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>>Forrelatedonlinecontent,seetheSciencePodcast,p.
311305CONTENTSCONTENTScontinued>>DEPARTMENTS311ScienceOnline313ThisWeekinScience318Editors'Choice320ContactScience321RandomSamples323Newsmakers423NewProducts424ScienceCareersCOVERAnartist'sconceptionoftheantibioticpenicillinandsomeofthebacteriathathavedevelopedresistancetovariousantibiotics.
Aspecialsectionbeginningonpage355explorestheriseandspreadofso-calledbadbugsandpossibleinterventions.
Illustration:ChrisBickel/ScienceEDITORIAL317EngagingRussianScientistsbyGlennSchweitzer355NEWSOFTHEWEEKBushTakesaFinalSwipe,andSalute,atCO2324EmissionCurbsOldSamplesTripUpTokyoTeam324NewPolicyTriestoEaseSecurityRestrictions325StalledTrialforAutismHighlightsDilemmaof326AlternativeTreatmentsCaribbeanMegaeruptionsDroveaGlobalOceanCrisis327SCIENCESCOPE327TwoU.
S.
LabsVieforLong-DelayedExotic328NucleiSourceSurveyFindsCitationsGrowingNarrowerasJournals329MoveOnline>>Reportp.
395NEWSFOCUSReinventingRicetoFeedtheWorld330SowingtheSeedsofExpertiseSimpleSleepers334>>ResearchArticlep.
372Acoustics'08Meeting338SoundScienceMapsVenetianCanalsandPeruvianRuinsUltrasoundUsesinMedicineHeatUpListeningtoDistantIceCrackSnapshotsFromtheMeetingVolume321,Issue5887INTRODUCTIONDeadlyDefiance355NEWSTheBacteriaFightBack356CollateralDamage:TheRiseofResistantC.
difficileTrenchWarfareinaBattleWithTB362Anti-TBDrugs:AndThenThereWereNonePERSPECTIVESAntibioticsandAntibioticResistanceGenesin365NaturalEnvironmentsJ.
L.
MartínezOutwittingMultidrugResistancetoAntifungals367B.
C.
MonkandA.
GoffeauSPECIALSECTIONDrugResistancewww.
sciencemag.
orgSCIENCEVOL32118JULY2008330PublishedbyAAASonMarch8,2021http://science.
sciencemag.
org/Downloadedfromwww.
sciencemag.
orgSCIENCEVOL32118JULY2008307CONTENTScontinued>>SCIENCEEXPRESSwww.
sciencexpress.
orgPLANTSCIENCEPlantImmunityRequiresConformationalChangesofNPR1viaS-NitrosylationandThioredoxinsY.
Tadaetal.
Afterapathogeninvadesaplant,aprotein,usuallykeptinamultimericstatebyS-nitrosylation,isdissociatedbythioredoxin,freeingthemonomersfordefenseresponses.
10.
1126/science.
1156970GEOCHEMISTRYFerruginousConditionsDominatedLaterNeoproterozoicDeep-WaterChemistryD.
E.
Canfieldetal.
Lowsulfurinputcausedthedeeperoceantobecomeanoxicandrichinferrousiron750millionyearsago,areversalfromthemoreoxidizingconditionsoftheprevious1billionyears.
10.
1126/science.
1154499CELLBIOLOGYEssentialCytoplasmicTranslocationofaCytokineReceptor–AssembledSignalingComplexA.
Matsuzawaetal.
Degradationofonememberofaproteincomplexthatformswhenacytokinereceptorisactivatedcausesthecomplextomovetothecytoplasm,triggeringthedownstreampathway.
10.
1126/science.
1157340CONTENTSLETTERSTheCostofConservationM.
Bodeetal.
340ConservationwithCaveatsB.
W.
T.
CoetzeeResponseC.
Kremenetal.
CORRECTIONSANDCLARIFICATIONS342BOOKSETAL.
Insomniac343G.
