Cassakwww.vtigu.com

AppendicesAppendixA:PhysicalConstantsPhysicalquantitySymbolValuecgsunitsSpeedoflightinvacuumc=2.
9979*1010cms1Elementarychargee=4.
8023*1010statcoulombElectronmassme=9.
1094*1028gProtonmassmp=1.
6726*1024gProton/electronmassratiomp/me=1.
8361*103GravitationalconstantG=6.
6720*108dynecm2g2BoltzmannconstantkB=1.
3807*1016ergK1Planckconstanth=6.
6261*1027ergsRydbergconstantRH=me4/4πh3c=1.
0974*105cm1Bohrradiusa0=h2/mee2=5.
2918*109cmElectronradiusre=e2/mec2=2.
8179*1013cmStefanBoltzmannconstantσ=2π5k4B/(15c2h3)=5.
6774*105ergcm2s1K41electronvoltεeV=1.
6022*1012ergTeV=1.
1604*104KλeV=1.
2398*104cmνeV=2.
4180*1014Hz1angstrm(A)=108cm1jansky(Jy)=1023ergs1cm2Hz11solaruxunit(SFU)=1019ergs1cm2Hz11astronomicalunit(AU)=1.
50*1013cmSolarradiusR=6.
96*1010cmSolarmassM=1.
99*1033gSolargravitationg=GM/R2=2.
74*104cms2Solarescapespeedv∞=6.
18*107cms1Solaraget=4.
60*109yearsSolarradiantpowerL=3.
90*1033ergs1SolarradiantuxdensityF=6.
41*1010ergcm2s1Solarconstant(uxat1AU)f=1.
39*106ergcm2Solarsolidangle(at1AU)Ω=πR2/AU2=6.
76*105sterPhotospherictemperatureTphot=5,762K348AppendicesAppendixB:PlasmaParametersPhysicalquantityDenitionNumericalformula(cgsunits)Thermalpressurepth=2nekBTe=2.
76*1016neT(dynecm2)Magneticpressurepm=B2/(8π)=3.
98*102B2(dynecm2)Plasma-βparameterβ=(pth/pm)=6.
94*1015neTeB2ThermalscaleheightλT=2kBTe/(μCmpg)=4.
73*103Te(cm)ElectronthermalvelocityvTe=(kBTe/me)1/2=3.
89*105T1/2e(cms1)IonthermalvelocityvTi=(kBTi/μmp)1/2=9.
09*103(Ti/μ)1/2(cms1)Ionmassdensityρ=nimi=niμmp=1.
67*1024μni(gcm3)SoundspeedcS=(γpth/ρ)1/2=1.
66*104(T/μ)1/2(cms1)AlfvenspeedvA=B/(4πμmpni)1/2=2.
18*1011B(μni)1/2(cms1)Electronplasmafrequencyfpe=(nee2/πme)1/2=8.
98*103n1/2e(Hz)Ionplasmafrequencyfpi=(niZ2e2/πμmp)1/2=2.
09*102Z(ni/μ)1/2(Hz)Electrongyrofrequencyfge=eB/(2πmec)=2.
80*106B(Hz)Iongyrofrequencyfgi=ZeB/(2πμmpc)=1.
52*103ZB/μ(Hz)Electroncollisionfrequencyfce=3.
64*100nelnΛT3/2e(Hz)Ioncollisionfrequencyfci=5.
98*102nilnΛZ2T3/2i(Hz)Electroncollisiontimeτce=1/fce=2.
75*101T3/2e/(nelnΛ)(s)Ioncollisiontimeτci=1/fci=1.
67*101T3/2i/(nilnΛZ2)(s)ElectrongyroradiusRe=vTe/(2πfge)=2.
21*102T1/2eB1(cm)IongyroradiusRi=vTi/(2πfgi)=9.
49*101T1/2iμ1/2Z1B1(cm)DebyelengthλD=(kBTe/4πnee2)1/2=6.
90*100T1/2n1/2e(cm)DreicereldED=ZelnΛ/λ2D=1.
01*1011ZlnΛneT1e(statvoltcm1)Electricalconductivityσ=nee2τce/me=6.
96*107ln(Λ)1Z1T3/2e(Hz)Magneticdiffusivityη=c2/(4πσ)=1.
03*1012ln(Λ)ZT3/2e(cm2s1)MagneticReynoldsnumberRm=lv/η=9.
73*1013lvT3/2lnΛ1ThermalSpitzerconductivityκ=9.
2*107(ergs1cm1K7/2)coeff.
Thermalconductivityκ=κT5/2=9.
2*107T5/2(ergs1cm1K1)RadiativelossrateΛ0(T≈1MK)=1.
2*1022(ergs1cm3)Coronalviscosityνvisc=4.
0*1013(cm2s1)cgsunits:lengthl(cm),massm(g),timet(s),TemperatureT(K),magneticeldB(G),densitiesni,ne(cm3).
Adiabaticindex:γ=cp/cv=(N+2)/N=5/3=1.
67.
Ion/protonmassratioμ=mi/mp:μ(H)=1,μ(He)=4,μ(Fe)=56.
Meanmolecularweightincorona(H:He=10:1):μC=(101+14)/11=1.
27Coronalapproximation(fullionization):ni=ne.
Coulomblogarithm:lnΛ=23ln(n1/2eT3/2e)≈20forTex)cumulativefrequencydistributionofparameterxnnumberneelectronnumberdensity(cm3)Ppeakenergydissipationrate(ergs1)Ptimeperiod(s)Pperimeter(cm)P(x)probabilitydistributionfunctionofparameterxP(ν)powerspectrumversusfrequencyνppowerlawindexofpowerspectrumP(ν)∝νpppowerlawindexofwaitingtimedistributionN(p)∝(Δt)pppressure(dynecm2)qratioqelectricchargeR,rradiusorrange(cm)RmmagneticReynoldsnumberRsolarradiusR(T)instrumentaltemperatureresponsefunctionrrate(s1)Ssurface(specifyingasurfaceintegral)SsourcefunctionSsizespathdistancealongcurve(cm)Ttimeduration(s)Ttemperature(K)Teelectrontemperature(K)ttime(s)tssaturationtime(s)Vvolume(cm3)v,vvelocity(cms1)vAAlfvenspeedWenergyreleaserate(ergs1)WSsaturationenergyrate(ergs1)Notation351wwidth(cm)xspatialcoordinateorpositionyspatialcoordinateorpositionzspatialcoordinate(alongline-of-sight)zheightdifferenceGreekSymbolsαpowerlawindexofdifferentialfrequencydistributionαApowerlawindexofareaAαPpowerlawindexofpeakenergyratePαEpowerlawindexoftotalenergyEαSpowerlawindexofsizeSαTpowerlawindexoftimedurationTαangle(deg)αcorrelationcoefcientβpowerlawindexofcumulativefrequencydistributionβcorrelationcoefcientΓgrowthrate(1/τG)γpowerlawindexofpowerspectrumγpowerlawindexofphotonspectrumγcorrelationcoefcientγdampingconstantnablaoperatorΔLaplaceoperatorΔdifferenceΔtwaitingtimebetweenevents(Δt=ti+1ti)δpowerlawindexofelectronspectrumεinnitesimallengthscaleεphotonenergyε=hν(keV)εxhardX-rayphotonenergyε=hνxηmagneticdiffusivityηenergydecayrate(ergs1)Θ(x)Heavysidestepfunctionθ,angleκdiffusionconstantΛ(T)radiativelossfunctionλwavelength(cm)λeventoccurrencerate(1/Δt)μmean(ofGaussiandistribution)νfrequency(s1=Hz)νvisccoronalviscosityρmassdensity,ρ=nmρrandomnumberσstandarddeviation(ofGaussiandistribution)σelectricalconductivityτtimescale(s)τGgrowthtimeτddecaytimeτriserisetimeΦmagneticux(Mx=Gcm2)azimuthalangleAcronyms1-D,2-D,3-Done-,two-,three-dimensionalACEAdvancedCompositionExplorerAEAuroralElectronjetindexAGNActiveGalacticNucleiBATSEBurstAndTransientSourceExperiment(onCGRO)BCSBraggCrystalSpectrometer(onYohkoh)BCSWBak–Chen–Scheinkman-Woodford(1993)modelBTWBak–Tang–Wiesenfeld(1987)modelCassiniCassiniorbiter,partoftheCassini–HuygensspaceprobeCCDChargeCoupledDevice(camera)CMECoronalMassEjectionDCDirectCurrentCCCCross-CorrelationCoefcientCEOFComplexEmpiricalOrthogonalFunctionanalysis(method)CGROComptonGammaRayObservatory(spacecraft)ClusterCluster(ESAspacemission)CVCataclysmicVariablestars(CanesVenaticitypestars)DCIMDeCIMetricburstsDEMDifferentialEmissionMeasure(distribution)DKADrift-KineticAlfvenvortexmotionsDNADeoxyriboNucleiAcidEITExtreme-ultravioletImagingTelescope(onSoHO)ETHEidgen¨ossischeTechnischeHochschule(Zurich,Switzerland)EUVExtremeUltraVioletEUVEExtremeUltraVioletExplorer(spacecraft)EUVIExtreme-UltraVioletImager(onSECCHI/STEREO)FBRFourier-BasedRecognition(method)FermiFermiGamma-raySpaceTelescope(spacecraft)FFTFastFourierTransformFWHMFullWidthHalfMaximumFSOCForcedand/orSelf-OrganizedCriticalitymodelFUVFarUltraVioletimager(onIMAGEspacecraft)GEOTAILmagnetosphericsatelliteGOESGeostationaryOrbitingEarthSatellite(spacecraft)GRANATInternationalAstrophysicalObservatory(Russianspacecraft)GRBGamma-RayBurstspectrometer(onULYSSESspacecraft)GSFCGoddardSpaceFlightCenter(NASA)Hαhydrogenline(6562.
