integratedico制作
ico制作 时间:2021-04-03 阅读:()
July2004NREL/CP-500-36270SanJuanicoHybridPowerSystemTechnicalandInstitutionalAssessmentPreprintDaveCorbus,CharlesNewcombandZekeYewdallTobepresentedattheWorldRenewableEnergyCongressVIIIDenver,ColoradoAugust29–September3,2004NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory1617ColeBoulevard,Golden,Colorado80401-3393303-275-3000www.
nrel.
govOperatedfortheU.
S.
DepartmentofEnergyOfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergybyMidwestResearchInstituteBattelleContractNo.
DE-AC36-99-GO10337NOTICEThesubmittedmanuscripthasbeenofferedbyanemployeeoftheMidwestResearchInstitute(MRI),acontractoroftheUSGovernmentunderContractNo.
DE-AC36-99GO10337.
Accordingly,theUSGovernmentandMRIretainanonexclusiveroyalty-freelicensetopublishorreproducethepublishedformofthiscontribution,orallowotherstodoso,forUSGovernmentpurposes.
ThisreportwaspreparedasanaccountofworksponsoredbyanagencyoftheUnitedStatesgovernment.
NeithertheUnitedStatesgovernmentnoranyagencythereof,noranyoftheiremployees,makesanywarranty,expressorimplied,orassumesanylegalliabilityorresponsibilityfortheaccuracy,completeness,orusefulnessofanyinformation,apparatus,product,orprocessdisclosed,orrepresentsthatitsusewouldnotinfringeprivatelyownedrights.
Referencehereintoanyspecificcommercialproduct,process,orservicebytradename,trademark,manufacturer,orotherwisedoesnotnecessarilyconstituteorimplyitsendorsement,recommendation,orfavoringbytheUnitedStatesgovernmentoranyagencythereof.
TheviewsandopinionsofauthorsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilystateorreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentoranyagencythereof.
Availableelectronicallyathttp://www.
osti.
gov/bridgeAvailableforaprocessingfeetoU.
S.
DepartmentofEnergyanditscontractors,inpaper,from:U.
S.
DepartmentofEnergyOfficeofScientificandTechnicalInformationP.
O.
Box62OakRidge,TN37831-0062phone:865.
576.
8401fax:865.
576.
5728email:mailto:reports@adonis.
osti.
govAvailableforsaletothepublic,inpaper,from:U.
S.
DepartmentofCommerceNationalTechnicalInformationService5285PortRoyalRoadSpringfield,VA22161phone:800.
553.
6847fax:703.
605.
6900email:orders@ntis.
fedworld.
govonlineordering:http://www.
ntis.
gov/ordering.
htmPrintedonpapercontainingatleast50%wastepaper,including20%postconsumerwasteSanJuanicoHybridPowerSystemTechnicalandInstitutionalAssessmentWorldRenewableEnergyCongressVIII(WRECVIII)August2004DaveCorbus,CharlesNewcomb,ZekeYewdallNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory1617ColeBlvd.
GoldenCo80401303-384-6966,dcorbus@nrel.
govIntroductionSanJuanicoisafishingvillagewithapproximately120homesandmorethan400peopleintheMunicipalityofComondu,BajaCaliforniaSur.
SanJuanico'sfirstautonomousdieselgeneratorbeganoperatingin1980.
The205-kWgeneratorsuppliedpowerfor3to4hoursaday.
Theaverageloadwasabout50kilowatts(kW),andtheobservedpeakdemandwasabout75kW.
Duringthattime,customerenergyusewasnotmetered.
Eachcustomerpaidthesamefee(50pesos/month).
Additionally,23homesinthevillagewereequippedwithsmallgasoline-poweredgeneratorsthatprovidedpowerforrefrigeratorsandotherappliances.
InApril1999,theArizonaPublicServiceCompany(APS)andMexico'snationalelectricutility–ComisionFederaldeElectricidad(CFE),installedahybridpowersysteminSanJuanicotoprovide24-hourpower.
Beforetheinstallationofthehybridpowersystem,researchersfromtheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)conductedafieldstudytocharacterizeSanJuanico'selectricalusageanditsinstitutionalandsocialframework.
Oneyearaftertheinstallationofthehybridpowersystem,researchersperformeda"post-electrification"studytodocumentthechangesthathadoccurredasaresultoftheintroductionof24-hourpower.
BecauseresearchersmonitoredthetechnicalaspectsandtheinstitutionalissuesregardingthehybridpowersystemandtheelectricityusageofSanJuanico'sresidents,thereismoreinformationonthishybridpowersystemthananyonotherrenewableenergyvillagepowersystem.
InDecemberof2003,NRELresearchersvisitedthesitetoconductatechnicalassessmentofthesystem,toupgradethedataacquisitionsystematthesite,andtorevisitthesocial/institutionalissuesasdetailedintheoriginalassessment(Boer,2000).
TheSystemThesystemiscomposedofaTraceHY-100inverterwithanintegratedpeakpowertrackerfora17-kWPVarray.
