调查天下mud

12004年国际鹤类基金会中国项目概要李凤山莫珊(国际鹤类基金会)本概要重点总结了2004年国际鹤类基金会(ICF)在中国的九项活动.
有关这些项目的背景,请参阅以前发表在《中国鹤类通讯》的中国项目概要或相关项目介绍.
1.
草海自然保护区的社区发展和保护项目福特基金会资助的三年草海项目"参与式自然保护与社区发展草海自然保护区培训项目"于2005年3月正式结束,2004年项目完成情况如下:(1)草海项目培训教材"自然保护与社区发展-来自草海的经验"已经编纂完毕,并将于2005年上半年由贵州科技出版社出版;(2)在编写草海项目培训教材过程中,我们使用教材初稿作为培训材料举办了四期培训班,培训班学员为来自贵州、广西、内蒙、吉林、黑龙江和江西等省的保护区管理及社区发展方面的工作人员;(3)为参加培训的100多名学员提供实习的草海保护区内4个野外项目点(包括村基金、水土流失控制、村级规划和环境教育)都顺利地完成了计划的活动,并接待了外来参观考察人员;(4)草海保护区与其他一些保护区交流了自然保护和社区发展的经验.
草海保护区工作人员、当地学校老师和农民等10余人参观考察了云南屏边县大围山自然保护区和西双版纳保护区,另有一人参加了东北亚鹤类网络组织的在蒙古国举办的环境教育培训.
草海合作项目总结会于2005年3月在草海举行,总结会总结和评估了草海项目过去10年,尤其是过去3年的工作.
李凤山、刘文、李振吉组织编写了草海总结会论文集"社区发展与自然保护的经验和思考".
本论文集收集了22篇文章,包括4个部分:草海自然保护区基本情况;草海的社区发展与自然保护活动;草海国际合作项目评估;交流学习.
草海项目总结会与会者认为:草海合作项目在社会、经济和环境方面取得了显著的成绩,提高了农民的环境保护意识,增强了农民在草海保护中的作用,草海项目也提高了草海村民的生活水平,培养了一批草海保护和社区发展的农民骨干.
2.
鄱阳湖鹤类和大型水禽、水位和水生植物生态关系的研究在《迁徙野生动物物种保护公约》和全球环境基金(GEF)项目的资助下,国际鹤类基金会与鄱阳湖保护区继续进行"鄱阳湖鹤类和大型水禽、水位和水生植物生态关系的研究",旨在:(1)确定鄱阳湖的鹤类、水生植物、水位以及水透明度之间的关系;(2)制订数据收集和分析的方法;(3)加强鄱阳湖保护区人员的业务素质.
在鄱阳湖内大湖池、沙湖、梅西湖和白沙湖的水位、水草和水鸟的监测活动都在正常进行.
同时,一个用于资料查询、输入和管理的数据库已经建立起来,野外数据都输入到数据库中.
鄱阳湖保护区5名项目工作人员都已经完成了保护区管理、自然科学和环境保护等方面的研究生、本科和大专生的培训.
国际鹤类基金会资助的美国威斯康辛大学(麦迪逊校区)硕士生彭简仕也参与到本项目中来.
他于2003年12月在鄱阳湖工作了两周.
在2004/2005冬季,彭简仕在梅西湖和大湖池对水鸟和植被进行了大量取样,还与鄱阳湖保护区人员一起修补、完善数据库.
3.
开展社区参与湿地保护区管理的环境教育项目国际鹤类基金会与北京天下溪教育研究所就本项目已经合作了两年.
本项工作由美国路思基金会资助,目的是为中国和俄罗斯的六个湿地自然保护区制订环境教育活动.
在中国的五个自然保护区都是国家级的保护区,以保护鹤类和其他迁徙鸟类重要的栖息地.
其中3个是鹤类的繁殖地和迁徙停歇地(扎龙、挠力河、向海),两个是鹤类越冬地(鄱阳湖和草海).
另一个项目点是俄罗斯的阿穆尔州的穆拉维克公园,该公园是俄罗斯远东地区鹤类重要的繁殖和停歇地.
2本项目包括:为保护区人员进行参与式方法的培训;与当地项目人员一起进行环境教育需求评估;与当地老师共同设计环境教育活动和教材.
具体是,在项目期间我们为每个地点举办一次冬(夏)令营,编写一本乡土教材,给孩子以及成年人制订自然保护行动策略.
到目前,我们已经举办了三期夏令营、二期冬令营、一个乡土教材培训班,印制了草海和鄱阳湖乡土教材,完成了冬(夏)令营教案的初稿.
4.
强化中国鹤类和水鸟专家组的工作我们与中国鹤类和水鸟专家组的合作主要在两个方面:(1)出版《中国鹤类通讯》;(2)资助鹤类小型基金.
2004年,建立了15人的《中国鹤类通讯》编辑委员会,强化了文章的稿源和质量.
在2004年,我们为中国科学院昆明动物所的伍和启提供了鹤类小型科研基金.
中国鹤类和水鸟专家组与国际鹤类基金会也正在做另外两个项目:(1)编辑《中国鹤类文献题录》.
本题录由马志军、周立志和苏立英汇编,共收集了1100多篇文章.
本题录将于2005年内出版.
(2)《中国鹤类研究》也正在编纂中.
本文集目前收集了20多篇文章,将于2005年10月前由云南民族出版社出版.
5.
全球环境基金(GEF)项目联合国环境署/全球环境基金(UNEP/GEF)的"亚洲白鹤及其它国际重要迁徙水鸟迁徙通道与重要湿地的保护"项目已经进行了两年.
中国项目区的项目活动进展相对良好,主要完成情况如下:(1)飞行路线上的鹤类和大型水禽调查已经完成.
这次调查覆盖了9个省份,共计约50个鹤类停歇、繁殖和越冬地点,调查水鸟48种;(2)中国东北部鹤类和大型水鸟的繁殖调查已经结束;(3)鄱阳湖鹤类和大型水鸟的航空和地面调查已经完成;(4)保护区管理计划、水资源管理和监测计划、环境教育计划和社区参与计划已经起草,并且已经进行了初步评估;(5)为项目点进行了八期湿地管理、环境教育、生态旅游、社区参与和计算机技术等方面的培训;(6)大部分项目所需设备,如望远镜、计算机、车辆和相机等都已经购置.
6.
西藏项目国际鹤类基金会与西藏高原生物研究所以及世界自然基金会开展了针对西藏中南部地区黑颈鹤保护的生态旅游项目.
本项目把学校环境教育、专业自然导游培训以及自然保护区管理指南三者相互结合,以便提高当地公众的环境意识,开拓与当地自然资源保护相协调的经济发展契机.
下面是2004年的活动:(1)自然环境教育:我们为当地6~9年级开发了一个黑颈鹤教材,用于黑颈鹤越冬地区的中小学使用.
(2)自然导游培训:国际鹤类基金会和西藏高原生物研究所的工作人员给当地藏族提供了一个4天的自然导游培训班.
课程包括小组讲课、讨论,到游客较多的黑颈鹤和其他野生动物栖息地进行野外实习.
(3)自然保护区能力培训:世界自然基金会(中国)-西藏项目办主任组织一个三天的自然保护区能力建设培训班.
本培训班重点是帮助当地黑颈鹤保护区制订长期的管理计划,建立黑颈鹤的越冬和繁殖地保护网络.
本培训班包括:如何提供公众的自然保护意识;生态旅游在野生动物保护和管理方面的作用;解决人类和野生动物的冲突;正确的政策和决策.
7.
云贵高原黑颈鹤调查国际鹤类基金会与云南省林业厅合作于2003/04年冬季在云南和贵州进行了第三次黑颈鹤调查.
三年的黑颈鹤、灰鹤、斑头雁、赤麻鸭调查结果如下表:数量(只)冬季黑颈鹤灰鹤斑头雁赤麻鸭2001/023261801175934422002/0334881473395574682003/0435621344433014733在调查的同时,我们也举办了冬季调查前的水鸟培训和调查结束后的总结会.
几乎所有的调查人员都参加了水鸟培训和调查总结会,学习水鸟分类、形态、生态、识别以及计数方法.
在调查总结会上,项目人员交流了调查的经验,分析了湿地保护和鹤类管理的关键问题,3讨论了调查地点保护和管理下一步工作.
三年的调查工作加强了我们对黑颈鹤的理解,强化了这一地区不同地点以及科研管理人员的交流.
8.
黑颈鹤迁徙研究国际鹤类基金会目前在与中国科学院昆明动物研究所、全国鸟类环志中心以及云南省林业厅合作开展在中国西南部的黑颈鹤迁徙调查.
这个两年的项目自2004年开始,将进行黑颈鹤的迁徙和生态研究,同时也利用本项目开展环境教育活动,以便激发中国和美国学生对鹤类及其保护的意识.
在本项目的两年期间,我们将给10只黑颈鹤放置卫星发射器.
研究人员根据卫星发回的数据可以找出黑颈鹤的迁徙路线及其停歇点以及繁殖地点.
研究人员也将进行黑颈鹤的生态研究,以便探讨黑颈鹤的繁殖地、迁徙停歇地以及越冬地的生境利用情况.
本项目另一个重要成分是由云南师范大学环境教育中心承担的环境教育活动.
在科研人员收集黑颈鹤迁徙数据的同时,鹤类的迁徙信息也将提供给在云南、北京以及美国参与环境教育活动的学校.
结合鹤类迁徙以及它们迁徙区域的信息,我们分别创立了中、英文"与鹤飞行"网站,老师和学生可以"跟随"着黑颈鹤迁飞,了解黑颈鹤的迁徙行为以及它们的停歇地点.
另外,在云南东北部,环境教育项目人员也为当地编制相关的环境教育读物.
9.
"一帮一助学"项目本项目于1998年在草海保护区启动,目的是提高农村女童的教育水平.
通过这个项目,学生与一个资助人结对,资助人每年给女童提供一定的经济资助,用于学杂费、书费等.
所有的资助经费都全额提供给受助学生.
我们选择女童的标准是:学习成绩中等以上、家庭经济状况中等以下.
当地村民、学校以及草海保护区共同参与女童的筛选过程.
自1998年以来,共有29名来自草海保护区内的女童接受"一帮一助学"项目的资助.
2004年有来自6个中小学的19名女童受到资助.
2005年,我们计划再增加10名孩子.
致谢!
国际鹤类基金会2004中国项目得到下列单位和个人资助:联合国环境署、全球环境基金、福特基金会、美国路思基金会、美国国务院、迁徙野生动物物种保护公约、Cracid保护和繁殖中心、山姆埃文斯先生、Hamill家庭基金会、一个黑颈鹤基金,以及国际鹤类基金会会员的捐款.
ICF's2004ChinaProgramSummaryLiFengshanandSaraGavneyMoore,InternationalCraneFoundation1.
IntegratingConservationwithRuralDevelopmentatCaoHaiNatureReserveTheFordFoundation-sponsoredCaoHaitrainingproject,"EstablishmentofaTrainingProgramatCaoHaiNatureReserveforParticipatoryNatureConservationandCommunityDevelopment",wascompletedinMarch2005.
Achievementsfrom2004throughMarch2005included:(1)CaoHaitrainingmaterial,Community-basedConservationandDevelopment-ExperiencesfromCaoHai,hasbeenfinalizedandwillbepublishedbyGuizhouSciencesandTechnologyPressinthefirsthalfof2005;(2)Fourpilottrainingsessionsusingthistrainingmaterialwereheld.
ParticipantsinthetrainingsessionsincludednaturereservemanagersandcommunitydevelopmentprojectstafffromGuizhou,Guangxi,InnerMongolia,Jilin,HeilongjiangandJiangxiProvinces;(3)Fourfieldtrainingsitesrepresentingcommunitytrustfunds,soilerosioncontrol,villageplanning,andenvironmentaleducation4projectshaveimplementedtheiractivitieswell;(4)ExperienceexchangesonreservemanagementandcommunitydevelopmentbetweenCaoHaiandothersiteshavebeenconducted.
Tenpeople,includingfourfarmers,twoteachers,andfourreservestafffromCaoHaivisitedDaweishanNatureReserveandXishuangbannainYunnan,andonestaffattendedatrainingcourseinenvironmentaleducationinMongoliaorganizedbytheNorthEastAsiaCraneSiteNetwork.
TheCaoHaiProjectSummaryWorkshopwasheldatCaoHaifrom18-19March,2005.
Theworkshopsummarizedandevaluatedprojectactivitiesoverthepasttenyears,especiallythepastthreeyears.
AworkshopproceedingswascompiledbyLiFengshan,LiuWenandLiZhenji.
Thisproceedings,withatotalof22papers,includesfourparts:introductiontothereserve;community-basedconservationanddevelopmentactivitiesatCaoHai;social,economicandenvironmentalimpactassessmentsoftheCaoHaiprojects;andexperiencessharingandexchange.
TheworkshopparticipantsagreedthattheCaoHaiprojecthasmadesignificantachievementsinsocial,economicandenvironmentalaspects.
Thisprojecthasimprovedfarmers'awarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandenhancedtherolesoffarmersinCaoHaiprotection.
Theprojecthasfurtherincreasedfarmers'livingstandardsrelatively.
ThisprojecthastrainedanumberoffarmersastheleadingforceinCaoHaiconservationanddevelopmentpractice.
2.
StudiesofWaterbirds,WaterLevels,andAquaticFoodPlantsasaBasisforConservationofThreatenedWetlandsatPoyangLakeUndersupportfromtheConventionforConservationofMigratoryAnimals,theInternationalCraneFoundationhasworkedjointlywithPoyangLakeNatureReserve(PLNR)toconducttheproject,"StudiesofWaterbirds,WaterLevels,andAquaticFoodPlantsasaBasisforConservationofThreatenedWetlandsatPoyangLake,China".
Ouractivitiesfor2004,buildinguponthepreviousfiveyearsofstudy,haveattemptedto:(1)determinetherelationshipbetweencranesandaquaticplants,waterlevelsandturbidityatPoyangLake;(2)developanapproachfordatacollectingandanalysis;and(3)buildcapacityforthereserveprojectstaff.
Specifically,vegetation,plantwinterbuds,waterlevelandquality,andcranesweresampledcontinuouslyatstudylakesinappropriateseasons.
Adatabasefordatainput,query,andmanagementwasestablishedandentryofdatacollectedfrompreviousyearswasinitiated.
FiveprojectstaffmembersfromPLNRhavecompletedatrainingprograminreservemanagement,naturalsciences,andenvironmentalconservation.
Mr.
JamesBurnham,anICF-sponsoredUW-Madisongraduatestudent,workedwiththereservestaffatPoyangLakeinDecember2003fortwoweeks.
During2004andearly2005,heconductedintensivefieldresearchatMeixiLakeandDahuchiLakeonwaterbirdsandvegetationforhismasterdegree.
Besidesconductingfieldwork,Mr.
Burnhamworkedwiththereservestafftoimprovethefunctionofthedatabase.
Hisresearchwillintegrateon-goingecologicalmonitoringactivitieswithreservemanagementplanningfortheSiberianCraneandWetlandGEFproject.
3.
AnEnvironmentalEducationProcessthatInvolvesLocalCommunitieswithWetlandReserveManagementinChinaICF,inpartnershipwiththeBeijingBrooksEducationCenter,completedthesecondyearofathree-yearprojectfundedbyTheHenryLuceFoundationtodevelopenvironmentaleducationprogrammingforsixnaturereservesinChinaandRussia.
ThefiveChinesesitesareallnationallevelnaturereservesofcriticalimportancetocranesandothermigratorywaterbirds.
Thesitesprotectkeybreedingandmigratoryhabitat(Zhalong,Naoli,andXianghaiReserves),aswellaswinteringhabitat(PoyangLakeandCaoHaiReserves).
Thesixthsiteextendstheprojectto5MuraviovkaPark,anotherimportantcranebreedingandmigrationareainsoutheasternRussia.
Theprojectincludestrainingforreservestaffinparticipatorymethods,involvementoflocalpeopleinidentifyingeducationneeds,andcollaborationwithlocalteachersindesigningactivitiesandmaterials.
Specifically,ateachsiteduringthethreeyears,weareconductingsummer/wintercampsforchildrenfromvillagessurroundingtheprotectedwetlands,preparingschoolcurriculaforusebyteachersinlocalschools,anddevelopingstrategiesforstudentandadultconservationaction.
