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H.
Kikuchi(Ed.
)EnvironmentalandSpaceElectromagneticsWith304Figures,Including2inColorSpringer-VerlagTokyoBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkLondonParisHongKongBarcelonaHIROSHIKIKUCHIProfessor,URSICommissionEChairman,NihonUniversity,CollegeofScience&Technology,1-8-14,KandaSurugadai,Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo,101JapanISBN-13:978-4-431-68164-9e-ISBN-13:978-4-431-68162-5DOl:10.
1007/978-4-431-68162-5LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataEnvironmentalandspaceelectromagnetics/H.
Kikuchi,ed.
p.
cm.
BasedonthepaperspresentedattheInternationalURSISymposiumonEnvironmentalandspaceeiectromagneticsheldinTokyoon08/04-06/1989.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN-13:978-4-431-68164-91.
Radiometeorology-Congresses.
2.
Electromagnetism-Congresses.
3.
Atmosphericelectricity-Congresses.
4.
Radionoise-Congresses.
I.
Kikuchi,H.
(Hiroshi),1926-.
Electromagnetics(1989;Tokyo,Japan),QC972.
6.
E681991,537S34-dc2091-31912Springer-VerlagTokyo1991Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition1991Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.
Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinotherways,andstorageindatabanks.
Theuseofregisterednames,trademarks,etc.
inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheadsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
PrefaceThisbookisbasedontheupdatedversionsofalivelymixtureoftutorials,topicalpapers,andscientificandtechnologicalcontributionscollectedfromtheInternationalURSISymposiumonEnvironmentalandSpaceElectromagneticsheldinTokyoon4-6September,1989.
ItwassponsoredbytheInternationalUnionofRadioScience(URSI)asanactivityofCommissionE(Chairman:presenteditor)precedingtheURSIGeneralAssemblyinPrague,Czechoslovakiain1990.
Theaimwasanexchangeofinformationandviewstohighlightthestateoftheartinradioscienceandinterdisciplinaryareas.
Alongthisline,theeditorhasattemptedtocoverquitenew,novelorunconventionalsubjectsbesidesmoretraditionalorconventionalones.
Althoughagreatmanysubjectshaveapparentlybeencovered,thisbookhasbeeneditedsothereadercanfindsomecommonconceptsorviewspresented.
Onthisbasis,agroupofmanysubjectscanbetreatedinaunifiedfashion,andnewideasandviewscanbegainedasamostvaluableadditiontocurrentknowledge.
Thisisoneofthemajorfeaturesofthisvolumethatcannotbefoundinanyofthemonographsorproceedingsthatcoveranarrowrangeoflimitedtopics.
Itsbroadscopedoesnotstandforpresentationinasuperficialandshallowmanner,butstandsforastrongfocusonthesearchforacommonnatureinbasicconceptsorviewsinapparentlydiversesubjects,andafocusontheadvancedorinnovatorynatureofeachcontribution.
Thesymposiumconsistedofseventeensessionswithseventypapers,38fromabroadand32fromJapan,andthereweremorethanonehundredparticipantsfromfifteencountries:Canada,China(CIE;SRS),Finland,France,FederalRepublicofGermany,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Korea,Netherlands,Sweden,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates,andUSSR.
Thetopicscoveredare:(1)spacecraftEMenvironment;(2)lightningdischarges;(3)winterthunderstormsandtriggeredlightning;(4)atmospherics,whistlersandemissions;(5)naturalVLFIELFradionoise;(6)terrestrialandextraterrestrialnoiseenvironment;(7)planetarylightningandcosmicplasmanoise;(8)man-madenoiseenvironmentandEMC;(9)noiseandcommunicationstatistics;(10)spacecommunicationandmeasurement;(11)highpowerelectromagnetics;(12)seismoelectricemissions;(13)balllightning;(14)meteorologico-electricphenomenaandEMHDvortices.
VIOfthetopicsmentionedabove,(1),(3),(6),(7),and(12)-(14)providethereaderwithquitenew,novelorunconventionalsubjectsthathaveneverbeendiscussedinanopenforumorinabook.
Topic(1)discussesspacecraftactiveexperimentsandenvironment,and(3)presentsrecentresultsofwinterthunderstormsandrocket-triggeredlightning.
Chapter(7)providesitsreaderswiththeupdatedresultsofobservationsfromthemajorspacecraftindeepspace,PioneerandVoyager,inparticularreferencetoplanetarylightningandplasmanoise,andtheX-rayastronomysatelliteGinga,aswellasanewapproachtogravitationaldustyspaceplasmas.
Chapters(12)-(14)arespecialtopicsthathavecomeupratherrecently.
Inparticular,anexampleofEHDorEMHDvortexphenomenacoveredinChaper(14)istheso-calledcropcirclesemerginginEngland,whichhaveintriguedthepublicworldwide.
Therestofthetopics,(2),(4),(5),and(8)-(11),areconcernedwithmoretraditionalandconventionalsubjects,butpresentscientificupdatesofeachtopic.
