IPDreadyboost

IndexAAccesstime,3,10,16,19,25,38,67,358,366ACcharacteristics,141Adaptivefrequencyanddutycycle(AFD)controller,188–192,200Adaptivememory,66AddRoundKey,350,351Adleman,L.
,341Advancedencryptionstandard(AES),333,340,349–354AES.
SeeAdvancedencryptionstandard(AES)Allbitline(ABL),104,151–155,179–181ALU.
SeeArithmeticLogicUnit(ALU)Anti-fragmentation(AF)algorithm,367,368Applicationclasses,221,222,225–227ArithmeticLogicUnit(ALU),133Asymmetriccoding,193–198,200Asynchronousinterface,24,25,131,136ATA,2,38,51–54,335Authentication,336,342,348BBabbage,C.
,343Backwards-compatibility,52Badblock,28,30,207,229Badblockmanagement(BBM),28,30BAR.
SeeBaseaddressregister(BAR)Baseaddressregister(BAR),34BBM.
SeeBadblockmanagement(BBM)BCH,30,212,259–291,327–329,358Beliefpropagationdecoding,309–322BER.
SeeBiterrorrate(BER)Berlekamp,268,270,289–291BET.
SeeBlockerasingtable(BET)BGApackage,8Binary-inputAWGNchannel,297Binarysymmetricchannel(BSC),27,272,296,298–300,302,308,309,315,316,319,324–326Biterrorrate(BER),30,36,193,227,228,288,290,305,309,310,328–329,359–362estimation,360Bitippingdecoding,327Bitlinecapacitance,148–151,176,177,181,182,197–199parasitic,149–151pitch,99precharge,179–181,184,199BLe.
SeeEvenpage(BLe)BLO.
SeeOddpage(BLO)Blockerasingtable(BET),236–241Blockprotection,243,245Block-wearinginformationtable,252Boottime,48,49,51Bose,R.
C.
,260BSC.
SeeBinarysymmetricchannel(BSC)Bulk,83,94,119,158,204,218BW1-tablemerge,254CCachedleselectionalgorithm,68Caching,4,15,21,62,68,216–217Caesar,J.
C.
,336Capacitivecouplingmodel,82–84Carlitz-Uchiyamainequality,265–267,279CDM.
SeeCold-datamigration(CDM)CDvariations,112CellCare,50Cell-to-cellvariability,211Channelcapacity,294–298R.
Michelonietal.
,InsideSolidStateDrives(SSDs),SpringerSeriesinAdvancedMicroelectronics37,DOI10.
1007/978-94-007-5146-0,SpringerScienceCBusinessMediaDordrecht2013375376IndexChannelcodingtheorem,298–299Channelencoder,295ChargePump,128,160,162–167,184,188,191Chargeretention,22,84,90,95,105,121Chargetrappingcells,87,101,113,114,119Chargetrappinglayer(CTL),114–117,119,120Checknodes,305–310,313–319,321–324,326,327Chemical-mechanicalplanarization(CMP),12Chiang,M.
-L.
,235Chien,E.
-K.
,289Ciphertext,337,340–346,351,352Client,2,5–9,44,51,221,226,229CMP.
SeeChemical-mechanicalplanarization(CMP)Codebreakers,336Codeensemble,306–307,326Coderate(CR),261,286,295,298,299,305,327,328,361Co-design,173–200Colddata,62,70,71,236–239,241,243–247,249,253Cold-datamigration(CDM),243,245–247,249Coldpool,236,244–247,249,253Cold-pooladjustment(CPA),245,246,249,253Collisionresistance,346Computationalsecurity,339Concatenation,263,264CongurationReadMessages,35ConsumerSSD,49,51Controlinterface(CI),20,43,129,130,249Correctioncapability,262,264,267,271,273,277,280,287,290,322,328,357CPA.
SeeCold-pooladjustment(CPA)CR.
SeeCoderate(CR)CRC.
SeeCyclicredundancycheck(CRC)Cryptoanalysis,342Cryptosystem,399–345CTL.
SeeChargetrappinglayer(CTL)Currentconsumption,175,176,178,181–184Cycliccode,260,264Cyclicredundancycheck(CRC),36,50,51DDaemen,J.