In2004andearly2005,weheldthreesummercamps,twowintercamp,andatrainingworkshopontheschoolcurriculumforthePoyangLakeNatureReserve;wepublishedtheCaoHaiandPoyangLakeschoolcurricula,andhavecompleteddevelopmentofthecampcurriculumfortheprojectsitesinChina.
4.
CapacityBuildingforChinaCraneandWaterbirdsSpecialistGroupTherearetwocomponentsofthisproject:(1)thepublicationofChinaCraneNews;and(2)theSmallGrantsforCraneResearchProgram.
In2004,wecontinuedpublishingChinaCraneNewswithfourcolorpages.
Inaddition,a15member-editorialcommitteeforthenewsletterwasestablishedtostrengthenpapercontributionandqualityofthearticles.
In2004,weprovidedoneresearchgrantsforWuHeqifromtheKunmingInstituteofZoologyoftheChineseAcademyofSciences.
TheChinaCraneandWaterbirdsSpecialistGroupisworkingwithICFonotherprojects.
OneistocompileabibliographyofcraneresearchinChina.
ThebibliographyhasbeencompiledbyDrsMaZhijun,ZhouLizhiandSuLiyingandincludesmorethan1,100citations.
Itisexpectedthisbibliographywillbeprintedattheendof2005.
Anotherprojectistopublishtheproceedings,CraneResearchinChina.
Morethan20papershavebeencollectedfortheproceedings,whichwillbepublishedbytheYunnanNationalitiesPublishingHouseattheendofthisyear.
5.
DevelopmentofaWetlandsSiteandFlywayNetworkforConservationoftheSiberianCraneandOtherMigratoryWaterbirdsinAsiaTheGEFproject,"DevelopmentofaWetlandSiteandFlywayNetworkforConservationoftheSiberianCraneandOtherMigratoryWaterbirdsinAsia",implementedbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme/GlobalEnvironmentFacility(UNEP/GEF)hasbeenrunningoverthepasttwoyears.
ActivitiesundertakeninChinahavebeengoingrelativelywell,mainlyasthefollowing:(1)Aflywaysurveyofcranesandotherlargewaterbirdshasbeencompleted.
Thissurveycoverednineprovinces,withatotalofabout50stop-over,breedingandwinteringsites.
Forty-eightspeciesofwaterbirdswereincludedinthesurvey;(2)AbreedingbirdsurveyofcranesandotherlargewaterbirdsinnortheasternChinahasbeencompleted;(3)GroundandaerialsurveysofcranesandotherlargewaterbirdsinPoyangLakehavebeenconducted;(4)Sitemanagementplansforreservemanagement,watermanagementandmonitoring,environmentaleducation,andcommunityparticipationhavebeendraftedandpreliminarilyevaluated;(5)Eighttrainingsessionshavebeenconductedforsiteprojectstaffonwetlandmanagement,environmentaleducation,eco-tourism,communityparticipation,andcomputersciencesetc.
;(6)Mostequipment,suchasbinoculars/spottingscopes,computers,vehiclesandcamerasneededforthisprojecthasbeenpurchased.
6.
PromotingEcotourisminTibetthroughaCulturallyResponsiveConservationEducationProgramandProfessionalTraining6ICF,inpartnershipwiththeTibetPlateauInstituteofBiology(TPIB)andtheWorldWildFundforNatureChinaProgramme,implementedathree-prongedprogramtopromoteecotourismfocusingonBlack-neckedCranesincentralTibet.
Theprogramcombinedenvironmentaleducationinlocalschools,professionalnatureguidetrainingcourses,andguidanceinnaturereservemanagementtodevelopawarenessamonglocalpopulationsofconservationandeconomicopportunitiesrelatedtothearea'snaturalresources.
Thefollowingthreeactivitieswereconductedin2004:ConservationEducationProgram-Aschoolcurriculumwasdevelopedforgrades6-9andwastaughtinprimaryandmiddleschoolswithintheBlack-neckedCrane'swinteringarea.
NatureGuideTrainingProgram-Aseriesoffour-daycourseswereconductedbyICFandTPIBstafftotrainlocalTibetansintheskillsneededtobecometrainednatureguides.
Thecoursesincludedsmallgrouplectures,discussion,andoutdoorlearningatsiteswheretouristsareinterestedinvisitingcranesandotherwildlife.
NatureReserveCapacityBuildingWorkshop-Athree-dayworkshopwasledbytheDirectoroftheWorldWildFundforNatureChinaProgramme-TibetOffice.
Theworkshopfocusedontopicstohelpguidethedevelopmentofalong-termmanagementplanfortheBlack-neckedCranereservethatprotectsanetworkofwinteringandbreedingsites.
Theworkshopemphasizedtheimportanceofconservationawareness,includingtheroleofconservationinecotourism,wildlifeprotectionandmanagement,solutionsforwildlifeandhumanconflicts,opportunitiesforecotourism,andpolicyadvice.
7.
CoordinatedBlack-neckedCraneCountinYunnanandGuizhouProvincesICF,inpartnershipwiththeYunnanForestryDepartment,conductedthethirdannualcranecountinYunnanandGuizhouProvincesin2003/2004.
Thiswasthelastwintercountofthethree-yearproject.
ThesurveysincludedBlack-neckedCranes,EurasianCranes,Bar-headedGeeseandRuddyShelducks.
Thefollowingtablesummarizesthethreesurveys.
NumberWinterBlack-neckedCraneEurasianCraneBar-headedGooseRuddyShelduck2001/023261801175934422002/0334881473395574682003/0435621344433014733Inadditiontoactualcountsofthefourspeciesinthefield,therearetwootherimportantcomponentsofthisproject-pre-surveytrainingsessionsandpost-surveysummaryworkshops.
Almostallsurveypersonnelhaveparticipatedinthetrainingandworkshops,learningbasicaviantaxonomy,morphologyandecology,waterbirdidentification,andbasicskillsinusingbinocularsandbirdsurveymethodology.
Atthepost-surveyworkshops,participantssharedexperiencesfromthesurvey,examinedkeyissuesforwetlandconservationandcranemanagement,anddiscussedfutureplansandneedsfortheobservationsites.
Thethree-yearsurveyhasbolsteredourunderstandingoftheBlack-neckedCrane,andstrengthenedcommunicationandexchangeamongresearchersandsitesoftheregion.
8.
Black-neckedCraneMigrationStudyICFispartneringwithresearchersattheKunmingInstituteofZoologyoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,theNationalBirdBandingCenterofChinaandtheYunnanForestryDepartmenttoconductamigrationstudyoftheBlack-neckedCraneinsouthwestChina.
Thetwo-yearstudy,whichwasinitiatedin2004,combinesresearchonthemigrationandecologyofthethreatenedBlack-neckedCranewithenvironmental7educationactivitiesgearedtowardstudentsinChinaandtheUnitedStatestoraiseawarenessofcranesandtheirconservationneeds.
Throughthisstudy,uptotencraneswillbebandedwithsatellitetransmitters.
Fromthetransmitterdata,researcherswillextrapolatethebirds'migrationroutesandimportantstaging,stop-over,andnestinglocations.
Researcherswillalsoconductanecologicalstudyofthebirds,examiningthehabitatusedbythecranesalongtheirmigrationroutesandatthebreedingareas.
AthirdimportantcomponentoftheprojectisaneducationactivitycoordinatedbytheEnvironmentalEducationCenteratYunnanNormalUniversity.
AsthemigrationdataiscollectedbyresearchesinChina,thisinformationwillbetransferredtoparticipatingschoolsinYunnan,BeijingandtheUnitedStates.
CombinedwithbasicinformationonBlack-neckedCranesandtheregionstheyinhabit,themigrationdatawillformthebasisof"FlyingwithCranes",aninternet-basedactivitythatisavailableinbothChineseandEnglish.
Usingthesatellitedata,participatingstudentsandteacherswillfollowthecranesastheirmigrationprogresses,learningaboutthebirdsandtheplacestheyinhabit.
Inaddition,localeducatorswillalsodevelopaschoolcurriculumonBlack-neckedCranesandtheirconservationforschoolsinNortheastYunnan.
9.
OneHelpsOneProgramTheOneHelpsOneProgramwasinitiatedin1998attheCaoHaiNatureReservetopromoteeducationforyoungwomeninruralChina.
Throughthisprogram,studentsarepairedwithasponsor,whoprovidesanannualdonationtocovertheirschoolcosts,includingbooks,suppliesanduniforms.
Allofthedonationgoesdirectlytothestudents,whoarechosenbasedontheiraboveaverageperformanceinschoolandtheirfamily'seconomicsituation.
Thelocalvillages,schoolsandtheCaoHaiNatureReserveworktogethertochoosethestudentsfortheprogram.
Since1998,twenty-ninestudentsfromvillageswithintheCaoHaiNatureReservehavereceivedsupportthroughtheOneHelpsOneProgram.
In2004,nineteenstudentsfromsixelementaryandmiddleschoolsreceivedsupport,andin2005tennewstudentswillbesponsoredthroughthisvaluableprogram.
SourcesofFundingFundingin2004camefromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme/GlobalEnvironmentFacility,theFordFoundation,TheHenryLuceFoundation,theU.
S.
DepartmentofState,theConventionontheConservationofMigratorySpeciesofWildAnimals,theCracidConservationandBreedingCenter,Mr.
SamEvans,theHamillFamilyFoundation,incomefromanendowmentforBlack-neckedCranesatICFanddonationsofICFmembers.
盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区2005年元月丹顶鹤数量调查简报江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区位于3234ˊ~3428ˊN,119°48ˊ~120°56ˊE之间,由盐城沿海响水、滨海、射阳、大丰、东台五县(市)滩涂组成,海岸线长582㎞,总面积45.
33*104hm2,其中核心区1.
74*104hm2,位于33°27ˊ~33°40ˊN,120°26ˊ~120°37ˊE之间.
2005年元月15~16日,保护区管理处由邓锦东副主任带队,组成3个调查大组7个调查小组,分别由陈浩、吕士成、成海、高志东、殷鹏、陈国远、陈卫华、王瑞成、陈玉高、曹8秀、陈海祥、孙国营、刘祥、嵇中林及高校两位老师等17人参加的盐城自然保护区全境越冬丹顶鹤数量专项调查,结果共调查到丹顶鹤967只(见表1-2).
调查期间部分同志还对其它鸟类做了观察记载.
在核心区以外的区域,新洋港至黄沙港之间观察到各种水鸟计4万余只.
大丰市境内海北垦区观察到各种水鸟5万余只.
表1盐城沿海各区域丹顶鹤数量分布Table1NumericaldistributionofRed-crownedCranesatthecoastareasinYancheng县区County响水Xiangshui滨海Binhai射阳Sheyang核心区Corearea大丰Dafeng东台Dongtai总和Total数量Individual310320533785967表2盐城沿海不同生境类型丹顶鹤的数量分布Table2NumericaldistributionofRed-crownedCranesindifferenthabitatsatthecoastareasinYancheng觅食地类型habitat数量(只)Individual觅食地类型Feedinghabitat数量(只)Individual水稻田Ricefield140淡水养殖区Freshwateraquaculture236芦苇茬Reedstubble136盐田扬水滩Saltpond16混群种草滩Grassybeaches351盐蒿滩BeachesofSaltivingwormwood17潮间带泥滩Intertidalmudflat37大米草滩BeachesofSpartina34总和Total967根据调查结果统计,丹顶鹤的越冬分布仍以核心区为主达533只,占越冬总数的55.
1%,其次是位于射阳县境内的黄沙港至新洋港段滩涂为320只,占越冬总数的33%,大丰境内鹤群数量比过去有所下降.
从各类栖息地鹤群数量分布看,核心区及其外围的原生生境为439只,占总数的45.
4%,其次是淡水养殖区236只,水稻田140只,分别占总数的24.
5%和14.
5%.
其中的淡水养殖区尽管人为干扰较大,但因其特定时段内食物相对丰富,仍能吸引大群丹顶鹤在此觅食.
在统计到的967只丹顶鹤中,因条件所限,仅对297只丹顶鹤进行了成幼比例调查,结果当年生幼鹤为87只,占297只的29.
29%,其中有23只为无幼鹤家族和单亲鹤.
相关种群动态分布及栖息地现状等方面的数据仍有待于进一步分析研究.
吕士成、邓锦东(江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区管理处224333)AbriefreportonthecensusofRed-crownedCranesatYanchengNationalN.
R.
inJanuary,2005JiangsuYanchengNationalN.
R.
islocatedat3234ˊ~3428ˊN,119°48ˊ~120°56ˊE,andiscomposedofthecoastbeachesofXiangshui,Binhai,Sheyang,DafengandDongtaiCounties(Cities),with582㎞longcoastline.
Thetotalareaofthereserveis45.
33*104hm2,withthecoreareaof1.
74*104hm2(33°27ˊ~33°40ˊN,120°26ˊ~120°37ˊE).
ThecountingofwinteringRed-crownedCraneswasconductedbytheadministrativedepartmentofthereserveon15th~16thJanuary,2005.
Exceptfor967Red-crownedCranes,40000morewaterfowlswerefoundoutsidethecoreareafromXinyanggangtoHuangshagang,50000more9waterfowlswerefoundattheHaibeiReclamationAreainDafengCity.
`Thecensusresultshowsthattherewere533cranesinthecorearea,accountedfor55.
1%ofthetotalnumberofthewinteringRed-crownedCranes,320cranesinthebeachesalongHuangshagangtoXinyanggang,SheyangCounty,accountedfor33%,butcraneamountdroppedatDafeng.
Forthehabitats,therewere439cranesatthecoreareaandthesurroundingprimaryhabitats,then236cranesinfreshwateraquacultureareaand140inricefield,took45.
4%,24.
5%and14.
5%ofthetotalamountrespectively.
Althoughhumandisturbancewasheavyinfreshwateraquaculturearea,therichfoodresourcestillattractedlargegroupofcranestofeedthereincertainperiod.
Limitedincondition,theauthoronlyfound87juvenilesbornthisyearamong967cranes,accountedfor29.
29%ofthe967cranes,therewere23cranesbelongtothefamilieswithoutoffspringorwithone-parent.
Toknowmoreaboutthedynamicdistributionoftherelatedpopulationandthecurrentstatusoftheirhabitatwaitsforthefurtherstudy.
LvShi-Cheng,DengJing-Dong(AdministrativeDepartmentofJiangsuYanchengNationalRareBirdN.
R.
,224333)安徽升金湖自然保护区越冬水鸟调查信息根据国家林业局和WWF的合作项目,安徽省调查队于2005年2月18~20日对升金湖自然保护区越冬水鸟进行了为期3天的系统调查.
参加本次调查的有安徽省自然保护管理站、中国科学技术大学、安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区、安庆沿江湿地自然保护区等单位的技术人员和部分志愿者、辅助人员共8人.
澳大利亚水鸟专家马克·巴特(MarkBarter)先生参与了全程调查.
此次调查共统计到越冬水鸟39种47579只(见附表),调查覆盖面积扩展至90%,水鸟数量比去年同期调查增加了万余只,调查面积增加了20%.
此次调查统计到6种水鸟数量符合国际重要湿地1%种群标准,分别是白头鹤(253只)、东方白鹳(206只)、小天鹅(5429只)、鸿雁(25211只)、豆雁(11233只)、白琵鹭(1178只);有3种水鸟数量符合IUCN濒危物种数量标准,分别为白头鹤、东方白鹳、鸿雁.
同时,在2月27日,马克·巴特先生和俄罗斯鸿雁专家组主席尼古拉·波亚科(Dr.
NikolayD.
Poyarkoy)先生、中国科技大学曹垒博士还在升金湖发现了该保护区的记录新种——斑头雁.
表1安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区水鸟调查统计表(2005年2月18日-20日)Table1StatisticaltableofwaterfowlsatShengjinLakeN.
R.
