWhileostensiblyascientific-rationalprocessthatisseparatefrompolitics,urbanplanningisneverfarremovedfromtheexerciseofpower.
Effortstocre-ateandmaintainorderlyurbanlandscapesareinextricablylinkedwiththeprocessofboundary-making.
Regulatorysystems,suchaslicensing,zoning,codeenforcement,healthandsafetyinspections,andsoforth,effectivelyopenopportunitiesforsomeattheexpenseofothers.
Variousprojectsaimedatdisci-pliningtheunrulyresidentsalwaystakeplacewithincontradictoryfieldsofforce,asurbanplanners,municipalauthorities,andcityofficialsoperatewithdifferentagendas.
Dependingupondifferenthistoricalcircumstances,some-timesnegotiationandcompromisedominatetheapproachtopolicingthecityandatothertimesrepressionandviolenceruletheday.
InAfricancities,thepoorhaverespondedtovariousdiscipliningeffortsbyadoptingvariousstrate-giesofenterprise,compromise,andresistance.
Thesemultiplepractices,simul-taneouslysocialandspatial,haveensuredthaturbanplannersareneverabletoshapetheurbanlandscapeinaccordancewiththeirgrandschemes.
Withtheshifttowardentrepreneurialurbanism,newmodesofurbangover-nancehavereplacedconventional"managerial"approachestoadministeringthecity.
Historicallyspeaking,citiesinAfricahaveservedasstaging-areasforlarge-scalefinancialandbusinessinterestsoperatingoutofEuropeorNorthAmerica.
Atthesametime,theyhavebecomerepositories,orarefugeoflastresort,fordisplacedpeoplesnolongercapableofsustainingalivelihoodintheruralareas.
Inthecurrenthistoricalphaseofglobalizationwheretheprevailingtrajectoriesofurbandevelopmentstresscapitalintensityandtechnologicalinnovation,citiesinAfricaareundergoingprofoundchange.
Theessaysinpart3focusonquestionsofurbangovernance,municipaladministration,andcityplanningundercircumstanceswhererequisiteresources—financialandotherwise—areeithernonexistentorseverelylimited.
InmanycitiesinAfrica,urbanspacesareputtousesneverintended,basicinfra-structurehasbrokendown,andvastexpansesofthebuiltenvironmenthavefallenintodisrepair.
Withoutwaitingforsocialassistancefromcityadministra-tionsthatlackthecapacitytodeliveranyway,theurbanpoorhavefrequentlystruckoutontheirown,improvisingandstitchingtogetherthekindsofnetworks,connections,andlinkagesthattheyneedinordertosurvive.
InhisbriefsurveyofSouthAfricanurbanism,AbdouMaliqSimonearguesthatthoughurbanplanninginitiativesincitieslikeJohannesburghavesoughttohealthespatialwoundsengineeredunderapartheidurbangovernance,theseinterventionshaveinadvertentlyopenedupnewlinesofcleavage.
Borrowingthenotionofa"righttothecity"fromHenriLefebvre,Simonecontendsthatthosemarginalizedurbanresidentswhohavebeenexcludedfromthebenefitsofmodernurbanlivinghaveactivelypursuedtheirownaspirationsinwaysthatcutagainstthegrainofurbanplanninginitiatives.
Toalargeextent,citiesinAfricaarefragmentedanddisjointedplacesthathavelargelyresistedmodernurbanplanningandproceduresofrationalspatialorganization.
Yettheyarealsocalledupontoserviceawidevarietyofsometimesoverlappingandsometimescompetinginterests.
Onlyrarelydidtheydeveloporganically,moreinresponsetolocalneedsthantooutsidepressures.
Incitiesthatlackplanningguidelines,thespatialpatternsofurbangrowtharehaphaz-ardwheretheurbanlandscapehasbecomeapatchworkofdisconnectedparts.
Withouttheconstraintsprovidedbybuildingcodesandcitybylaws,thebuiltenvironmenthasbecomeaheterodoxassemblageofdisparateelementslackingcoherenceandoveralldesign.
FollowinghiswhirlwindtourofLagos,therenownedarchitectRemKoolhaasexpressedsurpriseatthecapacityofthecitytofunctiondespiteitsostensiblelackofplanningorcoherence.
Bywayofcounterpoint,MatthewGandytakesissuewiththesomewhatcelebratorytoneoftheseremarks,suggestinginsteadthatthisself-organizationofurbanlifetakesplaceinthecon-textofpersistenthardshipandenduringpoverty.
InhisinvestigationofLagos,Gandysubjectstheconventionalusageoftheterm"governance"toarigorousanalysisandcritique.
Inresistinganyrelianceupon"exceptionalist"interpreta-tionsofcitiesinAfrica,heseekstolinktheexperienceofmegacitieslikeLagoswithpatternsofurbangrowthanddevelopmentelsewhereintheglobalarena.
Inlaunching"OperationMurambatsvina"tocleansecitiesinZimbabweoftheurbanpoor,thepoliticalregimeundertheleadershipofRobertMugabehasresortedtophysicalforcetogaintheupperhandinthebattleovertheuseofurbanspace.