8A)HSPHigh-SpeedPhotometer(onHSTspacecraft)HSTHubbleSpaceTelescope(spacecraft)HXRBSHardX-RayBurstSpectrometer(onSMM)HXRHardX-RaysHXTHardX-rayTelescope(onYohkoh)IBMInternationalBusinessMachinesCorporationICAIndependentComponentAnalysis(method)ICEInternationalCometaryExplorer(ISEE-3spacecraft)IMAGEImagerforMagnetopause-to-AuroraGlobalExploration(spacecraft)354AcronymsIMFInterplanetaryMagneticFieldIMPInterplanetaryMonitoringPlatform(spacecraft)ISEE-3InternationalSun/EarthExplorer3(ICEspacecraft)ITIntermittentTurbulenceJPLJetPropulsionLaboratory(Pasadena,USA)KLTKarhunen–LoeveTransform(method)LASCOLargeAngleSpectrometricCOronagraph(onSOHO)LMXBLow-MassX-rayBinarystarLMCLargeMagellanicCloud(agalaxy)MDIMichelsonDopplerImager(onSoHO)MHDMagneto-HydroDynamicsMLTMultipleLevelTracking(method)MWMicroWavesMW-SMicroWaveSpikeburstsNASANationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationNGCNewGeneralCatalogue(ofnebulaeandstarclusters)NGDCNationalGeophysicalDataCenter(USA)NICMOSNearInfraredCameraandMulti-ObjectSpectrometer(onHST)NIXTNormalIncidenceX-RayTelescope(rocketinstrument)NOAANationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(USA)OFCOlami–Feder–Christensen(1992)modelOSO-7OrbitingSolarObservatory7(satellite)PCAPrincipalComponentAnalysis(method)PHEBUSPayloadforHighEnergyBUrstSpectroscopy(onGRANAT)PODProperOrthogonalDecomposition(method)POLARPolarsatellitePSRPulSaRQPOQuasi-PeriodicOscillations(instellardata)Ranger-8lunarspacecraftRCLResistor(R),Capacitor(C),inductor(L)circuitRHESSIReuvenRamatyHighEnergySolarSpectroscopicImager(spacecraft)RXTERossiX-RayTimingExplorer(spacecraft)SDSSSloanDigitalSkySurvey(ground-basedtelescope)SECCHISunEarthConnectionCoronalandHeliosphericInvestigation(onSTEREO)SEPSolarEnergeticParticleeventsSGRSoftGammaRepeatersSMMSolarMaximumMission(spacecraft)SOSelf-OrganizationSOCSelf-OrganizedCriticalitySOHOSOlarandHeliosphericObservatory(spacecraft)SSCSuddenStormCommencement(magnetosphericevents)SSWSolarSoftWare(softwarepackageinIDL)STEREOSolarTErrestrialRElationsObservatory(spacecraft)SuperDARNSuperDualAuroralRadarNetworkSWAVESSTEREO/WAVESinstrument(onSTEREOspacecraft)Swiftspacecrafttoobservegamma-raybursts(NASA)SXRSoftX-RaysSXTSoftX-rayTelescope(onYohkoh)TRACETransitionRegionAndCoronalExplorer(spacecraft)UCBUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyUlyssesinterplanetaryspacecraftUVultravioletUVIUltraVioletImager(onboardPOLARspacecraft)VoyagerVoyager1and2(interplanetaryspacecraft)Acronyms355WATCHWideAngleTelescopeforCosmicHardX-Rays(onGRANAT)WHAMWisconsinHαMapper(ground-basedtelescope)WICWidebandImagingCamera(aFUVinstrumentonIMAGE)WINDinterplanetaryspacecraftWTDWaitingTimeDistributionXESTXMMExtendedSurveyoftheTaurusMolecularCloudXMMX-rayMulti-MirrorMisson(spacecraft),alsocalledNewtonXUVeXtremeUltraVioletImageCredit:PublicWebsitesFig.
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,275,276,330accelerationtime,313accretion,22accretiondisks,29,33,78,104,117,187,245,291,293,295,341waitingtimedistributions,167ACE,164,332acorn,46activeregions,259,262,274,275,277,278,301,303percolation,339powerspectrum,276size,25,104,280,308Adamic,L.
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,269Akabane,K.
,26,233,234Aki,K.
,15,16Aletti,V.
,26,231,233,279Alexander,D.
,230Alexandrova,O.
,333Alfvenspeed,66,304denition,348Alfvenwaves,28,332Alfven,H.
,317Alfvenicresonances,319Alfvenictransittime,305Alstrom,P.
,44,47Altman,S.
,201Aly,J.
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,330Amari,T.
,330Ambruster,C.
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,165ammoniaiceclouds,324Amp`ere'slaw,58,299Anastasiadis,A.
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,45Anderson,R.
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,15Andradecreeps,8Andrade,R.
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,15,18Angelopoulos,V.
,19,20,58,214–216,334,335,337angleofrepose,5,57Anglo-AustralianObservatory,289Angstrm,denition,347angularmomentum,3,80,242,244,289accretiondisks,295,296pulsars,294transport,295animalroadkill,8animalskin,324anisotropic,44,67annealeddisorder,8annihilationelectron-positron,220Ansari,M.
H.
,34Antipov,S.
V.
,325Antonova,E.
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,334Archimedianspiral,316areallingfactor,270areascaling,89,231Argyle,E.
,32,33,242,243Armstrong,J.
C.
,336aromaticchemicals,338Arth/Goldau,17ArthurConanDoyle(1859–19,321Arzner,K.
,28,29,33,165–167,240,242Aschwanden,M.
J.
,24–29,75,89,95,98,125,126,144,155–158,166,187–190,194–197,221,230–232,234–236,259,260,263–268,270–272,279,280,303,306,308,313,314,332Aschwanden,P.
D.
,75,259,260,264–268,270–272Asgari-Targhi,M.
,303Asimov,I.
,37asteroidbelt,282,290,324asteroidEros,282asteroidimpact,14asteroidorbits,340asteroids,22denition,347astrophysicalsystem,1392Indexatmosphericshowers,296atomicenergy,290atomicscales,251atomicspinips,340atoms,326attractors,33,44,337AUindex,215Audard,M.
,28–30,33,165,166,208,239–241aurorae,19,151,152,322auroralblobs,19,104,152auroraldisplays,318auroralimages,19,20auroralkilometricradiation,314Ausloos,M.
,15auto-correlationfunction,122,124,125,127,130autocatalytic,8autocatalyticnetworks,324autoregressivemodel,178B¨ottcher,S.
,17,53,54Benardcells,324,326Benardconvection,5Babcock,K.
L.
,8Bachelery,P.
,15,18backgroundsubtraction,146,212,228Bai,T.
,25Baiesi,M.
,161Bak,P.
,1,4–8,11–19,22,34,38,39,41–44,47,50–54,56,78,133,134,138,150,151,153,159,249,250,268,321Bak-Sneppenmodel,14,52Baker,D.
N.
,22Balbus,S.
A.
,295Balbus–Hawleyinstability,80,295,296Balke,A.
C.
,260,262,339ballerinaskirt,316,317balloon-borneinstrument,217Balogh,A.
,163Barabasi,A.
L.
,15Bargatze,L.
F.
,19bark,249Barkhauseneffect,8Barnsley,M.
,250Bartolozzi,M.
,11,13,140Baryshev,Y.
,250,289,326Bassler,I.
E.
,8Bastian,T.
S.
,314BATSE/CGRO,154,155,157,187,218,221,244Baudin,F.
,187Baumann,I.
,278Baumjohann,W.
,318Bayesianblocks,127,143,154,159,163Bayesianstatistics,142,180,274BCS/SMM,226,227bearmarkets,127Belanger,E.
,25Belousov–Zhabotinskyreaction,324Belovsky,M.
N.
,238Beltrami,E.
,94Benz,A.
O.
,24–26,28,75,195,229,231,235,275,308,313,342Berger,B.
R.
,15,18Berger,M.
A.
,303Berghmans,D.
,198,275,276,279Bernardes,A.
T.
,8Berrilli,F.
,262betafunction,310Bethe–Heitlerbremsstrahlungcross-section,309,312Bevington,P.
R.
,112,117Biesecker,D.
A.
,26,154,155,218bigbangmodel,34,289,322bin-freepowerlawt,214binarieslow-massbinaries,293low-massX-raybinaries,341ScorpiusX-1,341binarydata,251binomialcoefcients,112binomialdistribution,112binomialequation,112biodiversity,14biologicalextinction,13biologicalsystem,5,10biologicaltaxa,89biomacromolecules,324bipasslter,180bipolarregions,278birdyingformation,15,324Birkeland,K.
W.
,15,18blackholes,31–33,117,127,134,139,243,245,290,291,295CygnusX-1,31,32,78,128,136,167GX301-1,128GX339-4,128waitingtimedistributions,167blazars,32,34,243,246,290,291noisespectrum,246,293opticalemission,291blinkers,46boat,46Bocchialini,K.
,187Bode'slaw,324Boffetta,G.
,28,153,159,332,334Bohrradius,denition,347boilingliquid,5boilingwater,324Boltzmannconstant,denition,347Index393Boltzmanndistribution,326Boltzmann,L.
,321bonemarrowcells,8Boole,G.
,201Booleanagents,50Bornmann,P.
L.
,228Borovsky,J.
E.
,153,335Bortkiewicz,L.
J.
,8bottom-upscenario,289Bouchard,J.
P.
,51bound-boundemission,229Bovelet,B.
,260box-countingmethod,257,260boxcarsmoothing,178Boyd,P.
T.
,342Bradbury,R.
,3braidingmodels,73brain,15branchingprocessmodels,77branchingtheory,338Brandenburg,A.
,343Brault,J.
W.
,127,186breathing,15Bregman,J.
N.
,246bremsstrahlung,23,168,217,220,224,233,244,256,308,313accretiondisks,295cross-section,309,312Bretz,M.
,6,8brightpoints,226powerspectrum,276Bristow,W.
,153brittlefailure,15Bromund,K.
R.
,26,218,220browndwarf,290Brown,A.
,165Brown,J.
C.
,308,309Brown,R.
,126,326Brown,S.
R.
,54Brownianmotion,37,253,326,327,341powerspectrum,328Bruch,A.
,31,33Bruno,R.
,333BTWmodel,25,39,41,50,57,63,288,290,322Buchler,J.
R.
,341,342Buchlin,E.
,147,148,155,178,182,276,330Bumba,V.
,153buoyancy,262,290buoyantuxtubes,277buoyantmagneticuxtubes,322,324,339Burlaga,L.
F.
,136Burridge,R.
,17,53burstybulkowevents,19,20,58,215burstyinput,323burstypulses,329burstyreconnection,334bursty-owturbulence,334Butler,C.
J.
,165butterydiagram,191butteryeffect,3,340CIVline,233Cadavid,A.
C.
,191,260,273cadence,195Cairns,I.
H.
,32,33,244,314Caldarelli,G.
,8Camazine,S.
,5,324Cambrianera,14campre,18,290cancer,12Cannizzo,J.
K.
,341Cantordust,250Cantorset,251Cantor,G.
,249cardrivers,290Carbone,V.
,148,150,333cardgames,112Carlson,J.
M.
,17,44,54Carreras,B.
A.
,8Carringtonlongitude,316carryingcapacity,9cars,290casinogames,112Cassak,P.
A.
,29,308Cassinidivision,283,284Castleman,K.
R.
,194catastrophes,3,17,127,326Cauchy,A.
L.