AsinthelastURSIworkshopandtwootherinternationalplasmaworkshopsorganizedbythepresenteditorandheldinTokyo·in1984,1980and1986,thepresentsymposiumalsoendeavoredtoassignasmuchtimeaspossibletospeakersforlecturesanddiscussions,andtomaintainafree,enjoyable,andstimulatingatmosphereinaratherinformalstyle.
Theeditorhopesthatthisvolumewillconveythisspirit,asitcontainsamixtureofshortandlongoriginalsandreviews,evenincludingunfinishedworkthatisinprogress,andpersonalratherthanestablishedviews,whichmaynotfindtheirproperplaceintheliteratureofthefield.
Thismayenableustoexchangeinformation,perhapsbroaderinscopethaninajournalarticle,andthisisconsideredanothermajorfeatureofthisvolume.
Manythanksareduetothecontributorsfortheirpromptpreparationandexcellentpresen-tations.
SpecialthanksareduetothestaffofSpringer-Verlag,Tokyo,fortheirconscientiousandpatientcollaborationineditorialwork.
Ithasbeengreatlyappreciatedindeed.
TheeditorisgratefultoProfessorF.
L.
H.
M.
Stumpers,HonoraryPresidentandpastVicePresidentofURSIandmypredecessorasChairmanofURSICommissionE,forhisencour-agementandsupportduringallphasesofthisactivity;toProfessorl.
VanBladel,SecretaryGeneralofURSI,forhissupportasoneoftheURSISymposia;toProfessorA.
Kimpara,pastPresidentofNationalURSI,forhisopeningaddressofwelcomeandforhiskeynoteaddressatthereceptionparty;toProfessorH.
Ishikawa,pastChairmanofNationalURSIComissionE,forhissuggestionsandsupportduringthisactivity;toProfessorT.
Ogawa,pastPresidentoftheInternationalAtmosphericElectricityCommission,forhisclosingaddress;.
andtoProfes-sorsandDrs.
L.
R.
O.
Storey,l.
Hamelin,Y.
Scuka,la.
I.
Likhter,H.
Volland,A.
c.
Fraser-Smith,R.
L.
Gardner,P.
Y.
Bliokh,M.
B.
Gokhberg,l.
W.
Warwick,G.
c.
Dijkhuis,andG.
T.
Meaden,whoservedassessionchairmenduringthesymposiumandcontributedgreatlytoitssuccessbyconductingtheirsessionsinamostengagingandstimulatingmanner.
Inaddition,Dr.
M.
Hayakawa,ChairmanofNationalURSICommissionEwasmosthelpfulinorganizingthesymposiumandpreparingthetechnicalprogramme.
ItisapleasuretothankthestaffofSpringer-VerlagTokyofortheireditorialassistanceandMs.
I.
Satoyoshiforhersecretarialwork.
DirectfinancialassistancewasofferedthesymposiumbyResearchGrantsfromtheMinistryofEducation,InoueScienceFoundation,InternationalCommunicationsFoundation,Tele-communicationsAdvancementFoundation,NTT,Toshiba,Fuji,Sumitomo,NEC,TokyoandTohokuPowerCorporationsunderthesupportoftheURSI,andthisisgratefullyacknowledged.
TokyoH.
KIKUCHIChairmanURSICommissionE.
TableofContentsPrefaceV1IntroductionH.
KIKUCHI32SpacecraftEMEnvironment2.
1TheShuttleElectrodynamicTetherMissionL.
R.
O.
STOREY372.
2HighFrequencyWaveGenerationbyElectronBeamInjectioninSpace42S.
SASAKI2.
3SpaceTetherExperiment49S.
SASAKIandK.
OYAMA2.
4HighVoltageTechnologyinSpace56K.
NAGAI3NaturalandTriggeredLightning3.
1LightningObservationsinFinlandandTheoreticalCalculationoftheLightningElectromagneticPulse63T.
J.
TUOMI,T.
H.
SUMMANEN,andR.
J.
PIRJOLA3.
2APossibleMechanismforGenerationofLinearLightningFlashesA.
I.
GRIGORYEVandS.
O.
SHIRYAEVA3.
3TheCharacteristicsofWinterLightningStrokesObserved74withVideoCameraSystems79Y.
GOTOandK.
NARITA3.
4AnomalousFeaturesofElectromagneticPulsesCausedbyLightningReturnStrokesDuringWinterThunderstormsinJapan87K.
YAMAMOTO,Y.
AIKI,K.
MATSUURA,Z-I.
KAWASAKI,H.
KINOSHITA,andI.
ARIMAVIII3.
5VHF/UHFRadiationfromPositiveandNegativeLightning95M.
NAKANO,Z-1.
KAWASAKI,T.
TAKEUTI,T.
SIRAI,andY.
KAWAMATA3.
6ArtificiallyTriggeredLightningExperimentsforWinterThunderclouds102K.
NAKAMURAandK.
HORII3.
7BoundaryLayerModelandCalculationforHorizontalThundercloudElectrificationPrecedingNaturalandRocket-TriggeredLightning113G.
C.