Anominal240VDCfloodedlead-acidbatterybankconsistingof7stringsof350amp-hourbatteriesinparallel(nominal2450amp-hrs)providesenergystorage.
TenBergey1Excelwindturbines(about70kWtotal)areconnectedtotheDCsideoftheelectricalsystem.
An80-kWdieselgeneratorcarriesthevillageloadandchargesthebatterieswhentherenewablesystemscannotmeettheload.
ThedieselgeneratorisdispatchedbytheTraceinvertercontrollerandchargesthebatteriesviaarectificationcircuitwithintheinverter.
Approximately20%-35%ofthevillage'selectricityissuppliedbytherenewableenergysystems,asshowninfigure1.
Thesiteiswellmaintainedbytworesidentsemployedtoperformroutineoperationsandrecordsystemoperationaldatapointsandissuesforabout20hoursperday.
EnergySourcesWind16%Solar10%Generator74%Renewablefraction:26%EnergyUsesOtherPlantLosses1%InverterLosses,Charging7%VillageLoad78%InverterLosses,Inverting9%BatteryLosses5%Batteryefficiency:86%Batterythroughput:44%ofload32hourswithoutpowerFigure1:TypicalEnergyUsesandSourcesOperationalIssuesSeveraltechnicalissueshavebeenaddressedsincethesystemwasinstalled.
Threeturbinesexperiencedafailedalternatorbearing.
ItisunclearwhetherthiswasamanufacturingrelatedissueorwasduetoSanJuanico'sharshenvironment(proximitytocorrosiveseaairinadditiontoprevalenceoffineparticulatescharacteristicofthedesertdust).
Therewerealsoseveralproblemswiththeinverter.
Althoughmostofthesecanbecharacterizedasnuisanceproblems,theykeptthesystemdownforlongperiodsoftimebecauseCFEpersonnelwereunfamiliarwiththesystem.
Theoriginalbatterieslastedabout2.
5years,andafterthattheircapacitydegradedtolessthan80%ofrated.
Allofthebatterieswerereplacedinthefallof2003,andthebatterybankwasupgradedfrom5to7stringsforatotalof280TrojanL-16batteries.
Impactsof24-HourPowerThemostsignificantimpactof24-hourpowerforSanJuanico'sresidentshasbeenrefrigeration.
Whereasbefore,onlythoseresidentswithgasoline-poweredgeneratorshadrefrigerators,noweverybodyconnectedtothehybridpowersystemownsarefrigerator,therebyincreasingtheirabilitytostorefoodandforshopstopreservefood.
However,thisdidnothelpthefishermentopreservetheirfish,astheelectricityisnotusedforfishpreservationorstorageandthisdoesnotappeartobeanoptionforthenearfuture.
Whileelectricrefrigerationwouldbeanimprovementoverinsulatedtrucksusingice,itisunclearwhetherthebenefitsfromimprovedstoragequalityandcapacitywouldoutweighthecosts.
Theimpactof24-hourpoweronthetouristeconomyinSanJuanicohasbeenmodest.
TouristnumbersovertheyeararesimilartopreviousyearsandcontinuetobeinfluencedbySanJuanico'ssurfing.
2Localbusinessesconnectedtothesysteminclude5–7groceryshops,afewmechanics,acoupleofrestaurants,acoupleofbeerdepositories,andavarietyofpart-timehomebusinesses.
Severalfamiliesprovidelaundryservices.
TherearealsothreeschoolsinSanJuanico:akindergarten,aprimary,andasecondaryschool.
Thesecondaryschoolisa"telesecondary,"whichusessatellitetelevisionprogrammingtoadministerlessons.
Alltheschoolsareconnectedtothehybridpowersystem,buttheirenergyuseislow.
Accordingtotheelectrificationstudy(Boer,2000),onlythetelesecondaryschoolrealizedsignificantbenefitsfromusing24-hourpower.
Although24-hourpowerreplacedthehealthclinic'spreviousenergysource–aPVsystem–ithashadminimalimpact,becausetheclinichasfewelectricalappliances.
Atnight,streetlightingrepresentsasmuchas15%ofthevillageload.
Streetlightingisprovidedbyasmanyas7545-wfluorescentlamps,butnotallofthesewereworkingatthetimeofthestudy.
Householdsexperiencednotableshort-term(withinoneyearafterthesystemwasinstalled)impactsfromthehybridpowersystem.
Everyhomeconnectedtothegridobtainedatleastoneelectricappliance.
Withtheincreaseinthenumberofappliancesasignificantmodificationinbehavioroccurred.
Domestictasksandsomeproductiveusesmovedfromtheeveningstothedaytime.
Boernotesthat73%ofrespondentsreportedmovingdomestictasksfromtheeveningtothedaywithinoneyearaftertheinstallationofthesystem.
Leisureuseofelectricity,includingradioandtelevisionuse,increasedthroughoutthedayandevenings(Boer,2000).
Applianceuse,estimatedfromdataprovidedbythelocalelectrificationpanelofsevenmembersknownasthePatronato,islistedbelowforsixmajorappliances.