,249CCDreadout,256,258cellculture,8cellularautomatonmodels,4,22,25,31,37,41,47,57,105,268accretiondisks,139,295anisotropic,67diffusion,329isotropic,63particleacceleration,313pulsarglitches,244substorms,338center-to-limbangle,261center-to-limbdependence,270centrallimittheorem,142centrifugalforce,294cepheids,191FU,191ceramics,8Ceres,282Chae,J.
C.
,330394Indexchainreaction,11,89,94,290,295Challet,D.
,51Chamel,N.
,293Chan,Y.
T.
,187Chang,H.
K.
,243Chang,S.
,326Chang,T.
S.
,19,22,153,319,337channeling,277chaostheory,3chaoticows,334chaoticorbits,32,312chaoticsystems,3,54,340Chapman,S.
C.
,19,22,57–59,152,214–216,319,333,334,338Charbonneau,P.
,25,63,65,72–76,100,101,107–109,139,148,159,161,268,269,298,299,329,343chargestate,348Chatterjee,T.
N.
,343Che,X.
,8chemicalreactionrate,14chemicalreactions,340Chen,K.
,4,17,38,47,50,54,249,250Chepurnov,A.
,335,336Chessa,A.
,44Chialvo,D.
R.
,15Chian,A.
C.
,343Chou,Y.
P.
,28,303Christe,S.
,24,26,218,221Christensen,K.
,44,54,56chromosphere,23,26,259,277chromosphericevaporation,23,28,29,224,228,308chromosphericheating,224chromosphericnetwork,262,278chromosphericoscillations,187chromospherictemperature,262Chumak,O.
V.
,278CilibertoS.
,8Ciprini,S.
,32,34,243,246,247,291,293citysizedistribution,9citysizes,13,89Clar,S.
,56Cleveland,F.
M.
,303climatechanges,22climateuctuations,14,15,18climatephenomena,22Cliver,E.
,26,237,238cloudformation,14,15,18clouds,136,249clumpingalgorithm,278CLUSTER,332,335clusterization,146,151,153,164,334CME,19,25,198,228,233,237,277,299,315,322angularsize,198brightness,198geoeffective,322geometricaspectratio,198latitude,198location,198shock,317velocity,198waitingtimedistributions,162coagulation,295coalescence,330coastline,249,251coffeepercolation,338Cognard,I.
,32,33,242,243coherencelength,303coherentgrowthprocess,288coherentnoise,151coherentradioemission,313cointosses,112collaborativeevolution,14Colless,M.
,291collisions,3,22,39,282–284,290,311,324,326,3282-body,282Collura,A.
,165colorspectrum,126communicationsatellite,318competitivegame,51complexempiricalorthogonalfunctionanalysis,191complexsystems,37complexitymeasure,273complexityoftimeprole,253Comptonemission,291comptonization,32concreteblender,5condensedmatterphysics,293conductiveloss,308conductor,129Conlon,P.
A.
,273–275connectedness,338conservationlaws,44conservationofangularmomentum,289conservativesystem,40,64Consolini,G.
,19,20,22,58,319,334,337Cont,R.
,51Cont-Bourchaudpercolationmodel,11continentaldrift,290continentalshelf,18continuityequation,305continuumlimit,83,105contributiondiversity,273Index395convection,326Earth,16solar,63,329,343convectionzone,299,323convectivestars,299convectiveturbulence,343conveyerbelt,4Conway,J.
H.
,46cooling,229coronapowerspectrum,276softX-rays,115coronagraphimages,198coronalapproximation,denition,348coronalheating,25,29,70,165,195,211,303coronalhole,315coronalviscosity,denition,348Corral,A.
,8correlationdimensions,342correlationfunction,274correlationlength,303,330,331,337correlations,211,287exponential-growthmodel,88logistic-growthmodel,100parameters,304,311powerlaw-growthmodel,93cosmicrays,89,290,296,322spectrumknee,296cosmicvoids,268cosmologicalmodel,289cosmology,32Cote,P.
J.
,8cottonprice,9,10,13Cottrell,A.
H.
,8Coulomblogarithm,denition,348countrates,122,123coupledpendulums,39,53Cowie,P.
A.
,54Cox,D.
,140–142Crabpulsar,31,242,243,294crackpropagationmodel,17,54Craig,I.
J.
D.
,28,141,161,305craters,15,23,277creeks,251Cretaceous-Tertiaryera,12Creutz,M.
,47criticalangle,303criticalcurrent,22,303criticalenergy,303criticalexponents,44,56criticalslope,3,5,17,290criticalstate,4criticalthreshold,288,339Crosby,N.
B.
,23,26,27,65,89,104,154,157,158,161,214,215,218,220,221,311Cross,C.
A.
,23,281cross-correlationfunction,127crossoverfrequency,45Crow,E.
L.
,136crystals,250,324cumulativefrequencydistributions,203current,129currentcores,163currentdensity,58currentdisruptions,19,20,58currentsheets,22,68,163,312,315,319,330geometry,304heliospheric,317cut-and-spliceoperation,73cutofffrequency,124cutoffs,212,237sizedistribution,44,67,102waitingtimedistribution,152CV,29,31,33,80,127,136,191cyclon-likewhirls,325cyclotronresonance,332cyclotron-resonanceacceleration,296CygnusX-1,185,186,243,245Czerny,B.
,128DaRocha,D.
,32,34,289daSilva,L.
,15damping,38darkmatter,268darkmatterclustering,289darkmatterhalos,289Darwin,C.
,12,51Das,T.
K.
,26,234,235datapreprocessing,212Datlowe,D.
W.
,26,217,218Daubechies,I.
,187Dauphin,C.
,313Davidsen,J.
,150daysidemagnetopause,317DCcurrent,129DCelectriceld,312DCglow,8deBoer,J.
,53delaTorre,A.
,53deMichelis,P.
,22,337deSousaVieira,M.
,54de-excitationlines,308dead-timecorrections,212Deb,S.
,191,193Debyelength,denition,348decimetricmillisecondspikes,126,234,236,330decimetricpulsations,126,234396Indexdecimetricradioemission,217,235,256decimetrictypeIIIbursts,234,256degreesoffreedom,340Delachem,Ph.
,187Dendy,R.
O.
,31,33,58,329Dennis,B.
R.
,23,24,26,63,65,201,218,224denoising,178,182densityuctuations,290densitymodels,195deoxyribonucleicacid,9depinningmodel,17detectionmethods,171detectionofevents,147,171CME,198Fourier-lter,182highpasslter,180image-based,193peak-based,182principalcomponentanalysis,191threshold-based,174,175,194wavelet-based,187deterministicchaos,340devil'sstaircase,52Devonianera,13Dhar,D.
,44Dickman,R.
,44dictionary,10diehard,46differentialemissionmeasuredistribution,306differentialfrequencydistributions,202differentialprobabilitydistribution,120diffusion1-D,327anomalous,52,151,329,333Brownian,326coefcient,109,328,330diffusion-limitedaggregation,324diffusionentropy,161diffusionequation,49,108fractal,262gradual,79,245,296heattransport,327hyper-diffusion,109,329self-organization,326viscous,79diffusiveFermishockacceleration,296diffusivesecond-orderFermiacceleration,311diffusiveshockacceleration,311,313digitalimage,258digitalimageprocessing,194dikes,18dimensionaldiversity,273,274dinosaurs,14Diodati,P.
,15,18diodes,126,129dischargeplasma,8discretepoints,122diseasespread,14diseases,338diskdynamo,80dislocationnetwork,8dissipationdrivers,44dissipativesystem,2distractions,290distributionsbeta,121binomial,112Boltzmann,326differentialprobability,120exponential,84,96,119,121,140,207Galton,135gamma,121Gaussian,115,121,326log-normal,136,278Pearson's,121Poisson,117,118powerlaw,207probability,203pulsedurations,133rank-orderplots,206waitingtimes,142,148Zipfplot,208divergence-freeness,73,298Dmitruk,P.
,28,313,330,332DNA,9domainwallboundaries,44DominquezCerdena,I.
,278donorstar,29double-ribbonare,23DowJonesindex,11Doxas,I.
,22,337Doyle,A.
C.
,321drainagenetworks,14,15Drake,J.
F.
,26,226,228Drake,J.
J.
,165drawingsystem,290DreicerelectricDCeld,313Dreicereld,denition,348drift-kineticAlfvenvortexmotions,335drippingfaucetmodel,22drippinghandrailmodel,341Drossel,B.
,8,19,56droughts,127drunkardrandom-walk,328ducting,277Dulk,G.
A.
,256,314Duncan,R.
C.
,32,33,244Duoluncrater,18Index397duration,201event,141exponential-growthmodel,86logistic-growthmodel,96powerlaw-growthmodel,91dustdevils,22dustgrains,18dustparticles,326duststorms,22dust,circumplanetary,22dustyspaceplasma,5dwarfgalaxies,289dwarfstar,29dynamicspectrum,314dynamo,80,290Earth,280earthcrust,16Earthrotation,126Earth'sbowshock,324Earth-directedCME,316earthquakes,2,14–16,139,290,321aftershocks,16,139,140,146,149,151,194damage,16faultgouges,17faultlengths,150faultnetwork,150foreshocks,151fractals,150Gutenberg–Richterlaw,150Gutenberg-Richterlaw,149mainshocks,151Omori'slaw,149,150precursors,16productivitylaw,150rupturearea,16scalinglaw,150waitingtimes,17,142Eastwood,J.
P.
,163,164economicbenet,9economiccapital,290economiccrisis,11economicgrowth,9economicorganizations,51economicsystem,1economy,136Eddey,S.
D.
,154eddies,325,329,332Eggen,O.
J.
,289Einaudi,G.
,330Einstein,A.
,83,171,249EITwaves,198EIT/SOHO,24,229,279ElFarolproblem,11elapsedtimes,139Eldredge,N.
,12,14,15electricconductivity,58electriccurrentdensity,330electriccurrents,290electricDCeld,312electricDCeldacceleration,312,313electricdischarge,290electricelds,32,312electricforce,3electricsignals,127electricalconductivity,denition,348electromagneticwaves,324electronbeams,163,233,314electroncollisionfrequency,denition,348electroncollisiontime,denition,348electrondensity,195,272electronux,237electrongyrofrequency,denition,348electrongyroradius,333denition,348electroninjectionspectrum,310electronLarmorradius,333electronmass,denition,347electronplasmafrequency,denition,348electronradius,denition,347electronscale,332electronthermalvelocity,denition,348electrontrapping,314electron-cyclotronmaser,234,313,314electron-positronplasma,324electron-Volt,denition,347electrons,129,296electrostaticpotential,290elementarymass,denition,347Ellermanbombs,233,262ellipticalgalaxies,32,34,246embeddingdimension,342emergentactiveregions,339emergentstructures,44emergingmagneticbipoles,278,301emissionmeasure,270,272,275emissionmeasuredistribution,306emissionmeasurepeak,306empiricalmodedecompositionmethod,191endtime,175,226energybuild-up,161decayrate,85exponential-growthmodel,87logistic-growthmodel,94models,195powerlaw-growthmodel,91scaling,233398Indexspectrum,solarares,308storagetime,89Englishliterature,10enhancement,186ephemeralmagneticregions,278epicenter,16epidemics,15epilepticseizure,15episodicenergydissipation,303episodicextinctions,12epizonalmineraldeposits,15,18equationofmotion,38equatorialbands,325equilibrium,51equilibriumstate,14Erickson,W.