DUKHVIS4Atmospherics,Whistlers,andEmissions4.
1Sferics127H.
VOLLAND4.
2PolarVLFEmissionsObservedbyISISSatellites139T.
ONDOH4.
3DirectionFindingofMagnetosphericVLF/ELFEmissionsandTheirGenerationMechanism155M.
HAYAKAWA4.
4DirectionFindingofVery-Low-LatitudeWhistlersandTheirPropagation.
.
.
.
.
.
168M.
HAYAKAWA,K.
OHTA,andS.
SHIMAKURA4.
5FrequencyDependenceofIonosphericExitPointsandPolarizationofDaytimeWhistlersatLow-Latitude172K.
OHTA,M.
HAYAKAWA,andS.
SHIMAKURA4.
6WaveformAnalysisofWhistlers179H.
HAGINO,T.
OGAWA,andS.
YANO5NaturalVLFIELFRadioNoise5.
1GlobalMeasurementsofLow-FrequencyRadioNoise191AC.
FRASER-SMITH,P.
RMCGILL,ABERNARDI,RAHELLIWELL,andM.
E.
LADD5.
2MeasurementsofELFIVLFRadioNoiseinJapan201AC.
FRASER-SMITH,T.
OGAWA,P.
RMcGILL,ABERNARDI,M.
E.
LADD,andR.
A.
HELLIWELL5.
3CharacteristicsofLFWhistler-ModeWavesObservedinConjugateAreaatLowLatitudes208Y.
TANAKAandM.
NISHINO5.
4RayFocussingofWhistler-ModeWavesinaMagnetoplasma222K.
ISHIKAWA,K.
HATTORI,andM.
HAYAKAWAIX5.
5DispersionCharacteristicsandWaveformAnalysisofTweekAtmospherics.
.
.
.
.
227S.
YANO,T.
OGAWA,andH.
HAGINO6TerrestrialandExtraterrestrialNoiseEnvironment6.
1NaturalNoiseAbove50MHzfromTerrestrialandExtraterrestrialSources.
.
.
.
.
239E.
K.
SMITHandW.
L.
FLOCK6.
2AmplificationandPropagationofGeomagneticPulsationsPc1inthePlasmapauseRegion251Y.
HIGUCHI6.
3OntheExperimentalResultsofHiss-TriggeredChorusObservedOnboardGEOS-lSatelliteintheOuterMagnetosphere258K.
HATIORI,M.
HAYAKAWA,D.
LAGOUTIE,F.
LEFEUVRE,andM.
PARROT6.
4GeomagneticInductionintheFinnish400KVPowerSystem276R.
J.
PIRJOLAandA.
T.
VIUANEN6.
5ElectromagneticFieldCausedbyanAuroralElectrojetCurrentSystemModel288R.
J.
PIRJOLAandL.
V.
T.
HAKKINEN6.
6OntheEstimationoftheIonosphericExitRegionsofMagnetosphericVLFRadioWavesbytheUseofWaveEnergyDistributioninWaveNumberSpace299S.
SHIMAKURAandM.
HAYAKAWA6.
7RadioSkyMappingfromSatellitesatVeryLowFrequencies310L.
R.
O.
STOREY7PlanetaryLightningandCosmicPlasmaNoise7.
1Voyager-NeptuneEncounter327J.
W.
WARWICK7.
2VenusPlasmaNoise:AnImportantInterdisciplinaryIssue331H.
A.
TAYLOR,JR.
7.
3SelfgravitationalSpacePlasma341P.
V.
BUOKHandV.
V.
YAROSHENKO7.
4MicrowaveObservationsoftheSunDuringthe22ndSolarActivityCycle-17GHzRadioHeliograph345K.
SHIBASAKI,K.
KAI,S.
ENoME,H.
NAKAJIMA,M.
NISHIO,T.
TAKANo,C.
TORn,Y.
SHIOMI,H.
SEKIGUCHI,M.
SAWA,T.
BUSHIMATA,S.
KAWASHIMA,N.
SHINOHARA,andT.
KOSUGI7.
5X-RayAstronomySatelliteGingaandObservations351F.
MAKINOx8Man-MadeNoiseEnvironmentandEMC8.
1Man-MadeNoiseSourcesandEnvironmentsInterferenceO.
v.
BETSKY3618.
2ElectromagneticEcologyandWavesinNonlinearElectromagnetics367V.
V.
KISLOVandI.
V.
TARANOV8.
3DeterminationoftheMutualInductanceBetweenParallelLinesbyMakingUseofStruve'sFunction373Y-G.
GAOandY-H.
Lu9NoiseandCommunicationStatistics9.
1FromRadioInterferencetoElectromagneticCompatibility-ClassificationoftheElectromagneticEnvironment.
381F.
L.
H.
M.
STUMPERS9.
2GenerationMechanismofR.
F.
NoisesonPowerLines392S.
NITTA,A.
MUTOH,N.
YAMAKOSHI,andT.
SHIMAYAMA9.
3ARejectionMethodforInterferenceWavesCausedbySporadic-EIonosphericPropagation410H.