Otherpopularappliances,notincludedinthetable,includeblenders,coffeemakers,stereos,VCRs,andelectrictools.
Table1–ApplianceUseApplianceEstimatedusersRefrigerator100%WashingMachines60%Irons25-30%Microwave20-30%Television90%Becausethepowerprovidedbythehybridsystemisintermittent,someofSanJuanico'sresidentsusebatterychargerstochargebatteriesthatpowersmallbatteryinvertersystemstopowerappliancesduringtheoutages.
LoadandLoadGrowthThehourlyaveragecommunityloadshowsarathertypicalusagepatternforavillagethesizeofSanJuanico(Figure2).
posedofrefrigerators,energylossesinthesystem,andmiscellaneoususes.
Thereisabrief,moderateincreaseduringearlymorninghoursasthefishermenwakeupandvillagerspreparefortheday.
a.
m.
,someproductiveuseloadsstartup.
TheloadsincreaseduringthemiddayandthroughoutSatelliteTelevision50%FloorFans100%(Mostlysummeruse)BaseloadsarecomAlthoughthestreetlightsturnoffat8:003theafternoonashouseholdsusemoreelectricityfordomestic,recreational,andproductiveactivities.
Eveningloadsarehigherasvillagersuselightsandtelevisions,andthestreetlightsswitchon.
By11:00p.
m.
theloaddecreasesasfamiliesgotobed.
Theseasonalloadishighestinthesummerwhenfloorfansareusedforcoolingandtourismishigher.
ThehighestsummerloadsoccurduringtheSaintJohnsDayfestival,withapeakloadof63kWinJuneof2001.
Therestoftheyeartheloadexperienceslittlechange.
Loadgrowthforthevillagegridfrom1999to2003isshowninFig2.
Gridloadgrowthfrom2000to2003wasapproximately10%.
Usershaveincreasedfrom110to130,with18newresidentialusersand2newstores.
Thisistheprimarycontributiontoloadgrowth.
TheaverageresidentialkWhusagepermonthhasremainedsteadywhiletheaveragecommercialkWhusagehasgrown14%.
Theresidentialenergyusageaccountsforapproximately78%ofthetotalenergyusage,whilethecommercialenergyusageisabout21%ofthetotalenergyuse.
40353025Averageprofile2003Averageprofile2001Averageprofile2000Averageprofile1999DecemberdatakW020151050100200300400500600700800900100011001200130014001500160017001800190020002100220023002400HourFigure2:DailyloadprofilegrowthThetwomajorcommercialloadcontributorsarethecomodu(thecityitself),whichuseselectricitymainlyforstreetlighting,andtheRattlesnakeRestaurantBarandGrill,whichuseselectricitymainlyforrefrigeration.
ThecomoduandRattlesnakeBaraccountforabouttwo-thirdsofthetotalcommercialload.
AccordingtothePatronato,thereareabout40peoplenotconnectedtothevillagegridelectricalsystem.
Thesepeople,madeupofbothAmericansandMexicans,usuallyhavetheirownsourceofpower,typicallyasmallstand-alonePVorasmalldiesel-battery-invertersystem,becausetheydonottrustthereliabilityofthevillagesystem.
Table2–ElectricityUseAverageResidentialUse(105customers)kWh/month85Monthlycost$176pesosAverageCommercialUse(20customers)kWh/month120Monthlycost$406pesosSource:Patronato4ThetariffstructureforSanJuanicoisshownintable3.
Priceswereraisedforthefirsttimesincethebeginningofthehybridpowersystem(i.
e.
,3.
5years)by10pesosasof12/3/2003.
ItwasnotedbythePatronatothattheabilitytopaydependedontheseason,asfishermenmakemoremoneyduringseasonswithhighfishvalue(e.
g.
,lobsterseason).
Note10pesosisequaltoaboutadollarasof2003.
Table3–ElectricityRatesResidentialUse$50.
00pesofixedchargeplus,first50kWh$1.
55pesos/kWhNext100kWh$1.
85pesos/kWhOver150kWh$2.
60pesos/kWhCommercialUse$80.
00pesofixedchargeplus,Source:PatronatoSystemReliabilityandOperationInOctoberandNovemberof2003thetownwentwithout24-hourpowerfor6-7weeksbecauseofaproblemwiththeinverterthatwaseasilycorrectedduringthesitevisit.
outageshaveanadverseeffectonthepeople'sopinionofthehybridpowersystemandcancausemonetarylossesforthebusinessesthatrelyonthesystemforrefrigerationthroughouttheday.
ThesystemismaintainedthroughmonthlyvisitsbyCFEengineersthatcorrectanyproblemsandtoperformdetailedassessmentsofthebatterybank.
emberlocalelectrificationcouncil(Patronato)administersthedailyoperationoftheplant,includingregularmaintenance,fuelprovision,andmeterreadingandbilling.
Thesystemisoperatedbytwovillageresidentsemployedbythevillage.
ConclusionsTheSanJuanicohybridsystemisagoodexampleofasuccessfulhybridsystem.