,350Databuffer,140Datacenter,47–49,55–60Dataeviction,368Datafragmentation,187,366,368,370,371,373Dataintegrity,26,50,56,230,346,348Datalinklayer,35–37Datapath,50,51,129–133Datasensor,71Datastrobesignal(DQS),25,26,136,137DC-DCconverter,21,165,166DCO.
SeeDigitalcontrolledoscillator(DCO)Decoder,118,127,128,132,167–169,183,264,265,267,271,289,295,299,300,302–306,308,311,319–324,328,359,363Degaussian,333,334Densityevolution,308,326Detection,30,54,144,259,261,264,271–272,285–287,291Detectioncapability,261Diffusion,218,352Digest,346,347,349Digitalcontrolledoscillator(DCO),190,192Digitalsignatures,248,349DIMM,653D-integration,173,174,199Discretecapacitors,218–220Distinguishingalgorithm,343Disturbs,28,65,91–93,95,104,144,159,161,193–196,203,212–214,359,362,363,3733Dmemorycellintegration,117–122Doubledatarate(DDR)interface,26,127,133–137Doubledatarate(DDR)memory,21Doublepatterning,110,111Double-supplyvoltageregulator,166–167Downstream(DP),33,36,131DP.
SeeDownstream(DP)DQS.
SeeDatastrobesignal(DQS)Drain,83,84,108,143,168,204,300,301DRAM,2,4,38,61,65,110,136,188,364,3663DSSD,188–193Dualcode,262,265,272,273,279,282,284Dual-pool,233,236,242–255Dualport,17,53,54,56,133Dynamicwearleveling,29,212EECCs.
SeeErrorcorrectingcodes(ECCs)ElectricalIPDthickness(EOT),84,100,103,106,116Electricalphysicallayer,36Index377Elias,P.
,260Embeddedmicrocontroller,127eMLC,70Encoder,196,198,266,289,295,306Encryption,333–341,343,345,346,348,349,353,354EndPoints,33–35Endurance,12,28,49,50,57,60,69,70,97,98,116,117,122,203–207,209,212,216,220–230,233–236,249,255,364,366,372–374Endurancestress,223–229Enigma,336,337,344,345Enterprise,2,4,5,9–15,17,19,33,37–40,43,44,48–55,57–60,70,173,217–222,225,227,229,391EnterpriseSSD,10,14–17,44,49–52,58,229Entropyofrandomvariables,293,294Enumerationprocess,34,35EOT.
SeeElectricalIPDthickness(EOT)EPROM.
SeeErasableprogrammablereadonlymemory(EPROM)Erasableprogrammablereadonlymemory(EPROM),21Erase-historytable,252,253Erasesaturation,89,100,101,114,115Erraticbits,205,209–210Errorcorrectingcodes(ECCs),24,30,50,51,65,129,135,175,187,193,200,204,210,212,213,215,252,259,260,288,290,302,357,359,360,363,373Erroroor,309–310Errorlocatorpolynomial,266–271,289ErrorpredictionLDPC,357–362Errorrecoverypulses,359,362Errorreductionpulse,363eSLC,70Evenness-aware,236–242,255Evenpage(BLe),24Extension,263,273,279,282ExternalNAND,63–65FFactorization,339,342,345FAT.
SeeFileallocationtable(FAT)FC.
SeeFiberchannel(FC)FeRAM,64FFR.
SeeFunctionalfailurerequirement(FFR)FFS.
SeeFlashlesystem(FFS)FG.
SeeFloatinggate(FG)Fiberchannel(FC),16–17Fileallocationtable(FAT),27,28,249Filesystem,27,44,62,67,235,249,353Firmwaretransactionlayer(FTL),28,175,236,249,250,335Flashcache,9Flashchannel,30,31,137,138,288,289Flashcontroller,27,40,42,51,73,212,335,354Flashlesystem(FFS),27,28Flashmanagement,42,49,51,57,58,235–237,242Flashtransactionlayer(FTL),28,175Floatinggate(FG),21,22,80–118,120,122,155–158,162,169,194,195,204–208,213,300,357,362FloatinggateNAND,80–113,122,155Floorplan,128Formfactor,7,8,20,38,39,43,44,51,55–57Fowler-Nordheimtunneling,84–86,114,159,300Frequencyanalysis,343,344FTL.