Greene,reviewedbyM.
L.
PerlisRe-EngineeringPhilosophyforLimitedBeings344PiecewiseApproximationstoRealityW.
C.
Wimsatt,reviewedbyK.
SterelnyPOLICYFORUMAssistedColonizationandRapidClimateChange345O.
Hoegh-Guldbergetal.
PERSPECTIVESVertebrateVocalizations347D.
MargoliashandM.
E.
Hale>>Reportp.
417WastheYoungerDryasGlobal348T.
V.
LowellandM.
A.
Kelly>>Reportp.
392TrackingCorrosionCracking349A.
Stierle>>Reportp.
382GraspingLimbPatterning350C.
J.
TabinandA.
P.
McMahonFocusonX-rayDiffraction352H.
N.
Chapman>>Reportp.
379AHotterGreenhouse353M.
HuberTECHNICALCOMMENTABSTRACTSMICROBIOLOGYCommenton"A3-Hydroxypropionate/3424-HydroxybutyrateAutotrophicCarbonDioxideAssimilationPathwayinArchaea"T.
J.
G.
EttemaandS.
G.
E.
Anderssonfulltextatwww.
sciencemag.
org/cgi/content/full/321/5887/342bResponsetoCommenton"A3-Hydroxypropionate/4-HydroxybutyrateAutotrophicCarbonDioxideAssimilationPathwayinArchaea"I.
A.
Berg,D.
Kockelkorn,W.
Buckel,G.
Fuchsfulltextatwww.
sciencemag.
org/cgi/content/full/321/5887/342cBREVIAOCEANSCIENCEIceScourDisturbanceinAntarcticWaters371D.
A.
Smaleetal.
IcebergshaveincreasinglyscouredthecoastlinesalongtheWestAntarcticPeninsulaasitsiceshelvesandglaciershavewaned,affectingbenthicmarinecommunities.
RESEARCHARTICLENEUROSCIENCEIdentificationofSLEEPLESS,aSleep-PromotingFactor372K.
Kohetal.
AsearchforgeneticmodulatorsofsleepinDrosophilaidentifiedageneencodingabrainproteinthatislikelysecretedandisrequiredforrecoveryfromsleepdeprivation.
>>Newsstoryp.
334REPORTSASTRONOMYPropertiesofGamma-RayBurstProgenitorStars376P.
Kumar,R.
Narayan,J.
L.
JohnsonAnalysisofthex-rayafterglowofintensegamma-rayburstsshowsthattheburstsresultfromconsumptionoftheouterpartofadensestaranddefinethestar'srotationrate.
347&417PublishedbyAAASonMarch8,2021http://science.
sciencemag.
org/Downloadedfromwww.
sciencemag.
orgSCIENCEVOL32118JULY2008309CONTENTSCONTENTScontinued>>REPORTSCONTINUED.
.
.
APPLIEDPHYSICSHigh-ResolutionScanningX-rayDiffractionMicroscopy379P.
Thibaultetal.
Analysisofdifferencesindiffractionpatternsateachpointalonganx-rayscanofamaterialallowsimagingofaburiedstructurewitharesolutionof50nanometers.
>>Perspectivep.
352MATERIALSSCIENCEObservationsofIntergranularStressCorrosion382CrackinginaGrain-MappedPolycrystalA.
Kingetal.
Tomographicimagingrevealsthatsomegrainboundariesinstainlesssteelareresistanttostresscorrosioncracking,whichleadstosuddenbrittlefailure.
>>Perspectivep.
349MATERIALSSCIENCEMeasurementoftheElasticPropertiesand385IntrinsicStrengthofMonolayerGrapheneC.
Lee,X.
Wei,J.
W.
Kysar,J.
HoneMeasurementsoftheelasticpropertiesofgrapheneagreewithcalculationsforadefect-freematerialandshowthatitisindeedstrongerthanothermaterials.
CHEMISTRYMeasurementoftheDistributionofSite388EnhancementsinSurface-EnhancedRamanScatteringY.