Whiletheassessmentteamdiscoveredsomeproblemsandshortcomingsduringtheirvisit,theybelievethesystemisingoodoperatingcondition.
erstoleratesystemproblemsbecausetheyrecognizethecomplexityandappreciatethesavingstherenewablesystemprovides.
Althoughtheywouldlikethesystemtobemorereliable,ingeneral,theyareverygratefultohave24-hourpower.
continuestoprovidevaluableinsightsintovillagepowersystemsfrombothatechnicalandinstitutionalstandpointbecauseofthewealthofavailableinformation.
Reference:lRenewableEnergyLaboratoryReport,2000.
Alluse$2.
70pesos/kWhThesetypesofTheseven-mThevillagTheSanJuanicosystemBoer,Dereck,UnpublishedNationa5REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGEFormApprovedOMBNo.
0704-0188Thepublicreportingburdenforthiscollectionofinformationisestimatedtoaverage1hourperresponse,includingthetimeforreviewinginstructions,searchingexistingdatasources,gatheringandmaintainingthedataneeded,andcompletingandreviewingthecollectionofinformation.
Sendcommentsregardingthisburdenestimateoranyotheraspectofthiscollectionofinformation,includingsuggestionsforreducingtheburden,toDepartmentofDefense,ExecutiveServicesandCommunicationsDirectorate(0704-0188).
Respondentsshouldbeawarethatnotwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw,nopersonshallbesubjecttoanypenaltyforfailingtocomplywithacollectionofinformationifitdoesnotdisplayacurrentlyvalidOMBcontrolnumber.
PLEASEDONOTRETURNYOURFORMTOTHEABOVEORGANIZATION.
1.
REPORTDATE(DD-MM-YYYY)July20042.
REPORTTYPEConferencePaper3.
DATESCOVERED(From-To)August29-September3,20044.
TITLEANDSUBTITLESanJuanicoHybridPowerSystemTechnicalandInstitutionalAssessment:Preprint5a.
CONTRACTNUMBERDE-AC36-99-GO103375b.
GRANTNUMBER5c.
PROGRAMELEMENTNUMBER6.
AUTHOR(S)DaveCorbus,CharlesNewcomb,andZekeYewdall5d.
PROJECTNUMBERNREL/CP-500-362705e.
TASKNUMBERIGIN45305f.
WORKUNITNUMBER7.
PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES)NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory1617ColeBlvd.
Golden,CO80401-33938.
PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONREPORTNUMBERNREL/CP-500-362709.
SPONSORING/MONITORINGAGENCYNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES)10.
SPONSOR/MONITOR'SACRONYM(S)NREL11.
SPONSORING/MONITORINGAGENCYREPORTNUMBER12.
DISTRIBUTIONAVAILABILITYSTATEMENTNationalTechnicalInformationServiceU.
S.
DepartmentofCommerce5285PortRoyalRoadSpringfield,VA2216113.
SUPPLEMENTARYNOTES14.
ABSTRACT(Maximum200Words)SanJuanicoisafishingvillageofapproximately120homesintheMunicipalityofComondu,BajaCalifornia.
InApril,1999,ahybridpowersystemwasinstalledinSanJuanicotoprovide24-hourpower,whichwasnotpreviouslyavailable.
Beforetheinstallationofthehybridpowersystem,afieldstudywasconductedtocharacterizetheelectricalusageandinstitutionalandsocialframeworkofSanJuanico.
Oneyearaftertheinstallationofthehybridpowersystema"post-electrification"studywasperformedtodocumentthechangesthathadoccurredaftertheinstallation.
InDecemberof2003,NRELvisitedthesitetoconductatechnicalassessmentofthesystem.
15.
SUBJECTTERMSSanJuanico;hybridpowersystem16.
SECURITYCLASSIFICATIONOF:17.
LIMITATIONOFABSTRACTUL18.
NUMBEROFPAGES19a.
NAMEOFRESPONSIBLEPERSONa.
REPORTUnclassifiedb.
ABSTRACTUnclassifiedc.
THISPAGEUnclassified19b.
TELEPONENUMBER(Includeareacode)StandardForm298(Rev.
8/98)PrescribedbyANSIStd.
Z39.
18F1147-E(05/2004)
nrel.
govOperatedfortheU.
S.
DepartmentofEnergyOfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergybyMidwestResearchInstituteBattelleContractNo.
DE-AC36-99-GO10337NOTICEThesubmittedmanuscripthasbeenofferedbyanemployeeoftheMidwestResearchInstitute(MRI),acontractoroftheUSGovernmentunderContractNo.
DE-AC36-99GO10337.
Accordingly,theUSGovernmentandMRIretainanonexclusiveroyalty-freelicensetopublishorreproducethepublishedformofthiscontribution,orallowotherstodoso,forUSGovernmentpurposes.
ThisreportwaspreparedasanaccountofworksponsoredbyanagencyoftheUnitedStatesgovernment.
NeithertheUnitedStatesgovernmentnoranyagencythereof,noranyoftheiremployees,makesanywarranty,expressorimplied,orassumesanylegalliabilityorresponsibilityfortheaccuracy,completeness,orusefulnessofanyinformation,apparatus,product,orprocessdisclosed,orrepresentsthatitsusewouldnotinfringeprivatelyownedrights.