C.
,153Eros,282erosion,7,277Euclid,249Euclideandimension,249,257,274Euclideanfragmentation,280,282–284Euclideanscaling,269Euclideanvolume,271Europa,moonofJupiters,324EUV,23,25,26,191,194,195,217,229,263,270,276,306EUVbrightpoints,233EUVbrightenings,233,279EUVE/DeepSurvey,239EUVI,165evaporation,5,18eventdenition,195eventdiscrimination,195eventselection,195,233evolution,12,15,51evolutionfunction,84,85evolutionaryecology,14evolutionarytrees,15evolvingspecies,321expandinguniverse,290expansionphaseofsubstorm,317Explorer33,226Explorer35,226exponentialdistribution,84,96,119exponentialtimeprole,288exponential-decaypulses,132exponential-growthmodel,84,238,288exposuretime,195externalforcing,22,337extinction,13,15,46,51extinctionrate,14extragalactic,322extragalacticjets,291F-pentomino,46Fabry-Perotspectrometer,258familynames,10FastFourierTransform,124,125,127,182faultlengths,150faultnetwork,150faults,16Feder,H.
J.
S.
,17,54Feder,J.
,54Feigenbaum,J.
A.
,11,13,51Feldman,U.
,26,227,228Fermiacceleration,313,322Fermisecond-orderacceleration,311Fermishockacceleration,296Fermi,E.
,89ferns,249Feynman,J.
,26,237,238brousmaterial,8Field,S.
,8,45Fiig,T.
,45lamenteruptions,23laments,277llingfactor,308lms,126lter,127,180,182,322,323nancialcrashes,11,51nancialmarket,10nancialphysics,11nite-sizeeffects,42,47,56,58,104,151,215,221rms,10rst-orderFermiacceleration,313,322Fisher,D.
S.
,17,54shes,324ssures,18ttestspecies,12Fitzenreiter,R.
J.
,26,234fjords,251areduration,306arestars,127,239quiescentemission,165waitingtimedistributions,165atnessproblem,33,290oods,17,127ows,325,326uence,201uid,326uvialsystems,22uxnoiseexperiment,45uxthreshold,25uxtubes,263Flyvbjerg,H.
,52foam,8Focke,W.
B.
,31,134Index399Fogedby,H.
C.
,45footpointmotion,330forcedpendulum,340,341forcedself-organizedcriticality,19forced-criticalitymodel,153,337forecast,ares,161foreshocks,151forest,8forestres,14,15,18,104,105,290,338forest-remodel,54fossilhistory,52fossilrecords,13four-sectorpattern,316Fourierdecomposition,187Fourierlter,182Fourierpowerspectrum,184,1872-D,275Fouriertransform,122,130Fourier-basedrecognitionmethod,260Fr¨ohlich,C.
,187fractaldimension,249,342box-countingmethod,260linearsize-areamethod,260,261perimeter-areamethod,258,260fractals,4,14,321-D,2502-D,256,2713-D,267,268,271areascaling,264,270box-countingmethod,257,274Brownianmotion,328Cantordust,250Cantorset,251chromosphere,259earthquakes,150evolution,52llingfactor,270galacticlarge-scalestructure,289geology,250geometry,195geophysics,250Hausdorffdimension,250,257,258,264,267humanphysiology,250Kochcurve,251magnetogram,273middle-third-erasing,250photosphere,259radiobursts,253radioemission,253Sierpinskitriangle,257solarares,258,262,264,270spatialscaling,264sunspotnumber,253volumescaling,195,270,308fractionalBrownianmotion,253fracture,8,32Fragos,T.
,278freeenergy,290free-freeemission,229,256,313accretiondisks,295Freeman,M.
P.
,153,163–165,214–216,319,333,338French,N.
H.
F.
,15,19French,R.
G.
,22,284frequencydistributions,201accretiondisks,245accuracy,212auroralblobs,19basics,202binning,202blackholeobjects,245blazars,246correlations,221,223cosmicrays,296Crabpulsar,242cumulative,103,203,239cutoff,67,102,221,237differential,202,239DowJonesindex,11durations,87,91,96,97,221earthquakes,16exponential,209exponential-growthmodel,87extinctions,13areenergies,305integrals,210latticesimulations,41,49,56,58,62,65,68,69,71,98,100log-normal,242magnetosphericphysics,214numericalgeneration,208numericalsimulations,213particleacceleration,312peakcounts,221peakenergyrate,85,90,97powerlaw,210powerlaw-growthmodel,92,93pulsarglitches,242radiobursts,233ricepile,6SEP,237SGR,244solarareEUV,229solararehardX-rays,217solararesoftX-rays,224,227,228solarares,23,25,217,222solarradiobursts,233,342stellarares,29,239400Indextotalcounts,221totalenergy,88,92uncertainties,212Frette,V.
,6–8Freund,P.
G.
O.
,11,13,51Frick,P.
,187friction,3,8,17,38,53,329dynamic,53static,53Fritzova-Svestkova,L.
,153Frontera,F.
,134fryingpan,324Fuligni,F.
,134Fuyii,Y.
,15,18FWHM,96G-band,276G¨udel,M.
,28,29,33,165–167,239,240Gabriel,S.
B.
,26,164,237,238Gaite,J.
,268galacticarms,324galacticcollisions,290galacticdisks,289galacticspirals,32,34,338galaxy,244,335galaxyclusters,32,268,289galaxydistribution,289galaxyformation,289,290,322galaxygroups,289galaxyredshiftsurvey,289galaxysuperclusters,289Gallagher,P.
T.
,198,199,260,262Galsgaard,K.
,28,71–73,105,299,303,330Galtier,S.
,28,161,330Galton,F.
,111gammaequation,53gammarays,23,26,217blazars,291solarares,308gamma-raybursts,104,139,180,187,244,296gamma-raylines,220gapequation,53Garcia-Pelayo,R.
,32,33,242Gardner,M.
,46Gaskell,C.
M.
,136Gaussiandistribution,83,115Geisel,T.
,340genefamilyfrequency,89generalrelativity,293generatorfunction,251genes,14geoeffectiveCME,316,322geologicallayer,14geologicalsystem,1geomagneticactivity,318geomagneticstorms,316,318geomagneticsubstorms,317geometricdimensions,249geophysics,waitingtimes,149Georgoulis,M.
,25,26,28,68,69,89,161,218,231,233,260,262,273,299,303,330,339GEOTAIL,215geotail,19,334,340Gergely,T.
,153Gerola,H.
,338Gerontidou,M.
,26,238giantpulses,294Gibbs,J.
W.
,321Gil,L.
,44Giller,D.
,8Ginga,167giraffe,324Giuliani,P.
,148gliders,46globalattractor,40globalcommunication,316globalconict,12globalwarming,18Glukhov,S.
,28,161,315GOES,159,162,163,185,186,226,227,229,299,316GOESareclass,264Gogus,E.
,32,33,243–245Goldberger,A.
L.
,15,250Goldstein,M.
L.
,332Golitsyn,G.
S.
,298Goltz,C.
,150Gomez,D.
O.
,28,275,276,330Gonzales,R.
C.
,194Gould,S.
J.
,12,14,15Gower,J.
F.
R.
,32,33,242,243grandiloquentdictionary,10granularity,3granulation,5,259,260,262,275,324granules,lifetime,301Grassberger,P.
,53,54,56,340–342Grasso,J.
R.
,15,18gravitationalcollapse,3,290gravitationalconstant,denition,347gravitationalenergy,79gravitationalforce,3gravitationalpotential,3,7,39gravitationalself-organization,289gravity,3,289,2902-bodysystem,3n-bodysystem,3gravity-drivenmassmotion,17GreatBritaincoastline,251Index401Greco,A.
,164,334Greenhough,J.
,231,233GreenwichObservatory,278Grieger,B.
,15,18Grigolini,P.
,161Grinstein,G.
,44ground-levelenhancements,322growthphaseofsubstorm,317growthtime,96Guckenheimer,J.
,340Gudiksen,B.
V.
,303Gurman,J.
B.
,198,231,233Gutenberg,B.
,15,16,201Gutenberg–Richterlaw,150,201Gutenberg-Richterlaw,16,149Guyon,E.
,44gyroresonanceemission,256,313gyroresonantwave–particleinteractions,313gyroresonantwaves,314gyrosynchrotronemission,217,233–235,313Hα,23,26,217,233,262H¨olderexponent,191Haensel,P.
,293Hagenaar,H.
J.
,278,279Halecycle,343Hall,M.
,14Hall-MHD,334Halo-CME,316Hamilton,R.
J.
,25,63,65,66,68,70,71,98–100,102,109,159,186,201,222,268Hamon,D.
,28,148,149,155hardstate,78,167Harding,A.
K.
,341harmonicmodes,187harmonicoscillatorinuid,340harmonicratio,284Harrison,R.
A.
,153HarvardCentroid-MomentTensorDataBase,16Harvey,K.
L.
,278Hathaway,D.
H.
,262Hausdorffdimension,250,257,258,264,267Hawley,J.
F.
,295HeIIline,276heartpacemaker,340heartrate,15heatcapacity,290heattransport,327heatingfunction,303nonuniform,303turbulent,330uniform,303heavyatomicnuclei,296Heavysidestepfunction,61hectometerradioemission,233heightcorrelations,44Helander,P.
,58,329Held,G.
A.
,6,8,57helicityconservation,303helicitydissipation,28heliocentricangle,261helioseismology,187heliosphere,19,25,332heliosphericcurrentsheet,317helium,296heliumburning,293hematopoieticstemcell,8hemispheres,274Henley,C.
L.
,18,19,56Henley,R.
W.
,15Hergarten,S.
,14,15,17,18,54,56,328Herrmann,H.
J.
,12,13,15,18,50Herz,A.
V.
M.
,15Herzel,H.
,342Hewett,R.
J.
,273hexagonalcellpattern,324Hey,J.
S.
,233Heyerdahl,E.
,19Heyvaerts,J.
,330hierarchicalSOCmodel,322highpasslter,180,198,264highways,50,126Higuchi,T.
,252,253,343HIIregions,290Hinode,299Hirzberger,J.
,260Hiscott,R.
N.
,15,18histogrambinning,212Hnat,B.