(18th~20thFebruary,2005)序号中文名Chinesename学名Scientificname数量number1234小鸊风头鸊普通鸬鹚苍鹭LittleGrebeGreat-crestedGrebeGreatCormorantGreyHeron37213306845大白鹭GreatEgret3086小白鹭LittleEgret787东方白鹳OrientalWhiteStork2068白琵鹭WhiteSpoonbill11789小天鹅TundraSwan542910鸿雁SwanGoose2421111豆雁BeanGoose112331012白额雁White-frontedGoose713斑头雁Bar-headedGoose114赤麻鸭RuddyShelduck17615赤颈鸭EurasianWigeon5316罗纹鸭FalcatedDuck6917绿翅鸭Green-wingedTeal63818绿头鸭Mallard7819斑嘴鸭Spot-billedDuck22220针尾鸭NorthernPintail9821红头潜鸭CommonPochard822斑头秋沙鸭Smew11523黑水鸡CommonMoorhen524白头鹤HoodedCrane25325骨顶鸡CommonCoot21626反嘴鹬PiedAvocet29727凤头麦鸡NorthernLapwing16528金眶鸻LittleRingedPlover229环颈鸻KentishPlover21430扇尾沙锥CommonSnipe731白腰杓鹬EurasianCurlew232鹤鹬SpottedRedshank11933红脚鹬CommonRedshank234青脚鹬CommonGreenshank1435白腰草鹬GreenSandpiper236矶鹬CommonSandpiper137黑腹滨鹬Dunlin30238银鸥HerringGull739红嘴鸥Black-headedGull151未识别鸭类UIDDuck640合计Total47579徐文彬程元启(安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区管理局)SurveyonthewinteringwaterfowlsatShengjinLakeN.
R.
,AnhuiToimplementthecooperativeprogramofStateForestryAdministrationandtheICF,AnhuiinvestigationteamsurveyedthewinteringwaterfowlsatShengjinlakeN.
R.
on18th~20thFebruary,2005.
Theteamiscomposedof8expertsfromtheAdministrativeStationonConservation,Anhui,ChinasciencesandtechnologyUniversity,AnhuiShengjinLakeNationalN.
R.
,AnqingRiverineWetlandN.
R.
andsomevolunteersandassistants.
Mr.
MarkBarterabirdexpertofAustraliajoinedthesurveyalltheway.
Thissurveycovered90%ofthewholearea,47579winteringwaterfowls(belongingto39species)werefound,comparingwithlastyear,thesurveyareaincreased20%,and10000morebirdswerefound.
Therewere253HoodedCranes,206OrientalWhiteStorks,5429TundraSwans,25211SwanGeese,11233BeanGeeseand1178WhiteSpoonbills,thoseallqualifiedthenumericalcriteriaofthe1%populationofinternationalimportantwetland.
HoodedCrane,11OrientalWhiteStorkandSwanGoosequalifiedthenumericalcriteriaoftheIUCNCategory.
On27thFebruary,Mr.
MarkBarter,Dr.
NikolayD.
Poyarkoy(PresidentofRussianSwanGooseSpecialistGroup)andDr.
CaoLei(ChinaSciencesandTechnologyUniversity)foundanewrecordofspeciesatthereserve—Bar-headedGoose.
XuWen-Bin,ChengYan-Qi(AdministrativeBureau,AnhuiShengjinLakeNationalN.
R.
)黄河三角洲自然保护区2004年秋季鹤类消息山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区位于山东省东营市境内,黄河尾闾.
辖区面积15.
3万公顷,是以保护新生湿地生态系统和珍稀、濒危鸟类为主体的湿地类型自然保护区.
大面积的滩涂湿地,丰富的食物资源成为东亚鹤类迁徙路线中鹤类迁徙的重要停歇地.
在中国的9种鹤类中,保护区记录到5种,分别为白鹤、白头鹤、白枕鹤、丹顶鹤和灰鹤.
10中下旬至11月中旬是鹤类南迁的高峰季节.
2004年,保护区科研人员在鹤类迁徙期内采取样线调查方法对保护区内的迁徙鸟类进行了详细的调查,调查结果发现:1、鹤的迁徙季节明显提前,停歇期延长.
今年丹顶鹤迁至保护区的最早记录是10月7日,共4只,与往年相比,这是丹顶鹤迁到保护区的最早记录.
鹤的高峰期在10月下旬至11月上旬,这个季节鹤的种类和数量达到高峰.
11月中旬,大部分鹤开始迁走.
灰鹤和丹顶鹤部分会在保护区内停留越冬.
2、人工湿地恢复区为鹤类迁徙和停歇提供了新的栖息地.
2003年实施完成的5万亩湿地恢复区生态效果显著,成为鹤类的另一重要栖息地.
人工湿地恢复区通过生态蓄淡水的方式改良生态恶化区,使区内的生态环境明显改观.
2004年鹤迁徙季节在此区域内集中发现了白鹤、白头鹤、白枕鹤和丹顶鹤.
3、2004年鹤的数量多,种类全.
在鹤迁徙高峰内鹤的野外记录为:丹顶鹤90只,白头鹤60只,白枕鹤550只,白鹤90只,这些鹤在人工湿地恢复区内能成群集中发现.
另外,在近海滩涂湿地内也发现了丹顶鹤14只,白鹤9只,白枕鹤15只,呈家庭式分散分布.
灰鹤分布于保护区内农田及草丛生境中,由于保护区生境的调整,灰鹤数量不及往年,数量在120只左右.
4、鹤对生境的选择有了明显改变.
鹤在往年集中于黄河入海口两侧的河口区及近海滩涂,今年的记录集中于人工湿地生态恢复区内.
另外在湿地恢复区内发现珍稀水禽东方白鹳120只,黑鹳21只.
保护区内鹤类及其他珍稀鸟类增多的主要原因,一是保护区管理部门加大了保护力度,采取了有效的管护措施,对鹤类栖息区采取严格的人为控制,严禁人为活动,减少人为干扰;二是实施了湿地生态恢复工程,扩大了湿地面积,改善了生态环境,为迁徙鸟类创造了良好的栖息、觅食的生存环境.
王立冬,杨春荣(山东省东营市垦利县山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区大汶流管理站257509)CraneinformationfromHuangheDeltaN.
R.
inAutumnof2004ShandongHuangheDeltaNationalN.
R.
islocatedinDongyingCity,withanareaof153000ha,mainlyprotectsthenewlyemergingwetlandecosystem,andendangered,rareandpreciousbirds.
LargeareaofwetlandandplentifulfoodresourcesmakesthereservetobeasiteimportantformigratorycranesinEastAsiatostopover.
Amongthe9speciescranesrecordedinChina,5species(Siberian,Hooded,White-naped,Red-crownedandCommonCranes)werefoundhere.
TransectsurveywasconductonmigratorybirdsinthereservefrommidOctobertomidNovember,2004,theresultsshowedthat:121.
Cranesmoveduptheirmigratorytimeandlengthenedtheirstopoverduration.
On7thOctober4Red-crownedCranewerefound,itistheearliestarrivaldateofRed-crownedCranerecordedinthereserve.
CranespeciesandnumberreachedtosummitduringlateOctobertoearlyNovember.
MostcranesdepartedinmidNovember,someCommonCranesandRed-crownedCraneswinteredhere.
2.
Therecoveryareaofartificialwetlandprovidedanewstopoversiteformigratorycranes.
50000Muofrecoveryareaofartificialwetlandwasmadebystoringfreshwaterin2003.
Siberian,Hooded,White-napedandRed-crownedCraneswerefoundinthenewhabitatduringthesurvey.
3.
Manyspeciesandlargeamountofcraneswerefound.
90Red-crownedCranes,60HoodedCranes,550White-napedCranesand90SiberianCraneswererecordedduringthesurvey,mostofthemconcentratedattherecoveryarea.
Inaddition,14Red-crownedCranes,9SiberianCranesand15White-napedCraneswerefoundatinshorebeaches,theyscatteredinfamilies.
FarmlandandtussockswerethehabitatsofCommonCranes,120CommonCraneswerefound,theirnumberwaslessthanthoseinformeryearsastheresultoftheadjustingofhabitatinthereserve.
4.
Habitatselectionofcraneshaschangedremarkably.
Cranesconcentratedattherecoveryareaofartificialwetlandin2004,ratherthanconcentratedattheestuaryofHuangheRiverandinshorebeachesinformeryears.
Inaddition,therewere120OrientalWhiteStorksand12BlackStorksalsofoundattherecoveryarea.
Thestrengtheningofprotectiontoreducehumandisturbance,andtheimplementationofecologicalrecoveryprojectofwetlandtoenlargetheareaofwetlandandimproveecologicalenvironment,bothresultintheincreasingofCranespeciesandcranenumberaswellasofotherbirds.
WangLi-Dong,YangChun-Rong(DawenliuAdministrativeStation,HuangheDeltanationalN.
R.
,KenliCounty,DongyingCity,Shandong,257509)陕西省黄河中游湿地的鹤类观察区域位于陕西省关中平原东端三河湿地自然保护区境内,包括合阳、大荔、华阴和潼关4县(市)境内的黄河滩地,南北长约60km,东西宽5-10km,总面积约6万hm2.
20世纪60年代三门峡水库的修建使上游水段水流变缓,整个库区包括陕西、山西、河南三省的水面面积达250km2,沙洲、沙岛多达百余个,滩涂面积仅陕西一侧就达866.
7km2.
区内地势开阔平坦,海拔330-335m,沿黄河呈南北狭长带状.
有6条支流注入黄河及渭河,每年汛期黄河水倒流渭、洛两河,成为该区湿地的主要成因.
区内有大片的芦苇沼泽、草甸沼泽、渔塘、莲池和农田.
合阳境内黄河滩涂湿地中地下水热资源丰富,熔岩水常年溢出地面形成7处喷泉,日出水量7.
3万m3,在冬季冰冷的河面与芦苇沼泽之间以及周围渔塘形成不冻区域,各种水禽集中于此活动觅食.
丰富的植物群落多样性、地热资源、大量的水生生物以及大面积的滩涂开阔地为水禽的觅食、活动和隐蔽提供了良好的保障,创造了水禽的多样性和迁徙的连续性.
从1998年开始,每年的秋冬季节作者借助汽车、双筒和单筒望远镜、GPS定位仪对区内迁徙和越冬的鹤类――灰鹤Grusgrus和丹顶鹤G.
japonensis进行了观察,现将发现的时间、地点、个体数量、地理坐标、生境等归入表1.
表1在陕西省黄河中游湿地发现的鹤类Table1CranesfoundinthewetlandofthemiddlevalleysofHuangheRiver,Shaanxi13种类Species时间Date地点Location数量Number地理坐标Geographiccoordinates生境Habitat备注Notes1999-1-18合阳洽川Qiachuan,Hechuan约80about80N35°09,E110°20滩涂beaches丁长青等(1999)DingChang-Qing,etal.
2002-12-29合阳洽川Qiachuan,Hechuan14N35°09.
26,E110°21.
16旱地dryland觅食(3只亚成体)feeding(3sub-adults)2002-12-29合阳洽川Qiachuan,Hechuan50N35°06.
37,E110°17.
91空中intheair沿黄河向南flewsouthwardsalongYellowRiver2002-12-30大荔华原Huayuan,Dali9N34°50.
13,E110°10.
98农田farmland集群觅食feedingingroup2003-01-20大荔赵渡Zhaodu,Dali171N34°45.
76,E110°13.
90河心滩islet傍晚集群gatheredintheevening2003-02-14大荔赵渡Zhaodu,Dali7-空中intheair飞翔盘旋flyingandsoaring2003-03-07合阳太里Taili,Heyang18N35°10.
95,E110°20.
13空中intheair向北飞翔flewnorthwards2003-03-09大荔赵渡Zhaodu,Dali70N34°45.
43,E110°13.
91河心滩islet觅食feeding2003-03-10大荔雨林Yulin,Dali15N34°38.
83,E110°12.
39农田farmland觅食feeding灰鹤CommonCrane2004-11-20合阳申东Shendong,Heyang21N35°05.
61,E110°17.
49空中intheair由西向东飞翔flewwestwardsandeastwards丹顶鹤Red-crownedCrane1998-01-18合阳申东Shendong,Heyang1N35°05.
61,E110°17.
49沼泽marshland与黑鹳混群觅食feedingmixedwithBlackStorks灰鹤繁殖于欧亚大陆北部和地中海沿岸,在中国新疆和东北亦有不连续的分布区,冬季主要南迁至我国长江中下游一带越冬.
从表1可见,从12月底至翌年3月上旬,在该区越冬的灰鹤数量较大,活动稳定,白天于滩涂湿地和农田中觅食,晚上在黄河河心滩集群夜宿,因此陕西黄河中游湿地是灰鹤较为理想的越冬场所.
丹顶鹤在内蒙古和黑龙江繁殖,迁徙时主要沿海岸线到达江苏盐城越冬.
20世纪90年代河南省黄河故道上的卫辉市庞寨乡(35°20'N,114°10'E)有零星报道(王岐山等2000).
曾有学者对丹顶鹤迁至本区越冬表示关注,发现的时间在2月初至3月上旬,有一定的种群数量(吴家炎等1998).
丁长青等(2000)认为陕西黄河湿地不在该种的迁徙路线上.
作者曾于1998年1月(表1)在本区见到1只丹顶鹤与黑鹳混群觅食,但在后来数年的观察中再未发现,笔者认为丹顶鹤在此为冬季迷鸟的可能性较大.
于晓平(陕西省动物研究所邮编:710032)CranesinthewetlandofthemiddlevalleyofHuangheRiver,ShaanxiThesurveywasconductedattheSanheWetlandN.
R.
,theeasternGuanzhongPlain,ShaanxiProvince,includingthebeachesofHuangheRiverwithinHeyangCounty,DaliCounty,HuayingCountyandTongguanCity,withatotalareaof60000hm2(60kmlongfromnorthtosouthand5-10kmwidefromwesttoeast).
ThesetupofSanmenxiaReservoirinthe1960sheld250km2ofwaterareainShaanxi,ShanxiandHenanprovinces.
Therearemorethanonehundredsandsandsandyisletsinthereservoirregion,inthesideofShaanxialoneheld866.
7km2areasofbeaches.
Inthereservethereare6riversinflurentingintoHuangheRiverandWeiheRiver,infloodseasonThewaterofHuangheRiverflowsbackwardsintoWeihe14RiverandLuoheRiverandenlargestheareaofthereserve.
Thereserveiswideandplane,extendsalongHuangheRiverfromnorthtosouthtakesashapeofalongbelt,andwiththealtitudeof330~335m.
Therearelargeareasofreedmarshland,grassymarshland,fishponds,lotuspondsandfarmlandinthereserve.
Moreover,thewetlandinHeyangCountyisrichintheresourceofundergroundhotwaterandformed7hotsprings,theirdailyproductionofhotwaterreaches73000m3,theunfrozenwaterattractsmanywaterfowlstofeedhereinwinter.
Beingrichinplantdiversity,richinundergroundhotwater,richinaquaticorganismsandlargeopenbeaches,thereserveprovideswaterfowlswithsuitablefeedingandhidinghabitat,andresultsinahighdiversityofwaterfowlsandcontinuingmigration.
Since1998,withthehelpofautomobile,binocularsandmonocular,andtheGPS,theauthorsurveyedthemigratoryandwinteringcranes--GrusgrusandG.
japonensisinthereserve.
Table1showsthesurveyresult.
CommonCranebreedsinnorthEurasiaandtheshoaloftheMediterranean,scattersinXinjiangandNortheastChina,andwintersinthemiddleandlowervalleysofChangjiangRiver.
Table1showsthatthewetlandofthemiddlevalleyofHuangheRiver,ShaanxiistheidealwinteringsiteforCommonCrane,especiallyduringtheendofDecembertonextMarch.
Thecranesfeedinthebeachesandfarmlandatdaytime,androastatsandbarsoftheriver.
Red-crownedCranebreedsinInnerMongoliaandHeilongjiangProvince,migratesalongthecoastlinetowinteratYancheng,Jiangsu.
TheappearanceofRed-crownedCraneatPangzhaiTown(35°20'N,114°10'E),WeihuiCityintheoldcourseofHuangheRiverwereoddlyreportedin1990s(WangQi-Shanetal.
2000).
TherearesomereportsonRed-crownedCraneswinteringatthereserve,suchas,thecraneswerefoundtherefromearlyFebruarytothefirstten-dayperiodofMarch(WuJia-Yanetal.
,1998),thewetlandinthemiddlevalleyofHuangheRiverisnotinvolvedintheflywayofthecranes(DingChang-Qingetal.
,2000).
AmongagroupfeedingBlackStorkstheauthorhadfoundaRed-crownedCraneatthereserveinJanuary,1998,butthecranesneverappearedeversince.
Hencered-crownedCraneismorelikelytobethelostbirdinthearea.
YuXiao-Ping(ShaanxiZoologicalInstitute,710032)2004年冬至2005年春鄱阳湖越冬水禽种群信息2004冬至2005春,在鄱阳湖区进行了多次覆盖整个湖区的越冬水禽种群数量及分布情况的调查工作.
现将其中的两次调查结果进行公布,两次调查分别是在2005年2月1日至3日进行的环鄱阳湖航空调查和在2005年2月15日至24日开展的长江中下游五省一市水鸟同步调查.