Referencehereintoanyspecificcommercialproduct,process,orservicebytradename,trademark,manufacturer,orotherwisedoesnotnecessarilyconstituteorimplyitsendorsement,recommendation,orfavoringbytheUnitedStatesgovernmentoranyagencythereof.
TheviewsandopinionsofauthorsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilystateorreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentoranyagencythereof.
Availableelectronicallyathttp://www.
osti.
gov/bridgeAvailableforaprocessingfeetoU.
S.
DepartmentofEnergyanditscontractors,inpaper,from:U.
S.
DepartmentofEnergyOfficeofScientificandTechnicalInformationP.
O.
Box62OakRidge,TN37831-0062phone:865.
576.
8401fax:865.
576.
5728email:mailto:reports@adonis.
osti.
govAvailableforsaletothepublic,inpaper,from:U.
S.
DepartmentofCommerceNationalTechnicalInformationService5285PortRoyalRoadSpringfield,VA22161phone:800.
553.
6847fax:703.
605.
6900email:orders@ntis.
fedworld.
govonlineordering:http://www.
ntis.
gov/ordering.
htmPrintedonpapercontainingatleast50%wastepaper,including20%postconsumerwasteSanJuanicoHybridPowerSystemTechnicalandInstitutionalAssessmentWorldRenewableEnergyCongressVIII(WRECVIII)August2004DaveCorbus,CharlesNewcomb,ZekeYewdallNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory1617ColeBlvd.
GoldenCo80401303-384-6966,dcorbus@nrel.
govIntroductionSanJuanicoisafishingvillagewithapproximately120homesandmorethan400peopleintheMunicipalityofComondu,BajaCaliforniaSur.
SanJuanico'sfirstautonomousdieselgeneratorbeganoperatingin1980.
The205-kWgeneratorsuppliedpowerfor3to4hoursaday.
Theaverageloadwasabout50kilowatts(kW),andtheobservedpeakdemandwasabout75kW.
Duringthattime,customerenergyusewasnotmetered.
Eachcustomerpaidthesamefee(50pesos/month).
Additionally,23homesinthevillagewereequippedwithsmallgasoline-poweredgeneratorsthatprovidedpowerforrefrigeratorsandotherappliances.
InApril1999,theArizonaPublicServiceCompany(APS)andMexico'snationalelectricutility–ComisionFederaldeElectricidad(CFE),installedahybridpowersysteminSanJuanicotoprovide24-hourpower.
Beforetheinstallationofthehybridpowersystem,researchersfromtheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)conductedafieldstudytocharacterizeSanJuanico'selectricalusageanditsinstitutionalandsocialframework.
Oneyearaftertheinstallationofthehybridpowersystem,researchersperformeda"post-electrification"studytodocumentthechangesthathadoccurredasaresultoftheintroductionof24-hourpower.
BecauseresearchersmonitoredthetechnicalaspectsandtheinstitutionalissuesregardingthehybridpowersystemandtheelectricityusageofSanJuanico'sresidents,thereismoreinformationonthishybridpowersystemthananyonotherrenewableenergyvillagepowersystem.
InDecemberof2003,NRELresearchersvisitedthesitetoconductatechnicalassessmentofthesystem,toupgradethedataacquisitionsystematthesite,andtorevisitthesocial/institutionalissuesasdetailedintheoriginalassessment(Boer,2000).
TheSystemThesystemiscomposedofaTraceHY-100inverterwithanintegratedpeakpowertrackerfora17-kWPVarray.
Anominal240VDCfloodedlead-acidbatterybankconsistingof7stringsof350amp-hourbatteriesinparallel(nominal2450amp-hrs)providesenergystorage.
TenBergey1Excelwindturbines(about70kWtotal)areconnectedtotheDCsideoftheelectricalsystem.
An80-kWdieselgeneratorcarriesthevillageloadandchargesthebatterieswhentherenewablesystemscannotmeettheload.
ThedieselgeneratorisdispatchedbytheTraceinvertercontrollerandchargesthebatteriesviaarectificationcircuitwithintheinverter.
Approximately20%-35%ofthevillage'selectricityissuppliedbytherenewableenergysystems,asshowninfigure1.
Thesiteiswellmaintainedbytworesidentsemployedtoperformroutineoperationsandrecordsystemoperationaldatapointsandissuesforabout20hoursperday.
EnergySourcesWind16%Solar10%Generator74%Renewablefraction:26%EnergyUsesOtherPlantLosses1%InverterLosses,Charging7%VillageLoad78%InverterLosses,Inverting9%BatteryLosses5%Batteryefficiency:86%Batterythroughput:44%ofload32hourswithoutpowerFigure1:TypicalEnergyUsesandSourcesOperationalIssuesSeveraltechnicalissueshavebeenaddressedsincethesystemwasinstalled.
Threeturbinesexperiencedafailedalternatorbearing.