SeeFirmwaretransactionlayer(FTL);Flashtransactionlayer(FTL)Functionalfailurerequirement(FFR),222,223,229,230GGallagerBdecoding,326,328Gallager,R.
G.
,260Garbagecollection,28,29,62,74,187,235,237–239,241,243,245,247,249–251,254,255Generatormatrix,261Globaldeduction,343Globalwordlines(GWLs),168,169GWLs.
SeeGlobalwordlines(GWLs)HHammingdistance,261,300Hamming,R.
,259,260ard-decisiondecoding,327–329Harddiskdrive(HDD),1–11,13,14,16,42,52,56–69,175,186,215,230,233,333–335,354Hashfunction,245–249HDD.
SeeHarddiskdrive(HDD)HDDreliability,230Highperformancecomputing(HPC),12,13,15Highspeed,15,135,139,142,143,173,184,185,199,264,373Highvoltagemanagement,162–165HighvoltagePMOS,166Hocquengheim,A.
,260H378IndexHostdatatransfer,49Hot-coldswapping,235Hotdata,62,70,236,237,241,243,245,248,369,373Hotfragmenteddata,367Hotplug,44,53,54Hotpool,236,244–247,249,253Hotpooladjustment(HPA),245–247,249,253HPA.
SeeHotpooladjustment(HPA)HPC.
SeeHighperformancecomputing(HPC)HybridSSD,69–71,73,367,372–374IIncrementalsteppulseprogramming(ISPP)algorithm,85,158Indicator,344,345Informationdeduction,343Instancededuction,343Integrity,26,50,53,135,143,144,230,346,348Interleavedarchitecture,24,32,152Interleaving,24,31,149–152,175,184–185,187,199I/O,11,31,37,40,43,63,68,129,132,133,135–144,175,216,217,369I/Ooperationspersecond(IOPS),10–13,15,37–40,42,43,57IPDlayer,86,87,100ISPP.
SeeIncrementalsteppulseprogramming(ISPP)algorithmKKang,D.
,80Kasiskimethod,343,344Key,9,10,20,21,51,60,65,143,175,191,194,234,255,264,287,291,336,337,339–344,348–350,354,367Keygenerator,350,351,354Kim,H.
-J.
,235Krawtchoukpolynomial,276,277LLane,33,34,36,37,39LBF.
SeeLine-by-ll(LBF)LBS.
SeeLine-by-spacer(LBS)LDPC.
SeeLow-densityparity-check(LDPC)codesLeakagecurrent,97,104–105Leastsignicantbit(LSB),24,161Legacyashmemory,40LegacyNAND,136Likelihoodratio(LR),311–317,319Line-by-ll(LBF),111–113Line-by-spacer(LBS),111–113Logicalblock,24,28,221,250,251,253Logicalpage,22,24,102,217,368Logicalphysicallayer,36Logicalsegment,250,252,253Low-densityparity-check(LDPC)codes,293–329LR.
SeeLikelihoodratio(LR)LRU,68,71LSB.
SeeLeastsignicantbit(LSB)MMacWilliamsequality,262–263MacWilliams,F.
J.
,263,279Matrixip-well,159,160Mechanicalreliability,230Memorycellscaling,195Memorycontroller,26–30,34,40,135,213Messageauthenticationcode(MAC),336,348Min-sumdecoding,323Miscorrectionprobability,271MixColumns,352,353MLC.
SeeMulti-levelcells(MLC)MLCchannelmodel,303–305Most-recently-used(MRU)algorithm,368,369Mostsignicantbit(MSB),23,24,161MRAM,64MSB.
SeeMostsignicantbit(MSB)Multi-channel,31–32,39,288–291Multi-coresystem,43Multi-levelcells(MLC),90,204Multi-thread,49Mutualinformation,293–294,297,303,305NNANDchannel,174NANDash,1,21,57,61,79,127,173,203,233,259,300,334,364NANDinterface,24–26,136NANDonmotherboard,65–66NMOStransistors,143,148,164Non-repudiation,348Non-transparentbridging(NTB),35,36Nonvolatilememory(NVM),4,20–22,264Non-volatileRAM,21NORmemories,21,79,145,146,188NTB.