ARATAandS.
YAMAZAKI9.
4TheMultimodeMeasurementsofEMC-ParametersandStatisticalTheoryofMultimodeSystems417L.
N.
GEIVANDOV10SpaceCommunicationandMeasurement10.
1SatelliteCommunicationsoftheFutureandTheirEMCProblems421F.
L.
H.
M.
STUMPERS10.
2EfficientUseoftheGeostationarySatelliteOrbit:AllotmentPlanningandItsPracticalUse424Y.
ITOandM.
YAMADA10.
3DevelopmentofAROWSystemforMeasurementofAtmosphericParametersUsingAudio,Radio,andOpticalWaves439Y.
SONODA,N.
KAWANO,M.
FUKUMA,S.
MATSUDA,andT.
GONDA11HighPowerElectromagnetics11.
1AMagneticFieldShieldingPracticeAgainsttheHeavyLightningElectromagnetics453S.
KAWAMATA,Y.
EDANO,andK.
WAKAMATSUXI11.
2SimulationofElectromagneticAspectsofLightning463C.
E.
BAUM11.
3SomeFeaturesofWaveguide/HomDesign480C.
E.
BAUM11.
4EnergyNormsand2-Norms498C.
E.
BAuM12SeismoelectricEmissions12.
1OnSeismoelectromagneticPhenomenaN.
1.
GERSHENZONandM.
B.
GOKHBERG12.
2RadioEmissionsfromRock,Iron,andWoodandanExample511ofRadioNoisesAssociatedwithEarthquake520T.
OGAWA,S.
YANO,K.
OIKE,andA.
C.
FRASER-SMITH12.
3RadioEmissionfromEarthquakesJ.
W.
WARWICK13BallLightning52813.
1StateEquationandPhaseDiagramforFractalGrowthinBallLightning535G.
C.
DUKHUIS13.
2CorrelativeRelationshipBetweentheIntensityofRadiationforBallLightningandItsTypicalLinearDimension547A.
1.
GRIGORYEV,I.
D.
GRIGORYEVA,E.
N.
NOSKOV,andS.
O.
SHIRYAEVA13.
3ExperimentalResearchonBallLightningY.
H.
OmsuKIandH.
OFURUTON14Meteorologico-ElectricPhenomenaandEHD14.
1Meteorologico-ElectricPhenomenaandElectrohydrodynamics(EHD)550orElectromagnetohydrodynamics(EMHD)561H.
KIKUCHI14.
2DiscoveryofaNewElectromagneticPhenomenonintheAtmosphere:AnElectrifiedVortexandItsPhysicalPropertiesasRevealedbyPatternedGroundTracesandRadio-Frequency,Electromagnetic,Acoustic,andLuminousEffects576G.
T.
MEADEN14.
3ElectromagnetohydrodynamicVorticesandComCircles585H.
KIKUCHIXII15AssembledAbstracts15.
1ResearchattheEuropeanSpaceAgencyonSpacecraft/PlasmaInteractionandTheirElectromagneticEffects599J.
HAMELIN15.
2TheFormationofLightningUpwardDischarges600G.
BERGER15.
3TheAbilityofUsingLightningFlashDetectorDataforGeophysicalResearch-AStudyInitiatedbytheESAMeteosatProgramfortheSecondGenerationMeteorologicalSatellitesInstrumentation601V.
SCUKA15.
4DetectionandLocationofIntracloudLightningDischarges603J.
L.
BOULAY15.
5OnTriggeredLightningsfromMultiplePoints604Y.
KAWAMATA,T.
TAKEUTI,M.
NAKANO,andZ-1.
KAWASAKI15.
6Small-ScaleVariationsofELFandVLFMagneticandElectricFieldComponentsinSubauroralZone605JA.
I.
LniliTER,V.
1.
LARKINA,andG.
L.
GDALEVICH15.
7ElectromagneticWaveEnvironmentintheMagnetosphereObservedbyAkebonoSatellite-PreliminaryResults606I.
KIMURA,K.
HASHIMOTO,I.
NAGANO,T.
OKADA,andM.
YAMAMOTO15.
8SchumannResonancesinMiddleLatitudesofAsiafIJ7Yu.
B.
BASHKUEV,V.
B.
HAPfANOV,D.
G.
BUYANOVA,andE.
M.
MITKINOV15.
9TypeIIInterplanetaryRadioBursts608H.
KIKUCHI15.
10NewResultsforLightningActivityonVenusandJupiter,andPredictionsofLightningActivityonNeptune609W.
J.
BORUCKI15.
11HighPowerElectromagnetics-A.
EMPHardening611C.
E.
BAUMandR.
L.
GARDNER15.
12HighPowerElectromagnetics-B.
LightningElectromagnetics612R.
L.
GARDNER15.
13ResultsoftheScope-EnuwarProject,WhichInvolvedURSI613M.
W.
WIK15.
14MagneticCouplingofPrecursorsatVolcanoEruption614T.
YOSHINO15.
15BallLightningProperties615A.
1.