ItisunclearwhetherthiswasamanufacturingrelatedissueorwasduetoSanJuanico'sharshenvironment(proximitytocorrosiveseaairinadditiontoprevalenceoffineparticulatescharacteristicofthedesertdust).
Therewerealsoseveralproblemswiththeinverter.
Althoughmostofthesecanbecharacterizedasnuisanceproblems,theykeptthesystemdownforlongperiodsoftimebecauseCFEpersonnelwereunfamiliarwiththesystem.
Theoriginalbatterieslastedabout2.
5years,andafterthattheircapacitydegradedtolessthan80%ofrated.
Allofthebatterieswerereplacedinthefallof2003,andthebatterybankwasupgradedfrom5to7stringsforatotalof280TrojanL-16batteries.
Impactsof24-HourPowerThemostsignificantimpactof24-hourpowerforSanJuanico'sresidentshasbeenrefrigeration.
Whereasbefore,onlythoseresidentswithgasoline-poweredgeneratorshadrefrigerators,noweverybodyconnectedtothehybridpowersystemownsarefrigerator,therebyincreasingtheirabilitytostorefoodandforshopstopreservefood.
However,thisdidnothelpthefishermentopreservetheirfish,astheelectricityisnotusedforfishpreservationorstorageandthisdoesnotappeartobeanoptionforthenearfuture.
Whileelectricrefrigerationwouldbeanimprovementoverinsulatedtrucksusingice,itisunclearwhetherthebenefitsfromimprovedstoragequalityandcapacitywouldoutweighthecosts.
Theimpactof24-hourpoweronthetouristeconomyinSanJuanicohasbeenmodest.
TouristnumbersovertheyeararesimilartopreviousyearsandcontinuetobeinfluencedbySanJuanico'ssurfing.
2Localbusinessesconnectedtothesysteminclude5–7groceryshops,afewmechanics,acoupleofrestaurants,acoupleofbeerdepositories,andavarietyofpart-timehomebusinesses.
Severalfamiliesprovidelaundryservices.
TherearealsothreeschoolsinSanJuanico:akindergarten,aprimary,andasecondaryschool.
Thesecondaryschoolisa"telesecondary,"whichusessatellitetelevisionprogrammingtoadministerlessons.
Alltheschoolsareconnectedtothehybridpowersystem,buttheirenergyuseislow.
Accordingtotheelectrificationstudy(Boer,2000),onlythetelesecondaryschoolrealizedsignificantbenefitsfromusing24-hourpower.
Although24-hourpowerreplacedthehealthclinic'spreviousenergysource–aPVsystem–ithashadminimalimpact,becausetheclinichasfewelectricalappliances.
Atnight,streetlightingrepresentsasmuchas15%ofthevillageload.
Streetlightingisprovidedbyasmanyas7545-wfluorescentlamps,butnotallofthesewereworkingatthetimeofthestudy.
Householdsexperiencednotableshort-term(withinoneyearafterthesystemwasinstalled)impactsfromthehybridpowersystem.
Everyhomeconnectedtothegridobtainedatleastoneelectricappliance.
Withtheincreaseinthenumberofappliancesasignificantmodificationinbehavioroccurred.
Domestictasksandsomeproductiveusesmovedfromtheeveningstothedaytime.
Boernotesthat73%ofrespondentsreportedmovingdomestictasksfromtheeveningtothedaywithinoneyearaftertheinstallationofthesystem.
Leisureuseofelectricity,includingradioandtelevisionuse,increasedthroughoutthedayandevenings(Boer,2000).
Applianceuse,estimatedfromdataprovidedbythelocalelectrificationpanelofsevenmembersknownasthePatronato,islistedbelowforsixmajorappliances.
Otherpopularappliances,notincludedinthetable,includeblenders,coffeemakers,stereos,VCRs,andelectrictools.
Table1–ApplianceUseApplianceEstimatedusersRefrigerator100%WashingMachines60%Irons25-30%Microwave20-30%Television90%Becausethepowerprovidedbythehybridsystemisintermittent,someofSanJuanico'sresidentsusebatterychargerstochargebatteriesthatpowersmallbatteryinvertersystemstopowerappliancesduringtheoutages.
LoadandLoadGrowthThehourlyaveragecommunityloadshowsarathertypicalusagepatternforavillagethesizeofSanJuanico(Figure2).
posedofrefrigerators,energylossesinthesystem,andmiscellaneoususes.
Thereisabrief,moderateincreaseduringearlymorninghoursasthefishermenwakeupandvillagerspreparefortheday.
a.
m.
,someproductiveuseloadsstartup.
TheloadsincreaseduringthemiddayandthroughoutSatelliteTelevision50%FloorFans100%(Mostlysummeruse)BaseloadsarecomAlthoughthestreetlightsturnoffat8:003theafternoonashouseholdsusemoreelectricityfordomestic,recreational,andproductiveactivities.
Eveningloadsarehigherasvillagersuselightsandtelevisions,andthestreetlightsswitchon.
By11:00p.
m.
theloaddecreasesasfamiliesgotobed.
Theseasonalloadishighestinthesummerwhenfloorfansareusedforcoolingandtourismishigher.