,163,333holesofelectrons,129homogeneity,1,2homogeneousPoissonprocess,142honeycombstructure,5Hopeld,J.
J.
,15Horbury,T.
S.
,163horizonproblem,33,34,290horsekicks,8Horton'slaw,18Horton,W.
,22,337Hoshino,M.
,19,20hostgalaxy,291Hotellingtransform,191Houghtransform,198hourglass,322,323Hovius,N.
,15,18Howes,G.
G.
,333Hoyng,P.
,186402IndexHSP/HST,239Huang,J.
,17,54,341Hubbleexpansion,33HubbleSpaceTelescope,290Huberman,B.
A.
,89Hudson,H.
S.
,25,26,29,211,226,228,237,310Hufnagel,B.
R.
,246Hughes,B.
D.
,89Hughes,D.
W.
,28humanbehavior,10humidity,3hurricanes,2,3Hursteffect,329Hurstexponent,18,329Hurst,H.
E.
,15,18Huygensgap,283HXR,23,25,26,154,168,217,229accretiondisks,295blazars,291neutronstars,293solarares,308HXRBS/SMM,23,104,154,155,157,218,220,221,226,227,311HXT/Yohkoh,229hydrodynamicmodel,308hydrodynamics,293hydroelectricplant,2hydrogenburning,293hydrology,14,18hydropowerplant,2Hymalayanroad,18Hyperion,Saturnmoon,342ice,290iceage,14Ikeuchi,S.
,32,34imageprocessing,194immunetrees,19IMP,234,237,332incoherentprocess,287,288incoherentradioemission,313incomes,89independence,statistical,288independentcomponentanalysis,191index,Poissonnoise,175inductionequation,58,70inelasticimpact,284inertialeffects,5inertialrange,102infallingmatter,291infection,8ination,33,34inationarymodel,289infrared,126infraredemission,accretiondisks,295Ingersoll,A.
P.
,22inheritanceprocess,10initialconditions,42initialmassfunction,32,34initiatorfunction,251instability,3accretiondisks,29,290Balbus–Hawley,80,295,296beam-driven,233,234,313,314bump-in-tail,256current-driven,19,337current-drivenkinetic,63electron-cyclotronmaser,234kinetic,319loss-cone,233,235,314magnetic,299magneto-rotational,335modulational,242numerical,65oscillating,234Rayleigh–Taylor,295SOC,290threshold,39instantaneouselectronspectrum,309instrumentalbias,25instrumentalsensitivity,25inter-earthquaketimes,151inter-occurrencetimes,139interfacedepinningmodel,14,17interfacedynamics,8intermittencyuctuations,343intermittentturbulence,332,334,337internetles,89internettrafc,13interplanetarymagneticeld,316interplanetarytypeIIIbursts,234interstellarmedium,32,34,335invasionpercolationmodel,14,44inventivity,8inventor,8Inverarity,G.
W.
,330inverseFouriertransform,127,182ioncollisionfrequency,denition,348ioncollisiontime,denition,348iongyrofrequency,denition,348ionmassdensity,denition,348ionplasmafrequency,denition,348ionthermalvelocity,denition,348ion/protonmassratio,denition,348ionosphere,19,318,322irregulartimeseries,251irregularityoftimeprole,253Index403ISEE-3/ICE,66,67,154,155,157,220,226,227,244,332Isham,V.
,140–142Isingmodels,340Isliker,H.
,25,28,70–72,108,235,298,314,329,342isotropic,63Ito,K.
,16,150Ivezic,Z.
,23,282,283J¨ahne,B.
,194Jackson,E.
A.
,94Jaeger,H.
M.
,5,8Jain,A.
K.
,194Jan,N.
,53Jansky,denition,347Janssen,K.
,260,261Jaynes,E.
T.
,142Jeansmasscriterion,290Jedicke,R.
,282Jensen,H.
J.
,4,38–40,44,45,53,56,321Jensen,M.
H.
,8Jess,D.
B.
,187Jogi,P.
,8Johansen,A.
,11,13,15,51Johnston,A.
C.
,16Josephsonjunction,340Joyce,J.
,10Juergens,H.
,250Juno,282Jupiter,22,282,283Jupiteratmosphere,324,325Jupiterdecametricemission,314Jupitereddies,22Jupiterlatitudinalbands,22Jupitermoon,324Jupiterredspot,22,325Jupp,P.
E.
,195,214,231,308Kadanoffmultiscaling,273Kaiser,G.
,187Kakinuma,T.
,26,234Kaladze,T.
D.
,324Kalapotharakos,C.
,32,34,324Kanter,L.
R.
,16Kao,Y.
H.
,45Karhunen–Lo`evetransform,191Karlicky,M.
,330,342,343Kashyap,V.
L.
,28,33,165,240Kasischke,E.
S.
,15,19Kato,T.
,31,33Katsukawa,Y.
,115–117Katz,J.
I.
,15Kawasaki,K.
,8Kennel,C.
F.
,335Kenny,B.
G.
,32,33,242Kepleriandisk,295kernelfunction,187kinematicviscosity,80,329kineticenergy,3,17,39,202,290,326Kishimoto,Y.
,8Klein,W.
,54Klimas,A.
J.
,19,22,63,319Klvana,M.
,153Knopoff,L.
,17,53Kochcurve,251Kolmogoroventropy,342Kolmogorovpowerspectrum,163Kolmogorovspectrum,275,330,332,334,335Kolmogorovturbulence,326Kolmogorov,A.
N.
,274Kopnin,S.
I.
,15,18Kouveliotou,C.
,244Kovacs,P.
,187,334Kozelov,B.
V.
,19,20Kraichnanpowerspectrum,163Krasnoselskikh,V.
V.
,28,303Kremliovsky,M.
N.
,343Krucker,S.
,24,26,195,229,231,308Kucera,T.
A.
,25,26,29,221,280Kuijpers,J.
,296Kundu,M.
R.
,26,234Kurths,J.
,342,343Lagrangianpoint,293laminarow,3laminartimes,11,139Landay–Ginzburgtheory,44landfall,3Landry,C.
C.
,15,18landslides,14,15,17Langer,J.
S.
,54Langevinequations,340Langmuiremission,314Langmuirturbulence,313Langmuirwaves,163,314language,10,13Laplacian,60LargeMagellanicCloud,290Laroche,C.
,8LASCO,163,198laser,340latticemodels,8,25,28,37,39,41lavaows,18Lawrence,A.
,128Lawrence,H.
K.
,260Lawrence,J.
K.
,191,260,262,273,274,330Lazarian,A.
,335,336404IndexLazarus,A.
J.
,136Leao,J.
,47learning,15leasteffortprinciple,10Lee,J.
W.
,276Lee,T.
T.
,25,26,218,220,226–228Leighly,K.
M.
,32,34Lepreti,F.
,149,152,153,159,329,334Letellier,C.
,343Levydistribution,10Levyight,151,163,329,333Levyfunction,159Levy,J.
S.
,12,13Li,T.
P.
,134lichengrowth,5lifestyle,9lightbulb,8lightcurvesRScuti,341variability,293lightning,14,249,290limitcycle,343Lin,R.
P.
,24,26,27,218linebroadening,330line-of-sightintegration,195lineardecayphase,86linearfunction,1linearsize-areamethod,260,261linearsystem,2linearity,1Lipshitz-H¨olderexponent,273liquidcrystals,324Lise,S.
,44literature,10lithosphere,16Litvinenko,Y.
E.
,28,77,142,149,161,305,315,320Liu,A.
T.
Y.
,22,58Liu,H.
,28,65,109,329loadingprocess,22,152,161,319logNlogSdistribution,201logN-logSdistribution,9logisticavalanches,28logisticequation,94logistic-growthmodel,94long-rangeinteractions,326Longcope,D.
W.
,28,305,330Lorenzequationsystem,340Lorenz,E.
N.
,3,340Loreto,V.
,56LosAngeles,9loss-conedistribution,314loss-coneinstability,233Lotka–Volterraequation,340lotterywin,9,10,290lowpasslter,184Lu,E.
T.
,25,26,63–68,70,71,73,89,98–100,102,108,109,159,161,186,201,218,220,222,268,298,304,305,329Lui,A.
T.
Y.
,19–21,58,214,215,319,337luminosity,307lunarcraters,23,280,283,284,290,324lunargravity,290lunarorbiters,281Lundgren,S.
C.
,32,33,242,243lung,15Lyapunovexponent,342,343Lynden-Bell,D.
,289Macek,W.
M.
,333MacKinnon,A.
L.
,25,77,108,113Macpherson,K.
P.
,25,77,108,113macropixel,196,258MagellanicCloud,244,289,290magnetar,293,294magneticarea,339magneticbipoles,278magneticbraiding,299,301magneticbuoyancy,290,299magneticclassication,280magneticdiffusion,60,70magneticdiffusivity,109,329denition,348magneticdomainpattern,8magneticenergy,61,64,65,72,74,202,290,298,304magneticeld,20,28accretiondisks,291,295,296braidingmodels,73divergence-freeness,73galactic,335gradient,63,68gyroresonanceemission,256interplanetary,62,191,316misalignmentangle,73,303neutronstars,244northward,62southward,62spectra,19vectorpotential,71magneticux,74,278,301magneticuxdisappearance,296magneticislands,330magneticknots,273magneticpolarity,340magneticpores,259,262,273magneticpressure,denition,348Index405magneticreconnection,19,23,25,28,29,63,78,162,217,237,277,290,296,299,304,315,322,330,331,337magneticReynoldsnumber,329denition,348magneticseparators,305magneticstorms,19,315magneticstressing,290,295,296,299magnetictwisting,299magneticvectorpotential,298magneto-convection,63,258,259,262,299,301,322,324,326magneto-rotationalinstability,335magnetofriction,290magnetogram,273,275,278powerspectrum,275magnetosphericboundarylayers,335magnetosphericphysicsfrequencydistributions,214waitingtimes,151magnetosphericstorms,315magnetotail,20,22,58,153,317,334,338magnetotailplasmasheet,215Magnusforce,244,290Magun,A.
,342Majumdar,S.
N.
,44Makishima,K.
,79,128Malamud,B.
D.
,15,18,19Malevergne,Y.
,10Malkov,M.
A.
,313Mallat,S.
G.
,187,194mammals,14Mandelbrot,B.
B.
,10,13,17,249,250,260Manna,S.
S.
,44Manrubia,S.
C.
,53Mantegna,R.
N.
,11,13Marchesoni,F.
,8MareTranquillitatis,281Mariner,332Mars,22,282,326Martens,P.
C.
H.
,275Martianuvialsystem,22Maslov,S.
,14,53massclumping,296massinfall,293,295,296masslossrate,315masstransfer,245,293masterequation,28,161,314,315materialphysics,7Matilsky,T.
A.
,341Matsuzaki,M.
,16matterinfall,29Matthaeus,W.