GRIGORYEV
Kikuchi(Ed.
)EnvironmentalandSpaceElectromagneticsWith304Figures,Including2inColorSpringer-VerlagTokyoBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkLondonParisHongKongBarcelonaHIROSHIKIKUCHIProfessor,URSICommissionEChairman,NihonUniversity,CollegeofScience&Technology,1-8-14,KandaSurugadai,Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo,101JapanISBN-13:978-4-431-68164-9e-ISBN-13:978-4-431-68162-5DOl:10.
1007/978-4-431-68162-5LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataEnvironmentalandspaceelectromagnetics/H.
Kikuchi,ed.
p.
cm.
BasedonthepaperspresentedattheInternationalURSISymposiumonEnvironmentalandspaceeiectromagneticsheldinTokyoon08/04-06/1989.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN-13:978-4-431-68164-91.
Radiometeorology-Congresses.
2.
Electromagnetism-Congresses.
3.
Atmosphericelectricity-Congresses.
4.
Radionoise-Congresses.
I.
Kikuchi,H.
(Hiroshi),1926-.
Electromagnetics(1989;Tokyo,Japan),QC972.
6.
E681991,537S34-dc2091-31912Springer-VerlagTokyo1991Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition1991Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.
Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinotherways,andstorageindatabanks.
Theuseofregisterednames,trademarks,etc.
inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheadsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
PrefaceThisbookisbasedontheupdatedversionsofalivelymixtureoftutorials,topicalpapers,andscientificandtechnologicalcontributionscollectedfromtheInternationalURSISymposiumonEnvironmentalandSpaceElectromagneticsheldinTokyoon4-6September,1989.
ItwassponsoredbytheInternationalUnionofRadioScience(URSI)asanactivityofCommissionE(Chairman:presenteditor)precedingtheURSIGeneralAssemblyinPrague,Czechoslovakiain1990.
Theaimwasanexchangeofinformationandviewstohighlightthestateoftheartinradioscienceandinterdisciplinaryareas.
Alongthisline,theeditorhasattemptedtocoverquitenew,novelorunconventionalsubjectsbesidesmoretraditionalorconventionalones.
Althoughagreatmanysubjectshaveapparentlybeencovered,thisbookhasbeeneditedsothereadercanfindsomecommonconceptsorviewspresented.
Onthisbasis,agroupofmanysubjectscanbetreatedinaunifiedfashion,andnewideasandviewscanbegainedasamostvaluableadditiontocurrentknowledge.
Thisisoneofthemajorfeaturesofthisvolumethatcannotbefoundinanyofthemonographsorproceedingsthatcoveranarrowrangeoflimitedtopics.
Itsbroadscopedoesnotstandforpresentationinasuperficialandshallowmanner,butstandsforastrongfocusonthesearchforacommonnatureinbasicconceptsorviewsinapparentlydiversesubjects,andafocusontheadvancedorinnovatorynatureofeachcontribution.
Thesymposiumconsistedofseventeensessionswithseventypapers,38fromabroadand32fromJapan,andthereweremorethanonehundredparticipantsfromfifteencountries:Canada,China(CIE;SRS),Finland,France,FederalRepublicofGermany,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Korea,Netherlands,Sweden,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates,andUSSR.
Thetopicscoveredare:(1)spacecraftEMenvironment;(2)lightningdischarges;(3)winterthunderstormsandtriggeredlightning;(4)atmospherics,whistlersandemissions;(5)naturalVLFIELFradionoise;(6)terrestrialandextraterrestrialnoiseenvironment;(7)planetarylightningandcosmicplasmanoise;(8)man-madenoiseenvironmentandEMC;(9)noiseandcommunicationstatistics;(10)spacecommunicationandmeasurement;(11)highpowerelectromagnetics;(12)seismoelectricemissions;(13)balllightning;(14)meteorologico-electricphenomenaandEMHDvortices.
VIOfthetopicsmentionedabove,(1),(3),(6),(7),and(12)-(14)providethereaderwithquitenew,novelorunconventionalsubjectsthathaveneverbeendiscussedinanopenforumorinabook.
Topic(1)discussesspacecraftactiveexperimentsandenvironment,and(3)presentsrecentresultsofwinterthunderstormsandrocket-triggeredlightning.
Chapter(7)providesitsreaderswiththeupdatedresultsofobservationsfromthemajorspacecraftindeepspace,PioneerandVoyager,inparticularreferencetoplanetarylightningandplasmanoise,andtheX-rayastronomysatelliteGinga,aswellasanewapproachtogravitationaldustyspaceplasmas.
Chapters(12)-(14)arespecialtopicsthathavecomeupratherrecently.
Inparticular,anexampleofEHDorEMHDvortexphenomenacoveredinChaper(14)istheso-calledcropcirclesemerginginEngland,whichhaveintriguedthepublicworldwide.
Therestofthetopics,(2),(4),(5),and(8)-(11),areconcernedwithmoretraditionalandconventionalsubjects,butpresentscientificupdatesofeachtopic.