1、航空调查调查范围包括鄱阳湖(含军山湖、青岚湖)、九江赛城湖和赤湖的水域及草洲.
使用eTrexLegendC型GPS对飞行航迹进行记录,得到了三次飞行轨迹见封3图1、图2.
根据实际观察并结合分析航空图片得出调查结果见表1.
采用航空飞行的方法对鸟类进行调查虽有能快速获得调查数据、全面反映调查区域情况、节约专业技术人员等优点.
但由于受飞机自身性能限制,调查所获得的数据会比这一区域内实际的种类和数量要少,主要有三方面的原因:①调查过程中由于飞机始终保持高速运动状态,在发现鸟类特别是大群鸟类时,传统的统计方法已不能在瞬时间对鸟类数量进行完全地统计,只能凭借经验得出鸟群的数量,通常会15表12月1日、2日航调结果Table1Theresultofaerialsurveysconductedonthe1stand2ndFebruary进贤县①余干县康山湖区自然候鸟保护区②江西省白沙洲自然保护区③都昌县④鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区⑤南矶山省级自然保区护⑥其他Theothers合计Total白鹤SiberianCrane0280101732419218313131白头鹤HoodedCrane0083010400133白枕鹤White-napedCrane0120151345130661568灰鹤CommonCrane1733915950426257722706东方白鹳OrientalWhiteStork170140106214251258黑鹳BlackStork00103004白琵鹭WhiteSpoonbill901101500111821501620小天鹅TundraSwan57485826209238160130882165176457674白额雁White-frontedGoose120211250600053300019201鸿雁SwanGoose114008006110001600173106748286558929豆雁BeanGoose1500170080001597灰雁GreylagGoose0010082020雁类geese11102856650190056713139111019865针尾鸭NorthernPintail9000700110003300011130绿翅鸭Green-wingedTeal10000004000005000赤颈鸭EurasianWigeon000060000600潜鸭CommonPochard0000001919绿头鸭Mallard0006501200001850赤麻鸭RuddyShelduck000208002102斑嘴鸭Spot-billedDuck000040000400普通秋沙鸭CommonMergarser2500000025鸭类ducks400014890108142807363633820152374217黑腹滨鹬Dunlin150003000000200018200反咀鹬PiedAvocet10000050006400040012800凤头麦鸡NorthernLapwing000406020034334鹤鹬SpottedRedshank012400000230642鹬类plovers2202300454350008050120060021913银鸥HerringGull00000101红咀鸥CommonBlack-headedGull6331178167012702593471苍鹭GreyHeron974084531843295792白鹭LittleEgret22175905016151999中白鹭IntermediateEgret00005005大白鹭EasternGreatEgret00001001普通鸬鹚GreatCormorant01700800659837Total628843830860468260741046641819110455321044Note:①JinxianCounty②KangshanhuMigratoryBirdN.
R.
,YuganCounty③BaishazhouN.
R.
,JiangxiProvince④DuchangCounty⑤PoyangLakeNationalN.
R.
⑥NanjishanN.
R.
低估这群鸟的数量.
②在飞机上进行调查,停留在水面和泥滩地上的大中型鸟类以及集群的中小型鸟类和飞行中的鸟类容易被发现,但在草洲上栖息的中小型鸟类不容易实现.
③飞机虽在短时间内能调查很大的范围,但不能覆盖飞行区域内的所有角落,调查时难免有遗漏.
162、长江中下游地区水鸟同步调查本次调查在鄱阳湖区的范围覆盖了整个鄱阳湖近95%的范围,历时10天余,调查结果见表2.
开展本项调查时只分了两个组,所以耗时较长.
在调查中曾在多个地点出现了调查时未见有大量水禽而在调查结束后同一地点又聚集大量水禽的情况,所以结果偏低,但采用这一方法对于收集有关水鸟的分布信息还是十分重要的.
表2长江中下游五省一市水鸟调查所获得的鄱阳湖区水鸟数量情况Table2Resultofthewaterfowlsurveyconductedin5provincesandonecityinmiddleandlowervalleysofChangjiangRiver序号No中文名Chinesename英文名Englishname数量Number1小鸊LittleGrebe16772赤颈鸊Red-neckedGrebe53凤头鸊Great-crestedGrebe9574角鸊SlavonianGrebe65卷羽鹈鹕DalmatianPelican16普通鸬鹚GreatCormorant15747苍鹭GreyHeron13568大白鹭EasternGreatEgret649中白鹭IntermediateEgret910牛背鹭CattleEgret311池鹭ChinesePond-Heron112小白鹭LittleEgret9013大麻鳽EurasianBittern214黑苇鳽BlackBittern215黑鹳BlackStork3316东方白鹳OrientalWhiteStork60217白琵鹭WhiteSpoonbill205118小天鹅TundraSwan4284319鸿雁SwanGoose2231320豆雁BeanGoose1634021白额雁White-frontedGoose1560222灰雁GreylagGoose94523赤麻鸭RuddyShelduck31624翘鼻麻鸭CommonShelduck425赤颈鸭EurasianWigeon467526罗纹鸭FalcatedDuck5527赤膀鸭Gadwall10628绿翅鸭Green-wingedTeal2007629绿头鸭Mallard822430斑嘴鸭Spot-billedDuck1751231针尾鸭NorthernPintail804232琵嘴鸭NorthernShoveler851733红头潜鸭CommonPochard2534红胸秋沙鸭Red-breastedMerganser135普通秋沙鸭CommonMergarser27736白鹤SiberianCrane268337白枕鹤White-napedCrane149138灰鹤CommonCrane93539白头鹤HoodedCrane39040花田鸡Swinhoe'sRail241红胸苦恶鸟BrownCrake1342白胸苦恶鸟White-breastedWaterhen143黑水鸡CommonMoorhen24244骨顶鸡CommonCoot245黑翅长脚鹬Black-wingedStilt446反嘴鹬PiedAvocet944847凤头麦鸡NorthernLapwing307148灰头麦鸡Grey-headedLapwing1649长嘴剑鸻Long-billedRingedPlover550金眶鸻LittleRingedPlover1351环颈鸻KentishPlover1252扇尾沙锥CommonSnipe9753黑尾塍鹬Black-tailedGodwit200054白腰杓鹬EurasianCurlew1855鹤鹬SpottedRedshank728056青脚鹬CommonGreenshank17557白腰草鹬GreenSandpiper2958矶鹬CommonSandpiper259黑腹滨鹬Dunlin1555660银鸥HerringGull30061灰背鸥Slaty-backedGull162红嘴鸥CommonBlack-headedGull139563红腰杓鹬(大杓鹬)FarEasternCurlew964白眼潜鸭FerruginousDuck6未识别雁类UIDGeese3536未识别鸭类UIDDuck10498未识别鸻鹬类UIDShorebirds334未识别鹤类UIDCrane60总数Total225498纪伟涛吴建东(江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区管理局0791-3857168)InformationonwinteringwaterfowlsatPoyangLakein2004/2005PopulationsizeanddistributionofwinteringwaterfowlsweresurveyedallovertheregionofPoyangLakein2004/2005.
First,anaerialsurveyaroundthelakewasconductedon1stto3rd18February,2005,thenasynchronicwaterfowlcountinginthe5provincesandonecityintheareaofmiddleandlowervalleysofChangjiangRiverwasconductedfrom15thto24thFebruary,2005.
1.
TheaerialsurveyThesurveyareacoversPoyangLake(includingJunshanLakeandQingnanLake),thewatersandgrassyisletsofSaihuLakeandChihuLakeinJiujiang.
ThetrackwasrecordedbytheeTrexLegendCofGPS(seefig.
1andfig.
2intheinsidebackcover).
Bycombiningthegroundobservationandaerialmaptoworkouttable1,itshowstheresultofthefirstsurvey.
Becausethat:The①airplanefliesinsuchaquickspeedthatthesurveyorshardlytocountthewaterfowlsindetailwithinashorttime,especiallyinfacinglargegroupofbirds.
Itis②difficulttofindmiddle-sizedandsmall-sizedbirdsingrassyisletsfromtheairplane.
The③trackofairplaneisnotcapablecoverallthearea.
Althoughtheaerialsurveyhastheadvantageofdoingthesurveymorequicklyandmorecompletely,andneedslessmanpowerthangroundsurvey,butitmaygetlessinspeciesnumberandpopulationsizethanitreallybe.
2.
ThesurveyinmiddleandlowervalleysofChangjiangRiverThissurveycoversnearly95%areaofthePoyangLakeregion,thesurveyresultsshowedintable2.
Althoughthissurveyonlyconductedbytwosurveygroupsandlasted10days,thereoncehappenedthatlargeflocksofbirdsappearedatsomelocationsafterthesurvey,itresultedinthesurveyeddatasomewhatlower,butitisimportantingatheringthedistributioninformationofwaterfowls.
JiWei-TaoWuJian-Dong(AdministrativeBureau,JiangxiPoyangLakeNationalN.
R.
)大山包保护区大海子湿地冬季越冬和途径水禽名录及特点分析2004年10月下旬到2005年3月,中科院昆明动物所鸟类组博士研究生伍和启在昭通大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区进行了一个冬天的黑颈鹤越冬生态的研究工作.
期间,在大海子湿地的常规观察中,总共记录到包括黑颈鹤在内的水禽24种,对其种类和数量的分析后,发现在大海子湿地的水禽具有以下的特点:(1)绝大多数种类为迁徙过境物种,在此越冬的水禽种类较少.
在24种水禽中,黑颈鹤、赤麻鸭、绿头鸭、灰鹤和普通秋沙鸭等5种整个冬天都在大海子活动,将此湿地作为夜宿地点或越冬地点;而其余的19种水禽都为过路种类,在此停留的时间1~10周不等,水禽的种类在12月上旬达到最高点,此后迅速下降,在越冬中期的1月和2月基本上维持在较少的种类.
(2)除了黑颈鹤种群的数量长期保持在较高的水平外,其余物种的数量都很少,在越冬早期,绿翅鸭和绿头鸭数量较多,但进入中期后,绿翅鸭离开大海子湿地,绿头鸭仅有部分个体留在湿地内越冬,其余的迁徙过路物种都以较少的种群在此活动1~10周不等.
大海子湿地的面积小于1平方公里,湖中没有水草,仅在湖周围生长一些沼泽植被,湖中的动物性食物种类很少,仅包括一些麦穗鱼、黄鳡等.
食物的缺乏可能是导致在此越冬的水禽种类和数量较少的主要原因,在越冬中期,在自然条件最为恶劣和食物条件最为匮乏的季节,以湿地植物为食物的钻水鸭类如绿翅鸭、斑嘴鸭和绿头鸭由于不能取食到足够的食物而迁往别的地点,某些潜水鸭类如凤头潜鸭和红头潜鸭则飞往面积更大、食物更为丰富的水域活动.
2004年夏季,保护区在大海子湿地进行了湿地恢复工作,冬天的水位和水域面积都显著改善,来此越冬和迁徙过境的雁鸭类水禽数量明显增加,国家一级保护动物白尾海雕在湿地周围的出现都表明了湿地恢复带来的效果,在此湿地以及保护区内开展长期的水禽监测以进行湿地恢复的评估很有必要.
19表1大海子湿地冬季水禽名录Table1ListofwaterfowlsatDahaiziWetland中文名Chinesename拉丁名Scientificname英文名Englishname黑颈鹤灰鹤凤头麦鸡泽鹬骨顶鸡白腰杓鹬红脚鹬GrusnigricollisGrusgrusVanellusvanellusTringastagnatillsFulicaatraNumeniusarquataTringatotanusBlack-neckedCraneCommonCraneNorthernLapwingMarshSandpiperCommonCootEurasianCurlewCommonRedshank白腰草鹬苍鹭中白鹭红嘴鸥渔鸥凤头小赤麻鸭绿头鸭绿翅鸭斑嘴鸭罗纹鸭针尾鸭普通秋沙鸭斑头雁凤头潜鸭红头潜鸭TringaochropusArdeacinereaEgrettaintermediaLarusridibundusLarusichthyaetusPodicepscristatusTachybaptusruficollisTadornaferrugineaAnasplatyrhynchosAnascreccaAnaspoecilorhynchaAnasfalcateAnasacutaMergusmerganserAnserindicusAythyafuligulaAythyaferinaGreenSandpiperGreyHeronIntermediateEgretBlack-headedGullGreatBlack-headedGullGreatCrestedGrebLittleGrebeRuddyShelduckMallardGreen-wingedTealSpot-billedDuckFalcatedDuckNorthernPintailCommonMerganserBar-headedGooseTuftedDuckCommonPochard伍和启(云南昆明动物研究所,邮编650223)ListofwinteringandstagingwaterfowlsatDahaiziwetland,DashanbaoN.
R.
Twenty-fourspeciesofwaterfowlswererecordedatDahaiziWetlandbytheauthorfromlateOctober,2004toMarch,2005.
Thecharactersofthesewaterfowlsare:(1)Mostofthewaterfowlsaretransientspecies.
Black-neckedCrane,RuddySheldDuck,Mallard,CommonMerganserandCommonCranewinteredorroostedatthewetlandallthewinter,therest19speciesofwaterfowlsstagedherefor1~10weeks.
ThewaterfowlsreachedtomaximuminearlyDecemberanddecreasedrapidlyeversince,afewspeciesstayedhereduringJanuaryandFebruary.
(2)EachpopulationsizewasquitesmallhereexceptforBlack-neckedCranewhosepopulationsizecontinuedkeepinglarge.
TherewerequitealotMallardsandCommonTealshereinearlywinteringperiod,inmiddlewinteringperiodCommonTealsandmostMallardsleftthewetland.
Withanarealessthan1km2,exceptforsomeswampvegetationgrewaroundthelaketherewasnowaterweedsgrewinthelake,andexceptforsomeTopmouthGudgeon(Pseudorasboraparva)andYellowcheckCarp(Elopichthysbambusa)therewerefewspeciestobeanimalizedfoodinthelake,thoseresultedinfoodshortage,andtherewerelessspeciesandlessamountofwaterfowlstowinterthere.
Duringthemiddlewinteringperiodthe20worsennatureconditionandfoodshortagemadeCommonTealsandSpot-billedDucksmovedtoothersites,somedivingduckssuchas,TuftedDucksandCommonPochardsmovedtomorelargewaterytofeed.
Asaresultofwetlandrecoveryprojectinsummerof2004,thewaterlevelandwaterareaimprovedremarkablyinthatwinter,itattractedmorewaterfowlstowinterandstopover.
TheappearanceofWhite-tailedSeaEagleattheperipheryofthewetlandmeanstheachievementofthewetlandrecovery,itisnecessarytomakealong-termmonitoronwaterfowlsatthewetlandandthereserveandtoevaluatetherecoveryofthewetland.
WuHe-Qi(YunnanKunmingZoologicalInstitute,AcademiaSinica,650223)国内首次卫星跟踪黑颈鹤项目取得阶段性结果2005年2月26日中午13时30分,安装好"卫星信号发射器"的2只黑颈鹤在云南省大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区的小海坝栖息地和长会口栖息地被成功放回了大自然,这标志着在国内首次利用卫星跟踪黑颈鹤项目正式实施.
2005年2月26日上午,美国国际鹤类基金会中国项目官员李凤山博士、中科院昆明动物研究所.
杨晓君教授带领保护区工作人员将编号为:55981和55983的2个卫星发射器分别固定在2只黑颈鹤(编号为1号鹤和2号鹤)背上.
3号黑颈鹤是2005年2月20日13:35时,在大海子海脑壳村的农耕地里捕获的,并于3月1日14:00时安装55982号卫星信号发生器、环志后在大海子成功放飞.
2005年4月4日中午,左脚套有1个绿色彩环、右脚套有1个黄色彩环的3号黑颈鹤,飞离大山包保护区,开始了返回繁殖地的迁徙之旅.
根据卫星发回的数据显示:3号黑颈鹤4日晚上到达四川省凉山州美姑县;5日早上离开,晚上到达四川省阿坝州理县;6日已到四川省阿坝州若尔盖国家级自然保护区.
据专家分析,3号黑颈鹤是停留在若尔盖繁殖或是继续向北飞行,还将进一步观察.
这只黑颈鹤的成功迁徙飞行,及卫星数据回收,标志着在大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区实施的《中国首次利用卫星跟踪黑颈鹤项目》已取得阶段性成果.