H.
,331,332,334Maxwell'selectrodynamics,298Maxwell'sequations,58May,R.
M.
,94McAteer,R.
T.
J.
,187,188,260,262,329McHardy,I.
M.
,128,134McIntosh,S.
W.
,25,75,198,231,233,268,269McTiernan,J.
M.
,144,155–158,166,332MDI/SOHO,278mean,115meanmolecularweight,denition,348mean-eldtheory,44,52measlesepidemics,15mechanicalresonances,284mechanicalsystem,1medicaldiseases,338Medvedev,M.
V.
,8Meisel,L.
V.
,8Melatos,A.
,32,33,242–244Melendez,J.
L.
,26Melnick,J.
,32,34,291,292memory,15,159,178,191Mendoza,B.
,238Mercier,C.
,26,234,235Mercury,22mergingstructures,337meridionalow,327meso-granulation,259,262Meszarosova,H.
,26,235,343metastablestates,38,39,340Metcalfe,T.
S.
,282meteoroidimpact,280,290meteorologicalchanges,14metricoscillationbursts,126metricradioemission,217metrictypeIIIbursts,126metropolitanareas,10Meunier,N.
,260,261,278Mexicanhatfunction,191Mexicanhatmotherwavelet,147Meyer,Y.
,187MHD,58discretization,28,70,298,338Halleffect,334inductionequation,329models,161MURAMcode,258numericalsimulations,303,330,333turbulence,28,109,148,159,163,164,178,182,276,313,329–332turbulentcascade,326,332waves,332microares,23,25,26,165,217,221microfracturing,8microsatellites,215microscope,326406Indexmicroscopicscales,251microwavebackground,32middle-third-erasing,250Middleton,A.
A.
,54Milano,L.
J.
,330Milkywaygalaxy,324Miller,J.
A.
,313millimeterradioemission,233millisecondspikes,126Milovanov,A.
V.
,22,332,338Milshtein,E.
,44Mineshige,S.
,31,33,78,79,129,133,134,136,138,157,168,169,243,245,246,295,296minimumcurrent,299Mininni,P.
D.
,343minoritygame,11Miravariables,191Miroshnichenko,L.
I.
,26,218,220,237,238,313misalignmentangle,73Mitra-Kraev,U.
,28,75Miyamoto,S.
,128modulationalinstability,242Moffat,J.
W.
,33,34molecularcloud,290moleculargrid,250molecularself-assembly,324molecules,326momentofinertia,269monofractal,273Monte–Carlosimulations,83stellarares,240timeproles,240accretiondisks,168eventdetection,172exponential-growthmodel,172arestars,166frequencydistributions,213masterequation,315percolation,338waitingtimes,144Moon,280Moon,Y.
J.
,154,161,163moons,22Morales,L.
,25,73–76,299Mordvinov,A.
V.
,187Moreira,J.
G.
,8Morley,P.
D.
,32,33,242Morley,S.
K.
,153,319,338morphologicalopeningoperator,198Morsecode,251Mossner,W.
K.
,56motherwaveletfunction,187MountWilsonObservatory,278mountainslides,17,277mountains,249,321Moussas,X.
,343Mousseau,N.
,8movingaveragemodel,178movingmagneticfeatures,278mudslide,7Muller,R.
,260multi-resolutionmethods,187multi-scalemethods,182multifractals,17,273Cantorset,333earthquakes,150turbulence,330multiperiodicity,343multiple-leveltrackingmethod,260multiple-strategymodels,50multiplicativefactor,89multiplicativeprocesses,10,135,287,288,295Muraki,Y.
,134Murtagh,F.
,194mutation,9,12,14,51,52n-bodysimulations,32,39n-bodysystem,340Nagatani,T.
,12,13,50Nagel,K.
,12,13,15,18,47–50Nakamura,T.
,282Nakanishi,H.
,54nanoares,24–26,69,117,121,165,194,195,229,233,263,264,303Nasdaq100,11naturalselection,12navigationnetworks,316Negoro,H.
,31,33,79,134,136,167,168,186,243,245,246Neptune,22nervecellspiking,15nervemembranes,126Nesme-Ribes,E.
,343network,8,13Neugebauer,H.
J.
,18Neuperteffect,224,228neuralreverberations,15neural-networklearningmethod,198neuronring,15neutroncaptureline,220neutronmonitor,237neutronstar,242,244,293neutronstarcrust,32,244,294HerX-1,341neutronstarquakes,293–295neutronstars,127,295NewYork,9Newman,M.
E.
J.
,13,151Index407newspapers,10next-neighborinteractions,37,100,105,113,114,321Nicholson,P.
D.
,22,284NICMOScamera,290Nicol,R.
M.
,333Nileriver,15,18Ning,Z.
,26,234,236Nishizuka,N.
,26,231,233Nita,G.
M.
,26,234–236NIXT,275NOAAcatalog,235,237Noever,D.
A.
,18noise,195,2611/fspectrum,4,34,44,45,127,184,293blacknoise,127,329Brownian,126,127ickernoise,31,78,127,129,132noise-freedata,175,180nomenclature,126photonnoise,175photons,195pinknoise,127Poisson,195Poissonnoise,129rednoise,127,132shotnoise,32,129,132,167shotnoisespectrum,131,133spectra,126whitenoise,44,122,124,127non-localcommunication,108non-periodictimeproles,187non-SOCprocesses,321nonconservativesystems,44noncooperativeevolution,14nonequilibrium,19nonlinearchaoticsystems,340nonlineardissipativesystem,2nonlinearforce-freeeld,299nonlinearfunction,84nonlinearsystem,1,2nonpotentialmagneticenergy,299nonpotentialmagneticenergybuild-up,301,302nonstationaryPoissonprocess,142nonthermalelectronspectrum,309nonthermalelectrons,308nonthermalemission,127,134,308nonthermalenergy,202solarares,308nonthermalspectrum,311Noonan,E.
J.
,28,305Nordlund,A.
,303,330Nori,F.
,8Norman,J.
P.
,161Norris,J.
P.
,244,341NorthAmerica,9north-southasymmetry,343Norwaycoastline,251Norwegiancoast,18Norwegianfjords,7Nottale,L.
,32,34,289novaoutbursts,31Nowak,M.
A.
,134Nozakura,T.
,32,34nuclearburning,290nuclearchainreaction,94nuclearfusion,31nuclearphysicsexperiment,9numericalSOCmodels,37Nurujjaman,Md.
,8Nyquistfrequency,124,131O'Brien,K.
P.
,8O'Brien,P.
T.
,32,34O'Toole,D.
V.
,15oblate,294occurrencerate,140oceanevaporation,18oceanridgespreadingcenters,16oceantransportation,9oceantrenches,16Ochelkov,Yu.
P.
,238OFCmodel,28,148,149,155Ohm'slaw,58,153Okuzono,T.
,8Olami,Z.
,17,18,44,54,148,155oligarchicgrowth,324Olmedo,O.
,198Olson,C.
J.
,8Omori'slaw,149,150Omori,F.
,142,146,149,150,157opalescenceinuids,324opticalemission,23,31optimisticbuyers,290orbitalperiod,154orbits3-bodyproblem,342n-bodyproblem,342Ordovicianera,13oscillatingchemicalreactions,324oscillations,126,187SGR,295oscillators,8OSO-3,226Osokin,A.
R.
,28Osorio,I.
,15Osten,R.
A.
,165408IndexOtsuka,M.
,54Otter,R.
,77Paczuski,M.
,8,12–14,17,38,47–49,51–54,56,161Pallas,282PalmandKhinchintheorem,141PalomarLeidenSurvey,282pandemicdiseasespread,14Paniveni,U.
,260Pankine,A.
A.
,22Parkerspiral,316Parker,E.
N.
,63,73,75,302–304,316Parnell,C.
E.
,24–26,75,195,214,231,232,260,263,264,278–280,308,339particleacceleration,23,28,290,311,340cosmicrays,296particlephysicsexperiments,112particleprecipitation,23,217,318,322Patriarca,M.
,8Patrick,G.
J.
,164patternrecognitionalgorithms,195Pavlidou,V.
,31,33,80,295,296peakenergyreleaserate,84,90,95exponential-growthmodel,84logistic-growthmodel,95powerlaw-growthmodel,90peakux,201peakluminosity,307peakmethod,147peaktime,175,226Pearce,G.
,153,154,157,158Pearson,K.
,121Peitgen,H.
O.
,250Pelletier,J.
D.
,15,18pendulum,2,53,340,341percolation,324activeregions,338,339models,14,44,51,262,277,278,338simulations,338Perez-Enriquez,R.
,26,218,220perimeter-areamethod,258,260periodicattractors,44periodicpulses,124permeablesubstance,338Permianera,13permutations,112perpetuummobile,3Petri,A.
,8Petrosyan,A.
,332phasetransitions,19,324,340,341PHEBUS,220Phillpotts,E.
,139phonecalls,7photonarrivaltimes,165photonnoise,116,127,195photonwaitingtimes,165,167photosphere,5,259,277temperature,347photosphericintranetwork,273,278photosphericnetwork,259,273,301,305powerspectrum,275photosphericoscillations,191phylogenetictrees,15physicalsystem,1physics-freemodels,83,288Picasso,P.
,37Pietronero,L.
,44pinetrees,8pinneduxlattices,8pinningforce,244pionradiation,308Pioneer,332pions,308pitchangledistribution,313pitchangles,312PitondelaFournaisevolcano,18Pizzochero,P.
M.
,32Pla,O.
,8plages,273Planckconstant,denition,347Planck,M.
,321planetaryorbits,324planetaryrings,22planetarysystemformation,22planetarysystems,324planetesimals,282planets,22plasmaconnement,8,329plasmacooling,229plasmaemission,217,235,256,313plasmaheating,23plasmaresonances,19plasmasheetboundarylayer,340plasmasheets,22plasma-βparameter,denition,348Podesta,J.
J.
,163,333Podladchikova,O.
V.
,121,198,303Podlazov,A.
V.
,28pointpatterns,122pointprocesses,122,140Poissondistribution,117,118Poissonprocess,7,140inhomogeneous,142nonstationary,142,289stationary,142,288Poissonstatistics,83,175Poisson,S.
D.
,117Index409POLAR/UVI,19,215polarizedbrightnessimage,198Poliakov,A.
N.
B.
,15,18politicalevents,11,290Polygiannakis,J.
M.
,187,343polymer,8populationdensity,12populationdynamics,340populationgrowth,46,89populationstatistics,136porousmaterials,338postareloops,23potentialenergy,202potentialmagneticenergy,299potsoillandscape,7,8Pouquet,A.