AsinthelastURSIworkshopandtwootherinternationalplasmaworkshopsorganizedbythepresenteditorandheldinTokyo·in1984,1980and1986,thepresentsymposiumalsoendeavoredtoassignasmuchtimeaspossibletospeakersforlecturesanddiscussions,andtomaintainafree,enjoyable,andstimulatingatmosphereinaratherinformalstyle.
Theeditorhopesthatthisvolumewillconveythisspirit,asitcontainsamixtureofshortandlongoriginalsandreviews,evenincludingunfinishedworkthatisinprogress,andpersonalratherthanestablishedviews,whichmaynotfindtheirproperplaceintheliteratureofthefield.
Thismayenableustoexchangeinformation,perhapsbroaderinscopethaninajournalarticle,andthisisconsideredanothermajorfeatureofthisvolume.
Manythanksareduetothecontributorsfortheirpromptpreparationandexcellentpresen-tations.
SpecialthanksareduetothestaffofSpringer-Verlag,Tokyo,fortheirconscientiousandpatientcollaborationineditorialwork.
Ithasbeengreatlyappreciatedindeed.
TheeditorisgratefultoProfessorF.
L.
H.
M.
Stumpers,HonoraryPresidentandpastVicePresidentofURSIandmypredecessorasChairmanofURSICommissionE,forhisencour-agementandsupportduringallphasesofthisactivity;toProfessorl.
VanBladel,SecretaryGeneralofURSI,forhissupportasoneoftheURSISymposia;toProfessorA.
Kimpara,pastPresidentofNationalURSI,forhisopeningaddressofwelcomeandforhiskeynoteaddressatthereceptionparty;toProfessorH.
Ishikawa,pastChairmanofNationalURSIComissionE,forhissuggestionsandsupportduringthisactivity;toProfessorT.
Ogawa,pastPresidentoftheInternationalAtmosphericElectricityCommission,forhisclosingaddress;.
andtoProfes-sorsandDrs.
L.
R.
O.
Storey,l.
Hamelin,Y.
Scuka,la.
I.
Likhter,H.
Volland,A.
c.
Fraser-Smith,R.
L.
Gardner,P.
Y.
Bliokh,M.
B.
Gokhberg,l.
W.
Warwick,G.
c.
Dijkhuis,andG.
T.
Meaden,whoservedassessionchairmenduringthesymposiumandcontributedgreatlytoitssuccessbyconductingtheirsessionsinamostengagingandstimulatingmanner.
Inaddition,Dr.
M.
Hayakawa,ChairmanofNationalURSICommissionEwasmosthelpfulinorganizingthesymposiumandpreparingthetechnicalprogramme.
ItisapleasuretothankthestaffofSpringer-VerlagTokyofortheireditorialassistanceandMs.
I.
Satoyoshiforhersecretarialwork.
DirectfinancialassistancewasofferedthesymposiumbyResearchGrantsfromtheMinistryofEducation,InoueScienceFoundation,InternationalCommunicationsFoundation,Tele-communicationsAdvancementFoundation,NTT,Toshiba,Fuji,Sumitomo,NEC,TokyoandTohokuPowerCorporationsunderthesupportoftheURSI,andthisisgratefullyacknowledged.
TokyoH.
KIKUCHIChairmanURSICommissionE.
TableofContentsPrefaceV1IntroductionH.
KIKUCHI32SpacecraftEMEnvironment2.
1TheShuttleElectrodynamicTetherMissionL.
R.
O.
STOREY372.
2HighFrequencyWaveGenerationbyElectronBeamInjectioninSpace42S.
SASAKI2.
3SpaceTetherExperiment49S.
SASAKIandK.
OYAMA2.
4HighVoltageTechnologyinSpace56K.
NAGAI3NaturalandTriggeredLightning3.
1LightningObservationsinFinlandandTheoreticalCalculationoftheLightningElectromagneticPulse63T.
J.
TUOMI,T.
H.
SUMMANEN,andR.
J.
PIRJOLA3.
2APossibleMechanismforGenerationofLinearLightningFlashesA.
I.
GRIGORYEVandS.
O.
SHIRYAEVA3.
3TheCharacteristicsofWinterLightningStrokesObserved74withVideoCameraSystems79Y.
GOTOandK.
NARITA3.
4AnomalousFeaturesofElectromagneticPulsesCausedbyLightningReturnStrokesDuringWinterThunderstormsinJapan87K.
YAMAMOTO,Y.
AIKI,K.
MATSUURA,Z-I.
KAWASAKI,H.
KINOSHITA,andI.
ARIMAVIII3.
5VHF/UHFRadiationfromPositiveandNegativeLightning95M.
NAKANO,Z-1.
KAWASAKI,T.
TAKEUTI,T.
SIRAI,andY.
KAWAMATA3.
6ArtificiallyTriggeredLightningExperimentsforWinterThunderclouds102K.
NAKAMURAandK.
HORII3.
7BoundaryLayerModelandCalculationforHorizontalThundercloudElectrificationPrecedingNaturalandRocket-TriggeredLightning113G.
C.