ThehighestsummerloadsoccurduringtheSaintJohnsDayfestival,withapeakloadof63kWinJuneof2001.
Therestoftheyeartheloadexperienceslittlechange.
Loadgrowthforthevillagegridfrom1999to2003isshowninFig2.
Gridloadgrowthfrom2000to2003wasapproximately10%.
Usershaveincreasedfrom110to130,with18newresidentialusersand2newstores.
Thisistheprimarycontributiontoloadgrowth.
TheaverageresidentialkWhusagepermonthhasremainedsteadywhiletheaveragecommercialkWhusagehasgrown14%.
Theresidentialenergyusageaccountsforapproximately78%ofthetotalenergyusage,whilethecommercialenergyusageisabout21%ofthetotalenergyuse.
40353025Averageprofile2003Averageprofile2001Averageprofile2000Averageprofile1999DecemberdatakW020151050100200300400500600700800900100011001200130014001500160017001800190020002100220023002400HourFigure2:DailyloadprofilegrowthThetwomajorcommercialloadcontributorsarethecomodu(thecityitself),whichuseselectricitymainlyforstreetlighting,andtheRattlesnakeRestaurantBarandGrill,whichuseselectricitymainlyforrefrigeration.
ThecomoduandRattlesnakeBaraccountforabouttwo-thirdsofthetotalcommercialload.
AccordingtothePatronato,thereareabout40peoplenotconnectedtothevillagegridelectricalsystem.
Thesepeople,madeupofbothAmericansandMexicans,usuallyhavetheirownsourceofpower,typicallyasmallstand-alonePVorasmalldiesel-battery-invertersystem,becausetheydonottrustthereliabilityofthevillagesystem.
Table2–ElectricityUseAverageResidentialUse(105customers)kWh/month85Monthlycost$176pesosAverageCommercialUse(20customers)kWh/month120Monthlycost$406pesosSource:Patronato4ThetariffstructureforSanJuanicoisshownintable3.
Priceswereraisedforthefirsttimesincethebeginningofthehybridpowersystem(i.
e.
,3.
5years)by10pesosasof12/3/2003.
ItwasnotedbythePatronatothattheabilitytopaydependedontheseason,asfishermenmakemoremoneyduringseasonswithhighfishvalue(e.
g.
,lobsterseason).
Note10pesosisequaltoaboutadollarasof2003.
Table3–ElectricityRatesResidentialUse$50.
00pesofixedchargeplus,first50kWh$1.
55pesos/kWhNext100kWh$1.
85pesos/kWhOver150kWh$2.
60pesos/kWhCommercialUse$80.
00pesofixedchargeplus,Source:PatronatoSystemReliabilityandOperationInOctoberandNovemberof2003thetownwentwithout24-hourpowerfor6-7weeksbecauseofaproblemwiththeinverterthatwaseasilycorrectedduringthesitevisit.
outageshaveanadverseeffectonthepeople'sopinionofthehybridpowersystemandcancausemonetarylossesforthebusinessesthatrelyonthesystemforrefrigerationthroughouttheday.
ThesystemismaintainedthroughmonthlyvisitsbyCFEengineersthatcorrectanyproblemsandtoperformdetailedassessmentsofthebatterybank.
emberlocalelectrificationcouncil(Patronato)administersthedailyoperationoftheplant,includingregularmaintenance,fuelprovision,andmeterreadingandbilling.
Thesystemisoperatedbytwovillageresidentsemployedbythevillage.
ConclusionsTheSanJuanicohybridsystemisagoodexampleofasuccessfulhybridsystem.
Whiletheassessmentteamdiscoveredsomeproblemsandshortcomingsduringtheirvisit,theybelievethesystemisingoodoperatingcondition.
erstoleratesystemproblemsbecausetheyrecognizethecomplexityandappreciatethesavingstherenewablesystemprovides.
Althoughtheywouldlikethesystemtobemorereliable,ingeneral,theyareverygratefultohave24-hourpower.
continuestoprovidevaluableinsightsintovillagepowersystemsfrombothatechnicalandinstitutionalstandpointbecauseofthewealthofavailableinformation.
Reference:lRenewableEnergyLaboratoryReport,2000.
Alluse$2.
70pesos/kWhThesetypesofTheseven-mThevillagTheSanJuanicosystemBoer,Dereck,UnpublishedNationa5REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGEFormApprovedOMBNo.
0704-0188Thepublicreportingburdenforthiscollectionofinformationisestimatedtoaverage1hourperresponse,includingthetimeforreviewinginstructions,searchingexistingdatasources,gatheringandmaintainingthedataneeded,andcompletingandreviewingthecollectionofinformation.
Sendcommentsregardingthisburdenestimateoranyotheraspectofthiscollectionofinformation,includingsuggestionsforreducingtheburden,toDepartmentofDefense,ExecutiveServicesandCommunicationsDirectorate(0704-0188).
Respondentsshouldbeawarethatnotwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw,nopersonshallbesubjecttoanypenaltyforfailingtocomplywithacollectionofinformationifitdoesnotdisplayacurrentlyvalidOMBcontrolnumber.