道美标(云南省大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区管理局,邮编657000)ThefirstprojectofSatellitetracingBlack-neckedCraneinChinamadeastageachievementTwoBlack-neckedCranesweremountedwith"satellitesignertransmitter"andreleasedintothefieldatXiaohaibaandChanghuikouofDashanbaoNationalN.
R.
respectivelyat13:30on26thFebruary,2005.
ItremarkstheinitiationoftheprojectofsatellitetracingBlack-neckedCraneinChina.
Inthemorningof26thFebruary,2005,Dr.
LiFeng-ShantheofficeroftheICFinchargeofChinaprogramandProf.
YangXiao-JunofKunmingInstituteofZoologyoftheChineseAcademyofSciencesaswellasthestaffofthereservemountedtwosatellitetransmittersNo.
55981andNo.
55983ontothebackofNo.
1andNo.
2cranerespectively.
Afterwards,No.
3cranewasmountedwithNo.
55982transmitterat14:00on1stMarchandreleasedatDahaizi.
Atnoonof4thApril,2005,No.
3cranewhichhasagreenringinleftlegandayellowringinrightlegdepartedthereserveandmigratedtoits21breedingsite.
Thedatafromsatelliteshowed:No.
3cranearrivedatMeiguCounty,LiangshanPrefecture,Sichuanintheeveningof4thandleftthereinthemorningof5th;arrivedatLixianCounty,AbaPrefectureSichuanintheeveningof5th;andarrivedatNuoergaiNationalN.
R.
,AbaPrefectureSichuanon6th.
WhetherthiscranewillbreedatNuoergaiorkeeponmigration,itwaitsforfurthertracing.
ThesuccessfulmigrationofNo.
3craneandreceivingdatafromsatelliteremarks"ThefirstprojectofSatellitetracingBlack-neckedCraneinChina"makesastageachievement.
DaoMei-Biao(AdministrativeBureau,YunnanDashanbaoBlack-neckedCraneNationalN.
R.
,657000)云南大山包黑颈鹤环志信息国际鹤类基金会、全国鸟类环志中心、中国科学院昆明动物所、云南省林业厅以及大山包国家级自然保护区联合于2005年2~3月份在云南省昭通市的大山包国家级自然保护区进行了黑颈鹤环志,表1是有关黑颈鹤的量度及其环志信息.
彩环配置Colorbandcombination金属环号码Noofmetalband体重Weight(kg)体长Length(cm)翅长Wing(cm)跗蟅Tarsus(cm)嘴Bill(cm)尾Tail(cm)放飞时间Dateofrelease左腿Leftleg右腿Rightleg卫星发射器编号PTTNom01-05287.
5119702313392005.
2.
26红/绿/黄Red/Green/Yellow55981n01-33185.
5117682412362005.
2.
26绿/绿Green/Green55983n0065706.
5122662612272005.
3.
1绿Green黄Yellow55982n0065695.
51116225222005.
3.
1黄Yellow绿Green55984m01-05236.
31196526242005.
2.
28绿Green绿Green李凤山(国际鹤类基金会)BandinginformationofBlack-neckedCranesatDashanbao,YunnanTheICF,NationalBirdBandingCenterofChina,KunmingInstituteofZoologyoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,YunnanForestryDepartmentandDashanbaoNationalN.
R.
havejointlybandedBlack-neckedCranesatDashanbaoNationalN.
R.
,ZhaotongCity,YunnaninFebruaryandMarch,2005.
Table1showstheinformationofthebandedcranes:LIFeng-Shan(TheICF)22大山包发现在草海环志的黑颈鹤2005年3月21日,中科院昆明动物研究所博士研究生伍和启和全国鸟类环志中心硕士研究生高立波在中午12点寻找绑有卫星发射器的4只黑颈鹤时,在保护区内的大海子湿地发现了一只右脚带彩环的黑颈鹤,右脚从上到下有红色和黄色的两只彩环,左脚未发现彩环和金属环.
下午2点左右,在一个108只鹤的鹤群中又观察到了两只带彩环的黑颈鹤,彩环的搭配方式分别是右腿从上到下为绿红和绿黄,佩戴绿红彩环的黑颈鹤左腿发现了金属环.
经过与全国鸟类环志中心以及国际鹤类基金会李凤山老师的联系,确定这三只黑颈鹤来自贵州草海国家级自然保护区,其中佩戴绿红和绿黄的黑颈鹤是草海国家级自然保护区在2003年3月15日环志的5只黑颈鹤当中的2只;佩戴红黄彩环的黑颈鹤环志的时间是2004年12月24日,当时该个体是一只生病的鹤,草海保护区工作人员在给其作了简单的处理后进行了放飞,目前该个体已经成功配对,和其配偶在一起活动,健康情况良好.
佩戴彩环的三只黑颈鹤活动于一个108只鹤组成的群体中,该群体的颜色偏青灰色,不同于大山包黑颈鹤的白色和会泽黑颈鹤的黄色,对于外界的干扰很敏感,推测都是从草海迁徙过来在此休息的.
3月25日下午和26日上午在活动的鹤群中,又发现了一只右腿带红绿彩环的黑颈鹤.
据此推测,大山包黑颈鹤自然保护区可能是黑颈鹤向北方迁徙时的一个停歇地点,由草海迁徙过来的黑颈鹤和由会泽迁徙过来的黑颈鹤,它们在此停歇几天后继续迁徙,大山包保护区可能是黑颈鹤东部种群中不同地点黑颈鹤向北迁徙的一个驿站伍和启(云南昆明动物研究所,邮编650223)Black-neckedCranebandedatCaohaiwerefoundatDashanbaoWheninlookingforthe4Black-neckedCranesmountedwithsatellitetransmitter,onecolorbandedBlack-neckedCranewasfoundbydoctoratestudentWuHe-Qi,KunmingInstituteofZoologyoftheChineseAcademyofSciencesandmasterstudentGaoLi-Bo,NationalBirdBandingCenterofChina(NBCC)atDahaiziWetlandon21stMarch,2005.
therewerered/yellowringsinitsrightleg.
Theothertwobandedcraneswerefoundatabout14:00,onecranehadgreen/redringsinitsrightlegandonemetalringinitsleftleg;anothercranehadgreen/yellowringinitsrightleg.
ThesecraneswereconfirmedcamefromGuizhouCaohaiNationalN.
R.
byNBCCandDr.
LiFeng-ShanoftheICF.
Thecraneswithgreen/redandgreen/yellowringswerebandedon15thMarch,2003.
Thecranewithred/yellowringswasbandedon24thDecember,2003,andwassick,butwashealthyandmovedaroundwithitsspousewhenrediscovered.
Thesecraneswerefoundamongagroupofcranes(with108individuals),thecranesofthegroupwithmoredarkbluetintratherthanwhitetintinthecraneofDashanbaoorblacktintinthecraneofHuize.
ThegroupofcraneswasinferredthestopovercranemigratedfromCaohai,thecraneswereverysensitivetodisturbance.
OnemoreBlack-neckedCranewithred/greenringsinrightlegwasfoundamongagroupofcranesinthemorningof25thMarch.
ThefactthatDashanbaoreserveadmittedBlack-neckedCranesfromCaohaiandHuizeshowsthatthereserveprobablyisthestopoversitefortheeastpopulationofBlack-neckedCranesontheflywayofnorthwardsmigration.
WuHe-Qi(KunmingInstituteofZoologyofChineseAcademyofsciences,650223)23救治病愈黑颈鹤重返大自然2005年3月28日17时,大山包保护区车路村12社两名小学生杨国辉、肖代奎在放学回家途中,在车路村公所附近的电线杆旁,发现一只黑颈鹤躺在地上,不能动弹.
他俩随即将黑颈鹤送到大山包保护区大海子管理站进行救治.
经检查,发现这是一只未成年的黑颈鹤,因高烧、痢疾导致身体虚弱无法正常生活.
大海子管理站工作人员,给黑颈鹤服用了庆大霉素、维生素C及口服葡萄糖,同时采用土蚕、燕麦、玉米及蔬菜交替喂养,到2005年4月5日该鹤已完全恢复健康.
经全面检查及测量后,在黑颈鹤的左脚套上1个铜环(环号:N-006566)、1个红色彩环、右脚套上1个黄色彩环后,于5日13时在大山包保护区大海子湿地放飞.
通过两天的监测,该鹤已恢复正常,回到了其他鹤群之中,活动情况良好.
道美标(云南省大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区管理局,邮编657000)ArecoverBlack-neckedCranereturnstothenatureAsickBlack-neckedCranewasfoundatCheluVillage,DashanbaoN.
R.
bytwoprimaryschoolpupilsat17:00on28thMarch,2005.
ItwassenttoDahaiziAdministrativeStation.
Healthcheckshowedthatitwasasub-adultandsufferedfromdysenteryandhadahighfever.
Bytreatingwithgentamycin,vitaminC,peroralglucose,andalternativelyfedgrubs,oats,cornsandvegetablesthecranewastotallyrecoveredat5thApril,2005.
ThecranewasthenreleasedintoDahaiziWetlandat13:00thesameday.
Beforereleasing,itsleftlegwasbandedwithacopperring(N-006566)andaredplasticring,therightlegwasbandedwithayellowplasticring.
Towdaysmonitoringshowedthatthecranehadjoinedinacraneflockandbehavedwell.
DaoMei-Biao(AdministrativeBureau,YunnanDashanbaoBlack-neckedCraneNationalN.
R.
,657000)《白头鹤繁殖分布研究》项目报告(摘要)本项目的研究表明,近几年5-6月在伊春的上甘岭林业局,友好林业局见到白头鹤,数量为9-14只.
2002年4月下旬在绥绫林业局的张家弯林场又见到4只白头鹤.
2002年6月在沾河林业局北沾河林场发现白头鹤旧巢一处(雏鸟已离巢);2003年6月在沾河林业局北沾河林场发现正在孵化的白头鹤繁殖巢一处;2004年5-6月间在沾河林业局北沾河、乌斯孟和茅兰林场分别发现正在孵化的白头鹤繁殖巢,共三处.
2004年繁殖季节在沾河林业局的调查结果表明,在北沾河林场有一对白头鹤繁殖,另有3只白头鹤在此区域活动;在乌斯孟林场有一对白头鹤繁殖,另有4只在繁殖季节早期在此区域活动;在前进工区有2只白头鹤活动,种种迹象表明可能在此区域繁殖,但未找到繁殖巢;在五道林林场有7只白头鹤活动,其中2对可能在此繁殖(但未找到巢);在汤元山林场有4只白头鹤活动;在茅兰林场有1对白头鹤筑巢繁殖;在尖新山林场有1对白头鹤活动.
另外在南沾河和通北林业局东方红林场始业区可能有1-2对白头鹤繁殖.
这样在沾河林业局24已经确定的白头鹤繁殖个体有三对,有待确定的繁殖个体有4-5对,繁殖期在沾河林业局活动的个体有14只.
综上所述,在小兴安岭的伊春地区在繁殖季节有白头鹤9-14只;在沾河林业局始业区内有白头鹤28-30只,在通北林业局始业区有白头鹤2-4只,在绥棱林业局有白头鹤4只.
这样在小兴安岭共有白头鹤43-52只.
此外,在内蒙海拉尔的辉河保护区和胡列也吐,夏季也能见到白头鹤,数量在几只到几十只不等,可能是白头鹤的夏季游荡个体或迁徙群.
根据郑作新1976年出版的《中国鸟类分布名录》记载,乌苏里江、黑龙江流域存在白头鹤繁殖地,海拉尔可能存在白头鹤的繁殖地;经我们调查发现,上述繁殖地目前已不复存在了,只在夏季能见到一些游荡或迁徙个体.
李林(黑龙江省野生动物研究所)ResearchonthedistributionofbreedingHoodedCranes—AsummaryoftheSmallGrantforCraneResearchProgramof2002(Abstract)Thisresearchindicatedthat,9~14HoodedCranesappearedinShangganlingForestBureau,YichunandYouhaoForestBureausduringMayandJuneinrecentyears.
And4HoodedCraneswerefoundatZhangjiawanForestFarm,SuilingForestBureauinApril,2002.
Anoldnest(thecheckhasleft)wasfoundinBeizhanheForestFarm,ZhanheForestBureauinJune,2002.
OnenestinhatchingwasfoundatBeizhanheForestFarm,ZhanheForestBureauinJune,2003.
Total3breedingnestswerefoundatBeizhanhe,WusimengandMaolanForestFarmsofZhanheForestBureauduringMaytoJune,2004.
Tosumup,inbreedingseasontherewere9~14HoodedCranesinYichunPrefectureinXiaoxing'anMountainrange;28~30cranesintheoriginaloperationarea,ZhanheForestBureau;2~4cranesintheoriginaloperationarea,TongbeiForestBureau;4cranesinoriginaloperationarea,SuilengForestBureau.
Totally,therewere43~52HoodedCranesinXiaoxing'anMountainrange.
Moreover,severaltodozensofHoodedCranemayfoundatHuiheRiverN.
R.
andHulieyetuofHailar,InnerMongoliainsummer,theymightbethesummerwandersormigratoryflock.
Accordingtotherecordin"TheDistributionListofChineseBirds"(1976)byProf.
ZhengZuo-Xin,thebreedingsitesofHoodedCranehavebeeninthevalleysofWushuliRiverandHeilongjiangRiver,andmighthavebeeninHailar.
Oursurveyshowsthattheabove-mentionedbreedingsitesarenomore,onlysomewandersandmigrantsstayedthereinsummer.
LiLin(HeilongjiangWildlifeInstitute)《白鹤在黄河三角洲的数量分布及栖息地研究》项目报告(摘要)黄河三角洲是鹤类迁徙的重要迁徙中转站,2001年我们首次发现白鹤野外迁徙种群,并根据调查结果申请开展了2002-2003年度"白鹤在黄河三角洲的数量、分布及栖息地研究"项目,现项目已完成,结果如下:25表12002-2003年度黄河三角洲白鹤调查Table1CensusonSiberianCranesattheDeltaofHuangheRiverin2002~2003时间Date数量Number地点Location生境Habitat主要植被Mainvegetation29/10,200220(3亚成体,3subadults)大汶流垦东29队,黄河入海口处The29thTeamofReclamation,Dawenliu,HuangheRiverestuary河口近海滩涂,其中有潮沟和小面积水域.
Estuaryandinshorebeacheswithtidalditchandsmallareaofwatery翅碱蓬、芦苇CommonSeepweeds,Reed30/10,200224(5小群,5mallgroups)大汶流黄河新河道DawenliuinthenewcourseofHuangheRiver黄河河道两岸芦苇丛ReedmarshesalongthebanksofHuangheRiver芦苇Reed30/10,20022451井南,Southtothe451Well碱蓬沼泽SwampofCommonSeepweeds翅碱蓬、柽柳CommonSeepweeds,ChineseTamarisk08/11,20022大汶流121井北1500米1500mawaynorthtothe121Well,Dawenliu滩涂潮间带Intertide翅碱蓬CommonSeepweeds,19/11,20026大汶流垦东29队The29thTeamofKengdong,Dawenliu近海滩涂,黄河入海口处Theinshorebeaches,theestuaryofHuangheRiver翅碱蓬CommonSeepweeds,01/01~16/012003,02/02~22/02,2003004/03,20036黄河口人工河区Artificialriverregionattheestuary河口滩涂湿地Beachwetlandattheestuary稀翅碱蓬CommonSeepweeds,10/03,2003*1黄河口农田Farmlandattheestuary小麦农田Wheatfield小麦Wheat*注:为野外受伤白鹤,经当地农民报告后我们救护.
*Note:Arescuedwoundedcrane.
该项研究揭示出以下事实:1、2002-2003年度黄河三角洲白鹤数量变化.
在南迁期白鹤数量为54只,越冬期无记录,北迁期为6只.
白鹤在南迁期数量较为集中,且停歇期较长,主要分布在大汶流管理站黄河入海口附近的滩涂中,冬季没有野外记录,北迁数量少,时间短,主要分布在黄河北岸的黄河口管理站.
2、2002-2003年度黄河三角洲白鹤迁徙动态.
白鹤最初到达是在10月下旬,最后离开的时间在11月中下旬,停歇的时间为2~3周,这个时期数量较为集中.
在3月上旬,白鹤有短暂的停歇期,种群数量不多,在这个季节停歇期和数量相对少.
从其迁徙路线上看,南迁期更靠近沿河,北迁期有向内陆偏移倾向.
3、白鹤分布生境.
从黄河三角洲适宜白鹤栖息的生境来看,白鹤集中于近海滩涂区内,尤其是黄河入海口两侧的近海滩涂中数量集中,在近海潮间带内有潮沟的区域也有种群分布.