Fang,N.
-H.
Seong,D.
D.
DlottThedistributionofelectricfield–enhancingsitesonananostructuredsubstrateismeasuredbyusingtheenhancedfieldtodamagethosesites.
CLIMATECHANGEPatagonianGlacierResponseDuringtheLate392Glacial–HoloceneTransitionR.
P.
AckertJr.
etal.
DatingofaglacialmoraineinsouthernPatagoniaimpliesthatincreasedprecipitationcausedglaciergrowthafteraperiodofNorthernHemispherecooling11,000yearsago.
>>Perspectivep.
348SOCIOLOGYElectronicPublicationandtheNarrowingof395ScienceandScholarshipJ.
A.
EvansAsjournalsbecomeavailableelectronically,scientistsandscholarshavemorearticlesattheirfingertipsbutciterelativelyfewer,andthesetendtobemorerecent.
>>Newsstoryp.
329EVOLUTIONTheEvolutionandDistributionofSpeciesBodySize399A.
ClausetandD.
H.
ErwinAmodelofevolutionarybody-sizechangesthataccountsforphysicalconstraintsandextinctionriskreproducesthesizedistributionoflandmammalsfromtheQuaternary.
CELLBIOLOGYFour-jointedIsaGolgiKinaseThatPhosphorylates401aSubsetofCadherinDomainsH.
O.
Ishikawaetal.
AnewlydescribedtypeofproteinkinasefoundintheGolgiphosphorylatessignalingproteinsonaminoacidsthataredestinedtobewithinextracellulardomains.
352&379CELLBIOLOGYSignal-MediatedDynamicRetentionof404GlycosyltransferasesintheGolgiL.
Tu,W.
C.
S.
Tai,L.
Chen,D.
K.
BanfieldGlycosyltransferaseenzymesstayintheGolgiinthefaceofcontinuingmembranetrafficbecauseareceptorlinkstheircytoplasmictailstoarecyclingcoatedvesicle.
IMMUNOLOGYAnomalousType17ResponsetoViralInfectionby408CD8+TCellsLackingT-betandEomesoderminA.
M.
Intlekoferetal.
TwotranscriptionfactorscooperatetoensurethecorrectfunctioningofCD8+Tcellsduringtheresponsetoinfection.
CELLSIGNALINGRiboswitchesinEubacteriaSensetheSecond411MessengerCyclicDi-GMPN.
Sudarsanetal.
Thebacterialsecondmessengercyclicdi–guanosinemonophosphatecontrolsawidevarietyofcellularfunctionsbyactingonariboswitchmotifinnumerousmessengerRNAs.
NEUROSCIENCEBottom-UpDependentGatingofFrontalSignalsin414EarlyVisualCortexL.
B.
Ekstrometal.
Higherbraincenterscanmodulateactivityinthecorticalregionsthatdirectlyreceivevisualinput,butonlywhenavisualstimulusispresent.
NEUROSCIENCEEvolutionaryOriginsforSocialVocalizationina417VertebrateHindbrain–SpinalCompartmentA.
H.
Bass,E.
H.
Gilland,R.
BakerTheconservedneuralcircuitryforvocalcommunicationinfishandothertetrapodssuggeststhatthisfunctionmayhaveoriginatedpriortotheevolutionofbonyvertebrates.
>>Perspectivep.
347NEUROSCIENCEOrbitofrontalDysfunctioninPatientswith421Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorderandTheirUnaffectedRelativesS.
R.
Chamberlainetal.
Theabnormallylowactivationinthefrontalcortexofindividualswithobsessivecompulsivedisorderandtheircloserelativesmayconferariskforthedisease.
SCIENCE(ISSN0036-8075)ispublishedweeklyonFriday,exceptthelastweekinDecember,bytheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,1200NewYorkAvenue,NW,Washington,DC20005.
PeriodicalsMailpostage(publicationNo.