DUKHVIS4Atmospherics,Whistlers,andEmissions4.
1Sferics127H.
VOLLAND4.
2PolarVLFEmissionsObservedbyISISSatellites139T.
ONDOH4.
3DirectionFindingofMagnetosphericVLF/ELFEmissionsandTheirGenerationMechanism155M.
HAYAKAWA4.
4DirectionFindingofVery-Low-LatitudeWhistlersandTheirPropagation.
.
.
.
.
.
168M.
HAYAKAWA,K.
OHTA,andS.
SHIMAKURA4.
5FrequencyDependenceofIonosphericExitPointsandPolarizationofDaytimeWhistlersatLow-Latitude172K.
OHTA,M.
HAYAKAWA,andS.
SHIMAKURA4.
6WaveformAnalysisofWhistlers179H.
HAGINO,T.
OGAWA,andS.
YANO5NaturalVLFIELFRadioNoise5.
1GlobalMeasurementsofLow-FrequencyRadioNoise191AC.
FRASER-SMITH,P.
RMCGILL,ABERNARDI,RAHELLIWELL,andM.
E.
LADD5.
2MeasurementsofELFIVLFRadioNoiseinJapan201AC.
FRASER-SMITH,T.
OGAWA,P.
RMcGILL,ABERNARDI,M.
E.
LADD,andR.
A.
HELLIWELL5.
3CharacteristicsofLFWhistler-ModeWavesObservedinConjugateAreaatLowLatitudes208Y.
TANAKAandM.
NISHINO5.
4RayFocussingofWhistler-ModeWavesinaMagnetoplasma222K.
ISHIKAWA,K.
HATTORI,andM.
HAYAKAWAIX5.
5DispersionCharacteristicsandWaveformAnalysisofTweekAtmospherics.
.
.
.
.
227S.
YANO,T.
OGAWA,andH.
HAGINO6TerrestrialandExtraterrestrialNoiseEnvironment6.
1NaturalNoiseAbove50MHzfromTerrestrialandExtraterrestrialSources.
.
.
.
.
239E.
K.
SMITHandW.
L.
FLOCK6.
2AmplificationandPropagationofGeomagneticPulsationsPc1inthePlasmapauseRegion251Y.
HIGUCHI6.
3OntheExperimentalResultsofHiss-TriggeredChorusObservedOnboardGEOS-lSatelliteintheOuterMagnetosphere258K.
HATIORI,M.
HAYAKAWA,D.
LAGOUTIE,F.
LEFEUVRE,andM.
PARROT6.
4GeomagneticInductionintheFinnish400KVPowerSystem276R.
J.
PIRJOLAandA.
T.
VIUANEN6.
5ElectromagneticFieldCausedbyanAuroralElectrojetCurrentSystemModel288R.
J.
PIRJOLAandL.
V.
T.
HAKKINEN6.
6OntheEstimationoftheIonosphericExitRegionsofMagnetosphericVLFRadioWavesbytheUseofWaveEnergyDistributioninWaveNumberSpace299S.
SHIMAKURAandM.
HAYAKAWA6.
7RadioSkyMappingfromSatellitesatVeryLowFrequencies310L.
R.
O.
STOREY7PlanetaryLightningandCosmicPlasmaNoise7.
1Voyager-NeptuneEncounter327J.
W.
WARWICK7.
2VenusPlasmaNoise:AnImportantInterdisciplinaryIssue331H.
A.
TAYLOR,JR.
7.
3SelfgravitationalSpacePlasma341P.
V.
BUOKHandV.
V.
YAROSHENKO7.
4MicrowaveObservationsoftheSunDuringthe22ndSolarActivityCycle-17GHzRadioHeliograph345K.
SHIBASAKI,K.
KAI,S.
ENoME,H.
NAKAJIMA,M.
NISHIO,T.
TAKANo,C.
TORn,Y.
SHIOMI,H.
SEKIGUCHI,M.
SAWA,T.
BUSHIMATA,S.
KAWASHIMA,N.
SHINOHARA,andT.
KOSUGI7.
5X-RayAstronomySatelliteGingaandObservations351F.
MAKINOx8Man-MadeNoiseEnvironmentandEMC8.
1Man-MadeNoiseSourcesandEnvironmentsInterferenceO.
v.
BETSKY3618.
2ElectromagneticEcologyandWavesinNonlinearElectromagnetics367V.
V.
KISLOVandI.
V.
TARANOV8.
3DeterminationoftheMutualInductanceBetweenParallelLinesbyMakingUseofStruve'sFunction373Y-G.
GAOandY-H.
Lu9NoiseandCommunicationStatistics9.
1FromRadioInterferencetoElectromagneticCompatibility-ClassificationoftheElectromagneticEnvironment.
381F.
L.
H.
M.
STUMPERS9.
2GenerationMechanismofR.
F.
NoisesonPowerLines392S.
NITTA,A.
MUTOH,N.
YAMAKOSHI,andT.
SHIMAYAMA9.
3ARejectionMethodforInterferenceWavesCausedbySporadic-EIonosphericPropagation410H.