2003年3月10日在黄河北岸农田发现的受伤白鹤可能是特殊情况,不能确定白鹤对此生境的利用.
另:在完成此项目后,我们继续开展了黄河三角洲野外白鹤调查工作,2004年10月中旬至11月上旬发现白鹤90只,集中在湿地生态恢复区内,黄河入河口滩涂内有13只;2005年3月中旬至4月上旬有10只在湿地生态恢复区内,其最晚的迁离时间在4月13日.
吕卷章单凯朱书玉于海玲(山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区257091)26StudyonnumericaldistributionandhabitatofSiberianCranesattheDeltaofHuangheRiver(Abstract)TheDeltaofHuangheRiverinastopoversiteimportanttomigratorycranes,migratorySiberianCranewasfirstfoundherein2001,aprogram"Studyonthenumber,distributionandhabitatofSiberianCraneattheDeltaofHuangheRiver"wasconductedin2002~2003,thisprogrammakesclearoffollowingfacts:1.
ThenumericalvariationofSiberianCranesatthedeltain2002~2003.
Duringsouthwardsmigration,54craneswerefoundatthedelta,theymainlyconcentratedatthebeachesneartheestuaryofHuangheRiver,DawenliuAdministrativeStationandstayedforalongtime;nonecranewasfoundduringwinteringperiodand6cranesfoundduringnorthwardsmigrationatthedelta,theymainlydistributedattheEstuaryAdministrativeStationonthenorthbankofHuangheRiverandstayedforashorttime.
2.
ThemigratorydynamicsofSiberianCraneatthedeltain2002~2003.
Wheninsouthwardsmigrationthecranesflewalongtheriver,theyfirstarrivalandlastdeparturetimeatthedeltawasattheendofOctoberandmidtolateNovemberrespectively,stayedfor2~3weeks;wheninnorthwardsmigrationthecranesflewoverinland,theyarrivedatandleftthedeltahappenedinearlyMarch.
3.
Thehabitatdistribution.
SiberianCranesconcentratedattheinshorebeaches,especiallyattheinshorebeachesfacingtheestuaryoftheriver,oratinshoreintertidalregionwithtidalditches.
Awoundedcranefoundinafarmlandinthenorthbankoftherivermightbeanspecialcase,thefarmlandwasnotconfirmedtobethehabitatforthecranes.
Thecensuscontinueswhentheprojectwascompleted,90SiberianCraneswerefoundattheecologicalrecoveryareaofwetland,and13cranesatthebeachesoftheestuaryfrommidOctobertoearlyNovember,2004,10cranesattheecologicalrecoveryareainmidMarchtoearlyApril,thelatestdeparturedatewason13thApril,2005.
LvJuan_Zhang,ShanKai,ZhuShu-Yu,YuHai-Ling(ShandongHuangheRiverDeltaNationalN.
R.
,257091)《内蒙古东部鹤类繁殖地调查》项目报告(摘要)本项目课题组于2003年4月赴赤峰市达里诺尔调查,由于"非典"被迫中断工作.
此后,2004年5月开始先后赴达里诺尔、西辽河源头、大兴安岭北部森林沼泽、额尔古纳河、达赉湖等地进行鹤类繁殖地调查.
1.
种类和数量研究结果表明内蒙古有6种鹤,均为繁殖鸟,种类、数量及繁殖地见表1.
2.
繁殖地分布白鹤:2004年笔者在大兴安岭北部奇乾林场最北端的额尔古纳河(5225ˊN,12140ˊE)考察,这里原始森林密布,是内蒙古保存最完好的兴安落叶松(Larixgmelinii)林,近河岸处为灌丛草地和沼泽,经询问6名在沼泽地骑马巡逻的边防战士,通过与《中国鸟类图鉴》核对,他们一致认为沼泽地夏季有6-8只白鹤活动.
边界地区人为干扰少,具备鹤类繁殖条件,所以笔者认为大兴安岭北部可能是白鹤的一个繁殖地.
呼伦贝尔市的达赉湖环保局鸟类监测人员于2004年6月发现有12只白鹤整个夏季都在那里停留,但未发现巢,可能是未参加繁殖的亚成体.
2004年8月达赉湖保护区刘松涛在27表1内蒙古的鹤类资源调查Table1CraneresourceinInnerMongolia物种Species繁殖数(只)Breeder(indivi.
)集结和过境数量(只)Transientandstagiongcrane(indivi.
)繁殖地Breedingsite白鹤Crane<10只20多只,20more奇乾,达赉湖.
Qiqian,DalaiLake丹顶鹤Red-crownedCrane近100只near100约550只about550奇乾,根河,达赉湖,达里诺尔,胡列也吐,乌拉盖,科尔沁,毕拉河,辉河Qiqian,DalaiLake,GenheRiver,dalinor,Telieyetu,Wulagai,Kerqin,BilaRiver,HuiheRiver白头鹤HoodedCrane4只60多只.
60more乌尔旗汗,达赉湖,辉河Wuerqihan,DalaiLake,HuiheRiver白枕鹤White-napedCrane100多只100more400多只.
400more赤峰小河沿,达赉湖,达里诺尔,赤峰沙湖,科尔沁,查干诺尔,毕拉河,辉河.
RiversideinChifeng,DalaiLake,Dalinor,ShahuLakeinChifeng,Kerqin,Chagannor,BilaRiver,huiheRiver灰鹤CommonCrane<20只约40只.
About40库都尔,达赉湖,扎赉特旗,乌梁素海,辉河Kuduer,DalaiLake,ZhalaiteBanner,WuliansuLake,huiheRiver蓑羽鹤DemoselleCrane约10000只about10000约20000只about20000—呼伦贝尔市扎赉诺尔附近(5211,239ˊN,45775ˊE)拍摄到白鹤当年幼鸟照片,刘松涛认为白鹤的繁殖地距此处不远.
丹项鹤:考察结果发现其繁殖区较过去的记录向西南延伸,从大兴安岭北部一直到赤峰市达里诺尔(4310ˊN,11700ˊE).
白枕鹤:从最北的达赉湖向南延伸到锡林郭勒草原的查干诺尔(4310ˊN,11700ˊE).
白头鹤:我们在乌尔旗汗标本馆见到了林业人员采自当地的白头鹤的卵、亚成体和成体系列标本.
2004年7月8日,笔者和加拿大学者CliffeWallis在达里诺尔周围一个芦苇繁茂的小湖泡首次发现分布于此地的1对白头鹤,它们与十几只白枕鹤混群.
2004年6月,我们在呼伦贝尔盟胡列也吐湖泡(4310ˊN,11700ˊE)见到47只白头鹤.
由此可见,白头鹤也许繁殖于大兴安岭北部,未参与繁殖的个体集群在其它地区游荡觅食.
灰鹤:繁殖范围从大兴安岭北部沿泰加林一直延伸到北欧,大兴安岭地区是其繁殖地的东南缘.
1995年5月1日、5月8日分别见到20只、40只灰鹤,1998年8月在达赉湖拍到当年幼鹤的照片.
邢莲莲,杨贵生,潘艳秋(内蒙古大学生命科学学院)SurveyoncranebreedingsiteineasternInnerMongolia(Abstract)ThesurveyhadbeenstartedatDalinor,ChifengCityinApril,2003andinterruptedbytheSARS.
ThesurveythenwentonatDalinor,thesourceofXiliaoheRiver,forestryswampofnorthernDaxing'anMountain,EergunaRiverandDalaiRiver.
1.
SpeciesandnumberThereare6speciesofcranesinInnerMongolia,theyallbreedhere.
2.
Distributionofbreedingsite:SiberianCrane:EergunaRiver(5225ˊN,12140ˊE)locatedatthemostnorthofQiqianForestFarm,innorthernDaxing'anMountain,theregrowsdenseofDahurianLarches(Larixgmelinii),therearebushesandswampsneartheriver.
ItisaboundaryareawithfewhumandisturbancesandispossiblyabreedingsiteforSiberianCrane.
12SiberianCraneswerefound28stayedthereallthesummerbythebirdmonitorsofDalaiLakeEnvironmentalBureau,HulunbeierCityinJune,2004,butnonenestwasfound,thesecranesmightbethenon-breedingsub-adults.
AcheckwasphotographednearZhalainor(5211,239ˊN,45775ˊE),HulunbeierCitybyMr.
LiuSong-TaoofDalaiLakeN.
R.
inAugust,2004.
ItmeansthatthebreedingsiteofSiberianCraneisnotfarfromthischeck.
Red-crownedCrane:BreedingareafromnorthernDaxing'anMountaintoDalinor(4310ˊN,11700ˊE),ChifengCity,ismoretowardssouthwestthanbefore.
White-napedcrane:BreedingareafromDalaiLakesouthwardstoChagannorinXilinguolePrairie(4310ˊN,11700ˊE).
HoodedCrane:Theauthorsobservedthespecimenoftheegg,sub-adultandadultofHoodedCraneatthemuseumofWuerqihan(49.
5N,121.
3E)collectedbytheforestworkers.
ApairofHoodedCraneswerefirstfoundbyDr.
CliffeWallis(aCanadianexpert)andtheauthorsatasmalllakeperipheryDalinoron8thJuly,2004,theymixedwithtenmoreWhite-napedCranes.
And47HoodedCraneswerefoundatHuleiyetuLake(4310ˊN,11700ˊE)bytheauthors,HulunbeierLeagueinJune,2004.
ItshowedthatHoodedCranemightbreedinnorthernDaxing'anMountain,theaggregatednon-breedingindividualsmightwanderandfeedinsomewhereelse.
CommonCrane:BreedingareafromnorthernDaxing'anMountaingoesalongtaigatonorthEurope,northernDaxing'anMountainisthesoutheastbounderofthebreedingarea.
20and40CommonCraneshadbeenfoundon1stMayand8thMayof1995respectively,acheckhadbeenphotographedatDalaiLakeinAugust,1988.
XingLian-Lian,YangQui-Sheng,PanYan-Qiu(SchooloflifeSciences,InnerMongoliaUniversity)美国中西部的鹤类数量调查已达30年国际鹤类基金会自豪地庆祝鹤类数量调查30周年!
一年一度的美国中西部沙丘鹤的数量调查于1976年始于一个县,是国际鹤类基金会和米德尔顿威斯康辛高中生的合作行动.
调查鼓励学生通过监测湿地和记数沙丘鹤更加投入到自然保护中去.
多年来数量调查的参与者已扩大到5个州的不同年龄层.
2004年4月17日3千名自愿调查者分别在威斯康辛、密奇根、爱俄华、明尼苏达和伊利诺伊州对沙丘鹤的调查总数为13580只.
年度数量调查增强了人们对湿地生态系统及其拥有生物种类的认识.
公众意识的增强和支持推动着自然保护的开展.
从纯科学的观点看,鹤类数量调查积累了无法取代的基本资料.
它完善了国际鹤类基金会对沙丘鹤环志研究、沙丘鹤损害农作物研究和沙丘鹤生态研究.
此外,这一地区性的努力可推动国际鹤类基金会的同行们在他们的国家开展类似的鹤类调查而具有国际意义.
国际鹤类基金会曾推动在印度调查白鹤(1970)和赤颈鹤(1987)的数量,在中国调查黑颈鹤、白枕鹤、白头鹤和白鹤(20世纪80年代初期),在南非调查肉垂鹤、蓝鹤和灰冠鹤(1986),在肯尼亚调查灰冠鹤(1988)和在古巴调查沙丘鹤(1996).
国际鹤类基金会美国中西部沙丘鹤的年度数量调查是世界上最大的以群众为主体的野生动物调查之一,马上就到30周年大庆了!
在达到这一里程碑之际,我们趁此机会重温其发展历程并期待其辉煌的未来.
1976年,不足200人的志愿者在威斯康辛州发起了"哥伦比亚县鹤类调查".
随着公众觉悟和兴趣的提高调查范围扩大到该州中部的5个县.
在20世纪80年代初期鹤类数量调查蓬勃发展.
在威斯康辛湿地协会和国际鹤类基金会的共同努力下,调查范围扩大到该州的34个县,保护湿地的行动加强了.
在调查10周年纪念时,威斯康辛州的6729个县里已有62个县的2千多名志愿者参与整个州的调查.
行动也更名为"威斯康辛州年度沙丘鹤数量调查".
又过了10年,鹤类调查达到第二个里程碑—跨过州界囊括了与威斯康辛州相邻的4个州(密奇根、明尼苏达、伊利诺伊和爱俄华州),行动再次更名为更综合的"美国中西部沙丘鹤年度数量调查".
我们认为鹤类的数量调查又迈上一个新台阶.
传统上鹤类数量调查只限于分布在威斯康辛州的沙丘鹤.
幸亏有了国际鹤类基金会和美洲鹤东部伙伴主持的美洲鹤重引进工作,引进的濒危美洲鹤又为美国中西部景观增色不少.
2005年的鹤类数量调查标志着第3个10年的到来,这10年的调查是最有意义和最成功的,它增加了对美洲鹤的调查.
我们再次将行动更名为"美国中西部鹤类年度数量调查"以反映调查区域存在更多的鹤种.
为更有效地进行群众鸟类数量调查,必须周密计划并由一个发起组织负责实施多年.
我们向现在的和过去的多年从事鹤类数量调查的国际鹤类基金会的工作人员致敬.
和他们在一起的还有许多县级志愿合作者和志愿计数者才使得这一令人神往的项目得以成功.
如果你关心国际鹤类基金会的"美国中西部鹤类年度数量调查"的更多信息,可查询国际鹤类基金会的网页http://www.
savingcranes.
org/conservation/our_projects/program.
cfmid=17.
自然学家BrandonKrueger(国际鹤类基金会,东11376ShadyLane路,巴拉布,威斯康辛州,53913)ICF'sCraneCountTurns30!
TheInternationalCraneFoundation(ICF)isproudtocelebrate30yearsofCraneCount!
TheAnnualMidwestSandhillCraneCountbeganinonecountyin1976asacooperativeventurebetweenICFandMiddletonWisconsinhighschoolstudents.
ThecountencouragedstudentstobecomemoreinvolvedwithconservationthroughwetlandmonitoringandcensusingofSandhillCranes.
Overtheyears,thecounthasgrowntoincludeparticipantsofallagesfromfivedifferentstates.
OnApril17,2004,arecord3,000volunteersacrossportionsofWisconsin,Michigan,Iowa,MinnesotaandIllinoistalliedatotalof13,580cranes.
Themajoraccomplishmentoftheannualcountisthatitincreasesawarenessofandappreciationforwetlandecosystemsandtheirmanyinhabitants.
Increasedpublicawarenessandsupportdrivespreservationefforts.
FromapurelyscientificstandpointCraneCountgeneratesbaselinedatathatwouldotherwisebeunavailable.
CraneCountcomplementsICF'sbandedcranestudy,cropdamagestudyandecologicalstudiesofSandhillCranes.
Additionally,thislocalefforthasinternationalramificationsbyinspiringICFcolleaguestoimplementsimilarprogramsforcranesintheirowncountries.
ICFhasencouragedcountsofSiberian(1970)andSarusCranes(1987)inIndia,Black-necked,White-naped,HoodedandSiberianCranesinChina(early1980s),Wattled,BlueandGreyCrownedCranesinSouthAfrica(1986),GreyCrownedCranesinKenya(1988),andSandhillCranesinCuba(1996).
ICF'sAnnualMidwestCraneCount,oneoftheworld'slargestcitizen-basedwildlifesurveys,isapproachingitsthirtiethanniversary!
Withthearrivalofthismilestone,we'dliketotaketheopportunitytojourneybackintimetorelivethecount'smodestbeginningsandjourneyintothefuturetoanticipateitsexcitingfuture.
In1976,lessthan200volunteersinitiatedtheColumbiaCountyCraneSurveyinWisconsin.
Asawarenessandinterestgrew,thesurveyexpandedintofivecentralWisconsincounties.
Intheearly1980s,theCraneCountprogramsexploded.
ThroughthecombinedeffortsoftheWisconsinWetlandsAssociationandICF,the30rangeofthecountgrew,andwetlandprotectionendeavorswereenhancedthroughawareness-buildingprograms.
Thepartnershipofthesetwoorganizationsresultedintheexpansionofthecountto34countiesthroughoutWisconsin.
Bythecount'stenthanniversary,sixty-sevenofWisconsin'sseventy-twocountieswereincluded,withover2000volunteerscountingacrossthestate.