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SCIENCE(ISSN0036-8075)ispublishedweeklyonFriday,exceptthelastweekinDecember,bytheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,1200NewYorkAvenue,NW,Washington,DC20005.
PeriodicalsMailpostage(publicationNo.
484460)paidatWashington,DC,andadditionalmailingoffices.
Copyright2008bytheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.
ThetitleSCIENCEisaregisteredtrademarkoftheAAAS.
Domesticindividualmembershipandsubscription(51issues):$144($74allocatedtosubscription).
Domesticinstitutionalsubscription(51issues):$770;Foreignpostageextra:Mexico,Caribbean(surfacemail)$55;othercountries(airassistdelivery)$85.
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PublishedbyAAASonMarch8,2021http://science.
sciencemag.
org/Downloadedfromwww.
sciencemag.
orgSCIENCEVOL32118JULY2008311CREDITS:(SCIENCENOW)MENNAJONES;(SCIENCECAREERS)NSF/WILLIAMA.
MITCHELL;(SCIENCESIGNALING)PHOTOTAKE,INC.
/ALAMYONLINESCIENCESIGNALINGwww.
sciencesignaling.
orgTHESIGNALTRANSDUCTIONKNOWLEDGEENVIRONMENTREVIEW:Host-DirectedDrugTargetingofFactorsHijackedbyPathogensA.
SchwegmannandF.
BrombacherAnewdrugdiscoveryparadigmfocusesonidentifyingandtargetingcellularelementsofthehostthatareexploitedbypathogens.
GLOSSARYFindoutwhatDILP,HRE,andOGTmeanintheworldofcellsignaling.
EVENTSCheckoutthemorethan50cellsignaling–relatedmeetingshappeninginthesecondhalfof2008.
SCIENCENOWwww.
sciencenow.
orgHIGHLIGHTSFROMOURDAILYNEWSCOVERAGEToughTimesfortheTazResearchersdebatetheevolutionaryimpactofadeadlycancerinTasmaniandevils.
AnswertoCarbonEmissionsMayLieUndertheSeaResearchersproposeinjectinggreenhousegasnearvolcanicrockontheoceanbottom.
"BabyBoom"inaStellarNurseryAstronomersdiscoveranancientgalacticstarfactoryonoverdrive.
SCIENCECAREERSwww.
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org/career_developmentFREECAREERRESOURCESFORSCIENTISTSDoYouWannaBeaVAPL.
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ToolingUp:ReviewYourCareerD.
JensenItmaybetimetoshakethingsupwithacareerreview.
DesigningfortheNextQuakeA.
SainiEarthquakeengineersstudyhowtoavoidseismicdestruction.
ScienceCareersSeeksBloggersJ.
AustinWearelookingforafewpeoplewithinterestingthingstosayabouttheircareersinscience.
Engineeringtominimizeearthquakedamage.
Separateindividualorinstitutionalsubscriptionstotheseproductsmayberequiredforfull-textaccess.
www.
sciencemag.
orgDownloadthe18JulySciencePodcasttohearaboutpathogenicfungi,resistancegenesinnaturalenvironments,extremelymultidrug-resistantbacteria,andmore.
>>DrugResistancesectionp.
355SCIENCEPODCASTwww.
sciencemag.
org/multimedia/podcastFREEWEEKLYSHOWListeria,ahumanpathogen.
Devildestroyer.
PublishedbyAAASonMarch8,2021http://science.
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311305CONTENTSCONTENTScontinued>>DEPARTMENTS311ScienceOnline313ThisWeekinScience318Editors'Choice320ContactScience321RandomSamples323Newsmakers423NewProducts424ScienceCareersCOVERAnartist'sconceptionoftheantibioticpenicillinandsomeofthebacteriathathavedevelopedresistancetovariousantibiotics.
Aspecialsectionbeginningonpage355explorestheriseandspreadofso-calledbadbugsandpossibleinterventions.