PLEASEDONOTRETURNYOURFORMTOTHEABOVEORGANIZATION.
1.
REPORTDATE(DD-MM-YYYY)July20042.
REPORTTYPEConferencePaper3.
DATESCOVERED(From-To)August29-September3,20044.
TITLEANDSUBTITLESanJuanicoHybridPowerSystemTechnicalandInstitutionalAssessment:Preprint5a.
CONTRACTNUMBERDE-AC36-99-GO103375b.
GRANTNUMBER5c.
PROGRAMELEMENTNUMBER6.
AUTHOR(S)DaveCorbus,CharlesNewcomb,andZekeYewdall5d.
PROJECTNUMBERNREL/CP-500-362705e.
TASKNUMBERIGIN45305f.
WORKUNITNUMBER7.
PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES)NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory1617ColeBlvd.
Golden,CO80401-33938.
PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONREPORTNUMBERNREL/CP-500-362709.
SPONSORING/MONITORINGAGENCYNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES)10.
SPONSOR/MONITOR'SACRONYM(S)NREL11.
SPONSORING/MONITORINGAGENCYREPORTNUMBER12.
DISTRIBUTIONAVAILABILITYSTATEMENTNationalTechnicalInformationServiceU.
S.
DepartmentofCommerce5285PortRoyalRoadSpringfield,VA2216113.
SUPPLEMENTARYNOTES14.
ABSTRACT(Maximum200Words)SanJuanicoisafishingvillageofapproximately120homesintheMunicipalityofComondu,BajaCalifornia.
InApril,1999,ahybridpowersystemwasinstalledinSanJuanicotoprovide24-hourpower,whichwasnotpreviouslyavailable.
Beforetheinstallationofthehybridpowersystem,afieldstudywasconductedtocharacterizetheelectricalusageandinstitutionalandsocialframeworkofSanJuanico.
Oneyearaftertheinstallationofthehybridpowersystema"post-electrification"studywasperformedtodocumentthechangesthathadoccurredaftertheinstallation.
InDecemberof2003,NRELvisitedthesitetoconductatechnicalassessmentofthesystem.
15.
SUBJECTTERMSSanJuanico;hybridpowersystem16.
SECURITYCLASSIFICATIONOF:17.
LIMITATIONOFABSTRACTUL18.
NUMBEROFPAGES19a.
NAMEOFRESPONSIBLEPERSONa.
REPORTUnclassifiedb.
ABSTRACTUnclassifiedc.
THISPAGEUnclassified19b.
TELEPONENUMBER(Includeareacode)StandardForm298(Rev.
8/98)PrescribedbyANSIStd.
Z39.
18F1147-E(05/2004)
青果网络-618阿里云，腾讯云特惠优惠折上折！
官方网站：点击访问青果云官方网站活动方案：—————————–活动规则—————————1、选购活动产品并下单（先不要支付）2、联系我司在线客服修改价格或领取赠送时间3、确认价格已按活动政策修改正确后，支付订单，到此产品开设成功4、本活动产品可以升级，升级所需费用按产品原价计算若发生退款，按资源实际使用情况折算为产品原价再退还剩余余额！ 美国洛杉矶CN2_GIACPU内存系统盘流量宽带i...
buyvm迈阿密机房VPS国内首发测评，高性能平台：AMD Ryzen 9 3900x+DDR4+NVMe+1Gbps带宽不限流量
buyvm的第四个数据中心上线了，位于美国东南沿海的迈阿密市。迈阿密的VPS依旧和buyvm其他机房的一样，KVM虚拟，Ryzen 9 3900x、DDR4、NVMe、1Gbps带宽、不限流量。目前还没有看见buyvm上架迈阿密的block storage，估计不久也会有的。 官方网站：https://my.frantech.ca/cart.php?gid=48 加密货币、信用卡、PayPal、...
Hostigger不限流量VPS年20美元
Hostigger 主机商在前面的文章中也有介绍过几次，这个商家运营时间是有一些年份，只不过在我们圈内好像之前出现的次数不多。最近这段时间商家有提供不限流量的VPS主机，逐渐的慢慢被人认识到。在前面的介绍到他们提供的机房还是比较多的，比如土耳其、美国等。今天看到Hostigger 商家居然改动挺大的，原来蛮好的域名居然这次连带官方域名都更换掉去掉一个G（Hostiger ）。估摸着这个域名也是之前...
ico制作为你推荐
-
中老铁路一带一路的火车是什么火车广东GDP破10万亿在已披露的2017年GDP经济数据中，以下哪个省份GDP总量排名第一？甲骨文不满赔偿劳动法员工工作不满一个月辞退赔偿标准陈嘉垣陈嘉桓是谁?月神谭求几个个性网名：百度关键词工具常见百度关键词挖掘方法分别是什么请列举？www.03024.comwww.sohu.com是什么59ddd.com网站找不到了怎么办啊bihaiyinshaBailo 是什么意思？bihaiyinsha碧海银沙中国十大网页?