,28,330poweroutages,127powerspectrum,45,122,124,184,185Brownianmotion,326interstellarmedium,335Planckian,78,129pulses,133powerspectrumanalysis,275activeregions,276brightpoints,276corona,276magnetogram,275omnidirectional,275photosphericnetwork,275quietSun,275powerlawsizedistribution,4powerlawslope,criticalvalue,211powerlawslopes,211,239exponential-growthmodel,89large-eventbias,220waitingtimes,144,146powerlaw-growthmodel,89Poyntingux,319precursors,16,51Press,W.
H.
,126pressure,326prices,50Priest,E.
R.
,330principalcomponentanalysis,182,191probabilitydistribution,84,112,140,142,203Procaccia,I.
,341,342producers,11productivitylaw,150prot,290ProperOrthogonalDecomposition,191proteinfamilyfrequency,89proteinfolding,324protonacceleration,313protonux,237protonmass,denition,347protonscale,332protonstar,295proton/electronmassratio,denition,347protons,237,296protoplanets,324Prozorov,R.
,8Prussiancavalry,8publications,8Pudovkin,M.
I.
,22,319,329pulsar,128pulsarglitches,32,33,242,290,294pulsarspin-up,242pulsar-windnebulae,296pulsar,Vela,341pulsars,31,46,127,243,294,296pulsations,126pulsesblazars,291δ-function,130exponential-decay,132rectangular,131punctuatedequilibriamodel,14,33,52purchases,50Qiu,J.
,221quantumgravity,34quantummechanics,112quasars,246,291,335quasi-lineardiffusion,314,329quasi-periodicbursts,neutronstar,293quasi-periodicoscillations,187,341quasi-periodicradiobursts,344quasi-separatrixlayer,330quasi-stellarobjects,291quiescentemission,arestars,165quiescenttime,147quietSun,powerspectrum,275Quilligan,F.
,136,180,244radiatedenergy,307radiationbelt,215radiativecooling,29radiativeenergy,174radiativeloss,308radiativelossfunction,307radiativelossrate,denition,348radioburstoscillations,344radiobursts,25,26,125,163,187,233radioemission,23,28,125,217,233,253,313,330accretiondisks,295blazars,291radiopropagation,318410Indexradiopulsations,344radioscintillation,318radiotypeInoisestorm,163,235,314radiotypeIIbursts,314radiotypeIIIbursts,126,235,236,314radiotypeIVcontinuum,314radiotypeJbursts,314radiotypeNbursts,235radiotypeRSbursts,235radiotypeUbursts,235,314radiotypeVbursts,314radio-interferometry,335radioactivity,9radiusofgyration,269raindrops,328rainfall,14,15,17,18,338Ramaswamy,R.
,44randomdrawing,10randommotion,327randomwalk,303Ranger,281rank-orderplot,10,206citysizes,9rareevents,119Raschke,E.
,15,18Raup,M.
D.
,12,14,15,52Ray,T.
S.
,53Rayleigh–Taylorinstability,295reaction-diffusionsystems,324rebinning,258recoveryphaseofsubstorm,317rectangularpulses,131recurrenceplots,342redistributionrule,63,68,73,98Reed,W.
J.
,89Reggeoneldtheory,53relativisticbeaming,293relativisticelectrons,308relativisticjets,290,291relativity,293renormalizationgrouptheory,19,22,44,56resistivity,anomalous,319resonances,19restoration,186retina,9Reynoldsnumber,329rheology,8,18RHESSI,29,154,155,157,218,221Rhodes,C.
J.
,15Rhodes,T.
L.
,8ricepileexperiment,6–8Rice,J.
R.
,142Richardson,L.
F.
,12,13Richter,C.
F.
,15,16,201Richter,P.
,250Rieutord,M.
,262Rinaldo,A.
,15,18ringcurrents,322ringlets,283risetime,84risetimes,randomness,288river,9riverformation,18rivernetworks,15,22Robbrecht,E.
,198Roberts,D.
C.
,12,13Robinson,P.
A.
,314Robinson,R.
D.
,28,33,239,240Rochelobe,293rockplasticshearbands,15,18rocktexture,15,18rockslide,17Rosenshein,E.
B.
,22Rosner,R.
,89,161Rossberg,17Rossbyautosolitons,325rotatingdrum,5,6rotatingpendulums,38rotation,326rotationaxis,291rotationalenergy,290Rothman,D.
H.
,15,18Roudier,T.
,260RouppeVanderVoort,L.
H.
M.
,276Roux,S.
,44Ruelle–Takens–Newhouseroute,342Rundle,J.
B.
,15,54runningsandpile,41runningtime-differencemethod,198Rutherford,E.
,287RXTE,244Ryabov,V.
B.
,128,342Ryan,R.
D.
,187Rydbergconstant,denition,347Sagan,C.
,139Sahraoui,F.
,333Saichev,A.
,9,10,150,151sales,50Sammis,C.
,17Sammis,I.
,25,280samplecompleteness,195sandavalanche,5sandbeach,3,4,324sanddesert,324sanddunes,324sandgrains,136Sandage,A.
R.
,289Index411sandpiles,3–6,8,39,104,139,288,290,322Sanz,J.
L.
,147satellitefailures,316saturationenergy,84,94saturationtime,84,94,120Saturn,22,282,283Saturnrings,22,23,283,290,324Saupe,D.
,250scale-invariance,4scalegrams,187scalinglaw,earthquakes,150scalinglaws,211hydrostatics,308SOCparameters,308Scargle,J.
,127,142,178,186,187,341scatteringofparticles,22Schatten,K.
H.
,339Scheinkman,J.
A.
,11,13,50Schottky'stheorem,129Schottky,W.
,129Schreckenberg,M.
,50Schrijver,C.
J.
,260,262,300Schroeder,M.
,127,250Schulman,L.
S.
,338Schuster,H.
G.
,126,340Schwabl,F.
,8,19,56Schwartz,R.
A.
,26,218Schwarz,U.
,187,342scintillations,335ScorpiusX-1,341sea-airsurface,325Searle,L.
,289sedimentdeposition,18seeing,261,276segmentation,22Seiden,P.
E.
,278,338–340seismometers,201Sekar-Iyenbgar,A.
N.
,8selectioneffects,238self-gravitycollapse,290self-organization,5,324biology,324self-similarexpansion,324self-similarity,282Selman,F.
J.
,32,34,291,292semantics,10semiconductors,126Sen,A.
K.
,274sensitivitylimits,212sentence,10SEP,25,26,163,237,322energies,296separationofevents,146separatorreconnectionmodels,28separators,305Sepkoski,J.
J.
Jr.
,12,13,15,52Serre,T.
,343Seyfertgalaxies,136NGC4051,128NGC5506,128SGR,32,33,243,244,290,294Shakura,N.
I.
,295shallow-waterlayer,325Shaw,B.
E.
,54Shaw,G.
B.
,171Shea,M.
A.
,238shearviscosity,329shearedarcade,330Shibata,K.
,26,226,228,308Shimizu,K.
,136Shimizu,T.
,26,226,228Shimojo,M.
,26,226,228Shine,R.
A.
,278shockacceleration,296,311,313shocksurngacceleration,296shockwaves,163,233,237,290,315,317shockedmatter,290shocks,151showers,particles,296Shukla,P.
K.
,324Sierpinskicarpet,273Sierpinskitriangle,257signal-to-noiseratio,132,175silica,8Simnett,G.
M.
,153Singh,H.
,191,193singularityspectrum,273Sitnov,M.
I.
,19Sivia,D.
S.
,142Sivron,R.
,31,33Skilling,J.
,142slider-blockspringmodel,17,18SloanDigitalSkySurvey,282slumps,18Smalley,R.
F.
Jr.
,54Smart,D.
F.
,238Smolin,L.
,34smoothing,178Sneppen,K.
,8,14,51,52,151snowavalanches,2,14,15,18,290snowakes,249,268SOC,3–5,25,39biology,321criteria,288,290,293,294denition,288,321geology,321hierarchicalmodel,322instability,290412Indexnon-SOCprocesses,321phenomenon,290SOC-likeprocesses,321sourceoffreeenergy,290trigger,290universality,44,83SOCcriteriatestsaccretiondisks,295Brownianmotion,328cosmicrays,296particleacceleration,311radiobursts,314solardynamo,301solarwind,334turbulence,330socialnetwork,13Socolar,J.
E.
S.
,44softstate,78softX-raytransients,neutronstars,293Solanki,S.
K.
,278solarage,denition,347solarbrightpoints,195solarconstant,denition,347solarcorona,211solarcycle,25,145,159,161,187,198,218,237,261,274,278,317,339,340,343intermittency,343prediction,343strangeattractordimension,343solardiameter,187solardynamo,63,262,290,299,301,339,343solarescapespeed,denition,347solarares,19,23,26,89,127,277,290,299,304,308,3222000July14event,229,258,264areastatistics,279correlations,219EUV,229fractals,262,270frequencydistributions,217geometricmodel,270hardX-raypulses,329HXR,187,217,229lightcurves,229monthlyrate,218spatialscales,279SXR,224,229thermalenergy,306waitingtimes,153solaruxunit,denition,347solargravitation,denition,347solarinterior,262solarirradiance,187,233solarmass,denition,347solarphysics,latticesimulations,63solarradiantuxdensity,denition,347solarradiantpower,denition,347solarradiobursts,timeseriesanalysis,342solarradius,denition,347solarrotationeffect,253solarsolidangle,denition,347solarsystemformation,280,289solarwind,19,136,153,163,290,315,316,324,332,338chaoticdynamics,343waitingtimedistributions,164Solar-GeophysicalDatacatalog,253soldierkill,8Sole,R.
V.
,14,53solitons,324,325solubleconstituents,338solvent,338Somfai,E.
,7,8Sornette,A.
,16,54Sornette,D.
,4,8,10,11,13,16,17,44,51,54,150,151,250,281SOT/Hinode,278Sotolongo-Costa,O.
,151,329soundspeed,denition,348sourthwardinterplanetarymagneticeld,317SouthAtlanticAnomaly,155Southworth,G.
,233sparkingfrequency,55spatialscalesasteroidbelt,282lunarcraters,280Saturnring,283solarares,279statistics,277SPEcatalog,237speciesabundance,14specklereconstruction,258,261spectralmethods,187speculation,290speedoflight,denition,347spellingmistakes,7spheromak,5Spiegel,E.
A.
,343spikeremovals,212spiralpatterns,324springconstant,38,53springs,38stableequilibrium,3StandardandPoor'sindex,11standarddeviation,115Stanley,H.
E.
,11,13,51Index413starclusters30Doradus,290ABDor,29starcrustfractures,290stardensity,8starformation,3,290,322,324,338starburstcluster,290,291starbursts,32,34Starck,J.
-L.