Illustration:ChrisBickel/ScienceEDITORIAL317EngagingRussianScientistsbyGlennSchweitzer355NEWSOFTHEWEEKBushTakesaFinalSwipe,andSalute,atCO2324EmissionCurbsOldSamplesTripUpTokyoTeam324NewPolicyTriestoEaseSecurityRestrictions325StalledTrialforAutismHighlightsDilemmaof326AlternativeTreatmentsCaribbeanMegaeruptionsDroveaGlobalOceanCrisis327SCIENCESCOPE327TwoU.
S.
LabsVieforLong-DelayedExotic328NucleiSourceSurveyFindsCitationsGrowingNarrowerasJournals329MoveOnline>>Reportp.
395NEWSFOCUSReinventingRicetoFeedtheWorld330SowingtheSeedsofExpertiseSimpleSleepers334>>ResearchArticlep.
372Acoustics'08Meeting338SoundScienceMapsVenetianCanalsandPeruvianRuinsUltrasoundUsesinMedicineHeatUpListeningtoDistantIceCrackSnapshotsFromtheMeetingVolume321,Issue5887INTRODUCTIONDeadlyDefiance355NEWSTheBacteriaFightBack356CollateralDamage:TheRiseofResistantC.
difficileTrenchWarfareinaBattleWithTB362Anti-TBDrugs:AndThenThereWereNonePERSPECTIVESAntibioticsandAntibioticResistanceGenesin365NaturalEnvironmentsJ.
L.
MartínezOutwittingMultidrugResistancetoAntifungals367B.
C.
MonkandA.
GoffeauSPECIALSECTIONDrugResistancewww.
sciencemag.
orgSCIENCEVOL32118JULY2008330PublishedbyAAASonMarch8,2021http://science.
sciencemag.
org/Downloadedfromwww.
sciencemag.
orgSCIENCEVOL32118JULY2008307CONTENTScontinued>>SCIENCEEXPRESSwww.
sciencexpress.
orgPLANTSCIENCEPlantImmunityRequiresConformationalChangesofNPR1viaS-NitrosylationandThioredoxinsY.
Tadaetal.
Afterapathogeninvadesaplant,aprotein,usuallykeptinamultimericstatebyS-nitrosylation,isdissociatedbythioredoxin,freeingthemonomersfordefenseresponses.
10.
1126/science.
1156970GEOCHEMISTRYFerruginousConditionsDominatedLaterNeoproterozoicDeep-WaterChemistryD.
E.
Canfieldetal.
Lowsulfurinputcausedthedeeperoceantobecomeanoxicandrichinferrousiron750millionyearsago,areversalfromthemoreoxidizingconditionsoftheprevious1billionyears.
10.
1126/science.
1154499CELLBIOLOGYEssentialCytoplasmicTranslocationofaCytokineReceptor–AssembledSignalingComplexA.
Matsuzawaetal.
Degradationofonememberofaproteincomplexthatformswhenacytokinereceptorisactivatedcausesthecomplextomovetothecytoplasm,triggeringthedownstreampathway.
10.
1126/science.
1157340CONTENTSLETTERSTheCostofConservationM.
Bodeetal.
340ConservationwithCaveatsB.
W.
T.
CoetzeeResponseC.
Kremenetal.
CORRECTIONSANDCLARIFICATIONS342BOOKSETAL.
Insomniac343G.
Greene,reviewedbyM.
L.
PerlisRe-EngineeringPhilosophyforLimitedBeings344PiecewiseApproximationstoRealityW.
C.
Wimsatt,reviewedbyK.
SterelnyPOLICYFORUMAssistedColonizationandRapidClimateChange345O.
Hoegh-Guldbergetal.
PERSPECTIVESVertebrateVocalizations347D.
MargoliashandM.
E.
Hale>>Reportp.
417WastheYoungerDryasGlobal348T.
V.
LowellandM.
A.
Kelly>>Reportp.
392TrackingCorrosionCracking349A.
Stierle>>Reportp.