Atthatpoint,thecountwasrenamedtheAnnualWisconsinSandhillCraneCount.
Anothertenyearslater,theCraneCountreacheditsnextmilestone-crossingborderstoincludefourofthestatessurroundingWisconsin(Michigan,Minnesota,Illinois,andIowa);again,thesurveyreceivedanew,morecomprehensivetitle-theAnnualMidwestSandhillCraneCount.
Andaswespeak,CraneCountisinfullstridetoyetanothersteppingstone.
Traditionally,CraneCountfocusedsolelyontheSandhillCrane,theonespeciesfoundinWisconsinduringrecentyears.
ButthankstoreintroductioneffortsledbyICFandothermembersoftheWhoopingCraneEasternPartnership,theendangeredwhoopingcranesgraceourMidwesternlandscapesonceagain.
CraneCount2005marksthethirddecadeofthismostsignificantandsuccessfulsurveyandintroducesthenextprogressivestepintheevolutionofCraneCount…theinclusionofwhoopingcranes.
We'verenamedthesurvey,onceagain,totheAnnualMidwestCraneCounttoreflecttheirexcitingpresenceinourregion.
Tobeeffective,citizenbirdcountsrequirecarefulplanningandimplementationbyasponsoringorganizationcommittedtotheendeavorforaperiodofyears.
WesaluteallcurrentandformerICFemployeeswhoovertheyearshavededicatedthemselvestoCraneCount.
AlongwiththesededicatedindividualstherearemanyvolunteerCountyCoordinatorsandvolunteercountersthatmakethisamazingprogrampossible.
IfyouareinterestedinmoreinformationabouttheICF'sAnnualMidwestCraneCount,youmayfindmoreontheICFWebsiteathttp://www.
savingcranes.
org/conservation/our_projects/program.
cfmid=17.
BrandonKrueger,NaturalistInternationalCraneFoundationE11376ShadyLaneRdBaraboo,WI53913美洲鹤重引进最新进展美洲鹤在人类活动造成的濒临灭绝的边缘异乎寻常地恢复过来了.
19世纪中叶美洲鹤种群约有1500只.
由于生境的改变、无节制的猎杀和取卵,美洲鹤种群内的个体数量迅速下降,至1941年,最后的迁徙种群只剩下15只鹤.
这个小种群的美洲鹤在生死间徘徊,此时需要有一个宏大的恢复计划来挽救这一物种.
保护美洲鹤和建立一个新种群等计划已付诸行动,并开始恢复美洲鹤的长途迁徙.
在实行了生境保护和禁猎后,从加拿大西北部繁殖地迁飞到德克萨斯海湾沿岸越冬的美洲鹤最后野生种群有了明显的恢复.
现在这一种群已有200多只.
1986年,为挽救濒临灭绝的美洲鹤,由美国和加拿大的鹤类生物学家和官员组成的美洲鹤恢复小组制定了恢复美洲鹤的计划.
如果恢复计划成功,美国渔业和野生动物局将把美洲鹤从濒危等级降到受危状况.
为满足恢复计划的目标,现在一项恢复美洲鹤在北美洲的东部迁飞种群的重引进计划正在进行.
项目是由一群非赢利组织和政府组织组成的美洲鹤东部合伙公司操作.
主要成员有国际鹤类基金会、国际美洲鹤恢复小组、美国国家渔业和野生动物基金会、威斯康辛国家资源基金会、操纵迁徙公司、美国渔业和野生动物局、美国地理调查帕都仙野生动物研究中心和国家野生动物健康中心、自然资源威斯康31辛处和其他许多合作者.
在野外,幼鹤跟随双亲记住迁飞路线.
在这个重引进行动中,操纵迁徙公司通过用超轻型飞机带领幼鹤迁飞扮演了双亲的角色.
幼鹤在首次南迁时记住了迁飞路线,可自行完成返程的迁飞.
重引进项目所用的种鹤来自设在威斯康辛州的国际鹤类基金会、设在德克萨斯州的圣安东尼奥动物园和设在马里兰州的帕都仙野生动物研究中心等3个笼养繁殖中心.
从这些繁殖中心收集到的鹤卵被运到帕都仙,幼鹤在帕都仙在与人隔绝的条件下饲养并接触超轻型飞机.
为确保幼鹤的野性,参与项目的生物学家和飞行员要遵守隔离饲养协议,包括不许说话、用成年鹤的录音和幼鹤交流和与幼鹤在一起时必须穿上鹤的伪装用以隐去人形.
每年6月都有一批新生的幼鹤被运到设在威斯康辛州的尼西达国家野生动物保护地,在那里开始进行幼鹤跟随超轻型飞机的训练,为它们的秋季迁飞作准备.
这些幼鹤长得很快,到仲夏时节已能跟随超轻型飞机飞行一小段距离了.
飞行距离逐渐加长,直到幼鹤能胜任秋季的迁飞.
在迁飞前还要给幼鹤装上彩色脚环和无线电发报机.
每年的十月上中旬,美洲鹤离开尼西达国家野生动物保护地开始其飞到佛罗里达州的1200英里迁飞.
这一种群在佛罗里达海湾沿岸的查沙豪威茨卡国家野生动物保护地越冬.
越冬期的种群受到国际鹤类基金会和美国渔业和野生动物局生物学家的监测.
次年的3月下旬或4月上旬鹤群在无超轻型飞机的帮助下开始春季迁飞.
这次春季迁飞所用的时间短于秋季迁飞.
因为鹤群自身能更有效地飞行,它们通过利用热气流和翱翔而不用跟随在超轻型飞机后面做消耗能量的拍翅飞行.
成功北返的美洲鹤,将大部分越夏时间都花在尼西达国家野生动物保护地,它们也利用国家的和私人的领地.
在没有同群的未来配偶的陪伴下,一岁大的青年鹤此时也在游荡中选择将来的繁殖领地.
为了尽量了解美洲鹤的独立迁飞和在迁飞途中对栖息地的选择,国际鹤类基金会和美国渔业和野生动物局的生物学家,在美洲鹤的秋季和春季迁飞时都进行了跟踪和监测.
生物学家还要对越夏和越冬的美洲鹤继续监测.
重引进已使美洲鹤北美东部迁徙种群达到45只.
为壮大用超轻型飞机领航的种群,现正在实行补充释放计划.
补充释放技术包括按隔离饲养协议饲养幼鹤.
在幼鹤长出飞羽后,释放到过去用超轻型飞机领航的现在较年长的已成功完成独立迁飞的美洲鹤群中,或释放到上述较年长的美洲鹤有可能与之合群的野生沙丘鹤群中.
这些被释放的美洲鹤幼鹤将从较年长的美洲鹤群或从野生的沙丘鹤群那里学到秋季迁飞路线.
这种重引进方法过去已用沙丘鹤做过实验并获成功.
想要了解这一项目和美洲鹤的进展的更多信息,请浏览国际鹤类基金会的网页:www.
savingcranes.
org/about/whats_new/travel_journals.
cfmJohnA.
Garland(国际鹤类基金会教育领域协调人)UpdqateonWhoopingCraneReintroductionTheWhoopingCraneisonthevergeofanextraordinarycomebackafternearlybecomingextinctduetohumanactivities.
Inthemid-1800s,theWhoopingCranepopulationwasaround1,500individuals.
Theirpopulationdeclinedrapidlyduetohabitatconversion,unregulatedhunting,andeggcollecting.
By1941,thelastmigratoryflockwasreducedtoonly15birds.
ThisonesmallflockofWhoopingCranesstoodbetweensurvivalandextinction.
Ambitiousrecoveryeffortswereneededtosavethespecies.
Projectstoprotectthecranesandtocreatenewpopulationswereputinmotionandbeganthe32WhoopingCranes'longjourneytorecovery.
Dueinparttohabitatprotectionandhuntingrestrictions,thislastwildflock,whichmigratesfrombreedinggroundsintheNorthwestTerritoriesofCanadatotheGulfcoastofTexas,hasmadeadramaticcomeback.
Therearecurrentlyover200WhoopingCranesinthispopulation.
In1986,aWhoopingCraneRecoveryPlanwasdraftedtochartacourseforsavingthespeciesfromextinction.
TheplanwascreatedbytheWhoopingCraneRecoveryTeam,agroupofcranebiologistsandofficialsfromtheUnitedStatesandCanada.
Iftherecoveryplanissuccessful,WhoopingCranescouldbedownlistedfromendangeredtothreatenedstatusbytheU.
S.
FishandWildlifeService.
AreintroductionprojectaimedatsatisfyingthegoalsoftherecoveryplaniscurrentlyunderwaytorestoreamigratoryflockofWhoopingCranestoeasternNorthAmerica.
Nowinitsfifthyear,theprojectisbeingundertakenbytheWhoopingCraneEasternPartnership,ateamofnon-profitandgovernmentalorganizationswhosefoundingmembersincludetheInternationalCraneFoundation,InternationalWhoopingCraneRecoveryTeam,NationalFishandWildlifeFoundation,NaturalResourcesFoundationofWisconsin,OperationMigrationInc.
,USFishandWildlifeService,USGeologicalSurvey'sPatuxentWildlifeResearchCenterandNationalWildlifeHealthCenter,WisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources,andmanyotherdedicatedpartners.
Inthewild,youngcraneslearnmigrationroutesfromtheirparents.
Inthiscurrentreintroductioneffort,OperationMigrationisstandinginfortheparentbirdsbyleadingyoungWhoopingCranesonmigrationwithultralightaircraft.
Thechickslearntherouteduringtheirfirsttripsouth,andareabletomakethereturnjourneyontheirown.
Cranesforthisprojectcomefromthreecaptivebreedingcenters,theInternationalCraneFoundationinWisconsin,SanAntonioZooinTexas,andthePatuxentWildlifeResearchCenterinMaryland.
CraneeggsfromtheseorganizationsareshippedtoPatuxent.
There,theyoungcranesareintroducedtoultralightaircraftandraisedinisolationfromhumans.
Toensuretheimpressionablecranesremainwild,projectbiologistsandpilotsadheretoisolation-rearingprotocol,whichincludesastrictno-talkingrule,useofrecordedadultcranecallstocommunicatewiththeyoungbirds,andcranecostumesthattheresearchersweartomaskthehumanformwhenevertheyarearoundthecranes.
NewclassesofcranesaretransportedtotheNecedahNationalWildlifeRefugeinWisconsineachJunetobeginasummerofconditioningbehindtheultralightstopreparethemfortheirfallmigration.
Thecranesgrowquicklyandbymid-summerareflyingshortdistancesbehindtheultralights.
Theflightsbecomeprogressivelylonger,untilthechicksarereadytobeginmigrationinautumn.
Beforemigrationbegins,thechicksarefittedwithcoloredbandsandradiotransmittersaroundtheirlegs.
Inearlytomid-October,theWhoopingCranesdeparttheNecedahNationalWildlifeRefugeandbegantheir1,200milemigrationtoFlorida.
TheflockspendsthewinterontheGulfcoastofFloridaattheChassahowitzkaNationalWildlifeRefuge.
ThebirdsaremonitoredbyInternationalCraneFoundationandU.
S.
FishandWildlifeServicebiologiststhroughoutthewinter.
InlateMarchorearlyAprilthecranesbegintheirspringmigrationunaidedbyultralights.
Thespringmigrationgenerallydoesnotlastaslongasthefallmigration.
Ontheirown,thecranesareabletoflymoreefficientlybyridingthermalsandsoaring,ratherthanexpendingenergyflappingtheirwingstoflybehindtheultralights.
GraduatedclassesofWhoopingCranesspendmuchoftheirtimeduringthesummeronorneartheNecedahNationalWildlifeRefuge.
Theyalsousestateandprivatelands.
Itisnotunusualforyearlingcranestowander,especiallyiftheyare33notassociatingwithanymaleflockmates,whichtypicallyselectthefuturebreedingterritory.
BiologistsfromtheInternationalCraneFoundationandtheU.
S.
FishandWildlifeServicetrackandmonitorthecranesduringtheirfallandspringmigrationsinanefforttolearnasmuchaspossibleabouttheirunassistedjourneysandthehabitatchoicestheymakealongtheway.
ThebiologistscontinuetomonitorthebirdswhiletheWhoopingCranesareintheirsummerandwinterlocations.
Therearecurrently45migratoryWhoopingCranesineasternNorthAmericaasaresultofthisreintroduction.
Plansarecurrentlyunderwayforasupplementalreleasetoaugmenttheultralight-ledrecoveryefforts.
ThesupplementalreleasetechniquewillconsistofrearingWhoopingCranechicksusingtheisolation-rearingprotocol.
Afterthechickshavefledged,theywillbereleasedwitholderWhoopingCranesthathavesuccessfullymigratedinthepast,orintowildSandhillCraneflockswithwhichtheseolderWhoopingCranesarelikelytoassociate.
Thesereleasedjuvenileswillthenlearnafallmigrationroutefromtheolder,wildbirds.
ThismethodofreintroductionhasbeenpreviouslytestedandprovensuccessfulwithSandhillCranes.
Tolearnmoreaboutthisprojectandtheprogressofthecranes,pleasevisittheInternationalCraneFoundation'swebsite:www.
savingcranes.
org/about/whats_new/travel_journals.
cfm.
.
ByJohnA.
Garland,EducationOutreachCooedinator,InternationalCraneFoundation2004年北海道丹顶鹤的数量正富宏之(日本丹顶鹤保护所)世界上的丹顶鹤有两个种群,一个在东北亚,另一个在日本的北海道.
亚洲迁徙种群的数量正在下降,而北海道非迁徙种群的数量近几年来正在逐步上升,2003年2月已达898只.
作者等于2004年1月23~26日对位于北海道东部设在阿寒、鹤居和音别的主要的越冬给食站和另外几个小给食站的丹顶鹤数量进行了调查.
调查时的天气晴朗,气温低于摄氏零度.
在3个大给食站的丹顶鹤的总数为756只(包括72只幼鹤),是迄今为止的最高数量(见表1).
分布比率为:阿寒33.
9%、中雪里22.
4%和下雪里43.
8%.
虽然自2002年起在鹤居村(跨中雪里和下雪里)的丹顶鹤数量相对稳定在500只左右,但在阿寒的丹顶鹤数量持续增加,1996年在阿寒的丹顶鹤数量是鹤居的1/3,到2002年已达鹤居的丹顶鹤数量之半.
在音别和32个小给食站分别发现91(13)和103(19)只丹顶鹤,总数也为历史新高,但幼鹤数量低于上一年.
小给食站的丹顶鹤总数(占53.
1%)首次超过音别的鹤,这可能与当年的气候异常有关.
当年冬季温暖,许多河、湖和池塘水面冰雪融化,为丹顶鹤提供了天然食物和夜宿地.
在日高、十胜、钏路和根宝等特区设有小给食站,丹顶鹤在钏路为80(18)只,占调查总数的97.
6%,根宝19(1)只,日高和十胜14只.
2003/2004年有950(140)只丹顶鹤在北海道越冬,其中的750只分布在3个大给食站,其余的194只分布在其它小给食站.
丹顶鹤总数比上一年增加了52只,但幼鹤减少了18只.
幼鹤的比值为10.
9%,比上一年下降了2.
7%,但几乎等于过去十年(1994~2003)幼鹤的平均比值,表明繁殖鹤有分散养育幼鹤的趋势.
34表1各给食站丹顶鹤数量和幼鹤的百分比3个主要给食站小给食站阿寒中雪里下雪里小计音别其它小计总计鹤总数25616933175691103194950幼鹤数31182372131932104幼鹤百分比(%)12.
110.
76.
99.
514.
318.
416.
510.
9养育2只幼鹤的家庭5331114516在调查期间发现有88对丹顶鹤成功繁殖,比上一年少12对;其中的72对养活了1只幼鹤,16对养活了2只幼鹤.
在上一年春季发现274对营巢的丹顶鹤,2004年1月下旬丹顶鹤繁殖成功率为32.
1%,虽然比2003年下降2.
4%,但仍高于过去十年的平均繁殖成功率31.
6%.
与上一年比较北海道种群的个体数增加了5.
79%,尽管在繁殖季节不存在明显的对幼鹤成活的不利因素但幼鹤的成活率似有下降.
2002年被环志的幼鹤到2003年冬季的成活率为75.
0%,而2003年被环志的幼鹤到2004年调查时的成活率为64.
7%.
从上述调查结果可得出如下结论:2004年调查时期丹顶鹤的繁殖率虽低于上一年,但也达到了平常的繁殖水平,因此,北海道丹顶鹤种群在稳步增大.