SeeNon-transparentbridging(NTB)NVM.
SeeNonvolatilememory(NVM)TheNVMexpress(NVMe),43,44Index379OOCD.
SeeOffchipdriver(OCD)Oddpage(BLO),24Offchipdriver(OCD),132,138,139,142–144One-timepad,340One-wayfunction,341ONFI.
SeeOpenNANDashinterface(ONFI)ONFIinterface,26ONOlayer,81,86,88Open-drain,143OpenNANDashinterface(ONFI),25,26,65,136Operatingsystem(OS),7,8,14,43,65,66,68,185,215,335Opticallithogap,109–113OS.
SeeOperatingsystem(OS)Over-programming,205,209–210Overprovisioning,71–74PPairedstoragecomputer,65ParallelBCH,288Parity,30,215,216,260,261,263–266,293–329,361,373Parity-checkmatrix,305,309,314,318,327Passdisturb,91–93,95,104,159,213,214Pass-transistor(PT),149,151,168,261Passwindow,93Pattern-basedPDC(PB-PDC),68p-BICS.
SeePipe-shapedbitcostscalable(p-BICS)PB-PDC.
SeePattern-basedPDC(PB-PDC)PCB,4,20,143PCI,2,19–44,288PCIexpress(PCIe),14–17,19–44,26,32–44,51,52,70switch,34–36PCI-PCIBridges,34PCRAM,357PDC.
SeePopulardataconcentration(PDC)Petersonestimation,273,286,287Physicaldestruction,334,335Physicalsegment,250,252,253Pinheiro,E.
,68Pipe-shapedbitcostscalable(p-BICS),118,119,122Plaintext,337,339–347,350Populardataconcentration(PDC),68Powerconsumption,10,11,15,31,37,49,67,137,151,157,165,178,188,189,193,194,197,199,230,234,357,373Power-detectsignal,184Powerfailure,54,217–218Powerfailureprotection,54Preconditioning,58Preimageresistance,346Pre-recordedtables,358,359Programcounter,133Programdisturb,65,91,92,157,186,193–196,213,214,359,360,362,363Programenablesignal,185Programinhibit,90–92,104,157,158,180,181,186Programpulse,85,86,90,93,155,157,158,161,167,179,181,183,191,199,209Programsaturation,87–89,114,115,122Programvoltagegenerator(PVG),188–194Provablesecurity,339Public-keycryptosystem,341,342Push-pull,139,140,143PVG.
SeeProgramvoltagegenerator(PVG)QQuadruplepatterning(QP),113Quasi-cyclicLDPC(QC-LDPC),306,308–310,327–329Queue-headtable(QHtable),253,254RRandomaccessmemories(RAM),2,13,21,133,134,216,235,237,238,249,250,254,255,354,357Randomizingcoding,195Randomtelegraphnoise(RTN),107–109,193,210Rawbiterrorrate(RBER),227,228,288,327–329Ray-Chaudhuri,D.
K.
,260Rconoperation,350Readdisturb,65,95,121,213Readonlymemories(ROM),21,133Readyboost,63Ready/busysignal,24,185,191Readydrive,67Recenterase-cyclecount,246,248,249,252Reconsider-as-a-fragmentation(RAAF)algorithm,368,370Redundancy,50,128,129Redundantarrayofindependentdisks(RAID),9,204,215–216Reed,I.
S.
,260Replacementalgorithm,68ReRAM,357–374Resettinginterval,237–241380IndexRetentionstress,222,224,227–228time,223,227,228,358,360,373Rijmen,V.
,350Rijndael,350Rivest,R.
L.