382GraspingLimbPatterning350C.
J.
TabinandA.
P.
McMahonFocusonX-rayDiffraction352H.
N.
Chapman>>Reportp.
379AHotterGreenhouse353M.
HuberTECHNICALCOMMENTABSTRACTSMICROBIOLOGYCommenton"A3-Hydroxypropionate/3424-HydroxybutyrateAutotrophicCarbonDioxideAssimilationPathwayinArchaea"T.
J.
G.
EttemaandS.
G.
E.
Anderssonfulltextatwww.
sciencemag.
org/cgi/content/full/321/5887/342bResponsetoCommenton"A3-Hydroxypropionate/4-HydroxybutyrateAutotrophicCarbonDioxideAssimilationPathwayinArchaea"I.
A.
Berg,D.
Kockelkorn,W.
Buckel,G.
Fuchsfulltextatwww.
sciencemag.
org/cgi/content/full/321/5887/342cBREVIAOCEANSCIENCEIceScourDisturbanceinAntarcticWaters371D.
A.
Smaleetal.
IcebergshaveincreasinglyscouredthecoastlinesalongtheWestAntarcticPeninsulaasitsiceshelvesandglaciershavewaned,affectingbenthicmarinecommunities.
RESEARCHARTICLENEUROSCIENCEIdentificationofSLEEPLESS,aSleep-PromotingFactor372K.
Kohetal.
AsearchforgeneticmodulatorsofsleepinDrosophilaidentifiedageneencodingabrainproteinthatislikelysecretedandisrequiredforrecoveryfromsleepdeprivation.
>>Newsstoryp.
334REPORTSASTRONOMYPropertiesofGamma-RayBurstProgenitorStars376P.
Kumar,R.
Narayan,J.
L.
JohnsonAnalysisofthex-rayafterglowofintensegamma-rayburstsshowsthattheburstsresultfromconsumptionoftheouterpartofadensestaranddefinethestar'srotationrate.
347&417PublishedbyAAASonMarch8,2021http://science.
sciencemag.
org/Downloadedfromwww.
sciencemag.
orgSCIENCEVOL32118JULY2008309CONTENTSCONTENTScontinued>>REPORTSCONTINUED.
.
.
APPLIEDPHYSICSHigh-ResolutionScanningX-rayDiffractionMicroscopy379P.
Thibaultetal.
Analysisofdifferencesindiffractionpatternsateachpointalonganx-rayscanofamaterialallowsimagingofaburiedstructurewitharesolutionof50nanometers.
>>Perspectivep.
352MATERIALSSCIENCEObservationsofIntergranularStressCorrosion382CrackinginaGrain-MappedPolycrystalA.
Kingetal.
Tomographicimagingrevealsthatsomegrainboundariesinstainlesssteelareresistanttostresscorrosioncracking,whichleadstosuddenbrittlefailure.
>>Perspectivep.
349MATERIALSSCIENCEMeasurementoftheElasticPropertiesand385IntrinsicStrengthofMonolayerGrapheneC.
Lee,X.
Wei,J.
W.
Kysar,J.
HoneMeasurementsoftheelasticpropertiesofgrapheneagreewithcalculationsforadefect-freematerialandshowthatitisindeedstrongerthanothermaterials.
CHEMISTRYMeasurementoftheDistributionofSite388EnhancementsinSurface-EnhancedRamanScatteringY.
Fang,N.
-H.
Seong,D.
D.
DlottThedistributionofelectricfield–enhancingsitesonananostructuredsubstrateismeasuredbyusingtheenhancedfieldtodamagethosesites.
CLIMATECHANGEPatagonianGlacierResponseDuringtheLate392Glacial–HoloceneTransitionR.
P.
AckertJr.
etal.
DatingofaglacialmoraineinsouthernPatagoniaimpliesthatincreasedprecipitationcausedglaciergrowthafteraperiodofNorthernHemispherecooling11,000yearsago.
>>Perspectivep.