对鹤类数量的精确调查是维持牢固的种群和实行各种保护计划的基本手段,因此,每年坚持精确调查鹤类的数量很重要,调查的结果会用于制订鹤类的保护政策.
选自:\"BulletinoftheJapanCranesandStorksNetwork\",2004,No.
1(本刊注:安徽大学王岐山教授和盐城保护区杜进进工程师应邀参加了此项调查,见封2下照片)NumberofTanchoGrusjaponensiswinteringinHokkaidoin2004MasatomiHiroyuki(TachoProtectionUnit,Japan)TherearetwoseparatepopulationsofTanchoGrusjaponensisintheworld:oneinnortheastAsiaandtheotherinHokkaido,Japan.
TheAsianmigratorypopulationisthoughttobedecreasinginnumber,buttheHokkaido'snon-migratorypopulationhasbeengraduallyincreasinginrecentyears,reaching898cranesinFebruaryof2003.
In2004wecarriedoutcensusesofTanchoatthemajorwinteringfeedingstations(FSs)inAkan,TsuruiandOnbetsuwithotherminorFSsineasternHokkaidoon23~26ofJanuary.
Theweatheroncensusdayswasfineandtheairtemperaturewasusuallyunder0.
℃Thetotalnumberofcranesatthethreelong-establishedmajorFSs,Akan,NakasetsuriandShimosetsuri,were756(including72juveniles)whichwerethelargestnumbertodate(Table1).
Therateofdistributionwas33.
9%atAkan,22.
4%atNakasetsuriand43.
8%atShimosetsuri.
Thoughthetotalnumberofcranes,about500,stayinginTsuruivillage(NakasetsuriandShimosetsuri)duringwinterhasbeenrelativelystablesince2002,thenumberofcranesatAkanhasbeencontinuouslyincreasing.
In1996thenumberofcranesatAkanwasone-thirdthenumberatTsurui,butthisyearthenumberatAkanreachedonehalfthenumberatTsurui.
Therewere91(13)and103(19)cranesfoundatOnbetsuand32minorFSsrespectively,reaching35atotalof194(32)whichisthelargestnumberfoundtodate.
Howeverthenumberofjuvenileswaslessthanthepreviousyear.
Itwasthefirsttimethatthenumberofcranesatthelatterplacewaslarger(53.
1%)thanthatoftheformer.
Thiswasprobablyduetounusualweatherconditionsthisyear;itwaswarmerthanusualandmanylakes,riversandpoolsthawedandsuppliednaturaldietsandroostingspots.
TheminorFSsusedbycranesaredistributedinHidaka,Tokachi,KushiroandNemurodistricts.
ThenumberofcranesusingtheminorFSswere80(18)inKushiro,19(1)inNemuro,andtherestinHidakaandTokachi.
Thismeansthatonly2.
0%ofthewholepopulationwasobservedinNemuroand97.
6%waswinteredinKushiro.
Finally950(104cranes(756atthethreemajorFSsand194attherest)spentthewinterof2003/2004inHokkaido.
Thiswasatotalincreaseof52cranes,but18fewerjuvenileswas10.
9%amongthepopulation,2.
7%lowerthanthatin2003,butalmostequaltothe11.
0%whichwastheaverageratiointhepast10years(1994~2003).
ThepercentofjuvenilesamongtheflocksusingtheminorFSswassignificantlyhigherthanthatoftheflocksusingthethreemajorFSs(p<0.
05),suggestingatendencyofdispersionofthebreedingpairsrearingjuveniles.
Table1CranenumberandpercentageofjuvenilesineachfeedingstationThreemajorfeedingstationsMinorfeedingstationsTotalAkannakasetsuriShimosetsuriSubtotalOnbetsuOthersSubtotalNumberofcranes25616933175691103194950Numberofjuveniles31182372131932104Percentofjuveniles(%)12.
110.
76.
99.
514.
318.
416.
510.
9Numberofpairswith2chicks5331114516Atthecensusperiod88pairsweresuccessfulinbreeding,12pairsfewerthanthepreviousyear,of72pairswerewithonejuvenileand16pairswithtwojuveniles.
Asthenestingpairsobservedinthepreviousspringwas174,thebreedingsuccessratewas32.
1%inlateJanuaryof2004.
Thoughthiswas2.
4%lowerthan2003,thisratewashigherthanthe31.
6%averageoftheprevious10years.
Theincreaseintherateofpopulationcomparedtothepreviousyearwas5.
79%,butthesurvivalrateofjuvenilesseemedtobelowerinspiteofnoobviousnegativefactorsfortheirlifeinthisbreedingseason.
Theactualsurvivalrateofjuvenilesringedin2002was75.
0%duringtheirfirstwinterof2003andthatofjuvenilesringedin2003was64.
7%atthecensustimeof2004.
Lookingatthesecensusresults,weconcludedthatwhilethebreedingstatusatthecensustimein2004wasnotashighasthepreviousyear,itseemedtomeettheusualbreedinglevel,andthepopulationofcranesinHokkaidowasstillgrowingsteadily.
Precisecensusoncraneswasafundamentalmeasuretakeninordertomakeeffectiveplansforthemaintenanceofasoundpopulationandtoimplementvariousprogramsfortheconservationofcranes.
Therefore,itisessentialtocontinuetheaccuratecountingofcraneseveryyearandtheresultsofmonitoringshouldbereflectedinthepolicyforcraneconservation.
Selectedfrom\"BulletinoftheJapanCranesandStorksNetwork\",2004,No.
1(Theeditorialnote:Prof.
WangQi-Shan,AnhuiUniversityandEngineerDuJin-Jin,YanchengNationalN.
R.
wereinvitedtojoininthesurvey,seephotosintheinsidecover)36威斯康星大学彭简仕在鄱阳湖进行科学研究彭简仕(JamesBurnham)是ICF资助的美国威斯康星大学硕士研究生,他从2004年10月开始,在鄱阳湖保护区大湖池保护管理站进行长达6个月的野外研究工作.
他的研究课题是ICF鄱阳湖项目的一部分,主要是协助收集整理鄱阳湖水鸟、水位和水生植被关系的数据,并调试和完善鄱阳湖保护区中美合作项目生态监测数据库.
他的研究不但会帮助加强鄱阳湖保护区现有的科研水平,还能够加强保护区的保护管理工作.
在此期间,为了检查督促彭简仕的工作和观鹤,ICF董事长乔治.
阿其博(GeorgeArchibald)先生偕同资助ICF鄱阳湖项目部分经费的艾丽.
希勒(EllieSchiller)女士于2005年1月18日至21日来到保护区,当他们在大湖池看到大批大批的白鹤从头顶上飞过时,心情十分激动地对保护区工作人员说"真是太幸运了,鄱阳湖真是太漂亮了".
这是乔治.
阿其博先生第六次到鄱阳湖观鹤,艾丽.
希勒女士第一次来参观访问,临别时他们多次向保护区工作人员表示感谢并说还会再来.
周飞龙(鄱阳湖自然保护区大湖池保护管理站)Mr.
JamesBurnhaminPoyangLakeMr.
JamesBurnhamisagraduatestudentofWisconsinUniversity,America,subsidizedbytheICF,sinceOctober2004,hemadeafieldresearchatDahuchiAdministrativeStation,PoyangLakeN.
R.
for6months.
HisresearchisapartoftheICF'sPoyangLakeproject,hemainlyassiststocollectandhandlethedataoftherelationshipamongwaterfowls,waterlevelandaquaticvegetations,anddebugsandimprovestheecologicalmonitoringdatabaseofSino-AmericacooperativeprojectofPoyangLakeN.
R.
.
Hisresearchnotonlyenforcesthescientificresearchlevel,butalsoenforcesthemanagementinthereserve.
TosupervisionandpromoteMr.
JamesBurnham'sworkandtowatchcranes,Dr.
GeorgeArchibald,theChairmanoftheBoardofDirectorsoftheICFandMs.
EllieSchiller,theinvestorofpartialexpensesoftheprojectarrivedatthereserveon18thJanuary,2005.
WhenwatchedlargeflocksofSiberianCranesflyingovertheysaidexcitedly:"Wearereallyluckytobehere!
""HowbeautifulthePoyangLakeis!
".
Thisisthe6thtimeforDr.
GeorgeArchibaldtovisitPoyangLake,andisthe1sttimeforMs.
EllieSchiller,theywerethankfultothestaffofthereserveandpromisedthattheywillcomebackagainwhenleavingthereserve.
ZhouFei-Long(DahuchiAdministrativeStation,PoyangLakeN.
R.
)黑龙江三江国家级自然保护区发现黑海番鸭2004年10月27日黑龙江省抚远县一渔民在黑龙江抚远江段夹信子岛(134°09′30″E,48°22′40″N)捕鱼时捕到一只已经死亡的野鸭,把它送到黑龙江三江国家级自然保护区.
经科研人员初步鉴定为黑海番鸭.
后又送往东北林业大学野生动物资源学院,经鸟类学家常家传教授鉴定,确认该野鸭为黑海番鸭的雄性亚成体.
经过测量,这只黑海番鸭体长360mm,尾长84mm,翼长28mm,跗蹠长33mm,体重850g.
该鸭头顶和后颈暗褐色,头侧,颈侧,颌和喉灰白色,颈侧缀有细小淡褐色斑点,上37体暗灰褐色,具灰白色端斑,胸侧和两胁亦具有灰白色端斑,胸和腹淡灰褐色,腹具少许不甚明显的灰白色斑纹.
腋羽、肛周暗褐色,尾下覆羽灰白色,翼下覆羽暗灰褐色而具灰白色挟缘.
虹膜褐色,嘴黑色,跗蹠黑褐色.
据《中国动物志-鸟纲(第二卷,雁形目)》记载:黑海番鸭(Melanittanigra)又称美洲黑凫,有二个亚种,我国记录的为美洲亚种(MelanittanigraAmericana).
繁殖于北美洲阿拉斯加、西伯利亚东北部及附近岛屿;越冬在北美洲的太平洋和大西洋沿岸以及朝鲜、日本等.
在我国境内,仅于冬季偶见于江苏镇江及福建莲江等处.
此次在黑龙江三江自然保护区发现的黑海番鸭为我国东北地区新记录.
可以推测在本区为迷鸟.
黑海番鸭标本现保存于黑龙江三江国家级保护区管理局标本室.
邢海林蒲金虎(黑龙江三江国家级自然保区管理局156500)MelanittanigraAmericanawasfoundatHeilongjiangSanjiangNationalN.
R.
AdeadwildduckwascaughtatJiaxinziIslet(134°09′30″E,48°22′40″N),Fuyuan,Heilongjiangbyafishermanon27thOctober,2004.
ItwasprimarilyidentifiedtobeMelanittanigraAmericanabythestuffofHeilongjiangSanjiangNationalN.
R.
,andwasconfirmedtobeamalesub-adultofthesamebirdbyProf.
ChangJia-Chuan,anornithologistinWildlifeResourcesCollege,NortheastForestryUniversity.
Themeasurementsare:Bodylength360mm,taillength84mm,winglength28mm,tarsuslength33mmandbodyweight850mg.
Thereissepiaincrownandhindneck;hoaryinthesidesofheadandneck,aswellasinchinandthroat;therearetinyhazelspotsinthesidesofneck.
Theupperpartsisduckgloomybrownwithwhiteterminalbars,thewhiteterminalbarsalsoappearinthesidesofbreastandflanks.
Thebreastandabdomenispalebrownwithafewobscurepalemarkingsinabdomen.
Theflanksandcrissumduckbrown;undertailcovertspale,underwingcovertsgloomybrownwithpale.
Irisbrown,billblack,tarsusduskybrown.
Accordingto"ChinaFauna-Aves(Vol.
ⅡAnseriformes)"Melanittanigrahastwosubspecies,MelanittanigraAmericanabreedsinAlaskaofNorthAmerica,northeastSiberiaandperipheryislets;wintersalongthecoastofthePacificOceaninNorthAmericaandalongthecoastofAtlanticOcean,aswellasinKoreaandJapan.
InChinaitwasfoundinZhengjiang,JiangsuandLianjiang,Fujian.
ThisbirdfoundinSanjiangN.
R.
isanewrecordofspeciesinNortheastChina,andisalostbirdinthearea.
ThespecimenofthebirdisnowpreservedintheAdministrativeBureau,HeilongjiangSanjiangNationalN.
R.
.
XingHai-Lin,PuJin-Hu(AdministrativeBureau,HeilongjiangSanjiangNationalN.
R.
,156500)上海首次记录到越冬的遗鸥2005年2月,在世界自然基金会和国家林业局组织的长江中下游越冬水鸟调查活动中,上海组的调查人员在九段沙湿地自然保护区记录到遗鸥(Larusrelictus)两只.
这是上海地区首次记录到这种濒危鸟类.
3月,调查人员在崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区再次记录到遗鸥1只.
由于遗鸥和其他鸥类的外表及体形相似,野外辨认比较困难.
在以往的调查中可能被忽视.
继2003年天津发现大群的遗鸥后,2004年10月,福建闽江口也记录到遗鸥的分布.
这表明,遗鸥在我国东部地区可能有一定的数量分布.
尽管如此,由于遗鸥的繁殖地和越冬地38都面临着栖息环境不断恶化的威胁,遗鸥的保护仍任重道远.
马志军(上海复旦大学生物多样性研究所,邮编200433)ThefirstrecordofwinteringRelictGullinShanghaiTwoRelictGulls(Larusrelictus)werefoundatthewetlandofJiuduanshaN.
R.
byShanghaiinvestigationgroupinFebruary,2005,duringasurveyonwinteringwaterfowlsinthemiddleandlowervalleysofChangjiangRiver,organizedbytheIUCNandStateForestryAdministration.
Thisisthefirstrecordoftheendangeredbirdspecies.
OnemoreRelictGullwasfoundatCongmingdongtanBirdN.
R.
inMarch,2005.
BecausetheappearanceandshapeofRelictGulllookslikeothergulls,itisdifficulttoidentifythebirdinthefieldanditmightbeignoredinformersurveys.
SincealargegroupofRelictGullswasfoundin2003,itwasrecordedintheestuaryofMinjiangRiver,FujianginOctober,2004.
ItmeansthatpossiblythereiscertainquantityofRelictGullsinEastChina.
Evenso,threatenedbytheworseningenvironmentintheirbreedingandwinteringsites,theprotectionofRelictGullshouldersheavyresponsibilities.
MaZhi-Jun(InstituteofBio-diversity,ShanghaiFudanUniversity,200433)征稿启事《中国鹤类通讯》是中国鸟类学会水鸟及鹤类专业委员会编辑的鹤类信息交流内部刊物,主要报道中国鹤类的研究、保护、饲养、管理、宣传、教育等工作的动态和阶段成果,也报道国外鹤类研究动态和其它水鸟的有关信息,欢迎同行及各界人士踊跃投稿.
来稿要求①请务必同时提交文字纸稿和电子版(寄本刊电子信箱:chinacranenews@yahoo.
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来稿一经采用,略付薄酬,但文责自负.
来稿请寄:各地区协调员或邮编230039安徽合肥安徽大学生命科学学院王岐山先生收,截稿日期为每年4月20日,10月20日.
《中国鹤类通讯》自第7卷起改为彩色封面,欢迎提供高质量的鹤类或其它水鸟的彩色照片.
也欢迎自然保护区或动物园提供介绍性稿件及照片(2-3版).
本刊为半年刊,6月、12月出版,向国内外鹤类研究单位和有关人员免费赠阅,如因工作需要本刊者,可与丁长青博士联系,地址:邮编100080北京市北四环西路25号中国科学院动物研究所,电话:010-62558930(办)MembershipfortheChinaCraneandWaterbirdCommitteeTheChinaCraneandWaterbirdCommittee(CCWC)offersmembershiptopeoplewhoaremakingeffortsinresearch,conservation,education,management,andpublicityofcranesandotherwaterbirds,andtheirhabitatsinChina.
Asamember,youwillreceivetwoissuesofChinaCraneNewseachyear.
Dr.
LiFengshanfromtheInternationalCraneFoundationwillbethecoordinatorforoverseasmembership.
IfyouwouldliketoenrollasamemberoftheCCWC,pleasemakeacheckof$20payableto:InternationalCraneFoundationc/oDr.
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Box447Baraboo,Wisconsin53913,USAYoualsocanmakeapaymentbycreditcard;pleasegiveyourcreditcardnumberandexpirationdate.
Ifyouhavequestionsregardingthemembership,pleasecontact:Dr.
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org39