,194starquakes,32stars,2847Cas,29ADLeo,28,29,165,166ATMic,28AUMic,28cataclysmicvariables(seeCV),29CNLeo,29dMestars,28EKDra,29EpsilonEri,29EVLac,28,29F2-Vtype,29FKAqr,28GJ411,29HD2726,29HD2756,29KappaCet,29main-sequence,28reddwarfs,28redgiants,29RRLyrae,191RSOphiuchi,29RVTau-type,341TScuti,341V1054Oph,28whitedwarfs,29YZCMi,28,239starspots,299starttime,175,226Stassinopoulos,D,15staticequilibrium,4stationaryPoissonprocess,142statisticalindependence,288statisticaluncertainty,212statisticalweighting,212Stauffer,D.
,269steady-state,33steady-statetransportequation,315Stefan–Boltzmannconstant,denition,347Stein,R.
S.
,16Steinberg,J.
T.
,335stellarchromosphericoscillations,187stellarcoronae,28,165,211,239stellardistance,306stellardynamics,32stellardynamo,290stellarares,33,139,290,304,314frequencydistributions,208,239Stelzer,B.
,240stemcell,8Stern,B.
E.
,167stick-and-slipmotion,16,53stick-and-slipreconnection,305stochasticaring,29stockmarket,3,9,11,13,140,321stockmarketcrash,290stockmarketprecursors,11Stokes'theorem,60stop-and-gosandpile,41storms,17strangeattractordimension,340–342streams,251,326structurefunction,274Sturrock,P.
A.
,25,301–303,308,339Su,Y.
,26,218,221sub-atomicscales,251SubaruMain-BeltAsteroidSurvey,282subductionzones,16subpulses,221,236substorms,19,20,58,104,153,214,215,290,316,317,324,334,337Sudan,R.
N.
,330suddenstormcommencement,237Suhl,H.
,8Sundkvist,D.
,335sunspotclassication,280sunspotnumber,253,343sunspotoscillations,187sunspotpenumbrae,259sunspotumbrae,259sunspots,256,262,273,277,278,299,301,343Sunyaev,R.
A.
,295super-granulation,259super-luminous,246superconductivity,32superconductor,8,45SuperDARN,153superuid,244superuidhydrodynamics,293superuidvortexunpinningmodel,32superuidity,32supergranulation,262supernovaexplosions,290,335supernovaremnants,244,296supernovashocks,3,297supernovae,290superpositiontheorem,141surfacereaction,8414Indexsurvival,9,12Sutherland,P.
G.
,134Svensson,R.
,167Sweet-Parker,29SXR,23,25,26,28,128,159,217,224,229,270,275,306solarares,308SXT/Yohkoh,115,226,229,231,264symbolicdynamics,342symmetrybraking,324,333sympatheticCMEs,163sympatheticares,140,153,161,194,291,324synchrotronemission,293synodicperiod,316system,1Szczepaniak,A.
,333tachocline,262,277,290,299,322,339Tadic,B.
,44Tainaka,K.
,32,34Takalo,J.
,19,20,22,58,61,62,70,214–216,298,319,338Takeuchi,M.
,31,33,79,134,245,295Tam,S.
W.
Y.
,22Tanaka,Y.
,128,129Tang,C.
,4,5,16,34,38,39,41,43,44,50,54,133,321Tang,F.
,278tangled-naturemodel,14Tashiro,M.
,129tectonicplates,3,16,53,325tectonicslipping,290Teerikorpi,P.
,250,289,326temperature,14,261bias,308lters,233increase,290models,195wavelengthdependence,229termitenest,15Terradas,J.
,191,192Terrell,N.
J.
Jr.
,167thermalconductivity,denition,348thermalelectrons,308thermalemission,127,134,165,224,291,308thermalenergy,202,233,273,306,307thermalpressure,denition,348thermalscaleheight,denition,348thermalspectrum,311thermalSpitzerconductivity,denition,348thermodynamicequilibrium,326thermonuclearashes,293thick-targetbremsstrahlung,217,308thinkingprocess,10Thompson,B.
J.
,154Thompson,C.
,32,33,244threshold,64,94,194,238,288thresholdcriteria,195thresholdenergy,84thresholdmethod,147thresholdofdetection,174thresholdslope,5,40threshold-segmentationmethod,198tidaldisruption,284tidalforces,282,290tiger,324timeproles,122,123,229timescalespectrum,253timeseries,172analysis,342geomagnetic,187timingnoise,294tokamakplasma,8tokomak,329top-downscenario,289topographicalmap,251tornado,3torsionalAlfvenwaves,28torsionalshearmode,295totalcounts,306totalemissionmeasure,306totalreleasedenergy,87,91TRACE,23,24,194,195,229,231,264,280trafc,7,126trafccollisions,290trafcjam,9,11,13,47Tranquille,C.
,218,221transientchaos,341transistors,126transitionregion,239,303,330trapping,314treerings,19trees,249Treuman,R.
A.
,318Triassicera,13trigger,SOC,290Trojanasteroids,282tropicalshes,324Trottet,G.
,26,234,235,314truncations,212Tsuneta,S.
,115–117,313turbiditedepositions,15turbidites,14,18turbulence,8,19,151,153,164,262,274,275,277,295,325,326,3372-uidsystem,3Alfvenic,343uid,3Index415intermittent,332,334,337non-ionizeduids,242onset,340shellmodel,148singleuid,3spectrum,332turbulentboundarylayer,334turbulentcascade,56,163turbulentconvection,301turbulentviscosity,295Turcotte,D.
L.
,7,12–14,16–19,38,44,53–56,250,341twisteduxtube,330two-scalecascadingprocess,333two-sectorpattern,316Uchida,Y.
,28,301–303Ueno,S.
,134,185,186Ulysses,10,221,332uncorrelatedness,139,161undergoundseeping,338universeexpansion,290universe,age,289unloadingprocess,22,319unpinning,293unsharpmasking,180Uranus,22urbangrowth,13,89urbansprawl,9Uritsky,V.
M.
,19,20,22,319,329,332,334,337Uttley,P.
,134,136UV,12,26,28,32,126,239,330,343blazars,291UVbrightenings,233Uzdensky,D.
A.
,29VacuumTowerTelescopeTenerife,258Vaiana,G.
S.
,89,161Vainio,R.
,332valleys,251,277VanderZiel,A.
,129VanHollebeke,M.
A.
I.
,237,238VanHouten,C.
J.
,282Vandewalle,N.
,15VanHollebeke,M.
A.
I.
,26Vassiliadis,D.
,28,70,71,298Vaughan,B.
A.
,134Vecchio,A.
,191vectormagnetographdata,299Velapulsar,294,341Velli,M.
,330velocityuctuations,274Veltri,P.
,163,332vendors,11Venus,22Verdes,P.
F.
,343Verhulst,P.
F.
,94Veronig,A.
,26,227,228,343Vespignani,A.
,44Vesta,282vibrations,326Vieira,L.
E.
A.
,187Vigoroux,A.
,187Vilmer,N.
,314virus,8viscosity,295anomalous,296coefcient,329kinematic,329ofuid,3shear,329viscousdiffusion,79visiblelight,124,126visualreceptorcells,8Vlahos,L.
,25,28,68,69,299,303,313,314,339,340Voges,W.
,341volcanicacousticemission,15volcanicactivities,15volcanicactivityofStromboli,18volcaniceruption,14,17,18volcaniceruptions,277,280volcanoclasticturbiditedeposits,15,18voltage,129volumellingfactor,270volumescaling,89,231vonNeumann,J.
,46vortices,8,45,244,313,324,325,332vorticesunpinning,293Voyager,23,332waitingtimes,11,140,288accretiondisks,167blackholes,167CME,162,316cutoff,152CygnusX-1,31distributions,148earthquakes,17arestars,165geophysics,149globalsystem,141hardX-rays,154localsystem,141magnetosphericphysics,151measurements,146Monte-Carlosimulations,144nonstationarystatistics,142416Indexphotons,165,167powerlawslopes,144,146probabilityfunction,142SEP,316softX-rays,159solarares,153,155,157solarradiobursts,163solarwind,163,164,333stockmarket,140WallStreetcrash,3,11Walsh,R.
M.
,28,303Wang,H.
,221Wang,H.
N.
,98Wang,J.
X.
,278warcasualties,12,13Warzawski,L.
,32,33,244Watari,S.
,187,253–256,343WATCH/Granat,69,154,155,157,220watercycle,18waterow,3watersprinkler,7watertransportation,9Watkins,N.
W.
,19,22,214,216,332–334waveclustering,332wave–particleinteractions,313wave-particleinteractions,311,332,340wavelengthcoverage,195wavelengths,126waveletanalysis,122,147,182,187,341,342waves,191Wawrzaszek,A.
,333weak-drivinglimit,108weathersystem,1webaccess,89webserveraccess,7Weierstrass,K.
,249weighting,214Weissman,M.
B.
,8Wentzel,D.
G.
,278,339,340Westbrook,C.
D.
,268Westervelt,R.
M.
,8wetsand,5Wheatland,M.
S.
,25,28,89,141,142,146,148,149,154,159–163,280,305,308,315,320,332,339White,O.
R.
,127,186WIC/IMAGE,317Wiehr,E.
,260Wiener–Khinchintheorem,130,131Wiener-Khinchintheorem,131Wiesenfeld,K.
,4,5,34,38,41,43,44,50,133,321Wiita,P.
J.
,31,33Wilczek,F.
,287wildlifeserviceland,19Willinger,W.
,13Willis,J.
C.
,89Willson,R.
C.
,187WIND,164,215windowedFouriertransform,187WisconsinHαMapper,335Wolfram,S.
,98wood,290Woodford,M.
A.
,11,13,50Woods,J.
W.
,194Woods,R.
E.
,194wordassociations,10wordfrequency,10,13world-wideweb,89Wu,S.
,15,18Xapsos,M.
A.
,237XEST/XMM,240Xiong,Y.
,31,33,80,295Xu,F.
,295Yashiro,S.
,25,26,228Yeats,R.
S.
,16Yeh,W.
J.
,45,163Yohkoh/SXT,115Yokoyama,T.
,308Yonehara,A.
,31,33,78,80Yoshida,F.
,282Young,C.
A.
,187,198,199Young,K.
,341Young,M.
D.
T.
,32,33,242Yule,G.
U.
,89Yurovsky,Y.
,342Zanette,D.
H.
,9,10,13,89Zapperi,S.
,44Zarro,D.
M.
,224Zebker,H.
A.
,22,284zebra,324zebrastripe,5Zeemaneffect,278Zelenyi,L.
M.
,332Zhang,H.
Q.
,278Zhang,J.
,15,18Zhang,Y.
C.
,44,51Zhou,Y.
,331Zieve,R.
J.
,8Zinn,R.
,289Zipflaw,9,35Zipfplot,10,208Zipf,G.
K.
,10,13,208Zirker,J.
B.
,303Zwaan,C.
,278