348SOCIOLOGYElectronicPublicationandtheNarrowingof395ScienceandScholarshipJ.
A.
EvansAsjournalsbecomeavailableelectronically,scientistsandscholarshavemorearticlesattheirfingertipsbutciterelativelyfewer,andthesetendtobemorerecent.
>>Newsstoryp.
329EVOLUTIONTheEvolutionandDistributionofSpeciesBodySize399A.
ClausetandD.
H.
ErwinAmodelofevolutionarybody-sizechangesthataccountsforphysicalconstraintsandextinctionriskreproducesthesizedistributionoflandmammalsfromtheQuaternary.
CELLBIOLOGYFour-jointedIsaGolgiKinaseThatPhosphorylates401aSubsetofCadherinDomainsH.
O.
Ishikawaetal.
AnewlydescribedtypeofproteinkinasefoundintheGolgiphosphorylatessignalingproteinsonaminoacidsthataredestinedtobewithinextracellulardomains.
352&379CELLBIOLOGYSignal-MediatedDynamicRetentionof404GlycosyltransferasesintheGolgiL.
Tu,W.
C.
S.
Tai,L.
Chen,D.
K.
BanfieldGlycosyltransferaseenzymesstayintheGolgiinthefaceofcontinuingmembranetrafficbecauseareceptorlinkstheircytoplasmictailstoarecyclingcoatedvesicle.
IMMUNOLOGYAnomalousType17ResponsetoViralInfectionby408CD8+TCellsLackingT-betandEomesoderminA.
M.
Intlekoferetal.
TwotranscriptionfactorscooperatetoensurethecorrectfunctioningofCD8+Tcellsduringtheresponsetoinfection.
CELLSIGNALINGRiboswitchesinEubacteriaSensetheSecond411MessengerCyclicDi-GMPN.
Sudarsanetal.
Thebacterialsecondmessengercyclicdi–guanosinemonophosphatecontrolsawidevarietyofcellularfunctionsbyactingonariboswitchmotifinnumerousmessengerRNAs.
NEUROSCIENCEBottom-UpDependentGatingofFrontalSignalsin414EarlyVisualCortexL.
B.
Ekstrometal.
Higherbraincenterscanmodulateactivityinthecorticalregionsthatdirectlyreceivevisualinput,butonlywhenavisualstimulusispresent.
NEUROSCIENCEEvolutionaryOriginsforSocialVocalizationina417VertebrateHindbrain–SpinalCompartmentA.
H.
Bass,E.
H.
Gilland,R.
BakerTheconservedneuralcircuitryforvocalcommunicationinfishandothertetrapodssuggeststhatthisfunctionmayhaveoriginatedpriortotheevolutionofbonyvertebrates.
>>Perspectivep.
347NEUROSCIENCEOrbitofrontalDysfunctioninPatientswith421Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorderandTheirUnaffectedRelativesS.
R.
Chamberlainetal.
Theabnormallylowactivationinthefrontalcortexofindividualswithobsessivecompulsivedisorderandtheircloserelativesmayconferariskforthedisease.
SCIENCE(ISSN0036-8075)ispublishedweeklyonFriday,exceptthelastweekinDecember,bytheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,1200NewYorkAvenue,NW,Washington,DC20005.
PeriodicalsMailpostage(publicationNo.
484460)paidatWashington,DC,andadditionalmailingoffices.
Copyright2008bytheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.
ThetitleSCIENCEisaregisteredtrademarkoftheAAAS.
Domesticindividualmembershipandsubscription(51issues):$144($74allocatedtosubscription).
Domesticinstitutionalsubscription(51issues):$770;Foreignpostageextra:Mexico,Caribbean(surfacemail)$55;othercountries(airassistdelivery)$85.
Firstclass,airmail,student,andemeritusratesonrequest.
CanadianrateswithGSTavailableuponrequest,GST#125488122.
PublicationsMailAgreementNumber1069624.
PrintedintheU.
S.
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