,341Rootcomplex,33–35Rotateoperation,350Rotationallatency,38,56RSA,339,341,342,345SSamplesize(SS),223–224Sanitation,334SAN/NAS,15,16SAS,10,14–17,26,38–42,44,47–60,70SASexpander,53SATA,1,15–17,26,38–42,44,47–60,288,335S-box,350–352SCSI,2,38,43,51–52,54,56,335SCSIexpress,43Secondpreimageresistance,62,346Sectorsize,185–188,368Secureerase,334,335,353Seeklatency,38,57–58Self-aligneddoublepatterning(SADP),110–113Self-alignedSTI(SA-STI),112Selfboost,90–93,157,158Self-boostedprograminhibit(SBPI),90–94Senseamplier,103–104,128,141,144–157TheSenseamplier,144–157Sequentialread,1,38,358,364SerialATAtunneledprotocol(SATP),54Shamir,A.
,341Shannon,C.
,294,336,339Shannon,E.
C.
,259Shannonlimit,30,193,293–299,305,306,326,328,329ShiftRows,350–352Shortening,263Signalprocessing,357–374SILC.
SeeStressinducedleakagecurrent(SILC)SimultaneousSwitchingNoise(SSN),139–142Singledatarate(SDR),136,142Single-levelcells(SLC),10,11,22,24,28,69–71,89–90,94,95,147,160,210–212,234,296,300–303,305,327–329,366,369–371SLCchannelmodel,301–303Slewrate,140,142,143Softdecoding,328Solomon,G.
,260Source,82–84,91,110,141,144,147,204,212,218,260,295,348Sourceline,22,79,94,118,149–151,181–184capacitance,182,183program,181–184,199SRAM,4,65,110,135SSDformfactor,43,44SSDinterface,15,38–40SSDperformance(s),15,32,39,58,175–178,188,364,368SSDpowerconsumption,10,11,13,31,137,188,189,230Staticwearleveling,29,212,235–236,238–242Storageclassmemories(SCM),364,373Storagemanagement,65,69Stressinducedleakagecurrent(SILC),96,97,194,196,208,209Stressmethods,222Stripepatterneliminationalgorithm(SPEA),197–200SubBytes,350–352Supercapacitors,218–220SWL-BETUpdate,238–240SWLeveler,236–240SWL-Procedure,238–241Symmetricencryption,340,348–350Syndrome,266,267,269,270,289Systematiccode,261Sze,S.
M.
,80TTannergraph,305–307,309,314,317,325–326TANOS,114–118Tempsensor,21Terabitcellarraytransistor(TCAT)technology,118Testing,30,49,129,133,219–221,225,271Testinterface(TI),129–131Testmode,129–131Testofprimality,342Thresholdvoltage,22,81,84,85,88–90,92–93,95,97,102–109,144,145,148,149,155,156,169,204–207,209–211,213,300–305Throughsiliconvias(TSV),138Togglemode,25,26,136Totalbreak,343TOXeld,86,87,120Index381Transactionlayerpackage(TLP),35–37Transactionlevelmodeling(TLM),369Trapassistedtunneling(TAT),96,209Trappingset,309,310TSOPpackage,20,25,139,141TSV-integratedSSD,364Tunneldielectric,84,85,114Tunneloxide(TOX),82–88,96,97,107,108,113,114,119,120,194,196,204,205,208,210,213UUnconditionalsecurity,339,341Uncorrectablebiterrorrate(UBER),221–224,229,230Unevennesslevel,238,239,241Upstream(UP),33Usedlogicalsectoraddress(LSA),368Usedsectoragtable(USFT),367,368Usermode,129–131Usertestmode,130,131Utilizationlimiter,71VVariablesnodes,305–309,311,313–319,321–327Verify-read,179–181,183,191–192,199Verticalgatethinlmtransistor(VGTFT)NAND,121Vertical-stacked-array-transistor(VSAT),121,122Video-on-demand(VOD),13Voltagedoubler,163–165Voltageregulator(s),128,156–157,165–167VTHwindow,97,161WWear-leveling,28–30,51,58,62,65,74,175,204,211,212,215,233–255,364Weightdistribution,262,263,272,273,276,279Weightedprobability,271Whitenoise,297Wordline,22,80–83,89–94,99,103–105,113,119,128,149,150,157–159,167–169,188,207,213,300,301,362Wordlinedecoder,167–169Writeamplicationfactor(WAF),74Writebuffer,188,217XXLC,104,106,160–162XTS-AES,349,354