ARATAandS.
YAMAZAKI9.
4TheMultimodeMeasurementsofEMC-ParametersandStatisticalTheoryofMultimodeSystems417L.
N.
GEIVANDOV10SpaceCommunicationandMeasurement10.
1SatelliteCommunicationsoftheFutureandTheirEMCProblems421F.
L.
H.
M.
STUMPERS10.
2EfficientUseoftheGeostationarySatelliteOrbit:AllotmentPlanningandItsPracticalUse424Y.
ITOandM.
YAMADA10.
3DevelopmentofAROWSystemforMeasurementofAtmosphericParametersUsingAudio,Radio,andOpticalWaves439Y.
SONODA,N.
KAWANO,M.
FUKUMA,S.
MATSUDA,andT.
GONDA11HighPowerElectromagnetics11.
1AMagneticFieldShieldingPracticeAgainsttheHeavyLightningElectromagnetics453S.
KAWAMATA,Y.
EDANO,andK.
WAKAMATSUXI11.
2SimulationofElectromagneticAspectsofLightning463C.
E.
BAUM11.
3SomeFeaturesofWaveguide/HomDesign480C.
E.
BAUM11.
4EnergyNormsand2-Norms498C.
E.
BAuM12SeismoelectricEmissions12.
1OnSeismoelectromagneticPhenomenaN.
1.
GERSHENZONandM.
B.
GOKHBERG12.
2RadioEmissionsfromRock,Iron,andWoodandanExample511ofRadioNoisesAssociatedwithEarthquake520T.
OGAWA,S.
YANO,K.
OIKE,andA.
C.
FRASER-SMITH12.
3RadioEmissionfromEarthquakesJ.
W.
WARWICK13BallLightning52813.
1StateEquationandPhaseDiagramforFractalGrowthinBallLightning535G.
C.
DUKHUIS13.
2CorrelativeRelationshipBetweentheIntensityofRadiationforBallLightningandItsTypicalLinearDimension547A.
1.
GRIGORYEV,I.
D.
GRIGORYEVA,E.
N.
NOSKOV,andS.
O.
SHIRYAEVA13.
3ExperimentalResearchonBallLightningY.
H.
OmsuKIandH.
OFURUTON14Meteorologico-ElectricPhenomenaandEHD14.
1Meteorologico-ElectricPhenomenaandElectrohydrodynamics(EHD)550orElectromagnetohydrodynamics(EMHD)561H.
KIKUCHI14.
2DiscoveryofaNewElectromagneticPhenomenonintheAtmosphere:AnElectrifiedVortexandItsPhysicalPropertiesasRevealedbyPatternedGroundTracesandRadio-Frequency,Electromagnetic,Acoustic,andLuminousEffects576G.
T.
MEADEN14.
3ElectromagnetohydrodynamicVorticesandComCircles585H.
KIKUCHIXII15AssembledAbstracts15.
1ResearchattheEuropeanSpaceAgencyonSpacecraft/PlasmaInteractionandTheirElectromagneticEffects599J.
HAMELIN15.
2TheFormationofLightningUpwardDischarges600G.
BERGER15.
3TheAbilityofUsingLightningFlashDetectorDataforGeophysicalResearch-AStudyInitiatedbytheESAMeteosatProgramfortheSecondGenerationMeteorologicalSatellitesInstrumentation601V.
SCUKA15.
4DetectionandLocationofIntracloudLightningDischarges603J.
L.
BOULAY15.
5OnTriggeredLightningsfromMultiplePoints604Y.
KAWAMATA,T.
TAKEUTI,M.
NAKANO,andZ-1.
KAWASAKI15.
6Small-ScaleVariationsofELFandVLFMagneticandElectricFieldComponentsinSubauroralZone605JA.
I.
LniliTER,V.
1.
LARKINA,andG.
L.
GDALEVICH15.
7ElectromagneticWaveEnvironmentintheMagnetosphereObservedbyAkebonoSatellite-PreliminaryResults606I.
KIMURA,K.
HASHIMOTO,I.
NAGANO,T.
OKADA,andM.
YAMAMOTO15.
8SchumannResonancesinMiddleLatitudesofAsiafIJ7Yu.
B.
BASHKUEV,V.
B.
HAPfANOV,D.
G.
BUYANOVA,andE.
M.
MITKINOV15.
9TypeIIInterplanetaryRadioBursts608H.
KIKUCHI15.
10NewResultsforLightningActivityonVenusandJupiter,andPredictionsofLightningActivityonNeptune609W.
J.
BORUCKI15.
11HighPowerElectromagnetics-A.
EMPHardening611C.
E.
BAUMandR.
L.
GARDNER15.
12HighPowerElectromagnetics-B.
LightningElectromagnetics612R.
L.
GARDNER15.
13ResultsoftheScope-EnuwarProject,WhichInvolvedURSI613M.
W.
WIK15.
14MagneticCouplingofPrecursorsatVolcanoEruption614T.
YOSHINO15.
15BallLightningProperties615A.
1.
GRIGORYEV
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