Inheraccount,DeborahPottsprovidesapassionate,blow-by-blowanalysisoftheoperation,attemptingtounderstanditincomparisonwiththetacticsoftheApartheidregimeinSouthAfricaandasatacticforrepressionofZimbabwe'smainoppositionparty.
UltimatelysheplacestheoperationwithinitslongerZimbabweanurbancontextofthemaintenanceoftheimageofurbanorder,aswell,linkingherup-to-the-minuteanalysisofOperationMurambatsvina(orOperationTsunami,asmanyofitsvictimshavetakentocallingit)withherlong-termanalysisofurbanhousingissuesinHarare.
Duetothepersistenceofstagnatingeconomiesandlacklusterratesofrealeconomicgrowth,municipalauthorities,cityofficials,andurbanplannershavefounditnearlyimpossibletorespondtotherisingdemandsofurbanresidents.
Withoutcommensurateincreasesinopportunitiesforworkandincome,theurbanizationprocesshasplacedseverestrainsontheinstitutionalstructuresofmunicipalgovernance,physicalandsocialinfrastructure,andtheprovisionofbasicservices.
Theshortageofjobsintheformaleconomy,inadequatehousing,outmodedinfrastructure,andunder-resourcedsocialserviceshavegoneUrbanPlanning,Administration,andGovernance238hand-in-handwithwidespreadpoverty,environmentaldegradation,andtheprecariousnessofeverydaylife.
Urbanpoliticsisplayedoutnotonlyintermsofcompetitionovercontrolofspecificsitesandinstitutionalresources,butalsointermsofextendingconnec-tions,broadeningsocialfields,andreconfiguringintersectionswiththeaimofforgingalliances,fosteringcollaborations,and"hedgingone'sbets.
"Thepoli-ticsofthecityisamatternotonlyoftheinequitabledistributionofsatisfactionsandmisery,butalsostrugglesaroundsuchissuesasgender,ethnicity,age,andreligion.
InlookingatpopularstrugglesovertheprovisionoffreebasicwaterservicesforpoorfamiliesinSouthAfricancitieslikeDurban,Johannesburg,andCapeTown,GregRuitersarguesthattheimplementationofneoliberalmodesofurbangovernanceisrarelyaseamless,linearprocess.
Inchartingtheemer-genceofnewmodesofurbangovernanceafterapartheid,hecontendsthatmunicipalitieshavecombinedthecarrotandthestick,givingintopopulardemandsforwaterasabasicrightwhileatthesametimeseekingtoenforcestrictmarketrulesofcost-recoveryandpay-as-you-go.
Inabroadervein,Ruiterssuggeststhatthestrategiesoflocalgovernmentrepresentamuchmorenuancedandsophisticatedresponsetodisciplining,regulating,andgoverningtheurbanpoorthanthecritiquesofneoliberalpolicymakingtypicallyacknowl-edge.
HearguesthatthenewurbanservicesregimeinurbanSouthAfricaisonecomponentinawiderstateinitiativedesignedtogaincontrolover"unruly"residentsandtokeeptheurbanpowerintheirplace.
UrbanPlanning,Administration,andGovernance239
bluehost怎么样?bluehost推出新一代VPS美国云主机!前几天,BlueHost也推出了对应的周年庆活动,全场海外虚拟主机月付2.95美元起,年付送免费的域名和SSL证书,通过活动进入BlueHost中文官网,购买虚拟主机、云虚拟主机和独立服务器参与限时促销。今天,云服务器网(yuntue.com)小编给大家介绍的是新一代VPS美国云主机,美国SSD云主机,2核2G/20GB空间,独立...
LOCVPS发来了针对XEN架构VPS的促销方案,其中美国洛杉矶机房7折,其余日本/新加坡/中国香港等机房全部8折,优惠后日本/新加坡机房XEN VPS月付仅29.6元起。这是成立较久的一家国人VPS服务商,目前提供美国洛杉矶(MC/C3)、和中国香港(邦联、沙田电信、大埔)、日本(东京、大阪)、新加坡、德国和荷兰等机房VPS主机,基于XEN或者KVM虚拟架构,均选择国内访问线路不错的机房,适合建...
搬瓦工在国内非常流行的主机商,以提供低价的vps著称.不过近几年价格逐渐攀升.不过稳定性和速度一向不错.依然深受国内vps爱好者喜爱.新上线的套餐经常卖到断货.支持支付宝,paypal很方便购买和使用.官网网站:https://www.bandwagonhost.com[不能直接访问,已墙]https://www.bwh88.net[有些地区不能直接访问]https://www.bwh81.net...
windtour为你推荐
legraph机动车diandian支持ipad支持ipad支持ipad地址163xp如何关闭445端口Windows XP 怎么关闭445端口,我是电脑小白,求各位讲详细点联通iphone4北京 朝阳区 哪家联通店可以卖Iphone4的,本周周末过去买css3按钮HTML中,怎么表示一个图片按钮ipad无法加入网络ipad无法加入网络但是手机能用
鲁诺vps 老鹰主机 香港服务器99idc 香港托管 iis安装教程 轻博 网盘申请 cpanel空间 河南m值兑换 最好的免费空间 ntfs格式分区 qq云端 vip购优惠 支付宝扫码领红包 linux使用教程 常州联通宽带 空间登陆首页 卡巴斯基试用版下载 汤博乐 聚惠网 更多